Genes and Heredity - Genes are segments of

Jim Bob and Michelle Duggar’s 19 kids + DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid) within

1 chromosomes
- “Our new grand-daughter Mackynzie
arrived October 8, 2009 to our oldest Chromosome
son Josh and his wife Anna. We are Contains a long strand of the
enjoying being grandparents for the hereditary substance dioxyribonucleic
first time!”- Michelle acid(DNA).
- Sperm- males gamete
HEREDITY - Ovum- females gamete
The transmission of traits and/or - 1:80,000 sperm reaches a fallopian
disorder of parents to their offspring tube (acidic vaginal secretion) ; can
through genetic mechanisms- half live up to 48 hours
paternal, half maternal via the sperm & - Gamete- human reproduction cells
egg cells. which are created in the testes of
A. Principle of dominance - states male and ovaries of females.
that one trait has the capacity to -
suppress recessive trait; dominant Reproduction
trait are usually physiological Begins with the fertilization of a
B. Principle of recessive - trait that female’s gamete by a male’s gamete.
appear only in the absence of
dominance; not express because Fertilization
dominant trait/ gene is present union of sperm and the ovum; it
occurs when the head of the sperm
Traits to Choose From Dominant or penetrates a mature ovum.
Recessive?
● Free, unattached earlobes vs Zygote
attached earlobes single cell formed through
● Dimple vs no dimples Straight thumb fertilization; 2 set of unpaired chromosome
vs curved/ hitchhiker's thumb ; Curved combined that is,
pinky vs straight pinky; 23 Y and 23 X = 46 chromosome
● Longer 2nd toe vs 2nd toe that's
shorter than your big toe; The Genain Sisters
● Freckles vs no freckles; Mutations of the genes
● Can trigger sneeze by looking at dystrobrevin (DTNBP1) and neureglin1
sun/bright light vs not able to; have been found to be associated with
● Hand clasp - fold hands with left features of schizophrenia. (Kaplan, 2003)
thumb on top vs right thumb on top ; ● GENOTYPE- individual’s genetic
● Folds arms with right arm on top vs heritage; it is the actual genetic
left arm on top ; material.
● Able to roll tongue in tube shape vs ● PHENOTYPE- this includes an
not able to individual's physical and psychological
characteristics.
GENES
Are units of hereditary material
contained in a person’s cell; hold
information for all aspects of bodily growth
and development
Definition of terms the absence of enzyme necessary to
metabolized phenylalanine - an amino
Artificial insemination - a process of acid that is present in many food ;the brain
fertilization in which a man’s sperm is damaged by an enormous build up of
placed directly into a woman’s vagina by a phenylalanine leading to mental
physician retardation
In vitro fertilization (IVF) - a procedure in
which a woman's ova are removed from
her ovaries and a man’s sperm are used
to fertilize the ova in a laboratory

Prenatal Assessment Techniques

Ultrasound (sonogram), sonoembryology

- High-frequency sound waves directed
at the mother’s abdomen produce a
picture of the fetus in the uterus.
Sonoembryology uses high frequency
transvaginal probes & digital image
processing to produce a picture of
embryo in uterus DOWN SYNDROME
Amniocentesis originally named “mongolism”
- prenatal diagnostic technique that common form of cognitive disorder due to
uses a syringe to withdraw a sample the presence of extra chromosome 21, for
of amniotic fluid through the mother’s a total of 3 rather than the typical 2 copies
abdomen. making it 47 instead or normal 46
Chorionic villus sampling ● the disorder is also called trisomy
- prenatal diagnostic technique that 21
involves taking a sample of tissue ● Women over 45 years of age has
from the chorion, extracted from the high chance having a baby w/ DS,
placenta through the vagina nearly 1 in 40 (Karp,1976 as cited
Embryoscopy, fetoscopy in Feldman 2009)
- Tiny viewing scope is inserted in the ● very low IQ
woman's abdomen to view the
embryo or fetus. Fetoscopy can assist FRAGILE X SYNDROME
in diagnosis of non-chromosomal most frequent cause of inherited
genetic disorders. mental retardation ; the long arm of the X
chromosome is prone to breaking for the
Genetic disorders and other DNA there is unstable.
Chromosomal Abnormalities ● modified facial appearance
● elongation of the face
Teratogen- an environmental agent/factor ● Large prominent ears
such as a drug, chemical, virus or other ● Prominent chin
factor that produces a birth defect

PHENYLKETUNURIA(PKU)
a recessive hereditary disorder of
protein metabolism. The basic defect is
FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME (FAS) TURNER SYNDROME
a kind of disorder found in children genetic disorder in females are
born to alcoholic mother ; also abused of missing an X chromosome making them
marijuana. XO instead of XX; short in stature;
● sunken nasal bridge webbed/entangled neck
● Altered shape of the nose and eyelids
● Stunted growth TAY-SACHS DISEASE
occurring mainly in Jews of
AUTISM Eastern European and French-Canadians
suggesting a very different brain (1: 27 among Jews); in general 1 in 250
organization for the fundamental social people; victims dies before reaching
skills of recognizing others; usually found school age; produces blindness and
in toddlers; there is reduction in the size of muscle degeneration prior to death; no
corpus callosum and cerebellar regions. treatment for this disorder.
● May or may not appear mentally
deficient SICKLE-CELL ANEMIA
● Losing language skills 1: 400; blood disorder; symptoms
● Withdrawing from family interactions include poor appetite, stunted growth,
● Narrow range of interests and swollen stomach and yellowish eyes;
activities afflicted rarely live beyond childhood
● Tend to perseverate (i.e. continually
nodding the head, making Achondroplasia
stereotyped finger movements) is the most common process
resulting in disproportionate small stature.
ASPERGER’S SYNDROME A disorder of bone growth that causes the
characterized by difficulties in most common type of dwarfism. Physical
understanding social interaction; difficulty feature: short arms and legs, large head,
interpreting other people’s emotional facial features with frontal bossing and
expression; tend to be very good at midface retrusion .Intelligence and life
classifying objects and noting details; do span are usually near normal although it
not lose their language capabilities increases the risk of death in infancy.
compare to autism. ● 1 in 10,000 births in Latin America
● average height of an adult or 4 foot 4
KLINEFELTER SYNDROME inches in males & 4 foot 1 inch in
genetic disorder in which male females.
have an extra X chromosome, XXY;
undeveloped testes; extreme height and Prenatal development
enlarge breast.
● resulted from receiving improper
number of sex chromosomes

XYY SYNDROME
genetic disorder in which the male
has an extra Y chromosome; would be
likely to be aggressive and develop a
violent type of personality.
 3 stages of prenatal development Two fundamental principles of
● Gestational age is dated from the first development
day of an expectant mother’s last
menstrual cycle ● cephalocaudal principle, Latin,
● Period of zygote/germinal stage – meaning “head to tail,” dictates that
zygote travels to the uterus and development proceeds from the head
attached itself to it; rapid cell division to the lower part of the trunk. The
occurs; lasting only for 2 weeks upper parts of the body develop
● Period of the embryo/embryonic stage- before the lower parts of the trunk.
major systems, organs & structure of ● proximodistal principle, Latin,
the body develop; in 3 to 8 week meaning “near to far,” development
● Period of the fetus/fetal stage- lasts proceeds from parts near the center
from the end of the 2nd month until birth; of the body to outer ones. The
week 9 until birth when rapid growth & embryo’s head and trunk develop
further development of the structures, before the limbs, and the arms and
organs & systems of the body occur; legs before the fingers and toes
reflexes emerged; health can be
affected by mother’s diet, health ,age or References:
substance use ● Feldman, S. (2009). Discovering the
life span. India; Pearson Education
FETUS Inc.
a developing child, from 8 weeks ● Kail, R. & Cavanaugh, J. (2013).
after conception until birth Human development a life span view.
6th ed. Philippines; Cengage Learning.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PRENATAL ● Kail, R. V. & . Cavanaugh, J.C.
PERIOD (conception to birth) (2017). Essentials of human
● It is the foundation of later development: A Life-span view. USA:
development(heredity); intelligence is Cengage Learning.
partly determined; psychological ● Sigelman, C.K,et.a l (2016). Lifespan
disorder may take root. human development. Australia:
● Time of many hazards (emotional, Cengage Learning.
psychological & ● Lally, M. & Valentine S.(2017).
environmental);cognitive functions can Lifespan development: A
be affected by tobacco, alcohol & drug psychological perspective.
use Independent
● Individual grows microscopically(from ● Feldman,S. (2023). Discovering the
single cell to infant) life span.4th ed.
● Sex is fixed ([Link]
● Favorable vs. unfavorable condition of s)
the mother ● Papalia, 2021
● Formation of attitude towards newly
created individual
● Note: next topic kinds of birth(video)