Midlife Crisis

Identity crisis
Problem Behavior Across Life Span

Module 9:
Old Age: Wisdom, acceptance, and transcendence & Spiritual issues

Old Age: Physical ; Psychological (Wisdom, acceptance and transcendence) ; Social

and Spiritual issues

OLD AGE:
Old age in psychological terms is a stage of life that involves various changes and
challenges in one’s physical, cognitive, emotional, and social functioning. Old age is
usually defined as the period after the age of sixty-five. Old age is also associated
with increased risk of mortality and morbidity, as well as reduced opportunities and
resources.

PHYSICAL DIMENSION OF OLD AGE

The physical dimension of old age refers to the changes that occur in the
body because of aging. These changes affect various aspects of physical
functioning, such as strength, endurance, flexibility, balance, coordination,
vision, hearing, taste, smell, and immunity. Some of the issues associated
with the physical dimension of old age are:

 Increased risk of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease,

diabetes, arthritis, osteoporosis, and cancer.
 Increased risk of injuries and disabilities, such as falls, fractures, and
mobility impairments.
 Decreased ability to cope with stress, infection, and environmental
factors, such as heat and cold.
 Decreased quality of life and well-being due to pain, fatigue, and
reduced independence.

PSYCHOLOGICAL DOMAIN OF OLD AGE

The psychological domain of old age refers to the changes and challenges
that occur in the mental and emotional aspects of aging. These include
cognitive functions, such as memory, attention, and problem-solving;
personality traits, such as conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness;
mental health conditions, such as depression, anxiety, and dementia; and
psychosocial factors, such as social relationships, life satisfaction, and coping
skills.
There are various issues that older adults may face in the psychological
domain of old age, such as:

 Cognitive decline: Older adults may experience difficulties with

memory, attention, processing speed, problem-solving, and decision-
making, as well as an increased risk of dementia and other cognitive
disorders1.
 Emotional decline: Older adults may face challenges with coping with
stress, loss, grief, loneliness, depression, and anxiety, as well as a
decreased sense of self-worth and identity2.
 Social decline: Older adults may have fewer social contacts, less social
support, more social isolation, and more conflicts with family and
friends, as well as a reduced sense of belonging and contribution to
society
 Depression: Depression is a common and serious mood disorder that
affects how one feels, thinks, and acts. Depression can cause
persistent sadness, loss of interest, hopelessness, guilt, and suicidal
thoughts. Depression can also affect one’s physical health, such as
appetite, sleep, and energy levels. Depression can be triggered by
various factors, such as bereavement, chronic illness, social isolation,
or life changes.
 Anxiety: Anxiety is a normal and adaptive emotion that helps one cope
with stress and danger. However, when anxiety becomes excessive,
persistent, or irrational, it can interfere with one’s daily functioning and
well-being. Anxiety can cause nervousness, fear, worry, panic, or
phobias. Anxiety can also manifest as physical symptoms, such as
palpitations, sweating, trembling, or shortness of breath. Anxiety can
be caused by various factors, such as genetic predisposition, traumatic
events, medical conditions, or environmental stressors.
 Dementia: Dementia is a general term for a group of disorders that
affect one’s cognitive abilities, such as memory, language, reasoning,
and judgment. Dementia can also affect one’s personality, behavior,
and emotions. Dementia is caused by damage or degeneration of brain
cells due to various diseases or conditions, such as Alzheimer’s
disease, vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, or Parkinson’s
disease. Dementia can impair one’s ability to perform daily activities
and communicate with others
WISDOM, ACCEPTANCE & TRANCEDENCE

Old age is a stage of life that can be associated with wisdom, acceptance
and transcendence, as well as spiritual issues. Wisdom is a psychological
quality that integrates morality and intelligence and is learned from life
experiences. It is considered an important symbol of successful aging and
the ideal endpoint of human development1. Research has shown that wisdom
can be measured by self-reported or performance-based tools, and that it is
influenced by internal and external factors2. Wisdom can also improve well-
being and life satisfaction in old age, and reduce negative emotions such as
loneliness and depression3.
Acceptance is another aspect of old age that can enhance psychological well-
being and happiness. Acceptance means acknowledging the reality of one’s
situation, including the limitations and losses that come with aging, and
adapting to the changes with a cheerful outlook. Acceptance can also involve
accepting one’s past, present and future, as well as one’s mortality.
Acceptance can help older adults cope with stress, reduce anxiety, and
increase self-esteem.
Transcendence is a concept that refers to the ability to go beyond the
ordinary limits of physical existence and connect with a higher reality or
power. Transcendence can be experienced through various forms of
spirituality, such as religion, meditation, nature, art, or altruism.
Transcendence can provide older adults with a sense of meaning, purpose,
and hope in life, as well as a source of comfort and support in times of
difficulty. Transcendence can also foster a sense of gratitude, compassion,
and generosity towards oneself and others.

SOCIAL DOMAIN OF OLD AGE

The social domain of old age refers to the changes and challenges that occur
in the social roles and relationships of older adults. These include family,
friends, work, leisure, community, and society. Some of the issues faced by
old people in the social context are:

 Social isolation: Older adults may experience a loss of social contacts

and support due to retirement, widowhood, relocation, or
disability. Social isolation can lead to loneliness, depression, and poor
health outcomes1.
 Social exclusion: Older adults may face discrimination, marginalization,
and neglect from their families, communities, and society due to
ageism, poverty, or lack of access to resources and services. Social
exclusion can reduce their sense of dignity, belonging, and
contribution2.
 Social conflict: Older adults may have conflicts with their family
members, caregivers, or peers due to generational gaps, role changes,
 dependency issues, or different values and expectations. Social conflict
can affect their emotional well-being and quality of life 3.
 Social change: Older adults may have difficulties adapting to the rapid
social changes that occur in their environment, such as technological
innovations, cultural diversity, or political upheavals. Social change can
challenge their identity, security, and stability.

SPIRITUAL ISSUES

Spiritual issues are often important for older adults, as they face the
challenges and opportunities of aging. Spiritual issues can include questions
about the meaning of life, the existence of God or a higher power, the
afterlife, or the relationship between oneself and the universe. Spiritual
issues can also involve ethical dilemmas, moral values, or social justice
concerns. Spiritual issues can influence how older adults view themselves,
their relationships, their health, and their mortality. Spiritual issues can also
affect how older adults cope with suffering, grief, or loss.
Spiritual issues are some of the challenges that older adults may face as
they seek to understand their place in the world and their connection with a
higher reality. Some of the common spiritual issues that older adults may
encounter are:

 Finding meaning and purpose in life, especially after retirement, loss of

loved ones, or decline in health and function.
 Coping with suffering, pain, illness, death, and grief, and finding hope
and comfort in difficult times.
 Exploring one’s beliefs, values, and faith, and resolving any doubts,
conflicts, or questions that may arise.
 Seeking forgiveness, reconciliation, and peace with oneself and others,
and overcoming guilt, regret, or resentment.
 Expressing gratitude, joy, and love for the gifts of life, and sharing
one’s wisdom and legacy with others.
 Developing a personal relationship with God or a higher power, or
finding alternative sources of transcendence and spirituality.

Spiritual issues can be addressed in various ways, depending on one’s

preferences, needs, and resources. Some of the possible ways to deal with
spiritual issues are:

 Engaging in religious practices, such as prayer, meditation, worship,

rituals, or sacraments.
 Participating in a religious community, such as a church, temple,
mosque, or synagogue.
 Reading sacred texts or inspirational literature, such as the Bible, the
Quran, the Bhagavad Gita, or the Tao Te Ching.
  Seeking guidance from a spiritual leader, such as a priest, rabbi, imam,
monk, or guru.
 Joining a support group or a peer network that shares similar spiritual
interests or concerns.
 Exploring other forms of spirituality, such as nature, art, music, poetry,
or altruism.
 Seeking professional help from a counselor or a therapist who
specializes in spiritual issues.

Spiritual issues can have a significant impact on one’s well-being and quality
of life in old age. Therefore, it is important to recognize and address them in
a respectful and compassionate manner. Spirituality can help older adults
cope with the trials of aging1, find more richness and meaning in life2, and
benefit from the potentially restorative nature of life-affirming spiritual
practices

TOOLS TO ASSESS
There are different methods to assess and address these geriatric
developmental issues. One of the most widely used methods is the
comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA), which is a multidisciplinary
diagnostic and treatment process that evaluates an older person’s functional
ability, physical health, cognition and mental health, and socioenvironmental
circumstances1. The CGA aims to identify the problems and needs of the
older person, develop a coordinated plan to maximize their health and well-
being, and monitor their progress and outcomes 2
COPING WITH OLD AGE

Coping with the physical, social and psychological issues that may arise in
old age can be challenging, but there are some strategies that can help older
adults improve their well-being and quality of life. Some of these strategies
are:

 Physical coping: Older adults can maintain or improve their physical

health by engaging in regular physical activity, eating a balanced diet,
getting enough sleep, and following medical advice. Physical activity
can help prevent or manage chronic diseases, improve mood and
cognition, and reduce the risk of falls and injuries 1. Eating a balanced
diet can provide the necessary nutrients, vitamins, and minerals for
optimal health and prevent malnutrition2. Getting enough sleep can
enhance memory, concentration, and immune function, and reduce
stress and depression3. Following medical advice can help older adults
manage their medications, monitor their health conditions, and seek
timely treatment when needed
 Practicing positive thinking: Older adults can cope with the negative
thoughts and emotions that may arise in old age by replacing them
with more positive and realistic ones. Positive thinking can help older
adults boost their self-esteem, optimism, and resilience. Positive
thinking can also reduce stress, depression, and anxiety 1.
 Seeking professional help: Older adults can cope with the psychological
disorders that may affect them in old age by seeking professional help
from a counselor or a therapist. Professional help can provide older
adults with a safe and confidential space to express their feelings,
explore their problems, and learn coping skills. Professional help can
also offer diagnosis, treatment, and referral for mental health
conditions such as depression, anxiety, or dementia 2.
 Learning new skills: Older adults can cope with the cognitive decline
that may occur in old age by learning new skills such as a language, an
instrument, or a craft. Learning new skills can help older adults
stimulate their brain, enhance their memory, and prevent cognitive
impairment. Learning new skills can also provide older adults with a
sense of achievement, enjoyment, and creativity 3.
 Finding meaning in life: Older adults can cope with the existential
questions that may arise in old age by finding meaning and purpose in
life. Finding meaning in life can involve engaging in spirituality,
gratitude, or legacy. Spirituality can help older adults connect with a
higher power or reality that gives them hope and comfort 4. Gratitude
can help older adults appreciate the gifts and blessings of life and
cultivate a positive attitude5. Legacy can help older adults share their
values and wisdom with others and leave a lasting impact on the
world6
 Setting goals: Older adults can cope with the challenges and opportunities of aging by
setting realistic and meaningful goals for themselves. Setting goals can help older adults
stay motivated, focused, and productive. Setting goals can also provide older adults with
a sense of direction, achievement, and satisfaction.
 Seeking social support: Older adults can cope with the stress and loneliness that may
accompany old age by seeking social support from their family, friends, or other sources.
Social support can provide older adults with emotional, informational, or practical help.
Social support can also enhance their sense of belonging, security, and self-esteem.
 Using humor: Older adults can cope with the difficulties and losses that may occur in old
age by using humor as a coping mechanism. Humor can help older adults reduce tension,
lighten the mood, and gain a new perspective. Humor can also foster positive emotions,
such as joy, laughter, and happiness.
 Expressing emotions: Older adults can cope with the negative emotions that may arise in
old age by expressing them in healthy ways. Expressing emotions can help older adults
release their feelings, understand their causes, and regulate their intensity. Expressing
emotions can also improve their communication and relationships with others.
 Practicing self-care: Older adults can cope with the physical and mental demands of
aging by practicing self-care. Self-care involves taking care of one’s own needs, such as
 physical health, mental health, personal hygiene, nutrition, and leisure. Self-care can help
older adults maintain or improve their well-being and quality of life.

CONCLUSION

Old age is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that involves physical,

psychological, social, and spiritual dimensions. Wisdom, acceptance and
transcendence are some of the positive aspects of old age that can enrich
one’s life and enhance one’s well-being. Spiritual issues are some of the
challenges that older adults may face as they seek to understand their place
in the world and their connection with a higher reality. Old age can be a time
of growth, learning, and fulfillment for those who embrace it with an open
mind and heart.

.
Another method to understand geriatric developmental issues is to apply
some of the developmental theories that have been proposed by
psychologists. Two of the most influential theories are Erikson’s psychosocial
theory and Piaget’s cognitive theory.
Erikson’s psychosocial theory proposes that human development is a series
of eight stages that span from infancy to old age. Each stage involves a
psychosocial crisis that needs to be resolved in order to achieve a positive
outcome. The last stage of Erikson’s theory is integrity versus despair, which
occurs in late adulthood (around 65 years and older). In this stage, older
adults reflect on their life and evaluate whether they have lived a meaningful
and satisfying life. If they feel that they have achieved their goals and
fulfilled their potential, they develop a sense of integrity, which is a feeling of
wholeness and completeness. If they feel that they have failed or regretted
their choices, they develop a sense of despair, which is a feeling of
hopelessness and bitterness3.
Piaget’s cognitive theory proposes that human development is a series of
four stages that span from infancy to adolescence. Each stage involves a
different way of thinking and understanding the world. The last stage of
Piaget’s theory is formal operational stage, which occurs from around 12
years old to adulthood. In this stage, people develop the ability to think
abstractly, logically, hypothetically, and systematically. They can also reason
about moral and ethical issues4. However, Piaget’s theory does not address
the cognitive changes that occur in old age. Some researchers have
suggested that there may be a fifth stage of cognitive development in late
adulthood, called postformal operational stage. In this stage, people develop
the ability to think dialectically, relativistically, pragmatically, and creatively.
They can also integrate their emotions and intuition with their logic and
rationality

Module 8:
Late Adulthood: Learning to cope with loss and grief, Learning limits of change
and acceptance & separation, grief and closure.

LATE ADULTHOOD
Late adulthood is the developmental stage from the time we reach our mid-sixties until death. It
is the longest developmental stage across the lifespan. This period is characterized by physical,
psychological, and social changes, including both gains and losses1. Late adulthood is getting
longer because people are living longer than previous generations2. Some of the changes that
occur in late adulthood are related to gradual, time-related biological processes (primary aging),
while others are caused by particular conditions or illnesses (secondary aging)3. Some of the
common physical changes in late adulthood include declines in sensory capacity, organ function,
memory, and appearance3. Late adulthood is also a time of psychological and social
development, as older adults cope with challenges and opportunities in various aspects of their
lives5.

ISSUES WITH LOSS AND GRIEF

One of the aspects of late adulthood that is related to learning to cope with
loss and grief is the increased exposure to death. As people age, they are
more likely to experience the death of their spouse, relatives, friends, and
peers. This can have a profound impact on their physical, psychological, and
social well-being. Some of the challenges that older adults face when coping
with loss and grief are:

 The loss of social support and companionship. Losing a loved one can
reduce the availability and quality of social interactions, which are
important for maintaining health and happiness in late adulthood 12.
Older adults may feel lonely, isolated, or abandoned after the death of
their partner or friend. They may also have difficulty finding new social
roles or activities that give them a sense of purpose and meaning 2.
 The loss of identity and self-esteem. Losing a loved one can also affect
the sense of self and self-worth of older adults. They may feel that they
have lost a part of themselves or their identity that was tied to their
relationship with the deceased. They may also question their own
value or significance in life, especially if they perceive themselves as a
burden or dependent on others2.
 The loss of control and security. Losing a loved one can also create a
sense of uncertainty and vulnerability in older adults. They may feel
that they have no control over their own fate or the fate of
others. They may also worry about their own mortality or the
possibility of losing more loved ones in the future 2.
 The loss of faith and spirituality. Losing a loved one can also challenge
the religious or spiritual beliefs of older adults. They may question the
existence or benevolence of a higher power, or the meaning or justice
of life and death. They may also feel angry, guilty, or betrayed by their
faith or spiritual community2.

LIMIT OF CHANGE AND ACCEPTANCE

One aspect of late adulthood that is related to learning the limits of change and
acceptance is the process of coping with the realities of aging. Aging is inevitable and
irreversible, and it brings about physical, cognitive, and social changes that may
challenge the self-concept, identity, and goals of older adults1. Some of the realities of
aging that older adults have to cope with are:
  The decline in sensory and organ functions, such as vision, hearing, taste,
smell, heart, lungs, and kidneys12. These changes may affect the quality of life
and the ability to perform daily activities independently2.
 The increased risk of chronic diseases and disabilities, such as arthritis,
diabetes, hypertension, stroke, cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s
disease12. These conditions may impair the physical and mental health and
require medical care and assistance2.
 The loss of significant others, such as spouses, relatives, friends, and peers due
to death or relocation12. These losses may reduce the social support and
companionship that are vital for emotional well-being and coping in late
adulthood2.
 The retirement from work or other productive roles that may have provided a
sense of purpose, achievement, income, and social interaction12. Retirement
may create a gap in the daily routine and the identity of older adults that needs
to be filled with new activities and roles2.

SEPERATION, GRIEF AND CLOSURE

Most common and challenging changes that older adults may experience is the loss of
a spouse or an intimate partner, which can trigger intense grief and emotional distress.

Grief is the natural and normal response to losing someone we love and care about. It
involves a range of feelings, thoughts, and behaviors that reflect the personal and
unique way we cope with loss. Grief can affect our physical health, mental health,
social functioning, and spiritual beliefs. Some of the common symptoms of grief
include sadness, anger, guilt, anxiety, loneliness, fatigue, insomnia, appetite changes,
and somatic complaints.

According to attachment theory, grief is also influenced by the quality and nature of
our attachment to the deceased person. Attachment is the emotional bond that forms
between an infant and a caregiver, and it continues to shape our relationships
throughout life. People who have secure attachments tend to cope better with loss and
seek support from others, while people who have insecure attachments may struggle
more with loss and avoid or deny their feelings.

Bereavement is the process of adjusting to the loss of a loved one and finding a way to
move forward with life. Bereavement can last for months or years, depending on
various factors such as the cause and circumstances of death, the relationship with the
deceased person, the availability of social support, and the personal coping skills and
resources of the bereaved person. Bereavement can be seen as a series of tasks or
stages that involve accepting the reality of the loss, experiencing and expressing the
pain of grief, adjusting to life without the deceased person, and finding meaning and
purpose in life.

Closure is a term that is often used to describe the end or resolution of grief. However,
closure may not be an accurate or helpful concept for understanding grief in late
adulthood. Closure implies that grief is something that can be completed or finished,
and that there is a clear point at which one can move on from the loss. However, grief
is not a linear or predictable process, and it may not have a definite end. Grief can be
more like a spiral or a wave that fluctuates over time and across different situations.
Grief can also be seen as a lifelong journey that involves integrating the loss into
one’s identity and maintaining a connection with the deceased person in a different
way.

Some of the issues faced by individuals during separation, grief and closure are:

 Complicated grief: This is a condition that occurs when a person has difficulty
moving on from the loss of a loved one or a significant relationship.
Complicated grief can cause persistent and intense emotional pain, intrusive
thoughts and memories of the deceased person, avoidance of reminders of
the loss, feelings of emptiness, loneliness, guilt, anger, or bitterness, and loss
of interest or pleasure in life1. Complicated grief can also increase the risk of
depression, anxiety, substance abuse, and physical health problems1. Some
factors that can contribute to complicated grief are: past history of depression,
separation anxiety or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), traumatic
childhood experiences, such as abuse or neglect, other major life stressors,
such as financial hardships1.
 Identity crisis: This is a situation that occurs when a person loses a sense of
who they are or how they fit in the world after a major loss. Identity crisis can
cause confusion, insecurity, low self-esteem, and difficulty making decisions or
finding direction in life2. Identity crisis can also affect one’s relationships with
others, as they may feel isolated, misunderstood, or rejected2. Some factors
that can contribute to identity crisis are: losing a role or status that defined
one’s identity, such as a spouse, a parent, a worker, or a healthy person2,
having conflicting or incompatible identities, such as being divorced and
remarried, being gay and religious, or being an immigrant and a citizen2,
experiencing a significant change in one’s life circumstances, such as moving to
a new place, retiring from work, or becoming disabled2.
 Relationship problems: This is a situation that occurs when a person has
difficulty maintaining or forming healthy and satisfying relationships with
others after a loss. Relationship problems can cause loneliness, conflict,
 mistrust, resentment, or detachment3. Relationship problems can also affect
one’s well-being and happiness, as they may feel unsupported, unloved, or
unfulfilled3. Some factors that can contribute to relationship problems are:
having different attachment or grieving styles from one’s partner or family
members4, withdrawing from social interactions or activities due to grief or
depression4, experiencing changes in one’s roles or responsibilities in the
family or society due to the loss4, facing stigma or discrimination due to the
nature of the loss, such as divorce, suicide, or disability4.

COPING WITH LATE ADULTHOOD

Learning to cope with these realities of aging requires older adults to acknowledge
and accept the changes that are occurring in their lives and to adapt to them in positive
ways3. Some of the strategies that older adults can use to cope with the limits of
change and acceptance are:

 Seeking social support and companionship from family members, friends,

neighbors, or other people who share similar experiences or interests. Social
support can provide emotional comfort, practical help, information, advice, and
a sense of belonging24.
 Engaging in physical activity and exercise that can improve the health and
functioning of the body and the brain. Physical activity can also enhance the
mood, self-esteem, and cognitive abilities of older adults24.
 Pursuing new or existing hobbies, interests, skills, or goals that can provide
stimulation, challenge, enjoyment, and fulfillment. These activities can also
help older adults maintain or develop their identity and self-concept in late
adulthood24.
 Practicing positive thinking and optimism that can help older adults focus on
the strengths and opportunities rather than the weaknesses and threats in their
lives. Positive thinking can also help older adults cope with stress and adversity
in late adulthood24.
 Reconstructing identity and self-esteem. Older adults can also cope
with loss and grief by redefining themselves and their roles in life. They
can explore new interests, hobbies, skills, or goals that give them a
sense of achievement and fulfillment. They can also affirm their
strengths, values, and contributions to society 2.
 Regaining control and security. Older adults can also cope with loss
and grief by restoring a sense of order and stability in their lives. They
can plan for the future, make decisions, solve problems, and take
action to improve their situation. They can also focus on the positive
aspects of their lives, such as their health, happiness, gratitude, and
optimism2.
  Renewing faith and spirituality. Older adults can also cope with loss
and grief by reconnecting with their religious or spiritual beliefs and
practices. They can seek comfort, guidance, and hope from their faith
or spiritual community. They can also find meaning and purpose in
their lives by helping others, expressing gratitude, forgiving
themselves and others, and accepting their mortality

 Professional support can include counseling, therapy, medication, or other

interventions that aim to help the bereaved person cope with their emotions,
adjust to their new life situation, and find meaning and hope in their future.
Professional support can also help the bereaved person access other sources of
support such as family, friends, community groups, or spiritual organizations.

CONCLUSION

Coping with loss and grief is a complex and personal process that varies from
person to person. There is no right or wrong way to grieve, nor is there a
fixed timeline for recovery. However, research shows that most people can
recover from loss on their own through the passage of time if they have
social support and healthy habits1. It may take months or a year to come to
terms with a loss1. There is no “normal” time period for someone to
grieve3. However, it is important to get help if one feels overwhelmed or very
depressed by their loss1. Professional counseling or therapy can be effective
in helping people cope with complicated grief. However, research shows that
most older adults are able to cope well with the realities of aging and maintain a high
level of life satisfaction and well-being in late adulthood4.

Module 7

Middle Adulthood: Changes in lifestyle, adapting to physical changes and relationship

problems.

MIDDLE ADULTHOOD
Middle adulthood is the stage of life that occurs between early adulthood and
late adulthood, usually from around 40 to 65 years old. During this stage,
people face various physical, psychological, and social changes that may
affect their well-being and quality of life. Some of the developmental tasks of
middle adulthood include:

 Launching children into their own lives and adjusting to the empty nest
syndrome or the boomerang phenomenon.
 Caring for aging parents or spouses and coping with the loss of loved
ones.
 Reevaluating one’s life goals, achievements, and regrets and finding
meaning and purpose in life.
 Maintaining or enhancing one’s physical health, cognitive abilities, and
emotional stability.
 Developing generativity, which is the desire to contribute to the
welfare of future generations, or avoiding stagnation, which is the lack
of interest or involvement in life.
 Nurturing or expanding one’s social relationships, such as with family,
friends, coworkers, or community members.

CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE

Middle adulthood is a stage of life that involves many changes in lifestyle, physical
health, and psychological well-being. Some of the common changes and issues faced
by individuals in this stage are:

 Lifestyle changes: Middle adulthood is a time when people may experience

significant transitions in their personal and professional lives, such as losing
parents, launching children, becoming grandparents, preparing for retirement,
or caring for aging relatives1. These changes may require adjustments in roles,
responsibilities, expectations, and relationships. Some people may find these
changes rewarding and fulfilling, while others may struggle with stress, loss, or
loneliness. It is important to maintain a balance between work and leisure, and
to seek social support from family and friends1.
 Physical changes: Middle adulthood is also a time when the body begins to
show signs of aging, such as graying or thinning hair, wrinkles, vision or hearing
loss, joint pain, weight gain, or reduced muscle mass12. These changes may
affect one’s self-esteem, mobility, or daily functioning. However, many of these
changes can be prevented or delayed by adopting a healthy lifestyle that
includes regular physical activity, balanced diet, adequate sleep, stress
management, and avoiding smoking or excessive alcohol consumption13.
 Physical activity can also improve one’s mood, cognition, and cardiovascular
health1.
 Psychological changes: Middle adulthood is also a time when people may face
cognitive and emotional challenges, such as memory decline, reduced
processing speed, difficulty in learning new skills, or increased anxiety or
depression1. However, these challenges are not inevitable or uniform across
individuals. Some people may experience cognitive gains in areas such as
verbal memory, vocabulary, reasoning, or practical knowledge1. Moreover,
some people may develop greater emotional stability, resilience, wisdom, or
self-acceptance in middle adulthood1. It is important to engage in mentally
stimulating activities, such as reading, puzzles, games, hobbies, or learning
new things1. It is also important to seek professional help if one experiences
persistent or severe psychological distress1.

ADAPTING TO PHYSICAL CHANGES

A middle-aged person can adapt to physical changes and issues in various ways, such
as:

 Accepting the reality of aging and focusing on the positive aspects of one’s life,
such as achievements, relationships, or personal growth.
 Seeking medical advice and treatment for any chronic or acute health problems,
and following the prescribed medication or therapy regimen.
 Practicing preventive health care, such as getting regular check-ups, screenings,
immunizations, or dental care.
 Adopting a healthy lifestyle that includes regular physical activity, balanced
diet, adequate sleep, stress management, and avoiding smoking or excessive
alcohol consumption .
 Using assistive devices or adaptive strategies to cope with any functional
limitations, such as glasses, hearing aids, walkers, or memory aids.
 Seeking social support from family and friends who can provide emotional,
practical, or informational assistance.
 Joining a community or group that shares one’s interests, values, or goals, and
participating in social or recreational activities that provide enjoyment and
stimulation.
 Exploring new opportunities or challenges that can enhance one’s skills,
knowledge, or creativity, such as learning a new language, taking a course,
volunteering, or traveling.

RELATIONSHIP ISSUES
Some of the relationship issues faced by a person in middle adulthood are:

 Conflicts, problems, growing out of love, and “empty nest” (feeling a lack of
purpose in life or emotional stress in response to all the children leaving
home) issues with one’s spouse or partner1.
 Divorce, separation, or recoupling with a new partner, which may involve legal,
financial, or emotional challenges21.
 Changes in the quality and quantity of social interactions, as one may lose
some friends or relatives due to death, illness, or relocation, or seek new
connections that bring more emotional satisfaction32.
 Balancing the demands and expectations of different roles, such as parent,
grandparent, caregiver, employee, or retiree32.
 Coping with the aging or death of one’s parents, which may trigger grief, guilt,
or unresolved conflicts32.

COPING WITH MIDDLE ADULTHOOD

 Seek professional help or counseling if one experiences persistent or severe

psychological distress4.
 Communicate openly and honestly with one’s partner or spouse, and try to
resolve any conflicts or problems in a constructive way1.
 Maintain or strengthen the bonds with one’s children and grandchildren, and
support their development and well-being32.
 Seek social support from family and friends who can provide emotional,
practical, or informational assistance432.
 Join a community or group that shares one’s interests, values, or goals, and
participate in social or recreational activities that provide enjoyment and
stimulation432.
 Explore new opportunities or challenges that can enhance one’s skills,
knowledge, or creativity, such as learning a new language, taking a course,
volunteering, or traveling432.
 Accept the reality of aging and focus on the positive aspects of one’s life, such
as achievements, relationships, or personal growth432.

CONCLUSION

In summary, middle adulthood is a complex and diverse stage of life that involves
both opportunities and challenges for individuals. By adopting a positive attitude and
a proactive approach to cope with the changes and issues faced in this stage, one can
enhance one’s well-being and quality of life.
Module 6

Early Adulthood: Life span problems, Learning conflict management and resolution &
Migration, Separation and Assimilation

EARLY ADULTHOOD:

Early adulthood is the initial period of adult life, which ranges between 21 and 40
years1. By the time we reach early adulthood, our physical maturation is complete,
although our height and weight may increase slightly. Those in their early twenties are
probably at the peak of their physiological development, including muscle strength,
reaction time, sensory abilities, and cardiac functioning1. Early adulthood is a time of
change, with individuals making decisions about postsecondary education, careers,
and living situations1.

LIFE SPAN PROBLEMS

 Identity: Early adults may explore different aspects of their identity, such as
their values, beliefs, goals, preferences, or roles. They may also face conflicts
or confusion about their identity, especially if they experience pressure from
others or encounter barriers to achieving their aspirations2.
 Instability: Early adults may experience frequent changes or transitions in their
personal and professional lives, such as moving to a new place, starting or
ending a relationship, changing jobs or careers, or going back to school. These
changes may cause stress, uncertainty, or adaptation difficulties2.
  Being self-focused: Early adults may focus more on themselves and their own
needs and interests than on others. They may also have more freedom and
autonomy to make choices and pursue opportunities. However, being self-
focused may also entail responsibilities and challenges, such as managing
finances, finding a suitable partner, or establishing a stable career2.
 Feeling in-between: Early adults may feel that they are neither adolescents
nor fully adults. They may not have achieved the traditional markers of
adulthood, such as marriage, parenthood, or financial independence. They
may also feel that they are still developing and learning new skills and
knowledge. Feeling in-between may cause ambivalence, anxiety, or
dissatisfaction2.
 New possibilities: Early adults may encounter new possibilities and
opportunities that were not available to them before. They may explore new
cultures, lifestyles, careers, or relationships. They may also discover new
aspects of themselves or develop new talents or passions. New possibilities
may bring excitement, growth, or fulfillment2.

LEARNING CONFLICT MANAGEMENT AND RESOLUTION

Conflict management is the process of identifying and handling conflicts fairly and
efficiently. It can be defined as the process of dealing with disagreements arising from
diverging opinions, objectives, and needs. The goal of conflict management is to
minimize the potential negative impacts that can arise from disagreements and
increase the odds of a positive outcome. Conflict management is important in the
workplace because conflict is a normal part of any work environment1.

There are five types of conflict management styles, depending on the level of
assertiveness and cooperativeness of the parties involved. They are:

 Accommodating: This style is when you give in to accommodate the other

person’s needs. You can use the accommodating style when the issue being
argued is not as important to you as it is to the other person. This can be an
appropriate style to use if you wish to keep the peace in the workplace or if
you know that you are in the wrong.
 Avoiding: This style involves simply avoiding the issue at hand. In this case, you
would continually avoid the person or the issue. Use this style when you feel
that you do not have time to discuss the issue or it seems trivial to you. You
can also benefit from using the avoiding style if you are not sure how to
respond or you have not formed a proper opinion yet.
  Compromising: This style gives you the opportunity to find a middle-ground
solution for everyone involved. Use the compromising style when finding a
solution is more important to everyone than having people win the argument.
 Competing: This style asserts one’s own goals and interests at the expense of
others. The goal is to control the outcome of the disagreement over
maintaining a positive relationship with the other parties involved. The
competing style is best used when you care more about winning the
disagreement than maintaining the relationship with the other parties.
 Collaborating: This style works together to find a mutually beneficial solution.
The goal is to meet all the needs of all parties involved in the conflict. The
collaborating style is best used when you care more about the relationships
involved than winning the argument.

To manage conflict effectively, you need to use different strategies depending on the
situation and the people involved. Some general tips and strategies for conflict
management are:

 Acknowledge the problem: If someone comes to you with a dispute that

seems trivial to you, remember it may not be trivial to them. Conflict can only
be solved when addressed directly and embraced as an opportunity for
improvement.
 Gather the necessary information: You can’t resolve a conflict unless you’ve
investigated all sides of the problem. Ask open-ended questions, listen actively,
and try to understand each person’s perspective and interests.
 Set guidelines: Before engaging in a discussion, establish some ground rules for
respectful communication. For example, agree to take turns speaking, avoid
interrupting, use “I” statements instead of blaming or accusing, and focus on
facts rather than emotions.
 Come up with multiple solutions: Brainstorm as many possible solutions as you
can, without judging or criticizing them. Then, evaluate each option based on
its pros and cons, and how well it meets everyone’s needs and goals.
 Work together to compromise and forgive: Once you have agreed on a
solution, implement it as soon as possible and monitor its progress. If
necessary, make adjustments or try a different approach. Also, remember to
express appreciation for each other’s efforts and willingness to cooperate.
Finally, let go of any resentment or grudges and move on from the conflict.
Conflict management and resolution are important skills for early adults, as they may
face various situations that involve disagreements, misunderstandings, or differences
with others. Learning how to deal with conflicts in a constructive and respectful way
can help early adults maintain or improve their relationships, reduce stress, and
achieve their goals.

Some of the techniques that can help early adults learn conflict management and
resolution are:

 Understanding one’s own emotions, values, and communication style: Early

adults may benefit from self-awareness and self-regulation, which can help
them identify the sources and effects of their emotions, recognize their core
values and beliefs, and choose the most appropriate and effective way to
communicate with others1.
 Actively listening to others: Early adults may improve their listening skills by
paying attention to what others are saying, showing interest and empathy,
asking open-ended questions, paraphrasing or summarizing what they heard,
and avoiding interruptions or distractions2.
 Practicing effective communication and assertiveness: Early adults may
express their thoughts and feelings clearly, respectfully, and confidently, using
“I” statements, positive language, nonverbal cues, and feedback. They may
also respect the rights and opinions of others, without being passive or
aggressive2.
 Learning conflict management techniques, such as negotiation and
compromise: Early adults may use various strategies to resolve conflicts, such
as identifying the problem and the interests of each party, generating and
evaluating possible solutions, reaching an agreement that satisfies both sides,
and following up on the implementation and outcomes of the agreement34.

Strategies for conflict resolution, then you might be interested in some of the
following methods:

 Active listening: This is a technique of listening attentively and empathetically

to the other person’s point of view, without interrupting, judging, or arguing.
Active listening can help to build trust, reduce misunderstandings, and clarify
the issues at stake1
 Assertive communication: This is a way of expressing one’s needs, feelings, and
opinions in a respectful and confident manner, without being aggressive or
passive. Assertive communication can help to avoid resentment,
 defensiveness, and manipulation, and to promote mutual respect and
cooperation2
 Mediation: This is a process of involving a neutral third party who can facilitate
a dialogue between the conflicting parties and help them reach a voluntary
agreement. Mediation can be useful when the parties have difficulty
communicating directly, when emotions are high, or when power imbalances
exist3
 Arbitration: This is a process of submitting a dispute to an impartial arbitrator
who can make a binding decision after hearing both sides of the argument.
Arbitration can be faster and cheaper than litigation, but it also limits the
parties’ control over the outcome and may not satisfy their underlying
interests or needs4
 Restorative justice: This is a philosophy and practice of addressing the harm
caused by crime or conflict by involving the offender, the victim, and the
community in a process of healing and reconciliation. Restorative justice can
foster accountability, empathy, and forgiveness, and prevent future violence5

Early adulthood is a stage of life that involves many transitions and challenges, such
as migration, separation, and assimilation. Migration is the movement of people from
one place to another, usually for economic, educational, or personal reasons.
Separation is the process of leaving behind one’s family, friends, culture, or identity in
the place of origin. Assimilation is the process of adapting to the new place of
destination, adopting its language, values, norms, and customs.

Migration, separation, and assimilation can have both positive and negative effects on
the well-being of early adults. On the one hand, migration can offer new opportunities
for personal growth, career development, and intercultural learning. Separation can
foster independence, autonomy, and self-reliance. Assimilation can facilitate social
integration, belonging, and acceptance. On the other hand, migration can also entail
stress, uncertainty, and loss. Separation can trigger loneliness, nostalgia, and grief.
Assimilation can involve identity confusion, cultural conflict, and discrimination.

Some of the issues related to migration, separation, and assimilation are:

 How to cope with the practical challenges of moving to a new place, such as
finding housing, employment, education, health care, and legal status.
 How to maintain a balance between preserving one’s heritage and embracing
the host culture.
 How to deal with the emotional impact of leaving behind one’s roots and
adjusting to a new environment.
  How to establish and maintain social networks and support systems in both
places of origin and destination.
 How to handle the potential conflicts between one’s personal values and goals
and those of the family or community of origin or destination.

Some of the coping strategies that can help early adults deal with these issues are:

 Seeking information and guidance from reliable sources about the practical
aspects of migration.
 Learning the language and culture of the host country while keeping in touch
with one’s own.
 Expressing and managing one’s emotions through healthy outlets such as
journaling, counseling, or art.
 Seeking social support from peers, mentors, or professionals who share similar
experiences or can offer empathy and advice.
 Exploring and pursuing one’s interests and passions in both places of origin
and destination.

Sure, I can describe the following for you:

 Coping with the problems of entire adulthood is not an easy task. Adulthood
involves many roles and responsibilities that can generate stress and pressure.
This means that adults need to develop effective coping skills to deal with the
challenges and demands of their life stage. Coping skills are the strategies and
techniques that people use to manage their emotions, thoughts, and behaviors in
response to stressful situations. Coping skills can be positive or negative,
depending on whether they help or harm the person’s well-being.
 Some of the common problems that adults face are:
o Balancing work and family life: This is the challenge of fulfilling one’s
obligations and expectations in both the professional and personal
domains, without compromising one’s quality of life or satisfaction.
Work-family balance can be affected by factors such as workload,
flexibility, support, role conflict, and role enrichment.
o Managing finances: This is the challenge of planning, organizing, and
controlling one’s income and expenses, in order to meet one’s needs and
goals. Financial management can be influenced by factors such as
income level, debt, savings, investments, budgeting, and financial
literacy.
o Maintaining physical and mental health: This is the challenge of taking
care of one’s body and mind, in order to prevent or treat illnesses and
injuries, and to enhance one’s well-being and functioning. Physical and
 mental health can be impacted by factors such as lifestyle, diet, exercise,
sleep, stress, coping, and health care access.
o Dealing with aging and mortality: This is the challenge of accepting and
adapting to the changes that occur in one’s physical appearance, abilities,
and health as one grows older, as well as facing the reality of death and
loss. Aging and mortality can be affected by factors such as genetics,
environment, attitude, social support, spirituality, and grief.
o Finding meaning and purpose in life: This is the challenge of discovering
and pursuing one’s passions, values, and goals, in order to create a sense
of fulfillment and direction in life. Meaning and purpose can be
influenced by factors such as identity, self-esteem, motivation, interests,
talents, achievements, and legacy.
 Some of the coping skills that can help adults deal with these problems are:
o Setting realistic and attainable goals: This is a skill that involves defining
what one wants to achieve in a specific area of life, breaking it down into
manageable steps or tasks, and monitoring one’s progress and outcomes.
Setting goals can help to increase one’s motivation, focus, confidence,
and satisfaction.
o Prioritizing and delegating tasks: This is a skill that involves identifying
what is important and urgent in one’s workload or schedule, ranking
them according to their value or impact, and assigning them to oneself or
others accordingly. Prioritizing and delegating tasks can help to reduce
stress, improve efficiency, and enhance collaboration.
o Practicing self-care and relaxation techniques: This is a skill that
involves taking time out for oneself to engage in activities that nourish
one’s body and mind. Self-care can include physical activities such as
exercise or massage; mental activities such as meditation or reading;
emotional activities such as expressing or venting feelings; social
activities such as spending time with friends or family; spiritual activities
such as praying or volunteering; or creative activities such as writing or
painting. Relaxation techniques are methods that help to calm one’s
nervous system and reduce stress hormones. Relaxation techniques can
include breathing exercises; progressive muscle relaxation; guided
imagery; biofeedback; or hypnosis. Practicing self-care and relaxation
techniques can help to improve one’s health, mood, energy levels, and
resilience.
o Seeking professional help when needed: This is a skill that involves
recognizing when one is facing a problem that is beyond one’s ability or
resources to cope with effectively on one’s own. Seeking professional
help can involve reaching out to experts or specialists who can provide
advice, guidance, support, treatment, or intervention for one’s specific
 issue. Seeking professional help can help to prevent further deterioration
of one’s situation, enhance one’s coping skills, and facilitate recovery or
resolution.

I hope this helps you understand some of the aspects of coping with the problems of
entire adulthood. If you want to learn more about this topic, you can check out these
links:

 [Coping Skills for Adults]

 [Work–family balance - Wikipedia]
 [Financial Management Basics For Beginners | Wealthy Education]
 [Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans | [Link]]
 [Aging Well - [Link]]
 [Finding Meaning in Life | Psychology Today]

 Engaging in hobbies and leisure activities

I hope this helps you understand some of the challenges and coping strategies related
to early adulthood: migration, separation, assimilation. If you want to learn more
about this topic, you can check out these links:

 Migration: A Social Determinant of Migrants’ Health

 Separation Anxiety in Adults: Causes & Treatment
 Acculturation | SpringerLink
 5 Conflict Management Styles every Manager Must Know [Guide]
 5 Conflict Resolution Strategies: Steps, Benefits and Tips
These are some of the differences and challenges faced by a person in early
adulthood. By adopting a positive attitude and a proactive approach to cope with these
issues, one can enhance one’s well-being and quality of life in this stage.