TERM PAPER ON

RECYCLE AGGREGATE AND WASTE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

B. TECH IN
(CIVIL ENGINEERING)
BY
PRATIKSHA SINGH
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF
MR UJJWAL BHARDWAJ
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
AMITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AMITY UNIVERSITY, UTTAR PRADESH
NOIDA (U.P)
 DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE

I, PRATIKSHA SINGH, a [Link]. Civil Engineering student,

hereby declare that the project I am submitting to the
Department of Civil Engineering at the Amity School of
Engineering and Technology at Amity University Uttar
Pradesh, Noida, entitled "RECYCLE AGGREGATE AND
WASTE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS," has not been
submitted previously for any degree, diploma, or other similar
or recognition.

NAME- PRATIKSHA SINGH

ENROLLMENT NO- A2315822014
PROGRAMME- BTECH CIVIL
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Without the involvement and support of so many people, some of

whose names may not be published, the completion of this term paper
would not have been feasible. However, I would like to express my
sincere gratitude and debt of gratitude to Mr. Ujjwal Bhardwaj for his
unending support and his kind and understanding spirit during the
writing of this research paper. Their efforts are genuinely appreciated
and acknowledged. Thank you to everyone who offered their support
in one way or another, including family, friends, and others

PRATIKSHA SINGH
A2315822014
BTECH CIVIL
 CONTENT

1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. CONCRETE
4. AGGREGATE
4.1 TYPES OF AGGREGATE
4.2 RECYCLED AGGREGATE
4.3 USES OF RECYCLE AGGREGATE
4.4 HOW RECYCLE AGGREGATE IS
DIFFERENT FROM AGGREGATE ?
5. MATERIALS
5.1 WASTE MATERIALS
6. HOW CONSTRUCTION IS EFFECTING
ENVIRONMENT
6.1 EFFECTS
7. HOW TO REDUCE THE
CONSTRUCTION WASTE
8. LEARNING OUTCOME
9. CONCLUSION
10. REFERENCES
 ABSTRACT

The building industry now has a plethora of new opportunities

for material reuse thanks to the use of recycled materials in
concrete. If the appropriate level of final product quality is
achieved, using a combination of recycled materials is an
excellent way to address the issue of excessive waste.
Recycled material analysis has been conducted for 50 years.
Actually, none of the findings indicated that recycled
materials shouldn't be used in building. However, this article
focused almost solely on the use of recycled aggregate as a
foundation fill for roads due to some issues with sustainability
assessment. It also highlights the potential for employing
recycled aggregate concrete as a building material. An
experimental investigation on the shear and strength of
recycled concrete was done for that reason.
 INTRODUCTION
Background/Problem Statement
Aggregate is one of the most important components of concrete
process because it greatly affects complexity and performance. A
conservative estimate for total concrete is at least 4.5 The world
consumes billions of tonnes of aggregate concrete every year. This
is the figure Consumption of concrete is assumed to represent the
sum of all products with the basis of the road. The total concrete
used may be 25 to 35 units per unit It accounts for 100 percent of
total production combined. is fully part of the global integration of
consumption stubborn Large numbers of the above definitely have
environmental impacts general construction and from scrap or
demolition sites of manufactured structures I n developed
countries. Analysis for the Industry Commission Report showed
about 3 million tonnes of collected waste Only in Australia.
Disposing of all this garbage requires social conservatism.
Environmental problems. This is a huge burden on the world’s
natural resources and. A more expensive problem for solid waste
management. Therefore, a Another potential recycled collection
method can be used to overcome this issue Concrete aggregates
rather than natural aggregates in construction industry. This is the
solution It can not only help preserve and expand natural resources
but also reduce the Cost of waste processing and requirement of
landfills for waste disposal
 RECYCLED CONCRETE AGGREGATES
Aggregates used in construction that have previously been used are known as recycled
aggregates. Examples include aggregate recovery from asphalt paving, recovered concrete
from building and demolition trash, and tyre waste. Crushing is used to create coarsely
recycled concrete aggregate (RCA), which is a reasonably easy and hygienic process. 95% of
concrete is pure by weight, while the overall impurity level typically makes up less than 1%
of the bulk mass. Gravel, crushed stone, hydraulic cement concrete, or mixtures deemed
appropriate for premixed concrete are further potential sources of RCA.
 MATERIALS
Concrete is a composite material made of water, large granular material (both fine and
rough aggregate), and an additive or binder that fills the empty spots amongst the
aggregate particles and binds them together.
AGREGATES: There are several kinds of aggregates used in concrete. Fine Aggregates:
These aggregates are kept at 150 microns after passing through a 4.75 mm I.S. filtering
system. 90% of the particles in coarse sand are larger than 0.6 mm and less than 2 mm.90%
of the particles in medium sand are larger than 0.2 mm and smaller than 0.6 mm. 90% of the
particles in fine sand are larger than 0.06 mm and smaller than 0.2 mm. Sand picking is
crucial to how well it performs and durability of a concrete mixture.
When passing through a 63 mm I.S. sieve, coarse particles are maintained at a 4.75-micron
size. Greater than 4.75 mm particles make up coarse aggregates, which typically have a
diameter between 9.5 mm and 37.5 mm. They may come from first-, second-, or third-hand
sources. Mixed Aggregate: Mixed aggregate is occasionally employed for minor tasks
without being divided into various sizes.

CEMENT: Cement is a further essential ingredient in the creation of concrete. Lime, silica,
alumina, and iron are the main ingredients in cement, it is a highly refined material.
Discussions: The typical range of specific gravities for aggregates used in road building is
2.5 to 3.0, with an average of 2.68. Although a high specific gravity is thought to be a sign of
strong strength, the applicability of a sample of aggregate cannot be determined without
considering its mechanical qualities, such as its aggregate crushing, impact, and abrasion
values. The amount of water absorbed per unit of weight cannot be greater than 0.6.
 WASTE MATERIALS IN CONSTRUCTION
1. DREDGING MATERIALS: - Excavating materials are materials or materials
removed during the preparation of a construction or demolition site. Logs, tree roots, dirt,
rocks and logs are just a few examples of mining materials.

FIG NO 1, EXAMPLE OF DREDGING MATERIAL

2. INSULATION AND ASBESTOS MATERIALS: Asbestos is
a material that offers resistance to heat and corrosion, to put it
simply. These factors contribute to the widespread usage of
asbestos in building supplies. Examples of items that contain
asbestos include floor backing, gaskets, soft floor tiles, asphalt
roofing, pipe insulation, roof and wall insulation, fire sprinklers,
heat pipe fittings that stop moisture buildup, boiler casings, roof
tiles, and initially non-friable waste. Materials containing
asbestos are extremely dangerous and put people's health at risk.
 FIG NO 2, EXAMPLE OF INSULATION MATERIALS
2. CONCRETE, TILES, CEMENT AND BRICKS: -
Materials containing asbestos are in the list below –.
Concrete – not dangerous
Bricks – not dangerous
Tiles and ceramics – safe
Concrete, bricks, tiles, and ceramics (alone or in combination) with hazardous
substances – dangerous
A mixture of concrete, brick, wood and clay, free of hazardous materials – harmless
Most construction and decentralization waste consists of concrete and bricks and is
disposed of in landfills. But again, these can be dismantled and put back together.

FIG NO 3, CONCRETE
FIG NO 4 , CEMENT

FIG NO 5, TILES

FIG 6 , BRICKS

Wood glass and plastic

When temporary constructions and residences are torn down, waste materials including
wood, glass, and plastic are produced. As a last resort for recycling, these inert materials
might be disposed of in a landfill. Plywood, chip wood, dimensional lumber, shavings and
sawdust are examples of waste that is mostly made up of new wood from new construction.
Additionally, plastic trash is utilised in new construction. This includes PVC, PVC cladding,
plumbing tubing, plastic sheets and Styrofoam insulation. Glass trash, glass from skylights,
glass from windows or doors, and other types of glass
 3. METALLIC WASTE: Metal waste being generated includes, copper, brass,
copper, aluminium, brass, iron and steel, tin, alloys; These are all safe and easily
recyclable. However, steel containing hazardous substances, oily pipes and coal tar are
extremely hazardous materials and should be handled with caution.

FIG NO 8 , METALLIC WASTE

4. DRY WALL: - The masonry and plasterboard debris that accumulates on a
construction site can be enormous. Gypsum plasterboard, which is typically
used to manufacture plasterboard, is typically left over when a new building is
built.
5. WASTE FROM CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS; CEMENTS It's vital to note that
there are leftovers, sometimes rejected/wasted owing to design changes or
even due to poor workmanship. Waste also includes excess cement mixed
after the job is finished. This cement is often wasted due to poor workmanship.
Notably, cement that has not been utilised or planned is always harmful.
Designed strategies are seldom successful. Additionally, leftover cement mixing
from previous work is included in the construction project.
6. PAINTS, VARNISHES, ADHESIVES, AND SEALANTS; - Paints, varnishes,
adhesives, and sealants used in new construction that are left over after work
is completed or that are thrown away as a result of an accident. Cans of paint,
paint thinners, varnish removers, organic solvents, adhesive containers, and
sealant containers are among the most dangerous wastes.
 FIG 9 , PAINTS & SEALANTS

HOW CONSTRUCTION WASTE IS EFFECTING ENVIRONMENT

In early 2022, the construction industry in the UK is booming. The effects of the
epidemic have been combined with a housing crisis that has companies
scrambling to try to meet immediate demand. We have also seen significant
economic changes that have affected the very structure of most companies,
often resulting in businesses changing their premises to allow flexibility in
resources and structure. Nationally, foreclosures have been on the rise. This
seemingly endless rise in activity may be great for the economy, but it has
environmental consequences, Here at One West, our state-of-the-art transfer
facility is equipped with the necessary equipment to separate an In early 2022,
the construction industry in the UK is booming. The effects of the epidemic
have been combined with a housing crisis that has companies scrambling to try
to meet immediate demand. We have also seen significant economic changes
that have affected the very structure of most companies, often resulting in
businesses changing their premises to allow flexibility in resources and
structure. Nationally, foreclosures have been on the rise. This seemingly endless
rise in activity may be great for the economy, but it has environmental
consequences, . Here at One West, our state- of-the-art transfer facility is
equipped with the necessary equipment to separate and dispose of all types of
waste. Our team is committed to reducing their environmental impact and we
look to recycle as much waste as possible. Defra UK Statistics’ July 2021 report
found that the UK generated 67.8 million tonnes
of construction and non-hazardous construction waste (C&D waste) in 2018.
We can expect today’s figure to be even higher.d dispose of all types of waste.
Our team is committed to reducing their environmental impact and we look to
recycle as much waste as possible. Defra UK Statistics’ July 2021 report found
that the UK generated 67.8 million tonnes of construction and non-hazardous
construction waste (C&D waste) in 2018. We can expect today’s figure to be
even higher.
EFFECTS: -
Construction waste can have a significant impact on the environment. Because of the use of
building materials, most of these are not susceptible to biodegradation. Add to this the size of
these factors and it is easy to see how improper treatment or taxation can quickly leave
mountains of waste in the landscape for centuries or even millennia. In addition to these not
inconsiderable effects, many components in building materials and furnishings can be toxic.
Improper disposal of these materials can lead to soil, air and water pollution, posing serious health
risk

FIG 10, EFFECTS CAUSED DUE TO WASTE

HOW TO REDUCE THE CONSTRUCTION WASTE
1. Lessen production mistakes. Everyone errs occasionally. But if you notice that your
driver repeatedly uses the wrong pipe or pole, makes inaccurate measurements, or
cuts things, you need to address the issue right once or you risk having assets end up
in the junk.
2. Make the correct number of entries. Lean Construction advises consulting experts
and educated individuals when developing your project. This provides you with the
ideal quantity of resources, including wood, concrete, and other building components.
Find out why you made the mistakes you did, such as ordering too much concrete or
wasting two quarters on the previous job, and move on knowing what not to do next
time.
3. Purchase the appropriate materials for the job. Avoid ordering 10 feet of
plasterboard if you can only utilise 8 feet since the additional 2 feet may become
damaged. The same holds true for pipes, two-quarter lengths, and other supplies.
4. Protect your information. Keep your data secure. The Nebraska State Department
of Energy advises covering and flattening out wood while storing it to prevent dents
and other damage. Bricks and other stones should be stacked and covered. To avoid
losing your possessions to theft, keep them in a secure location.
5. Reuse and Recycle Large plasterboard scraps can be saved to be used as infill
blocks. For the walls supporting the foundation, use pure concrete, antique bricks, and
other man-made stones. Combination buckets can be used to store items.
6. Employ diverse construction techniques For instance, Tom Napier, a research
architect with the Army Corps of Engineers, argues in one article that instead of using
plywood and other wasteful wood materials, concrete construction projects could
instead be built using modular solid steel structure. Metals may be broken.
 LEARNING OUTCOME

• Analyse the topic from a technical, legal, and economical

standpoint by being familiar with all words connected to
general solid waste management.
• Describe the solid waste management hierarchy and the need
for an integrated solution.
• look into the technical requirements for establishing a solid
waste management system.
• implement the solid waste management-related legal
regulations.
• analyse the solid waste management system's economics.
• establish a municipal solid waste management plan by
becoming familiar with the words linked to this topic's
technical, legal, and economic aspects.
• Describe the management of solid waste system's
hierarchical structure and the need for an integrated solution.
• Look at the technical criteria for establishing an effective
waste management system.
 CONCLUSION
Not only can the problem of hundreds of thousands of
tonnes of construction debris be solved by recycling and
reusing building waste, but the issue of lack of natural
resource collections can also be solved the solution of
the Recycled concrete aggregates have many reliable
properties. However, in countries like India, some
serious urgent steps need to be taken to largely release
the RAC and if this is done, the recycling of concrete
will be the most important factors for the construction
one of the most enduring