Measures of Central Tendency
(Grouped Data)
In this lesson, you will be introduced to the Measures of Central Tendency under
grouped data. You will learn what mean, median, and mode are, as well as the formulas
to be used and steps to make to find the value of the mean, median, and mode in a
given sample.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_______
Specific Objectives
- Memorizing the procedures in finding the mean, median, and mode
- Illustrates the proper steps in finding the mean, median, and mode
- Solve for the mean, median, and mode from the given sample
- Interpret the outcome of the activity
! Let’s Start
Objectives:
This activity aims to illustrate and give the students ideas about how mean,
median, and mode work and how they relate to one another. The students should have
formed some ideas or concepts about what mean, median and mode are and how to find
them.
Exercise.
There are 7 cards below which are not in a particular order. Using the cards, we
must find the mean median and mode. Follow the directions that will follow and graph
the points in a number line after.
Follow the steps and write your answers in the blank:
Step 1: Arrange the card in proper order from lowest to highest.
__________________________
Step 2: To get the mean, add all the value of the cards and divide it to the total number
of cards. __________________.
Step 3: To find the median, flip over the cards from both ends to find the middle value.
___________________
Step 4: To find the mode, look for the card that appears most in the given set.
__________________
Step 5. Graph the points of all the value you’ve got in a number line.
The descriptive summary of a data set is known as the central tendency in
statistics. It is also the statistical metric that captures the single value of the whole
distribution or dataset. The center of the data distribution is reflected by the dataset's
single value. Furthermore, it only offers an overview of the dataset and does not offer
details on specific data from it. In general, several statistical metrics can be used to
determine a dataset's central tendency.
Measures of Central Tendency
The mean, median, and mode are the three key metrics that can be used to
determine the dataset's central tendency.
Key Concepts!
Measures of central tendency - are descriptive numerical measures that pinpoint
the center of a data set or distribution.
Mean - The sum of all the measurements divided by the total number of measures in
the set is a set of values or measurements.
Median - represents the sample's middle value when the data are arranged by size.
Mode - is the value that appears most frequently in a collection of values or
measures. In other words, it is the most widely used value within a particular set
Range - the difference between a dataset's top and lowest values. It offers a
straightforward indicator of the data's dispersion or spread.
In using the measures of central tendency, we will be making a frequency
distribution table to place the data in an organized matter. This is very important in
locating the different values of data we will be using in finding the central tendency of
the given sample.
Let’s use this sample problem in illustrating the process of making the frequency
distribution table
Given 50 multiple-choice items in their final test in Trigonometry, the score of the following:
23 18 16 30 21
38 34 22 25 26
28 36 27 44 37
46 35 25 21 29
22 45 29 18 13
20 48 31 43 37
23 18 16 30 21
38 34 22 25 26
First, find the range (R) using the
formula : 28 36 27 44 37
R = Highest score – Lowest
46 35 25 21 29
Score
R = 48 -13 22 45 29 18 13
R = 35 20 48 31 43 37
Next, determine the number of classes (k) using the formula:
k= 1 + 3.322 log N
where N is the total number of data found in the sample. In the given the total number of
data found in the sample is 30, therefore N = 30
k= 1 + 3.322 log N
k= 1 + 3.322 log 30
k= 1 + 4.91
k= 5.91 or 6
Then determine the class interval (i) using the formula:
Range R
i= or
class ¿ ¿ ¿ k
35
i=
6
i= 5.83 or 6
Now, to construct the frequency distribution table. In the table we have the class
interval column, the tally column and frequency column.
Classes Tally Frequency
Lower-Upper (f)
43-48 llll 5
37-42 llll 4
31-36 lll 3
25-30 llll-lll 8
18-25 llll-l 6
13-18 llll 4
N=30
In the class interval column, you will start listing the data from the smallest
score to the highest following your interval. Then, in the second column you will tally
how many scores are within the range of that class interval. After that, you will write the
total number of the scores or the frequency of the scores that appeared in that rage, in
the third column.
Mean
Finding the average of a collection of data that has been grouped into several
categories is known as the mean of grouped data. A frequency table is necessary to put
across the frequencies of the data, making it easy to calculate the mean of the data.
Here is the process in solving for the mean.
Class mark Formula:
Where:
X= Class mark
f = frequency
n= number of samples
Classes The first thing to do is add a new column in
the frequency distribution table. That column will be
Lower-Upper f X for the midpoint or class mark denoted as x.
43-48 5 45.5 lower+upper
The formula in solving x is: X =
2
37-42 4 39.5 The lower class is the data value in the left side
while the upper class is the data value in the right
31-36 3 33.5 side.
25-30 8 27.5 Example:
19-24 6 21.5 X= X= X=
lower+upper lower+upper lower +upper
13-18 4 15.5 2 2 2
43+ 48 37+42 31+ 36
N=30 X= X= X=
2 2 2
2
After getting the class mark, we add another column for the fXm . To get the
fXm
we simply multiply the frequency to their corresponding class mark.
Example:
Classes 5 × 45.5 = 227.5 8 ×27.5 = 220
Lower-Upper f X fXm 4 ×39.5 = 158 6 ×21.5 = 129
3 ×33.5 = 100.5 4 ×15.5 = 62
43-48 5 45.5 227.5
fXm to find is summation or the Σ fx .
Then we will add all the data in
37-42 4 39.5 158
31-36 3 33.5 100.5
25-30 8 27.5 220
Now that all the data needed is
19-24 6 21.5 129 found, we will solve for the mean.
897
= 30
=29.9
13-18 4 15.5 62
N=30 Σ fx=897
Median
The middle value of data that is written continuously and arranged in
ascending order is known as the median of grouped data. A frequency distribution table
that separates the higher level data from the lower level data is how the data is
presented. The formula is one of the most straightforward ways to determine the median
of grouped data. It may be difficult to determine the median or middle value of a set of
data. Consequently, we can apply the following procedures and formula to determine the
median for grouped data:
n
−¿ cf
Formula: ~ 2
x=l+( )i
fm
Where:
~
x = median
l = lower class boundary of the median class
n = sumber of sample
¿ cf = less than cumulative frequency above the median class
i = size of the class interval
f m = frequency of the median class
Step 1: Construct the less than cumulative frequency of the data.
In constructing, all you need to do is continuously add their frequency from the lowest to the
highest score. So, starting at the bottom copy the first frequency to the lesser cumulative frequency.
Then on the second row add its frequency and write the answer to the lesser cumulative frequency
column. Do the same procedure of adding the frequency and writing the answer to the lesser
cumulative frequency column until the last row and all the rows in the lesser cumulative frequency
column is filled with data.
Classes
f <cf
Lower-Upper f X fXm <cf
43-48 5 45.5 227.5 30 5 = 30
37-42 4 39.5 158 25 4 = 25
31-36 3 33.5 100.5 21 3 = 21
25-30 8 27.5 220 18 8 = 18
19-24 6 21.5 129 10 6 = 10
13-18 4 15.5 62 4 4 = 4
N=30 Σ fx=897
n
Step 2: Determine the median class by computing for the value of
2
.
n
2
= 302 =15
Step 3: Locate the computed value for 𝑛 2 at the <cf column (must be within one of the <cf). The
interval corresponding to this <cf value is the median class.
Classes
Lower-Upper f X fXm <cf
43-48 5 45.5 227.5 30
37-42 4 39.5 158 25
31-36 3 33.5 100.5 21
25-30 8 27.5 220 18
19-24 6 21.5 129 10
13-18 4 15.5 62 4
N=30 Σ fx=897
Step 4: Examine the <cf that corresponds to the class that is median. Next, obtain the <cf below the
median class.
From the given, the <cf (<cf below 18) is 10.\
Step 5: Identify the value of i, subtract the median class's (or any class interval's) lower and upper
bounds, then add 1.
i= 30 – 25 = 5 + 1 = 6
Step 6: To determine the l, just subtract the lower limit of the median class by 0.5.
Therefore, 25 – 0.5 = 24. 5
Step 7: Determine the value of f, locate the frequency of the median class.
The frequency of the median class is 8.
Step 8: With all the values present, we will now solve for the median by using the formula
n
−¿ cf
~ 2
x=l+( )i
fm
~
x=24.5+ (
15−10
8
6 )
~
x=24.5+
5
8()
6
~
x=24.5+ ( 0.625 ) 6
~
x=24.5+ 3.75
~
x=28.25
Mode
In a grouped frequency distribution, the mode of grouped data is used to
determine which frequency occurs more frequently within the most common interval or
class. The modal class, which denotes the most common class in the dataset, can be
used to determine the mode for any grouped frequency distribution.
The class with the highest frequency in grouped data is referred to as a
modal class. Thus, the class that includes the mode in a grouped set of data is called
the modal class. Thus, the modal class of the aggregated data is the one with the
highest frequency.
Formula for the mode of the grouped data
Mode = lb + ( D1) i
D1 + D2
Where,
lb is the lower limit of the modal class,
D1 is the difference between the frequency of the modal class and the frequency
of the class above the modal class
D2 is the difference between the frequency of the modal class and the frequency
of the class below the modal class
i is the class interval
Classes
Lower-Upper f X fXm <cf
43-48 5 45.5 227.5 30
37-42 4 39.5 158 25
31-36 3 33.5 100.5 21
25-30 8 27.5 220 18
19-24 6 21.5 129 10
13-18 4 15.5 62 4
N=30 Σ fx=897
Instructions:
First locate the modal class in the given sample. To locate the modal class, simply look
for the class with the highest frequency.
In the given sample the modal class is 25-30 with a frequency of 8
For the lower boundary, you will use the lower limit of the modal class and subtract 0.5
to it.
The lower limit of the modal class is 25 and we need to subtract 0.5 to
get the lower boundary. Thus, lb = 25 – 0.5
lb = 24.5
To find D1 subtract the frequency of the modal class with the frequency of the class
above the modal class.
The frequency of the modal class is 8, and we need to subtract the
frequency of the class above the modal class which is 3 to get D1.
Thus, D1 = 8 – 3
D1 = 5
Now, to find D2 let’s subtract the frequency of the modal class with the frequency of the
class below the modal class.
The frequency of the modal class is 8, and we need to subtract the
frequency of the class below the modal class which is 6 to get D2.
Thus, D2 = 8 – 6
D2 = 2
Since we already have the value of the interval which is 6, we can now substitute all the
values to the formula and get the mode of the given sample.
Mode = lb + ( ) D1
i
D1 + D2
Mode = 24.5 + ( ) 65
5+2
Mode = 24.5 + ( 0.714 ) 6
Mode = 24.5 + 4.284
Mode = 28.784
Let’s try this!
Now that you know and understood all about the measures of central tendency,
the formulas to use, the process or steps to follow and things to take note in solving, we
should try some exercises to see your learning about the topic. This will help aid to
enhance your understanding, memorization and improve your capability in finding the
value of the mean, median and mode. So without further ado, let’s start.
Exercise 1.
Find the Mean, Median and Mode of the given sample. Construct a frequency
distribution table and show your solutions in solving for the missing values and data.
Given a 30 item quiz on their geometry class, the score of the students are the
following.
13 21 15 21 18
18 28 23 15 19
22 17 25 17 24
20 15 21 20 23
18 21 27 29 15
16 26 22 13 26
19 20 19 16 17
Exercise 2.
Mr. Marcelo was asked to present the performance of his Business Statistics class in the
prelim. The following are the test scores of his class.
34 42 20 50 17 9 34 43
50 18 35 43 50 23 23 35
37 38 38 39 39 38 38 39
24 29 25 26 28 27 44 44
49 48 46 45 45 46 45 46
References
Admin. (2022, June 16). Median of Grouped Data (Formula and Examples) | How to find the median
of grouped data? BYJUS. https://byjus.com/maths/median-of-grouped-data/
GeeksforGeeks. (2024, March 6). Mode of grouped data in statistics.
GeeksforGeeks. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/mode-of-grouped-data/
Admin. (2024, June 24). Central Tendency Definition | Measures of Central Tendency &
Examples. BYJUS. https://byjus.com/maths/central-tendency/
Median of Grouped Data - Formula, Class 10, how to find? (n.d.).
Cuemath. https://www.cuemath.com/data/median-of-grouped-data/
Mashup Math. (2018, March 21). Super fun mean, median, mode and range activity! [Video].
YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MoMxSK_kHZU
