Variables & its types
Dr. Tanmay Laxmikant Joshi
M:9890614667
https://www.chaitanyapsychology.com/
➢ Dependent variable
➢ Independent variable
▪ Task variable
▪ Environmental variable
▪ Subject variable
o Natural subject variable
o Induced subject variable
➢ Relevant variables
▪ Subject relevant variables
▪ Situational relevant variables
▪ Sequence relevant variables
➢ Qualitative variables
➢ Quantitative variables
➢ Continuous variables
➢ Discrete variables
➢ Moderate Variables
➢ Intervening Variables
➢ Active Variables
➢ Attribute Variables
• Variables are the characteristics or conditions that are
manipulated, controlled or observed by the experimenter.
• Attributes of the objects, events, things and beings which can
be measured.
• Ex: Intelligence, anxiety, aptitude, income, education,
achievement.
➢ Dependent variable:
• Experimenter makes a prediction.
– Also called as Response variable
➢ Independent variable (IV):
• Also called as
– controlled variable
– stimulus variable.
• It is manipulated, measured and selected by the experimenter for
the purpose of producing observable changes in the DV
➢Task variables:
• Characteristics which are associated with a behavioral task
presented to the subject.
• It includes the physical characteristics of the apparatus as well
as many features of the task procedures.
• The simplicity or the complexity of the apparatus is likely to
produce a change in the behavioral measure.
• Ex: habit interference (TY method and MA method).
➢Environmental variables:
• Characteristics of the environment tend to produce changes in
the behavioral measures (DV).
• Ex: Noise, temperature, levels of illumination, time of the day.
➢ Subject variables:
• Characteristics of the subjects which are likely to produce changes
in the behavioral measures (DV).
➢ Natural subject variables: those variables which subjects carry
within themselves before the start of the experiment.
• Ex: Age, sex, intelligence, anxiety.
➢ Induced subject variables: variables which are induced by the
experimenter’s instructions.
• Also called as instructional variables.
➢Relevant variables:
– Control variables
– Extraneous variables
• In experimental situations those variables which are controlled
by the experimenter because they are not of direct interest but
are likely to produce changes in the behavioral measures.
➢Subject relevant variables:
• Variables which constitute the characteristics of the subject
and are controlled by the experimenter because he does not
want to study their effect upon the behavioral measure (DV).
• Ex: age, intelligence, race, aptitude, personality classification.
➢Situational relevant variables:
• Environmental and task variables whose effects on the DV are
controlled by the experimenter because they are likely to
produce unwanted changes in the DV.
• Ex: temperature, levels of illumination, complexity of task.
➢Sequence relevant variables:
• Variables which arise from the different ordinal positions that
the conditions of the experiment occupy in a sequence.
• Ex: practice, fatigue, adaptation.
➢ Qualitative variables:
• Variables which consists of categories that cannot be ordered in
magnitude.
• Frequently used in Sociology.
• Ex: Sex, race, religion.
➢ Quantitative variables:
• Variables which consists of categories that can be ordered in
magnitude.
• Frequently used in Psychology and education.
• Ex: Age, intelligence, intensity of sound.
– Continuous variables
– Discrete variables
➢Continuous variables:
• Capable of being measured in any arbitrary degree of fineness
or exactness.
• The measurement is subject to the limitations of available
tools.
• Ex: Age, height, intelligence.
➢Discrete variables: (categorical variables):
• Not capable of being measured in any arbitrary degree of
fineness/exactness because the variables contain a clear gap.
• Ex: the number of members in a family.
➢ Moderate variables:
• Special types of IV; also called secondary IV.
• These variables are selected by the experimenter because he
suspects that these variables may alter or moderate the
relationship between the primary IV and the DV.
➢ Intervening variables:
• These variables are theoretically exists and tend to influence the
behavioral measure (DV).
• Such variables cannot be seen and or manipulated by the
experimenter and
• Effect of such variables can be inferred from the effects of the IV
as well as the moderator variables upon the D.V.
➢Active variables:
• A variable which is manipulated by the experimenter.
• Ex: reward, punishment, method of teaching.
➢Attribute variables:
• A variable which is nor manipulated but measured by the
experimenter.
• Ex: age, sex, race, anxiety.
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