Examples on Object Oriented Programming in ABAP Subhendu

Majumdar

SUBHENDU MAJUMDAR
Technical Consultant, IBM

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PREFACE

This documentation contains examples on Object Oriented Programming in ABAP. It

covers the individual sections in detail and contains examples illustrating the
important concepts. Examples are positive or nagative – the positive examples
demonstrates implementation of concepts in program , the negative examples create
compilation errors which shows the do’s and don’t’s while coding for a class/object in
ABAP.

Care has been taken to use simple examples which spawns not more than one page.
Discussion on an example is categorised under four major heads:-

 Theme :- This section explains what the example is going to demonstrate.

 Program Description :- This section introduces to the program – briefly
detailing the components of the programand what it is trying to achieve.
 Dump:- Contains code dump.
 Output :- Shows the output of the program when executed or shows the
compilation errors for negative examples.

The best way to learn anything is learning by examples. The entire content has been
designed and documented in such a way that the reader can easily grasp the matter
and implement it in his course of learning.

The author will remain grateful to the responsible readers if they can point out
mistakes in the documentation and suggest further improvements on this effort.

- Subhendu
Majumdar

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INDEX
1 Class..................................................................................................................... 5
1.1 Accessibility of different sections of a class......................................................5
1.2 Subclass cannot access the private component of superclass......................8
1.3 External users cannot access protected/private components of a class.......9
1.4 Local Class can understand data and types in the global area of the
program................................................................................................................. 10
1.5 Class can be instantiated within implementation of another class..............12
1.6 Deferred Definition of a Class.....................................................................13
1.7 Place to put non-declarative statements.....................................................14
1.8 Use of Field Symbols in Class.....................................................................15
1.9 Use of Static Attributes...............................................................................16
1.10 Creation of Global class and using it in a local program..............................17
2 Methods.............................................................................................................. 22
2.1 Method with one import parameter/ only one non-optional parameter.......22
2.2 Import parameters passed by ref. can’t be changed inside the method .. . .23
2.3 Use of PREFERRED PARAMETER in a method..............................................24
2.4 Use of EXPORT and CHANGING parameters of a method............................25
2.5 Method using Internal Table as one of the parameters...............................26
2.6 Use of RETURNING parameters in method..................................................27
2.7 Demo on Static Method...............................................................................28
2.8 Static methods can only use static attributes, instance methods use both.29
2.9 Method Raising Exceptions.........................................................................30
2.10 Method can call itself..................................................................................31
2.11 Use of ME in methods.................................................................................32
2.12 Pointer Tables.............................................................................................33
2.13 Dynamic Method Calls................................................................................34
2.14 Use of parameter table...............................................................................35
2.15 Use of Exception Table................................................................................36
3 Constructors....................................................................................................... 37
3.1 Instance Constructors get fired at the time of class instantiation...............37
3.2 Instance Constructors can have import parameters...................................38
3.3 Constructors cannot have any export parameters......................................39
3.4 Instance Constructors can raise exceptions................................................40
3.5 Use of static constructor.............................................................................41
3.6 Static constructor can be triggered at the beginning of a processing
block(form /event/block/procedure).......................................................................42
3.7 Static/Class constructors cannot have any interface...................................43
4 Inheritance......................................................................................................... 44
4.1 Subclass can access public/protected components of superclass...............44
4.2 Subclass can re-implement inherited methods from superclass.................46
4.3 Objects cannot be created from an abstract class......................................47
4.4 Abstract methods cannot be implemented in abstract class.......................48
4.5 Final classes cannot have any subclass......................................................49
4.6 Final methods cannot be redefined in the subclasses.................................50
4.7 Static attributes exist only once per inheritance tree.................................51
4.8 Constructors of superclass flows down the chain........................................52
4.9 Subclass can have enhanced constructor than its superclass...................53
4.10 Static constructor of a class is called only once per program.....................55
4.11 Static type and Dynamic type of a variable................................................56
4.12 Static type should be more general than dynamic type of a reference
variable.................................................................................................................. 58
4.13 Method of a parent class, used from its subclass, uses attributes of the
parent class only, if the method is not re-defined in subclass..............................59
4.14 Demo on Widening Cast..............................................................................60
5 Interface............................................................................................................. 61
5.1 Simple use of an interface..........................................................................61
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5.2 Interfaces can only be implemented in the public section of a class...........62
5.3 A class with an interface should implement all the methods of that interface
63
5.4 Values for interface attributes are assigned at the time of inclusion in a
class 64
5.5 Use of FINAL methods from Interface..........................................................65
5.6 Use of Abstract methods from Interface.....................................................66
5.7 Use of Interface Reference Variable............................................................67
5.8 Use of Nested Interface...............................................................................69
5.9 Using ALIASES............................................................................................. 70
5.10 Polymorphism via Interfaces.......................................................................71
6 Friendship........................................................................................................... 72
6.1 Friendship between Classes........................................................................72
6.2 Subclasses of friends can also become friends...........................................73
6.3 Friendship is one sided...............................................................................74
7 Events................................................................................................................ 75
7.1 Events with Handler Method in the same class...........................................75
7.2 Event with event handler method in different class....................................76
7.3 More than one event handler method can exist for same event.................77
7.4 Use of static event......................................................................................79
7.5 Events with export parameters...................................................................80
8 Class-Based Exceptions......................................................................................81
8.1 Using SAP provided exception class............................................................81
8.2 When both superclass and subclass are used to track error.......................82
8.3 Propagation of Class-Based exceptions in procedures to the caller............83
8.4 Program can raise exceptions based on SAP standard exception-classes. .84
8.5 Objects are created from exception classes when error is trapped.............85
8.6 Demo on Locally Defined Exception-Class..................................................86
8.7 Nested TRY…ENDTRY block........................................................................87
8.8 Use of CLEANUP section..............................................................................88
9 BADIs ( Business Add-Ins)...................................................................................89
9.1 Single Implementation of BADI...................................................................89
9.2 Multiple Implementation.............................................................................93
9.3 Searching for BADI in SAP Transaction and Implementing it.......................96
9.4 Menu Enhancements...................................................................................98

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1 Class
1.1 Accessibility of different sections of a class
Theme From this program, one will learn:-

1. How to define, implement and instantiate a class.

2. What are the different sections of visibility in a class.
3. How to define instance attributes and get them accessed
by external users.

The following program will also show that :-

 Data declared in public section can be accessed by the

class itself, by its subclasses as well as by other users
outside the class.
 Data declared in the protected section can be accessed
by the class itself, and also by its subclasses but not by
external users outside the class.
 Data declared in the private section can be accessed by
the class only, but not by its subclasses and by external
users outside the class.
Brief Description This program contains a class : parentclass with following
attributes in different sections:-

Commondata in public section

Protectdata in private section
Privatedata in private section
The method showval in class : parentclass displays values of
all the attributes.
This demonstrates that class can access all its attributes.

Class childclass is a subclass of class parentclass, which has a

method : subval.

It displays the value for the data : commondata and protectdata .

Then, it changes the values for both and displays them again.
This demonstrates that subclass can access/change
public/ protected attributes of superclass.

In the START-OF-SELECTION event, object : parent is

instantiated from class : parentclass and object : child is
instantiated from class : childclass.
Then , the method showval of parent(object of parentclass) and
method subval of child(object of childclass) is called , which
displays the values of different attributes.

Then, the public attribute of object parent is changed and the

changed value is displayed.
This demonstrates that external users can change/display
public attributes of a class.
Dump of the program:-
REPORT YSUBDEL LINE-SIZE 120.

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CLASS parentclass DEFINITION .
PUBLIC SECTION.
DATA : commondata(30) type c value 'Accessible to all'.
METHODS : SHOWVAL.
PROTECTED SECTION.
DATA : protectdata(40) type c value 'Protected data'.
private section.
data : privatedata(30) type c value 'Private data'.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS parentclass IMPLEMENTATION.

METHOD : SHOWVAL.
write:/5 'All data from parentclass shown:-'.
write:/ sy-uline.
WRITE:/5 COMMONDATA,
/5 PROTECTDATA,
/5 PRIVATEDATA.
endmethod.
endclass.

CLASS childclass DEFINITION INHERITING FROM parentclass.

PUBLIC SECTION .
METHODS : subval.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS childclass IMPLEMENTATION.

method : subval.
skip 1.
write:/5 'Data of parent shown from child-'.
write:/5 sy-uline.
WRITE:/5 COMMONDATA,
/5 PROTECTDATA.
Commondata = 'Public data changed in subclass'.
Protectdata = 'Protected data changed in subclass'.
write:/5 sy-uline.
WRITE:/5 COMMONDATA,
/5 PROTECTDATA.
endmethod.
endclass.

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START-OF-SELECTION.
DATA : parent type ref to parentclass ,
child type ref to childclass .
create object : parent ,
child .
call method : parent->showval ,
child->subval.
skip 2.
parent->commondata = ‘User changing public data’.
write:/5 parent->commondata.
Output
All data from parentclass shown:-

Accessible to all
Protected data
Private data

Data of parent shown from child-

Accessible to all
Protected data

Public data changed in subclas

Protected data changed in subclass

User changing public data

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1.2 Subclass cannot access the private component of superclass

Theme The program demonstrates that subclasses cannot access the private
components of superclass.
Program The program used here is similar to above with change in the method
description : subval of class : childclass . This method is now attempting to
access the attribute : privatedata , which is a private attribute of its
superclass : parentclass.

On compilation, the program will give a compilation error.

This demonstrates that private components of superclass
cannot be accessed by subclasses.
Program Take the first program. Only change the method : subval of class :
Dump childclass as follows:-
method : subval.
skip 1.
write:/5 'All data from parent class shown by subclass'.
write:/5 sy-uline.
WRITE:/5 COMMONDATA,
/5 PROTECTDATA,
/5 privatedata.
endmethod.
Output The program will not compile. It will show an error message:-

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1.3 External users cannot access protected/private components of a class

Theme This program will demonstrate that external users cannot access
the protected and private components of a class
Program In this program , class C1 has three attributes declared in
Description different sections as follows:-
 Commondata in public section
 Protectdata in private section
 Privatedata in private section

In the main program, an object , OBJ1 is created from class C1

and an incorrect attempt is made to display the protected and
private attribute of class C1 using its object OBJ1.

Compilation of this program produces an error.

This demonstrates : protected and private components of
a class cannot be accessed by external users.
Dump REPORT YSUBDEL LINE-SIZE 120.

CLASS c1 DEFINITION .
PUBLIC SECTION.
DATA : commondata(30) type c value 'Accessible to all'.
PROTECTED SECTION.
DATA : protectdata(40) type c value 'Protected data'.
private section.
data : privatedata(30) type c value 'Private data'.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS c1 IMPLEMENTATION.
endclass.

START-OF-SELECTION.
DATA : obj1 type ref to c1.
create object : obj1.
write:/5 obj1->protectdata ,
obj1->privatedata.

Output On compilation, an error will be generated which will prove that

protected and private components of a class cannot be accessed
by external users.

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1.4 Local Class can understand data and types in the global area of the
program.
Theme This program will demonstrate the following:-

 Different attributes of a class can be constructed utilizing the

data and types declared outside the class, in the global area of
the program.

 Data declared in the global area of the program can be used

directly in a class.
Program The global section of this program contains a type : TYP_TAB and an
descriptio integer variable , NUM1.
n These type and data are used while defining attributes L_NUM1(integer)
and IT_TAB (internal table) for class C1 . Also, the global data L_NUM is
used directly inside the program.

This demonstrates the theme.

Dump REPORT YSUBDEL1 LINE-SIZE 120.

TYPES : BEGIN OF TYP_TAB ,

NAME(15) TYPE C ,
AGE TYPE I ,
END OF TYP_TAB .

DATA : num1 type i value 5 .

CLASS c1 DEFINITION .
public section.
methods : meth1 .
DATA : l_num like num1 ,
it_tab type standard table of typ_tab ,
w_tab like line of it_tab.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS c1 IMPLEMENTATION.
method : meth1 .
data : l_cnum(2) type c.
l_num = 0.
do 5 times.
l_num = l_num + 1.
l_cnum = l_num.
concatenate 'Student-'
l_cnum
into w_tab-name.
w_tab-age = num1 * l_num .
append w_tab to it_tab.
clear w_tab.
enddo.
loop at it_tab into w_tab.
write:/5 w_tab-name ,
w_tab-age.
endloop.
endmethod.
endclass.

START-OF-SELECTION.
DATA : obj1 type ref to c1.

create object : obj1.

call method obj1->meth1.

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Output Student-1 5
Student-2 10
Student-3 15
Student-4 20
Student-5 25

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1.5 Class can be instantiated within implementation of another class

Theme This program will demonstrate that an object can be created from a
class( (which was created with no CREATE PRIVATE|PROTECTED option
at the time of its definition) in the implementation section of another
class.
Program This program contains two classes – CLASS1 and CLASS2 .
Descriptio
n Class CLASS1 contains method : METHOD1 which displays value of
some integer variable.
Class CLASS2 contains method : METHOD2 . In the method
implementation , an object is created from class : CLASS1 and then
that object is used to call method METHOD1.
This demonstrates that object can be created from a
class(CLASS1) within implementation section of another
class(CLASS2).
REPORT YSUBOOPS17 .

class class1 definition.

public section.
methods : method1 .
endclass.

class class2 definition.

public section.
methods : method2 .
endclass.

class class1 implementation.

method :method1.
data : i_num type i value 2.
write:/5 i_num.
endmethod.
endclass.

class class2 implementation.

method : method2.
data : obj1 type ref to class1.
create object obj1.
call method obj1->method1.
endmethod.
endclass.

start-of-selection.
data : my_obj type ref to class2.
create object : my_obj.
call method my_obj->method2.
Output 2

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1.6 Deferred Definition of a Class

Theme This program will demonstrate how one can refer to a class without
defining the class before that point. But, the class has to be defined later
on.
Program In this program , class C1 has an interface reference O2 declared with
descriptio reference to class C2. But, before that, class C2 is not defined. It is
n defined later with a single public attribute , NUM .
This demonstrates the theme.
In the main section of the program, object : OBJ1 is created from class
C1.
Then, an object is created from the reference variable O2 in class C1.
Finally, the attribute num of that object is displayed.
Dump report ysubdel1.

CLASS C2 DEFINITION DEFERRED.

CLASS C1 DEFINITION.
PUBLIC SECTION.
DATA O2 TYPE REF TO C2.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS C2 DEFINITION.
public section.
data : num type i value 5.
ENDCLASS.

start-of-selection.
data : obj1 type ref to C1.
CREATE OBJECT obj1.
create object obj1->o2.
write:/5 obj1->o2->num .
Output 5

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1.7 Place to put non-declarative statements

Theme For a class, the IMPLEMENTATION section can immediately follow the
class DEFINITION section. If this is so, then all the non-declarative
statements ( viz., processing statements outside any class definition/
implementation ) should be placed under a processing block, such as
START-OF-SELECTION.
Program This program contains a class C1 with a method M1.
descriptio
n In version 1, the IMPLEMENTATION part of the class follows the class
definition section. But, the non-declarative statements are not placed
under any block. This creates a compilation error.

In version 2, the non-declarative statements are not placed under the

block START-OF-SELECTION. It gets correctly compiled.
This demonstrates the theme.
REPORT YSUBDEL . REPORT YSUBDEL .

class c1 definition. class c1 definition.

public section. public section.
methods : m1 . methods : m1 .
endclass. endclass.

class c1 implementation. class c1 implementation.

method : m1 . method : m1 .
write:/5 'I am method m1'. write:/5 'I am method m1'.
endmethod. endmethod.
endclass. endclass.

START-OF-SELECTION.
data : obj1 type ref to c1 . data : obj1 type ref to c1 .
create object obj1. create object obj1.
call method obj1->m1. call method obj1->m1.

Version 1: Incorrect Version 2 : Correct

Output Version 1 creates compilation error.

Version 2 gets correctly compiled.

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1.8 Use of Field Symbols in Class

Theme Field Symbols can be used to contain value of any variable in a class.
Program The program uses a field symbol, <FS>. It handles the values of
Descriptio instance attribute, inum and static attribute , onum .
n
Dump REPORT YSUB_ASSIGN_FS.

FIELD-SYMBOLS : <FS> TYPE ANY .

class c1 definition .
public section .
* Instance attribute : inum declared below
data : inum type i value 5 .
* static attribute onum declared below
class-data : onum type i value 10 .
endclass.

class c1 implementation.
endclass.

start-of-selection.
data : oref1 type ref to c1 .
create object oref1.
* Assigning instance attribute to field symbol <fs>
assign oref1->inum to <fs> .
write:/5 <fs> .
* Assigning static attribute to field symbol
assign oref1->onum to <fs> .
write:/5 <fs> .
assign c1=>onum to <fs> .
write:/5 <fs> .

Output 5
10
10

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1.9 Use of Static Attributes

Theme This program will demonstrate that : Static sttributes of a class are
retained throughout the entire runtime. All the objects within a
class can access its static attributes.
Program The program contains a class C1 with static attribute : NUM . The
Description method : M1 increments the static attribute by 1 and displays the
value each time it is called.

In the main START-OF-SELECTION portion, two objects : OBJ1 and

OBJ2 are created from class C1.

First, static attribute : NUM is changed and accessed outside the

class using the class component selector , ‘=>’.
Then, both objects OBJ1 and OBJ2 are used to call method : M1
which shows the new value of static attribute : NUM .

That the value of the static attribute gets incremented each time
when the method M1 of different objects is called shows that this
variable is able to retain its value through the entire runtime.
Dump report ysubdel.

CLASS c1 DEFINITION .
PUBLIC SECTION.
CLASS-DATA : NUM TYPE I .
METHODS : M1.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS c1 IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD m1 .
num = num + 1.
write:/5 num .
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

START-OF-SELECTION.

c1=>num = 3.
write:/5 c1=>num .

DATA : OREF1 TYPE REF TO C1 ,

OREF2 TYPE REF TO C1 .

CREATE OBJECT : OREF1 ,

OREF2 .
CALL METHOD OREF1->M1 .
CALL METHOD OREF2->M1.

Output 3
4
5

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1.10 Creation of Global class and using it in a local program

Theme This example will show you how to create a class globally and use it in your
local program
Progra There is a demand to create a global class which will furnish a list of
m materials along with their descriptions based on the material type.
Descr.
Global class ZGET_MATERIALS will be created. Method LIST_MATERIALS
will belong to this class which will take material type as an input and will
furnish a list of material codes and their descriptions belonging to that
material type.
Steps Follow the steps outlined below to perform the task
Step 1. Create the class from SE24:-

 Go to transaction SE24.
 Enter the name of the global class you want to create, with ‘Y’ or ‘Z’ at the
beginning.
 Press Create pushbutton.

 A dialog window shown above will appear. Check the radiobutton : Class.
 Press Enter.

 Another dialog window shown above will appear. Enter the description for the
class.
 Select from the Instantiation listbox whether you want to create the class as
PUBLIC/PROTECTED/PRIVATE/ABSTRACT.
 Check the radiobutton for Usual ABAP Class.
 Check the checkbox for Final.
 Press Save pushbutton.

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Enter the package name or save it as Local object.

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Step 2 : Create the method : LIST_MATERIALS

 Go to the tab-page : Methods.

 Enter the details for the method – mention name, type of
method(instance/static), in which visibility section the method will reside and
a short description of the method.
 Check –off/uncheck the checkbox to ensure that the method will be
implemented.

Click the pushbutton for Parameters to navigate to the screen to enter parameters
for the method.

There will be one importing parameter : L_MTART and one exporting internal table :
MATERIAL_LIST. Create entries for them as shown above.

Click the pushbutton : Exceptions to make entry for Exceptions to be raised by the
method.

Enter the name and description for the exception .

Then, check and activate the class.

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Step 3: Write code for method implementation

Click on the pushbutton : Code( blue colored button) to implement the method.

An ABAP Editor will open up. Write the logic for code implementation.
Then, check and activate the code.

Your job of creating a global class is complete!!!

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Step 4 : Use the global class created by you in a local program

REPORT YSUBDEL.

TYPES : BEGIN OF typ_mat ,

matnr LIKE mara-matnr ,
maktg LIKE makt-maktg ,
END OF typ_mat .

DATA : it_mat TYPE STANDARD TABLE OF typ_mat ,

x_mat LIKE LINE OF it_mat.

PARAMETERS : p_mtart LIKE mara-mtart OBLIGATORY.

START-OF-SELECTION.
* Create object from the global class
DATA : oref TYPE REF TO zget_materials.
CREATE OBJECT oref.
* Call the method to get list of material code and name
CALL METHOD oref->list_materials
EXPORTING l_mtart = p_mtart
IMPORTING material_list = it_mat
EXCEPTIONS
material_not_found = 2.

if sy-subrc ne 0.
write:/5 'Material not found'.
else.
* Display the list
loop at it_mat into x_mat.
write:/5 x_mat-matnr ,
x_mat-maktg.
endloop.
endif.

Output Compile and run the program. There will be a parameter for material type
in the selection screen. Enter a valid value and get the list of material
codes and descriptions.

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2 Methods
2.1 Method with one import parameter/ only one non-optional parameter
Theme This program will demonstrate different ways of calling a method
which has only one import parameter.

This strategy is also valid for cases where a method has more than
one import parameters, but only one of them being non-optional.
Program This program has a class , C1 with a method : meth1. This method
has only one import parameter(input1). Look at the method
implementation for details. The main purpose of this program is to
demonstrate the different ways of calling a method with single
import parameter.
Dump REPORT YSUBDEL .

CLASS C1 DEFINITION.
PUBLIC SECTION.
DATA : NUM TYPE I VALUE 5.
METHODS : METH1 IMPORTING INPUT1 TYPE I .
ENDCLASS.

CLASS C1 IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD : METH1.
num = NUM * INPUT1 .
WRITE:/5 NUM .
num = 5.
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

START-OF-SELECTION.
DATA : OREF1 TYPE REF TO C1.
CREATE OBJECT : OREF1.
* Different ways of calling the method with one import parameter
CALL METHOD OREF1->METH1 EXPORTING INPUT1 = 4.
CALL METHOD OREF1->METH1( INPUT1 = 5 ).
CALL METHOD OREF1->METH1( 6 ).

Output 20
25
30

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2.2 Import parameters passed by ref. can’t be changed inside the

method .
Theme Parameters can be passed to a method as import parameters in two
fashion:-
 By reference
 By value.
Parameters passed by value can be changed internally in a method.
But, parameters passed by reference cannot be changed in the
method.
Program This program contains a class C1 with a method METH1. This method
description contains two input parameters : -

INPUT1 : passed by reference

INPUT2 : passed by value.

The method METH1 attempts to change INPUT1. On compilation, an

error is displayed. This establishes that input parameters
passed by reference cannot be changed within the method.
Dump REPORT YSUBDEL .
DATA : num TYPE I.
CLASS C1 DEFINITION.
PUBLIC SECTION.
METHODS : METH1 IMPORTING INPUT1 TYPE I
value(input2) type i.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS C1 IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD : METH1.
Input1 = 4.
write:/5 input1.
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

START-OF-SELECTION.
DATA : OREF1 TYPE REF TO C1.
CREATE OBJECT : OREF1.
num = 3.
CALL METHOD OREF1->METH1 EXPORTING INPUT1 = 4
input2 = num.

Output On compilation, an error message is generated.

Now, instead of changing input1, change the import parameter

input2 (passed by value)within the method. The program will get
successfully compiled and executed.

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2.3 Use of PREFERRED PARAMETER in a method

Theme If there are more than one OPTIONAL import parameters in a
method and no non-optional import parameters without values, one
can type in the clause PREFERRED PARAMETER after the list of
import parameters to specify which of the optional parameters will
get more preference compared to others when the method will be
called using syntax :- CALL METHOD objref->meth(<val>).

In other words, it decides which of the optional parameters will be

assigned the value ‘VAL’.
Program This program contains a class C1 containing method METH1 which
Description has two optional parameters , INPUT1 and INPUT2. Out of them,
parameter INPUT2 is declared as preferred parameter. The method
simply displays the value of two import parameters .

Notice the last line of the program and see the output. The output
will establish that the preferred parameter INPUT2 gets the
value passed to the method when it is called using the
syntax:-
CALL METHOD objref->meth(<val>).

Dump REPORT YSUBDEL .

CLASS C1 DEFINITION.
PUBLIC SECTION.
METHODS : METH1 IMPORTING INPUT1 TYPE I optional
input2 TYPE I OPTIONAL
PREFERRED PARAMETER INPUT2.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS C1 IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD : METH1.
write:/5 input1 ,
/5 input2 .
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

START-OF-SELECTION.
DATA : OREF1 TYPE REF TO C1.
CREATE OBJECT : OREF1.
CALL METHOD : OREF1->METH1( input1 = 5 input2 = 3 ).
skip 2.
write:/5 'Next call'.
call method oref1->meth1( 10 ) .

Output 5
3

Next call
0
10

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2.4 Use of EXPORT and CHANGING parameters of a method
Theme This program will demonstrate the use of EXPORTING and CHANGING
parameters of a method.
Program The program contains a method TAX_CALC belonging to the class
description CTAX. It receives GRADE as IMPORTING parameter and SALARY as
CHANGING parameter. Based on the grade, the EXPORTING
parameter ITAX is calculated and the CHANGING parameter ,
SALARY is modified by deducting tax from it.
REPORT YSUBDEL .

DATA : w_tax type p decimals 2 ,

w_salary type p decimals 2 .

CLASS CTAX DEFINITION.

PUBLIC SECTION.
METHODS : TAX_CALC IMPORTING grade TYPE C
EXPORTING itax TYPE P
CHANGING salary TYPE P .
ENDCLASS.

CLASS CTAX IMPLEMENTATION.

METHOD : TAX_CALC.
CASE grade.
WHEN 'A01'.
itax = salary * '0.2'.
WHEN 'A02'.
itax = salary * '0.1'.
WHEN OTHERS.
itax = salary * '0.15'.
ENDCASE.
salary = salary - itax.
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

START-OF-SELECTION.
DATA : OREF1 TYPE REF TO CTAX.
CREATE OBJECT : OREF1.
w_salary = 30000.
w_tax = 0 .
write:/5 'Before method call, salary and tax are' ,
w_salary ,
w_tax .
CALL METHOD OREF1->TAX_CALC EXPORTING grade = 'A01'
IMPORTING itax = w_tax
CHANGING salary = w_salary.
write:/5 'After method call, salary and tax are' ,
w_salary ,
w_tax .

Output Before method call, salary and tax are 30,000.00 0.00
After method call, salary and tax are 24,000.00 6,000.00

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2.5 Method using Internal Table as one of the parameters

Theme This program demonstrates how an internal table can be used as one of
the interface parameters of a method.
Program The program contains a method : GETMARA in class :
Descriptio GET_MATERIALS. It accepts material group, MATGR as import
n parameter and details out the details of the materials belonging to that
material group into I_TAB , which is an internal table used as
EXPORTING parameter for the method.
REPORT YSUBOOPS5 .

types : begin of typ_tab ,

matnr like mara-matnr ,
meins like mara-meins ,
end of typ_tab .

data : itab type standard table of typ_tab ,

x_tab LIKE LINE OF ITAB.

CLASS get_materials DEFINITION.

PUBLIC SECTION.
METHODS : getmara IMPORTING matgr TYPE C
EXPORTING l_tab TYPE ANY TABLE.
endclass.

CLASS get_materials IMPLEMENTATION.

METHOD : getmara .
SELECT matnr meins INTO TABLE l_tab
FROM MARA
WHERE MATKL = matgr.
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

PARAMETERS : p_matkl like mara-matkl .

START-OF-SELECTION.
DATA : w_mat TYPE REF TO get_materials.
CREATE OBJECT : w_mat.
CALL METHOD w_mat->getmara EXPORTING matgr = p_matkl
IMPORTING l_tab = itab .
LOOP AT ITAB INTO X_TAB.
WRITE:/5 X_TAB-MATNR , X_TAB-MEINS.
ENDLOOP.

Output One/more than one records with material number and basic unit,
depending on the material group entered in the selection-screen.

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2.6 Use of RETURNING parameters in method

Theme To get some values from a method , one can use the EXPORTING,
CHANGING or RETURNING parameters.
If one uses RETURNING parameters, the following restrictions apply:-
(1) No EXPORTING/CHANGING parameters can be used for the method.
(2) Only one RETURNING parameter can be used.
(3) RETURNING parameters are only passed by value.

This program demonstrates the use of RETURNING parameters and the

various ways to call a method with RETURNING parameter to get the
value into some variable.
Program Method M1 in class C1 have two input parameters(INPUT1 and
Descriptio INPUT2), which are used to derive value for RETURNING parameter ,
n RESULT.

The program demonstrates various syntaxes that can be used to call a

method of this kind.
report ysubdel1 message-id 00.

data : w_num type i.

class c1 definition .
public section.
methods : m1 importing input1 type i
input2 type i
returning value(result) type i .
endclass.

class c1 implementation.
method : m1.
result = input1 * 2 + input2.
endmethod.
endclass.

start-of-selection.
data : obj1 type ref to c1 .
create object obj1.
* Syntax 1
call method obj1->m1 EXPORTING input1 = 5
input2 = 4
RECEIVING result = w_num.
write:/5 w_num .
* Syntax 2
w_num = obj1->m1( input1 = 10 input2 = 20 ).
write:/5 w_num .
* Syntax 3
move obj1->m1( input1 = 2 input2 = 3 ) to w_num .
write:/5 w_num .

Output 14
40
7

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2.7 Demo on Static Method

Theme This program will show how to declare and define a static method and
how it can be called using class component selector.
In the following program, method : TESTMETHOD is defined as static
method and is called later using class component selector, ‘=>’.
Dump REPORT YSUBOOPS19 .

data : num type i.

class testclass definition.

public section.
class-methods : testmethod.
endclass.

class testclass implementation.

method : testmethod.
num = 5.
write:/5 num.
endmethod.
endclass.

start-of-selection.
call method testclass=>testmethod.

Output 5

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2.8 Static methods can only use static attributes, instance methods use
both
Theme Static methods of a class can only use static attributes of that class. It
cannot use instance attributes. But, instance methods can use both.
Program The following program contains a class C1 which contains the
Description following:-
Component Type Static/Instance
stnum Data static
Instnum Data Instance
Stmeth Method Static
Instmeth Method Instance

Both the static and instance methods are attempting to display values
of the static and instance attributes: STNUM and INSTNUM .

On compilation, an error will be generated which will demonstrate that

static method STMETH cannot work with instance attribute,
INSTNUM.
Dump REPORT YSUBDEL.

CLASS C1 DEFINITION.
PUBLIC SECTION.
CLASS-DATA : STNUM TYPE I VALUE 5.
DATA : INSTNUM TYPE I VALUE 6 .
CLASS-METHODS : STMETH .
METHODS : INSTMETH .
ENDCLASS.

CLASS C1 IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD : STMETH .
WRITE:/5 STNUM .
WRITE:/5 INSTNUM .
ENDMETHOD.

METHOD INSTMETH.
WRITE:/5 STNUM .
WRITE:/5 INSTNUM .
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

START-OF-SELECTION.
DATA : OREF1 TYPE REF TO C1.
CALL METHOD c1=>stmeth .
CREATE OBJECT OREF1.
CALL METHOD oref1->instmeth.

Output On compilation,you get the following error:-

Remove the line in bold in the program and compile. It will get
successfully compiled and executed.

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2.9 Method Raising Exceptions

Theme Methods can raise exceptions like function modules which can be handled
after calling the method, depending on various sy-subrc values. This
program will demonstrate that.
Program The program provides the user a selection-screen where the user enters
descripti a numeric value. If the user entry is <5, he gets an information message
on ‘Should be >=5’. Else, five times of the value entered is displayed by the
program on execution.

The class C1 in this program contains method M1 which imports value for
NUM1 , and returns five times of it through the export parameter,
NUM2.
However, if the value passed to NUM1 is lesser than 5, it raises an
exception E1 with some error message.

The method M1 is called after creating an object from the class. User-
entered value in the parameter field : P_NO is passed to importing
parameter NUM1.
Dump report ysubdel1 message-id 00.

class c1 definition .
public section.
methods : m1 importing num1 type i
exporting num2 type i
exceptions e1.
endclass.

class c1 implementation.
method : m1.
if num1 lt 5 .
message i398(00) with 'Should be >=5' raising e1.
else .
num2 = num1 * 5 .
endif.
endmethod.
endclass.

parameters : p_no type i .

start-of-selection.
data : obj1 type ref to c1 .
create object obj1.
call method obj1->m1 exporting num1 = p_no
importing num2 = p_no
exceptions e1 = 1.

IF sy-subrc <> 0.
MESSAGE ID SY-MSGID TYPE SY-MSGTY NUMBER SY-MSGNO
WITH SY-MSGV1 SY-MSGV2 SY-MSGV3 SY-MSGV4.
ELSE.
write:/5 p_no .
ENDIF.

Output The program provides the user a selection-screen where the user enters
a numeric value. If the user entry is <5, he gets an information message
‘Should be >=5’. Else, five times of the value entered is displayed by the
program on execution.

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2.10 Method can call itself

Theme Method of a class can call itself .But, please do not forget to specify some
exit point to the method. Else, it will create an infinite loop.
Program The program following contains a method M1 in a class C1. It increases
Descr. the value of static variable, STATNUM by 10 and displays it.Then, if the
value of STATNUM is <=100 , it calls itself again.
Dump report ysubdel1 message-id 00.

class c1 definition .
public section.
class-data : statnum type i .
methods : m1 .
endclass.

class c1 implementation.
method : m1.
statnum = statnum + 10.
if statnum gt 100.
exit.
endif.
write:/5 statnum .
call method m1.
endmethod.
endclass.

start-of-selection.
data : obj1 type ref to c1 .
create object obj1.
call method obj1->m1 .

Output 10
20
….
100

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2.11 Use of ME in methods

Theme A method can have a variable defined within it having the same name
as one of the attributes of the class to which the method belongs to.

To clearly identify the class level attribute, the selector ME is used.

Program Class TESTCLASS contains method TESTMETHOD. There is a
Description variable I_NUM declared as public attribute in the class as well as in
the implementation part of the method.

To access the variable I_NUM at the class level within the method,
the selector ME is used. Please see the ouputs of this program for
better understanding.
Dump REPORT YSUBOOPS17 .

class testclass definition.

public section.
data : i_num type i value 5.
methods : testmethod .
endclass.

class testclass implementation.

method :testmethod.
data : i_num type i value 2.
write:/5 me->i_num , " access variable of the class
/5 i_num . " access variable of the method
endmethod.

endclass.

start-of-selection.
data : i_num type i.
data : my_obj type ref to testclass.
create object : my_obj.
call method my_obj->testmethod.

Output 5
2

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2.12 Pointer Tables

Theme This program will demonstrate the use of pointer tables
Program The program below uses pointer table : MYOBJ_TAB.
Description
REPORT YSUBOOPS19 .

class testclass definition.

public section.
methods : testmethod .
class-data : num type i.
endclass.

class testclass implementation.

method : testmethod.
num = num + 5.
write:/5 num.
endmethod.
endclass.

start-of-selection.
data : myobj type ref to testclass ,
myobj_tab type table of ref to testclass.

do 5 times.
create object myobj .
append myobj to myobj_tab.
enddo.

loop at myobj_tab into myobj.

call method : myobj->testmethod.
endloop.

Output 5
10
15
20
25

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2.13 Dynamic Method Calls

Theme One can call methods dynamically. Following restrictions apply:-
 Name of the method can be dynamic for static/instance method.
 Name of the class while calling static method can be dynamic.
 Both the name of the static method and the class containing it
can be dynamic.
While doing so, it is better to use uppercase to assign the name of the
class/methods to the variables( which will be used for dynamic
assignment)

Program The following program contains class C1 with static method(STATM)

Descriptio and dynamic method(INSTM). The program utilizes all the syntaxes to
n call these static/instance methods dynamically.
Dump REPORT YSUBOOPS19 .

data : f(6) type c ,

g(10) type c .

class c1 definition.
public section.
class-methods : statm .
methods : instm .
endclass.

class c1 implementation.
method : statm .
write:/5 'I am static method'.
endmethod.

method : instm.
write:/5 'I am instant method'.
endmethod.
endclass.

start-of-selection.
data : oref type ref to c1.
create object oref.
* Name of instance method can be dynamic
f = 'INSTM'. call method oref->(f).
* Name of static method can be dynamic
f = 'STATM'. call method oref->(f).
* Name of the class can be dynamic for static method call
f = 'C1'. call method (f)=>statm.
* Name of the method can be dynamic for static method call
f = 'STATM'. call method c1=>(f).
* Both can be dynamic for static method call
g = 'C1'. call method (g)=>(f).

Output I am instant method

I am static method
I am static method
I am static method
I am static method

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2.14 Use of parameter table

Theme For dynamic method call, one can use the concept of PARAMETER TABLE to
include references of all interface parameters of the method(instead of
mentioning them separately).
Prog. The program contains class C1 with a method M1. This method has one
Descr. IMPORTING parameter , ‘P1’ and one EXPORTING parameter ‘P3’.
P3 is calculated within the method .
Here, parameter table PTAB is used to dynamically call the method M1 .
Please note that, parameter tables work only when a method is called
dynamically(i.e. to day, the name of the method/class is determined at
runtime).
Dump REPORT YSUBOOPS24 .

DATA : i_result type i,

i_num type i value 5 .
DATA f(2) TYPE c VALUE 'M1'.

CLASS cl_abap_objectdescr DEFINITION LOAD .

DEFINE : poptable.
ptab_line-name = &1.
ptab_line-kind = CL_ABAP_OBJECTDESCR=>&2.
GET REFERENCE OF &3 INTO ptab_line-value.
INSERT ptab_line INTO TABLE ptab.
IF sy-subrc ne 0.
EXIT.
ENDIF.
END-OF-DEFINITION.

CLASS c1 DEFINITION.
PUBLIC SECTION.
METHODS m1 IMPORTING p1 TYPE i
exporting p3 type i .
ENDCLASS.

CLASS c1 IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD m1.
p3 = p1 + 200.
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

DATA r TYPE REF TO c1.

DATA: ptab TYPE abap_parmbind_tab,
ptab_line LIKE LINE OF ptab.

START-OF-SELECTION.

poptable : 'P1' EXPORTING i_num ,

'P3' IMPORTING i_result .

CREATE OBJECT r TYPE c1.

CALL METHOD r->(f) PARAMETER-TABLE ptab.
write:/5 i_result .

Output 205

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2.15 Use of Exception Table

Theme Instead of dealing with each and every exception and assigning it to
different sy-subrc values, one can use exception table to handle the
exceptions when a method is called dynamically.
The class C1 contains method M1 which raises an exception. Exception
table ETAB is used to handle the exception.
REPORT YSUBOOPS25 .
CLASS cl_abap_objectdescr DEFINITION LOAD.

CLASS c1 DEFINITION.
PUBLIC SECTION.
METHODS m1 EXCEPTIONS exc.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS c1 IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD m1.
RAISE exc.
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

DATA r TYPE REF TO object.

DATA f(3) TYPE c VALUE 'M1'.

DATA: etab TYPE abap_excpbind_tab,

etab_line LIKE LINE OF etab.

START-OF-SELECTION.

etab_line-name = 'EXC'.
etab_line-value = 4.
INSERT etab_line INTO TABLE etab.
IF sy-subrc ne 0.
EXIT.
ENDIF.

CREATE OBJECT r TYPE c1.

CALL METHOD r->(f) EXCEPTION-TABLE etab.

WRITE sy-subrc.

Output 4

3 Constructors
3.1 Instance Constructors get fired at the time of class instantiation
Theme This simple program will show you that instance constructor
methods of a class get triggered when an object is created from the
class.
Program This program contains a class C1 with a constructor method which
Description writes out something to indicate that it is triggered. In the START-
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OF-SELECTION block, the class C1 is instantiated, which triggers the
instance constructor method( as is evident by the output as report).
This establishes the theme.
Dump REPORT YSUBOOPS1.

CLASS C1 DEFINITION.
PUBLIC SECTION.
METHODS : CONSTRUCTOR .
ENDCLASS.

CLASS C1 IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD constructor.
WRITE:/5 'I am constructor'.
skip 2.
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.
*************** main program **************
START-OF-SELECTION.
DATA: obj1 TYPE REF TO c1.
CREATE OBJECT: obj1.

Output I am constructor

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3.2 Instance Constructors can have import parameters

Theme Instance constructors can have import parameters. Values to them are
passed at the time of CREATE OBJECT statement to create object from
the class containing the constructor.
Program The program contains a class C1 which has one instance constructor
Description with one import parameter. The constructor gets fired at the time of
CREATE OBJECT statement.
Dump REPORT YSUBOOPS2.

CLASS c1 DEFINITION.
PUBLIC SECTION.
METHODS : CONSTRUCTOR importing today type d.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS C1 IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD constructor.
Write:/5 'Today is : ' , today dd/mm/yyyy.
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.
*************** main program **************
START-OF-SELECTION.
DATA: obj1 TYPE REF TO c1.
CREATE OBJECT: obj1 exporting today = sy-datum.

Output Today is 08.04.2004

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3.3 Constructors cannot have any export parameters

Theme This program will demonstrate that constructor methods cannot have
any export parameters
Program This program attempts to create a constructor with export parameter,
Descriptio which is trapped and resisted at the time of compilation.
n This establishes the theme.
Dump REPORT YSUBOOPS2.

CLASS c1 DEFINITION.
PUBLIC SECTION.
METHODS : CONSTRUCTOR exporting name type c.
ENDCLASS.

Output Compilation errror is reported.

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3.4 Instance Constructors can raise exceptions

Theme Instance Constructor methods can raise exceptions
Program This program contains a class C1 which contains an instance
Description constructor method. It accepts an import parameter, NUM. If it is lesser
s than 7, an exception is raised, which is properly handled by specifying
some sy-subrc value at the time of CREATE OBJECT statement and later
handled properly.
Dump

REPORT YSUBOOPS2.

CLASS c1 DEFINITION.
PUBLIC SECTION.
METHODS : CONSTRUCTOR importing num type i
exceptions e1 .
ENDCLASS.

CLASS C1 IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD constructor.
if num lt 7.
raise e1.
endif.
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.
*************** main program **************
START-OF-SELECTION.
DATA: obj1 TYPE REF TO c1.
CREATE OBJECT: obj1 exporting num = 5
exceptions e1 = 2.
if sy-subrc = 2.
write:/5 'Exceptions raised'.
endif.

Output Exceptions Raised

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3.5 Use of static constructor.

Theme There are two programs over here which will show you simple example on a
static constructor. You will learn how to declare a static constructor.
Static/class constructors get triggered before any of the following events:-
 Generating an instance of a class using CREATE OBJECT obj, where
obj has the data type REF TO class.

 Calling a static method using [CALL METHOD] class=>meth.

 Registering a static event handler method using SET HANDLER

class=>meth for obj.

 Registering an event handler method for a static event of the class

class.

 Addressing a static attribute with class=>a.

These two programs will show you that a class constructor gets fired before
any of its static components are accessed, or an object is created from the
class.
Dump REPORT YSUBOOPS2. REPORT YSUBOOPS2.
CLASS c1 DEFINITION . CLASS c1 DEFINITION .
PUBLIC SECTION. PUBLIC SECTION.
CLASS-DATA : NUM TYPE I VALUE 5. CLASS-DATA : NUM TYPE I VALUE 5.
CLASS-METHODS :CLASS_CONSTRUCTOR. CLASS-METHODS :CLASS_CONSTRUCTOR.
ENDCLASS. ENDCLASS.

CLASS c1 IMPLEMENTATION. CLASS c1 IMPLEMENTATION.

METHOD CLASS_CONSTRUCTOR. METHOD CLASS_CONSTRUCTOR.
WRITE:/5 'I am class constructor'. WRITE:/5 'I am class constructor'.
ENDMETHOD. ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS. ENDCLASS.

START-OF-SELECTION. START-OF-SELECTION.
WRITE:/5 C1=>NUM. DATA : OREF TYPE REF TO C1.
CREATE OBJECT OREF.

Constructor is triggered when a static Constructor is fired when an object

is
attribute is accessed created from the class
Output For the first program(on the LHS):-
I am class constructor
5
For the second program(on the RHS):-
I am class constructor

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3.6 Static constructor can be triggered at the beginning of a processing

block(form /event/block/procedure)
Theme In the START-OF-SELECTION block of this program, static attribute of a
class containing class constructor will be accessed. This will
demonstrate that the the first thing which will get executed in the
START-OF-SELECTION block is the class constructor method,
irrespective of the point at which the static attribute is accessed.
Program The program contains a class C1 with a static constructor, which prints
Descriptio the statement:- “ I am class constructor”.
n This class also contains a static attribute , num of value = 5.
The START-OF-SELECTION block in this program contains the following
statements:-
A write statement which will print :-“Hello”
A call to access the static attribute(NUM) of class C1.

On execution of this program, we will get the following output in the

list:-
I am class constructor
Hello
5
instead of the expected output:-
Hello
I am class constructor
5
This demonstrates the theme.
Dump REPORT YSUBOOPS2.
CLASS c1 DEFINITION .
PUBLIC SECTION.
CLASS-DATA : NUM TYPE I VALUE 5.
CLASS-METHODS :CLASS_CONSTRUCTOR.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS c1 IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD CLASS_CONSTRUCTOR.
WRITE:/5 'I am class constructor'.
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

START-OF-SELECTION.
write:/5 'Hello'.
write:/5 c1=>num.

Output I am class constructor

Hello
5

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3.7 Static/Class constructors cannot have any interface

Theme This program will show you that static constructors of a class cannot
have any interface parameters and exceptions
Program In this program, the class C1 contains a class constructor which is
Description having an import parameter , NUM. The program could not be
successfully compiled due to such attempt.
Dump REPORT YSUBOOPS2.
CLASS c1 DEFINITION .
PUBLIC SECTION.
CLASS-METHODS :CLASS_CONSTRUCTOR IMPORTING NUM TYPE C.
ENDCLASS.
Output Compilation of the progran will fail with an error message:-
“The method CLASS_CONSTRUCTOR may not have parameters
or EXCEPTIONS”.

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4 Inheritance
4.1 Subclass can access public/protected components of superclass
Theme This program will demonstrate:-
 How to create a subclass from a superclass.
 Subclass can access public/protected components( methods,
attributes etc) of superclass.
Prog. This program contains superclass C1 and its subclass C2. Class C1 has the
Descr. following components:-
Component Nature Section of Significance/action
Existence
NUM Attribute public Value = 6
METH1 Method Public Displays value of NUM
METH2 Method Protected Displays:- “I am meth2”
NUM2 Attribute Protected Value = 7

Subclass of C1 is C2 which contains the following new components:-

Compon Nature Section of Significance/action
ent Existence
M1 Method public  Calls method meth1.
 Calls method meth2
 Displays value of variable
num2.
In the START-OF-SELECTION block, an object OREF is created from C2 and the
method M1 is called.The output of the program shows that method M1 of class C2
calls method METH1, then METH2 and finally displays variable NUM2.
This demonstrates that subclass C2 has access to the public and protected
methods and attributes of superclass C1 and truly establishes the theme.
Dump REPORT YSUBDEL.
CLASS C1 DEFINITION.
PUBLIC SECTION.
METHODS : METH1.
DATA : NUM TYPE I VALUE 6.
PROTECTED SECTION.
DATA : num2 type i value 7.
METHODS METH2.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS C1 IMPLEMENTATION .
METHOD : METH1.
WRITE:/5 num.
endmethod.

METHOD : METH2.
WRITE:/5 ' I am meth2 '.
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS C2 DEFINITION INHERITING FROM C1.

PUBLIC SECTION.
METHODS : M1.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS C2 IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD M1.
CALL METHOD : meth1, meth2.
write:/5 num2.
endmethod.
endclass.

START-OF-SELECTION.
DATA : OREF TYPE REF TO C2.
CREATE OBJECT OREF.
CALL METHOD : OREF->M1.
Output 6
I am meth2

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7

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4.2 Subclass can re-implement inherited methods from superclass

Theme Subclass can re-implement the inherited public and protected methods
from superclass.
Progra Class C1 contains method METH1(public) and METH2(protected), both of
m which are modified and re-implemented in its subclass C2.Objects are
Descr. created out of both classes and the method METH1 for both objects are
called.

Output of the program demonstrates different behaviour for method

METH1 of class C1 and C2.
This demonstrates the theme.
Dump REPORT YSUBDEL.
CLASS C1 DEFINITION.
PUBLIC SECTION.
METHODS : METH1.
PROTECTED SECTION.
METHODS METH2.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS C1 IMPLEMENTATION .
METHOD : METH1.
WRITE:/5 'I am meth1 in class C1'.
CALL METHOD METH2.
ENDMETHOD.

METHOD : METH2.
WRITE:/5 ' I am meth2 in class C1 '.
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS C2 DEFINITION INHERITING FROM C1.

PUBLIC SECTION.
METHODS : METH1 redefinition .
PROTECTED SECTION.
METHODS : METH2 redefinition.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS C2 IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD METH1.
WRITE:/5 'I am meth1 in class C2'.
call method meth2.
endmethod.

METHOD : METH2.
WRITE:/5 ' I am meth2 in class C2 '.
ENDMETHOD.

endclass.

START-OF-SELECTION.
DATA : OREF1 TYPE REF TO C1 ,
OREF2 TYPE REF TO C2.
CREATE OBJECT : OREF1 , OREF2.
CALL METHOD : OREF1->METH1 ,
OREF2->METH1.

Output I am meth1 in class C1

I am meth2 in class C1
I am meth1 in class C2
I am meth2 in class C2

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4.3 Objects cannot be created from an abstract class.
Theme Objects cannot be created from an abstract class. Only the subclasses of
such class can be instantiated.
Program This program contains an abstract class C1 and its subclass C2. Object
Descripti cannot be created from class C1, but possible from class C2.
on
Dump REPORT YSUBDEL. REPORT YSUBDEL.

CLASS C1 DEFINITION ABSTRACT. CLASS C1 DEFINITION ABSTRACT.

PUBLIC SECTION. PUBLIC SECTION.
ENDCLASS. ENDCLASS.

CLASS C1 IMPLEMENTATION . CLASS C1 IMPLEMENTATION .

METHOD : METH1. METHOD : METH1.
ENDCLASS. ENDCLASS.

CLASS C2 DEFINITION INHERITING CLASS C2 DEFINITION INHERITING

FROM C1. FROM C1.
ENDCLASS. ENDCLASS.

CLASS C2 IMPLEMENTATION. CLASS C2 IMPLEMENTATION.

endclass. endclass.

START-OF-SELECTION. START-OF-SELECTION.
data : OREF1 TYPE REF TO
Instantiation of abstract class C1 , data : OREF1ofTYPE
Instantiation REFofTO
subclass anC1 ,
abstract class
OREF2 TYPE REF TO C2. OREF2 TYPE REF TO C2.
Output CREATE OBJECT
Instantiation oref1. class will be resisted
of abstract CREATE OBJECT oref2.
with error message at the
time of compilation.
Instantiation of subclass of an abstract class will be allowed.

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4.4 Abstract methods cannot be implemented in abstract class

Theme Abstract methods cannot be implemented in that class. It has to be
implemented in one of its subclass. To implement an abstract method in a
subclass, one need to redefine this subclass using the REDEFINITION
addition.

Progra This program contains an abstract class C1 with abstract method METH1,
m which is implemented in the same class.The program will not be compiled
Descr. due to this.
The program is then modified and the abstract method is implemented in
class C2, subclass of C1. Now, the program gets successfully compiled.
Dump REPORT YSUBDEL. REPORT YSUBDEL.

CLASS C1 DEFINITION ABSTRACT. CLASS C1 DEFINITION ABSTRACT.

PUBLIC SECTION. PUBLIC SECTION.
METHODS : METH1 ABSTRACT. METHODS : METH1 ABSTRACT.
ENDCLASS. ENDCLASS.

CLASS C1 IMPLEMENTATION . CLASS C1 IMPLEMENTATION .

METHOD : METH1. ENDCLASS.
WRITE:/5 'I am method : METH1 '.
ENDMETHOD. CLASS C2 DEFINITION INHERITING
ENDCLASS. FROM C1.
public section.
CLASS C2 DEFINITION INHERITING FROM C1. methods : meth1 redefinition.
ENDCLASS. ENDCLASS.

CLASS C2 IMPLEMENTATION. CLASS C2 IMPLEMENTATION.

endclass. METHOD : METH1.
WRITE:/5 'I am method: METH1 '.
START-OF-SELECTION. ENDMETHOD.
data : OREF2 TYPE REF TO C2. endclass.
CREATE OBJECT oref2.
START-OF-SELECTION.
Incorrect Correct
data : OREF2 TYPE REF TO C2.
CREATE OBJECT oref2.

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4.5 Final classes cannot have any subclass

Theme Subclasses cannot be inherited from a final Class. They can only be
instantiated.
Progra This program contains a final class C1 and a subclass C2. This is not
m allowed and is resisted at the time of compilation.
Descrip Hence, the theme is properly established.
.
Dump REPORT YSUBDEL.

CLASS C1 DEFINITION FINAL.

ENDCLASS.

CLASS C1 IMPLEMENTATION .
ENDCLASS.

CLASS C2 DEFINITION INHERITING FROM C1.

ENDCLASS.

CLASS C2 IMPLEMENTATION.
endclass.

START-OF-SELECTION.
data : OREF2 TYPE REF TO C2.
CREATE OBJECT oref2.

Output Compilation error is generated:-

The final class C1 cannot have any subclasses.

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4.6 Final methods cannot be redefined in the subclasses

Theme Final method in a class can only be defined in that class. It cannot be
redefined in any of its subclasses.
Progra This program contains a class C1 which has a final method : METH1.
m Class C2 is subclass of C1 and tries to re-define the final method.
Descr.
Compilation error is genarated , resisting successful compilation.
This demonstrates the theme.
Dump REPORT YSUBDEL.

CLASS C1 DEFINITION .
PUBLIC SECTION.
METHODS : METH1 FINAL.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS C1 IMPLEMENTATION .
method meth1.
write:/5 'I am method meth1'.
endmethod.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS C2 DEFINITION INHERITING FROM C1.

PUBLIC SECTION.
methods : meth1 redefinition.

ENDCLASS.

CLASS C2 IMPLEMENTATION.
method : meth1.
write:/5 ' I am meth1,modified in class C2'.
Endmethod.
endclass.

START-OF-SELECTION.
data : OREF2 TYPE REF TO C2.
CREATE OBJECT oref2.

Output Program is not successfully compiled. The compilation error message is as

follows:-
The final method METH1 cannot be redefined.

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4.7 Static attributes exist only once per inheritance tree

Theme Static attributes only exist once in each inheritance tree. One can change
them from outside the class using the class component selector with any
class name, or within any class in which they are shared. They are visible in
all classes in the inheritance tree.
Progra Class C1 contains static attribute , NUM.
m Class C2 and C3 are subclasses of class C1.
Descr. In the START-OF-SELECTION block, the static attribute , NUM is changed
using reference of class C3.
It gets changed with reference to class C2 also.
Hence, static attribute, NUM, changed via class C3 is also changed with
respect to C2 also. This demonstrates the theme.
Dump REPORT YSUBDEL.

CLASS C1 DEFINITION .
PUBLIC SECTION.
class-data : num type i.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS C1 IMPLEMENTATION .
ENDCLASS.

CLASS C2 DEFINITION INHERITING FROM C1.

ENDCLASS.

CLASS C2 IMPLEMENTATION.
endclass.

CLASS C3 DEFINITION INHERITING FROM C1.

ENDCLASS.

START-OF-SELECTION.
C3=>NUM = 10.
WRITE:/5 C2=>NUM.

Output 10

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4.8 Constructors of superclass flows down the chain

Theme Constructor of superclass is inherited by the subclass also.
Progra Class C1 contains a constructor method, but its subclass C2 does not
m explicitly have its own.
Descr. When object from class C2 is created, the constructor of class C1 is
triggered.
This establishes the theme.
Dump REPORT YSUBOOPS18.

CLASS C1 DEFINITION.
PUBLIC SECTION.
METHODS : CONSTRUCTOR .
ENDCLASS.

CLASS C1 IMPLEMENTATION.

METHOD constructor.
WRITE:/5 'I am C1'.
skip.
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS C2 DEFINITION INHERITING FROM C1.

ENDCLASS.

CLASS C2 IMPLEMENTATION.
ENDCLASS.

START-OF-SELECTION.
DATA: obj type ref to C2.
CREATE OBJECT: obj.

Output I am C1.

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4.9 Subclass can have enhanced constructor than its superclass.

Theme A subclass can modify the constructor method and add some extra
functionalities. In the instance constructor method of the child class, the
one for the superclass should be called first using :
CALL METHOD super->CONSTRUCTOR statement and then additional
statements can be added.
Pl. note that REDEFINITION statement is not required to enhance
constructors for a subclass.
Progra This program contains three classes:-
m  GRANDFATHER at the top of the node with its own constructor
Descrip. method
 FATHER, subclass of GRANDFATHER with enhanced constructor
 SON, subclass of FATHER with its own enhanced constructor.
An object is created finally from the class SON, which triggers the
constructor methods in the order: GRANDFATHERFATHERSON.
REPORT YSUBOOPS18.
CLASS grandfather DEFINITION.
PUBLIC SECTION.
METHODS : CONSTRUCTOR .
ENDCLASS.

CLASS grandfather IMPLEMENTATION.

METHOD constructor.
WRITE:/5 'I am grandfather'.
skip.
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS father DEFINITION INHERITING FROM GRANDFATHER.

public section.
METHODS : CONSTRUCTOR.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS father IMPLEMENTATION.

METHOD constructor .
call method super->constructor.
WRITE:/5 'I am father'.
skip.
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS son DEFINITION INHERITING FROM FATHER.

public section.
METHODS : CONSTRUCTOR.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS son IMPLEMENTATION.

METHOD constructor .
call method super->constructor.
WRITE:/5 'I am son'.
skip.
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

START-OF-SELECTION.
DATA: myson type ref to son.
CREATE OBJECT: myson.

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Output I am grandfather
I am father
I am son

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4.10 Static constructor of a class is called only once per program.

Theme The first when a subclass in a program is accessed, its static constructor
is executed. But, before it can be executed, the static constructors of all
of its superclasses must already have been executed. A static constructor
may only be called once per program. Therefore, when one first address
a subclass, the system looks for the next-highest superclass whose static
constructor has not yet been executed. It executes the static constructor
of that class, followed by those of all classes between that class and the
subclass that is addressed.
Program This program contains three classes:-
Descr.
 FATHER with its own static constructor method
 SON, subclass of FATHER with its own static constructor method.

An object is created finally from the class SON, which triggers the
constructor methods in the order: FATHERSON.
Now, an object is created from the class FATHER. But, that did not trigger
constructor of class FATHER, because that had already been triggered by
the program when an object was created from the class SON.
This establishes the theme.
Dump REPORT YSUBOOPS18.

CLASS father DEFINITION.

public section.
class-METHODS : class_CONSTRUCTOR.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS father IMPLEMENTATION.

METHOD class_constructor .
WRITE:/5 'I am father'.
skip.
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS son DEFINITION INHERITING FROM FATHER.

public section.
class-METHODS : class_CONSTRUCTOR.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS son IMPLEMENTATION.

METHOD class_constructor .
WRITE:/5 'I am son'.
skip.
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

START-OF-SELECTION.
DATA: myson type ref to son.
CREATE OBJECT: myson.
data : myfather type ref to father.
create object : myfather.

Output I am father
I am son

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4.11 Static type and Dynamic type of a variable
Theme Static type of a reference variable can point to a superclass; whereas its
dynamic type can point to one of its subclasses.
This program will show you various ways to do that.
Progra This program contains class C1 with method M1. Class C2 is a subclass of
m C1 and contains redefined implementation of method M1.
Descrip Reference variables are created in the program as follows:-
. Reference Static Dynamic Dynamic type assigned by
Variable type type
OREF1 C1 C1 CREATE object oref1.
OREF11 C1 C2 CREATE OBJECT oref11 TYPE C2.
OREF111 C1 C2 CREATE OBJECT OREF111.
OREF111 = OREF2.
OREF2 C2 C2 CREATE OBJECT oref2.
Finally, method M1 ic called using all objects.The observations are as
follows:-

Method Calls method Reason

call
OREF1->M1 M1 of class C1. Both Static & Dynamic type of OREF1 refers to C1.
OREF11->M1 M1 of class C2. Static type of OREF11 refers to C1, dynamic type to
C2.
OREF111- M1 of class C2. Static type of OREF111 refers to C1, dynamic type to
>M1 C2.
OREF2->M1 M1 of class C2 Both Static & Dynamic type of OREF2 refers to C2.
Dump REPORT YSUBOOPS18.

class c1 definition.
public section.
methods : m1.
endclass.

class c1 implementation.
method m1 .
write:/5 ' I am m1 of c1'.
endmethod.
endclass.

class c2 definition inheriting from c1.

public section.
methods : m1 redefinition.
endclass.

class c2 implementation.
method m1.
write:/5 'I am m1 of c2'.
endmethod.
endclass.

START-OF-SELECTION.
DATA : OREF1 TYPE REF TO C1,
OREF11 TYPE REF TO C1,
OREF111 TYPE REF TO C1,
OREF2 TYPE REF TO C2 .
CREATE OBJECT : OREF1 ,
OREF11 TYPE C2,
OREF111 ,
OREF2 .
OREF111 = OREF2.
CALL METHOD : OREF1->M1 , “ Output : I am m1 of c1
OREF11->M1 , “ Output : I am m1 of c2
OREF111->M1, “ Output : I am m1 of c2
OREF2->M1 . “ Output : I am m1 of c2

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Output I am m1 of c1
I am m1 of c2
I am m1 of c2
I am m1 of c2

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4.12 Static type should be more general than dynamic type of a reference
variable
Theme Static type of a reference variable can refer to a superclass, whereas its
dynamic type can refer to a subclass of the superclass. In that case, the
reference variable will identify all the common components of the
superclass and subclass. It will not be able to identify any new components
in the subclass, which are not present in its superclass.
Progra This program contains class C1 and its subclass C2.
m Class C1 contains method M1, which is also redefined in class C2.
Descr. Class C2 contains a new method M2.
A reference variable OREF11 is created with static type of C1 and dynamic
type of C2.
Method M2 is attempted to be called using OREF11.
This produces compilation error, establishing the theme.

Dump REPORT YSUBOOPS18.

class c1 definition.
public section.
methods : m1.
endclass.

class c1 implementation.
method m1 .
write:/5 ' I am m1 of c1'.
endmethod.
endclass.

class c2 definition inheriting from c1.

public section.
methods : m1 redefinition.
methods : m2 .
endclass.

class c2 implementation.
method m1.
write:/5 'I am m1 of c2'.
endmethod.
method m2.
write:/5 'I am m2'.
endmethod.
endclass.

START-OF-SELECTION.
DATA : OREF11 TYPE REF TO C1.
CREATE OBJECT : OREF11 TYPE C2.

CALL METHOD : OREF11->M2 .

Output Compilation error fails to identify method M2 in the last statement of the
program.

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4.13 Method of a parent class, used from its subclass, uses attributes of
the parent class only, if the method is not re-defined in subclass.
Theme As long as a method( using private attributes) inherited from a superclass
is not redefined, it still uses the private attributes of the superclass, not
those of the subclass, even if the subclass has private attributes of the
same name.
Progra Class C1 contains a method M1 in the public section and a private variable,
m NUM of value = 5. Method M1 in class C1 displays the value of private
Descrip variable, NUM.
. Class C2 is a subclass of class C1. It does not redefine method M1. But, it
has also a private variable , NUM with value = 6.
An object is created from class C2 and the method M1 is called.

The output shows that the variable NUM( as displayed by method M1) has
been taken from class C1, not C2.
This establishes the theme.
Dump report ysubdel .

CLASS c1 DEFINITION.
PUBLIC SECTION .
METHODS : m1 .
PRIVATE SECTION.
DATA : num TYPE I VALUE 5 .
ENDCLASS.

CLASS c1 IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD : m1 .
write:/5 num .
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS c2 DEFINITION INHERITING FROM c1.

PUBLIC SECTION .
DATA : num TYPE I VALUE 6.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS c2 IMPLEMENTATION.
ENDCLASS.

START-OF-SELECTION.
DATA : oref2 TYPE REF TO c2 .

CREATE OBJECT : oref2 .

CALL METHOD oref2->m1 .

Output 5

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4.14 Demo on Widening Cast

Theme This program will show the use of widening cast operator
Program Class C1 is superclass of C2. Object of class C2 is assigned the object of
Descriptio class C1 using widening cast operator. This helps to avoid the
n compilation error, but genarates the error 'cx_sy_move_cast_error
trapped' at runtime, which is handled and reported properly in the
program.
Dump REPORT YSUBDEL .

class c1 definition.
public section.
data : num type i value 5.
endclass.

class c1 implementation.
endclass.

class c2 definition inheriting from c1.

public section.
endclass.

class c2 implementation.
endclass.

start-of-selection .
data : obj1 type ref to c1 ,
obj2 type ref to c2 .
create object : obj1 ,
obj2 .

TRY.
obj2 ?= obj1.
CATCH cx_sy_move_cast_error.
write:/5 'cx_sy_move_cast_error trapped'.
ENDTRY.
Output cx_sy_move_cast_error trapped

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5 Interface
5.1 Simple use of an interface
Theme This program will show simple use of an interface with its own data and
methods and how it is implemented in a class. It will also show that there
can be methods of same name for an interface and the class implementing
the interface.
Progra This program contains an interface I1 with attribute : NUM an method :
m Desc METH1.
This interface is implemented in a class : C1 which also has its own method
METH1.
An object OREF is created from class C1 and both the methods METH1 ,
one for class and another for interface is called using the object.
Dump
report ysubdel .

interface i1.
data : num type i .
methods : meth1.
endinterface.

class c1 definition.
public section.
methods : meth1. “ class C1’s own method
interfaces : i1.
endclass.

class c1 implementation.
method : meth1.
write:/5 'I am meth1 in c1'.
endmethod.

method i1~meth1.
write:/5 'I am meth1 from i1'.
endmethod.

endclass.

start-of-selection.
data : oref type ref to c1.
create object oref.
write:/5 oref->i1~num.
call method oref->meth1.
call method oref->i1~meth1.

Output 0
I am meth1 in c1
I am meth1 from i1

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5.2 Interfaces can only be implemented in the public section of a class

Theme This program will show you that classes implementing an interface can
only contain the features of the interface in its public section.
Program In this program, class C1 is trying to accommodate interface I1 in its
Descriptio PRIVATE SECTION.
n This creates a compilation error, establishing the theme.
Dump report ysubdel .

interface i1.
methods : meth1.
endinterface.

class c1 definition.
protected section.
interfaces : i1.
endclass.
Output Compilation error with error message :-
INTERFACES may only be implemented in the public section.

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5.3 A class with an interface should implement all the methods of that
interface
Theme This program will show that a class containing an interface should
implement all the methods of the interface in its implementation section.
Progra Class C1 implements interface I1, which has got two methods , METH1
m and METH2. But, in the IMPLEMENTATION section of class C1, only METH1
Descrip is implemented.
This program will create a compilation error, establishing the theme.

Dump
report ysubdel .

interface i1.
methods : meth1 ,
meth2 .
endinterface.

class c1 definition.
public section.
interfaces : i1.
endclass.

class c1 implementation.
method i1~meth1.
write:/5 'I am meth1 from i1'.
endmethod.
endclass.

start-of-selection.
data : oref type ref to c1.
create object oref.
call method oref->i1~meth1.

Output Compilation error with error message :-

Implementation missing for method “I1~METH2”

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5.4 Values for interface attributes are assigned at the time of inclusion in
a class
Theme One cannot specify values for attributes while declaring them in an
interface like the following fashion : DATA : <var> TYPE <type> VALUE
<val>.
Instead of doing that, one has to specify the values for different attributes
of interface at the point where the interface is declared in the public
section of a class.
Progra Interface I1 contains two numeric attributes , NUM1 and NUM2 .
m In version 1 of the program, attempt is made to specify the values while
Descr. defining those attributes in the interface. This version does not get
successfully compiled and thus establishes the theme.
In version 2, values for interface attributes are specified at the time when
I1 is included in the public section of class C1. This version gets
successfully compiled and produces a result.

report ysubdel . report ysubdel .

interface i1 . interface i1 .
data : num1 type i value 5 , data : num1 type i ,
num2 type i value 6 . num2 type i .
endinterface. endinterface.

class c1 definition. class c1 definition.

public section. public section.
interfaces : i1 . interfaces : i1 DATA VALUES num1
methods m1. = 5 num2 = 6 .
endclass. methods m1.
endclass.
class c1 implementation.
method m1. class c1 implementation.
write:/5 i1~num1, method m1.
i1~num2. write:/5 i1~num1,
endmethod. i1~num2.
endclass. endmethod.
endclass.
start-of-selection.
data : oref type ref to c1. start-of-selection.
Version 1
create object oref. data : Version
oref type2ref to c1.
Output call method
Output oref->m1.
of version 1:- create object oref.
call method
Compilation error with error message:- Within oref->m1. you cannot
an interface,
use VALUE with attributes( except constants)
Output of version 2:-
5 6

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5.5 Use of FINAL methods from Interface

Theme This program will demonstrate how to create final method in a class
from one of the methods of an interface.
Program Interface I1 contains two methods : M1 and M2.
Descriptio I1 is included and incorporated in class : C1 with M2 as a final method.
n Both the methods are implemented in class C1.
Class C2 is a subclass of class C1. It redefines method : I1~M1 and re-
implements it, but it does not do that for I1~M2 as that is declared as
final method.
In the START-OF-SELECTION block, object OREF1 is created from class
C1 and OREF2 from class C2 and both the methods M1 and M2 are
called using both the objects.
Dump
report ysubdel .

interface i1 .
methods : m1 ,
m2 .
endinterface.

class c1 definition.
public section.
interfaces : I1 final methods m2 .
endclass.

class c1 implementation.
method i1~m1.
write:/5 'I am m1 in c1'.
endmethod.
method i1~m2.
write:/5 'I am m2 in c1'.
endmethod.
endclass.

class c2 definition inheriting from c1.

public section.
methods : i1~m1 redefinition .
endclass.

class c2 implementation.
method : i1~m1.
write:/5 'I am m1 in c2'.
endmethod.
endclass.

start-of-selection.
data : oref1 type ref to c1,
oref2 type ref to c2 .
create object : oref1 , oref2.
call method : oref1->i1~m1 , “ Output : I am m1 in c1
oref2->i1~m1 , “ Output : I am m1 in c2
oref1->i1~m2 , “ Output : I am m2 in c1
oref2->i1~m2 . “ Output : I am m2 in c1

Output I am m1 in c1
I am m1 in c2
I am m2 in c1
I am m2 in c1

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5.6 Use of Abstract methods from Interface

Theme This program will demonstrate the way by which a method from an
interface can be used as an abstract method for a class.
Abstract methods can only be implemented by the subclasses .
A class containing an abstract method should be abstract itself.
Progra  This program contains an interface I1 with two methods , M1 and
m M2.
Desc.  Class C1 includes and implements methods of interface I1,
declaring method M2 as an abstract method. Hence, class C1 was
also declared as an abstract class.
 Class C1 implements method I1~M1 , but not I1~M2 as this is an
abstract method.
 Class C2 is a subclass of C1 , which defines I1~M2.
 In the START-OF-SELECTION block,object OREF2 is created from
class C2( class C1 cannot be instantiated, as this is an abstract
class) and both the methods : I1~M1 and I1~M2 are called.

Dump
report ysubdel .

interface i1 .
methods : m1 ,
m2 .
endinterface.

class c1 definition abstract.

public section.
interfaces : I1 abstract methods m2 .
endclass.

class c1 implementation.
method i1~m1.
write:/5 'I am m1 in c1'.
endmethod.
endclass.

class c2 definition inheriting from c1.

public section.
methods : i1~m2 redefinition.
endclass.

class c2 implementation.
method : i1~m2.
write:/5 'I am m2 in c2'.
endmethod.
endclass.

start-of-selection.
data : oref2 type ref to c2 .
create object : oref2.
call method : oref2->i1~m1 ,
oref2->i1~m2.

Output I am m1 in c1
I am m2 in c2

5.7 Use of Interface Reference Variable

Theme This program will show the use of interface reference variable and how it
can be used to access the components of an interface in a

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class(implementing that interface). Use of interface reference variable
paves the way for polymorphism via interface.
Progra Interface I1 , included/ implemented in class C1 has the following
m components:-
Descrip
. component nature
C_name Constant with value =ABAP
inum Instance attribute with value = 5
cnum Static attribute of value 6
M1 Instance method
M2 Static method

Class C1 implements all the methods in its IMPLEMENTATION section.

In the START-OF-SELECTION block, all the different attributes and methods
are called using class reference variable OREF first.
Then, interface reference variable IREF is used to do similar jobs, after the
assignment IREF = OREF.
Dump report ysubdel .
interface i1 .
constants : c_name(4) type c value 'ABAP'.
data : inum type i .
class-data : cnum type i .
methods : m1 .
class-methods : m2.
endinterface.

class c1 definition .
public section.
interfaces : I1 data values inum = 5 cnum = 6 .
endclass.

class c1 implementation.
method i1~m1.
write:/5 'I am m1 in c1'.
endmethod.

method i1~m2.
write:/5 'I am class method m2 in c1'.
endmethod.
endclass.

start-of-selection.
data : iref type ref to i1 ,
oref type ref to c1 .
create object : oref.
write:/5 oref->i1~inum ,
oref->i1~cnum ,
c1=>i1~cnum .
call method : oref->i1~m1 ,
oref->i1~m2 ,
c1=>i1~m2 .
write:/5 sy-uline .
iref = oref .
write:/5 iref->inum ,
iref->cnum ,
i1=>c_name .
call method : iref->m1 ,
iref->m2 .
Output 5 6 6
I am m1 in c1
I am class method m2 in c1
I am class method m2 in c1
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5 6 ABAP
I am m1 in c1
I am class method m2 in c1

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5.8 Use of Nested Interface

Theme This program will demonstrate how an interface can be included in another
interface …. And the final interface containing all the interfaces can be
used inside a class.
Progra  Interface I1 contains method M1.
m  Interface I2 includes interface I1. However, it also contains two
Descr. methods M1 and M2 of its own.
 Class C1 contains interface I2 and implements methods : I1~M1 ,
I2~M1 and I2~M2.
 Object is created from class C1 and all the methods are called.
report ysubdel .
interface i1 .
methods m1.
endinterface.

interface i2.
methods : m1 , m2.
interfaces i1.
endinterface.

class c1 definition.
public section.
interfaces : i2.
endclass.

class c1 implementation.
method : i1~m1.
write:/5 'I am m1 from i1'.
endmethod.

method : i2~m1.
write:/5 'I am m1 from i2'.
endmethod.

method : i2~m2.
write:/5 'I am m2 from i2'.
endmethod.
endclass.

START-OF-SELECTION.
data : oref type ref to c1.
create object oref.
call method : oref->i1~m1 , “ Output : I am m1 from i1
oref->i2~m1 , “ Output : I am m1 from i2
oref->i2~m2 . “ Output : I am m1 from i2

Output I am m1 from i1
I am m1 from i2
I am m2 from i2

5.9 Using ALIASES

Theme The full name of a component which an Interface adds to a class or another
interface is intf~comp. Alias names can be substituted for this name when
–defining compound interfaces, or

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–declaring Interfaces in a class
Progra Interface I1 contains method M1.
m Interface I2 contains method : M1 and M2 and interface I1. It aliases
Descr. method M1 of I1 as METH1.
Class C1 contains interface I2 and aliases method M2 of I2 as METH2.
All the methods :- I1~M1 , I2~M1 and I2~M2 are implemented in class
C1.
In the START-OF-SELECTION block, object OREF is created from class C1
and the alias names are used to call the methods.
Dump report ysubdel .
interface i1 .
methods m1.
endinterface.

interface i2.
methods : m1 , m2 .
interfaces i1.
aliases meth1 for i1~m1.
endinterface.

class c1 definition.
public section.
interfaces : i2.
aliases meth2 for i2~m2.
endclass.

class c1 implementation.
method i1~m1.
write:/5 'I am m1 from i1'.
endmethod.

method : i2~m1.
write:/5 'I am m1 from i2'.
endmethod.

method : i2~m2.
write:/5 'I am m2 from i2'.
endmethod.

endclass.

START-OF-SELECTION.
data : oref type ref to c1.
create object oref.
call method : oref->i2~meth1.
call method : oref->meth2 .

Output I am m1 from i1
I am m2 from i2

5.10 Polymorphism via Interfaces

Theme This program will demonstrate how a method of an interface can be
interpreted differently in different classes. At runtime, one can use
different class reference variables to call same method of the interface to
have different things done.
Use of interface reference variable in this context further simplifies the
work.
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Program  Both the classes C1 and C2 , totally different from each other,
Descrip. contains interface I1.
 Interface I1 contains method M1 , which is implemented
differently in C1 and C2.
 In the START-OF-SELECTION block, objects are created from class
C1 and C2. An Interface reference variable IREF is also defined.
 By assigning the class reference variables( of C1 and C2 , one at a
time) to interface reference variable IREF and then calling method
M1 (using IREF) clearly demonstrates how polymorphism can be
achieved using the concept of interface.
Dump REPORT YSUBDEL.

interface I1.
METHODS : M1 .
ENDINTERFACE.

CLASS C1 DEFINITION.
PUBLIC SECTION.
INTERFACES : I1.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS C1 IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD I1~M1.
WRITE:/5 'I am method m1 in c1'.
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS C2 DEFINITION.
PUBLIC SECTION.
INTERFACES : I1.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS C2 IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD I1~M1.
WRITE:/5 'I am method m1 in c2'.
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

START-OF-SELECTION.
DATA : OREF1 TYPE REF TO C1 ,
OREF2 TYPE REF TO C2 ,
IREF TYPE REF TO I1 .
CREATE OBJECT : OREF1 ,
OREF2 .
IREF = OREF1.
CALL METHOD IREF->M1.
IREF = OREF2.
CALL METHOD IREF->M1.

Output I am method m1 in c1
I am method m1 in c2

6 Friendship
6.1 Friendship between Classes
Theme A class can grant friendship to another class. By granting friendship , it
allows another class to:-
 Use its private components.
 Instantiate it, irrespective of the CREATE PRIVATE addition.
Progra  Class C2 is created using CREATE PRIVATE option. That

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m means, only the class itself and its friends can instantiate
Descr. this class.
 Class C2 has a private method M2 and a private attribute ,
NUM. This means that these components can be accessed
by class C2 itself and its friends.
 Now, C2 has granted friendship to class C1.
 So, methods of class C1 can access private components of
C2 as well as can instantiate class C2.
This establishes the theme.
Dump REPORT YSUBDEL.

CLASS C1 DEFINITION DEFERRED.

CLASS C2 DEFINITION CREATE PRIVATE FRIENDS C1 .

PROTECTED SECTION.
DATA : NUM TYPE I VALUE 5.
METHODS : M2.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS C2 IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD M2.
WRITE:/5 'I am method m2 in C2'.
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS .

class c1 definition.
public section .
methods : m1.
endclass.

class c1 implementation.
method m1.
DATA : OREF2 TYPE REF TO C2.
CREATE OBJECT OREF2.
WRITE:/5 OREF2->NUM.
CALL METHOD OREF2->M2.
ENDMETHOD.
endclass.

START-OF-SELECTION.
DATA : OREF1 TYPE REF TO C1.
CREATE OBJECT OREF1.
CALL METHOD OREF1->M1.

Output 5
I am method m2 in C2

6.2 Subclasses of friends can also become friends.

Theme Subclasses of the friend class are also friends of the class granting
friendship( to their super classes)
Progra  Class C2 has granted friendship to class C1.Hence, C1 is friend of
m class C2.
Descrip  Class C11 is a subclass of class C1.
.  So, class C11 is also a friend of class C2.Class C11 can thus access
the protected components of class C2.

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This establishes the theme.
REPORT YSUBDEL.

CLASS C1 DEFINITION DEFERRED.

CLASS C2 DEFINITION FRIENDS C1 .

PROTECTED SECTION.
DATA : NUM TYPE I VALUE 5.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS C2 IMPLEMENTATION.
ENDCLASS .

class c1 definition.
public section .
methods : m1.
endclass.

class c1 implementation.
method m1.
DATA : OREF2 TYPE REF TO C2.
CREATE OBJECT OREF2.
WRITE:/5 OREF2->NUM.
ENDMETHOD.
endclass.

class c11 definition inheriting from c1.

public section.
methods : m11.
endclass.

class c11 implementation.

method m11.
DATA : OREF2 TYPE REF TO C2.
CREATE OBJECT OREF2.
WRITE:/5 OREF2->NUM.
endmethod.
endclass.

START-OF-SELECTION.
DATA : OREF11 TYPE REF TO C11.
CREATE OBJECT OREF11.
CALL METHOD OREF11->M11.

Output 5

6.3 Friendship is one sided

Theme In principle, granting of friendship is one-sided: A class granting a
friendship is not automatically a friend of its friends. If the class granting
the friendship wants to access the private components of a friend, then the
latter has to explicitly grant friendship to the former.
Progra Class C2 grants friendship to class C1. Hence, class C1 can access
m protected attribute(num2) of C2 .
Descr. But, class C2 cannot access protected attribute(num1) of class C1. This is
because friendship is one-sided.
To allow C2 access protected attribute of C1, class C1 must also declare C2

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as its friend.
REPORT YSUBDEL. REPORT YSUBDEL.

CLASS C1 DEFINITION DEFERRED. CLASS C1 DEFINITION DEFERRED.

CLASS C2 DEFINITION FRIENDS C1 . CLASS C2 DEFINITION FRIENDS C1 .

PROTECTED SECTION. PROTECTED SECTION.
DATA : NUM2 TYPE I VALUE 15. DATA : NUM2 TYPE I VALUE 15.
METHODS : M2. METHODS : M2.
ENDCLASS. ENDCLASS.

class c1 definition . class c1 definition friends c2.

public section. public section.
methods : methpub. methods : methpub.
private section . private section .
data : num1 type i value 10 . data : num1 type i value 10 .
methods : m1. methods : m1.
endclass. endclass.

CLASS C2 IMPLEMENTATION. CLASS C2 IMPLEMENTATION.

METHOD M2. METHOD M2.
data : oref1 type ref to c1. data : oref1 type ref to c1.
create object oref1. create object oref1.
write:/5 oref1->num1. write:/5 oref1->num1.
ENDMETHOD. ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS . ENDCLASS .

class c1 implementation. class c1 implementation.

method m1. method m1.
DATA : OREF2 TYPE REF TO C2. DATA : OREF2 TYPE REF TO C2.
CREATE OBJECT OREF2. CREATE OBJECT OREF2.
WRITE:/5 OREF2->NUM2. WRITE:/5 OREF2->NUM2.
ENDMETHOD. ENDMETHOD.

method methpub. method methpub.

call method m1. call method m1.
endmethod. endmethod.
Incorrect
endclass. endclass. Correct

Output START-OF-SELECTION.
15 START-OF-SELECTION.
DATA : OREF TYPE REF TO C1. DATA : OREF TYPE REF TO C1.
CREATE OBJECT OREF . CREATE OBJECT OREF .
CALL METHOD OREF ->METHPUB. CALL METHOD OREF ->METHPUB.

7 Events
7.1 Events with Handler Method in the same class
Theme Event is a mechanism by which method of one class can raise method of
another class, without the hazard of instantiating that class .
The steps to be followed are as follows:-
 Create an event in a class
 Create a triggering method in the same class which will raise the
event.
 Create an event handler method for the event in same/other class.
 Register the event handler method in the program.
Now, your settings are complete. Create an object from the class
containing the event and call the triggering method to raise the event.
Progra Class C1 contains an event E1, for which the triggering method is T1.
m Event handler method for event E1 is M1, placed in the same class C1.
Descr. Registration is done at runtime for M1.
Object is created from class C1 and the triggering method T1 is called,

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which raises the event and ultimately calls event handler method M1.
Dump REPORT YSUBOOPS7 .

CLASS c1 DEFINITION.
PUBLIC SECTION.
*(1)Creating event : E1
EVENTS: E1.
*(2) Creating an event handling method. This method can belong to
* same or different class
METHODS: M1 FOR EVENT E1 OF c1.
* Method to raise the event
METHODS : T1.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS c1 IMPLEMENTATION.
* Method : M1 will be called when the event is raised
METHOD : M1.
write:/5 ' I am the event handler method'.
ENDMETHOD.
* Method : T1 will raise the event
METHOD : T1.
write:/5 'I am T1, going to raise event E1'.
raise event E1.
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

Start-of-selection.
Data: oref type ref to c1.
Create object: oref .
* Registering the event handler method
SET HANDLER oref->M1 FOR oref .
* Calling the event which will raise the event.
call method oref->T1.

Output I am T1, going to raise event E1

I am the event handler method

7.2 Event with event handler method in different class

Theme Similar to above. Here, event handler method is in different class
Class C1 contains an event E1, for which the triggering method is T1.
Event handler method for event E1 is M1, placed in the another class,C2.
Registration is done at runtime for M1.
Object is created from class C1 and the triggering method T1 is called,
which raises the event and ultimately calls event handler method M1 in
class C2.
Dump REPORT YSUBOOPS7 .

CLASS c1 DEFINITION.
PUBLIC SECTION.
* Creating event : E1
EVENTS: E1.
* Triggering method : T1
METHODS : T1.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS C2 DEFINITION.
PUBLIC SECTION.
* Creating an event handling method.
METHODS: M1 FOR EVENT E1 OF c1.
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endclass.

CLASS c1 IMPLEMENTATION.
* Method : T1 will raise the event
METHOD : T1.
write:/5 'I am T1, going to raise event E1'.
raise event E1.
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

class c2 implementation.
* Method : M1 will be called when the event is raised
METHOD : M1.
write:/5 ' I am the event handler method in c2'.
ENDMETHOD.
endclass.

Start-of-selection.
Data: oref1 type ref to c1,
oref2 type ref to c2.
Create object: oref1 , oref2 .
* Registering the event handler method
SET HANDLER oref2->M1 FOR oref1 .
* Calling the event which will raise the event.
call method oref1->T1.

Output
I am T1, going to raise event E1
I am the event handler method in c2

7.3 More than one event handler method can exist for same event
Theme For an event in a class, there can be more than one event handler methods
in same or different class. However, at runtime only one event handler
method will be triggered at a time, based on the registration.
Progra  Class C1 contains an event E1, for which the triggering method is
m T1 and the event handler methods are :-
Descr.  M1 in same class C1.
 M2 in another class C2.
 In the START-OF-SELECTION block, objects are created from class
C1 and C2.
 First, registration is made using method M1 of class C1 as event
handler method.
 Then, the event E1 is raised, calling method T1. This raises event
handler method M1 of class C1.
 After that, the earlier registration is de-activated and new
registration is made for method M2 of class C2 as event handler
method .
 Event E1 is raised calling method T1. This raises event handler
method M2 of class C2.

Dump REPORT YSUBOOPS7 .

CLASS c1 DEFINITION.
PUBLIC SECTION.
* Creating event : E1
EVENTS: E1.

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* Creating an event handling method.
METHODS: M1 FOR EVENT E1 OF c1.
* Method to raise the event
METHODS : T1.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS C2 DEFINITION.
PUBLIC SECTION.
* Creating an event handling method.
METHODS: M2 FOR EVENT E1 OF c1.
endclass.

CLASS c1 IMPLEMENTATION.
* Method : T1 will raise the event
METHOD : T1.
write:/5 'I am T1, going to raise event E1'.
raise event E1.
ENDMETHOD.
* Method : M1 will be called when the event is raised
METHOD : M1.
write:/5 ' I am the event handler method M1 in c1'.
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

class c2 implementation.
* Method : M2 will be called when the event is raised
METHOD : M2.
write:/5 ' I am the event handler method M2 in c2'.
ENDMETHOD.
endclass.

Start-of-selection.
Data: oref1 type ref to c1,
oref2 type ref to c2.
Create object: oref1 , oref2 .
* Registering the event handler method
SET HANDLER oref1->M1 FOR oref1 .
* Calling the event which will raise the event.
call method oref1->T1.
* De-Registering the earlier event handler method
SET HANDLER oref1->M1 FOR oref1 ACTIVATION space .
* Registering the new event handler method
SET HANDLER oref2->M2 FOR oref1 .
* Calling the event which will raise the event.
call method oref1->T1.

Output I am T1, going to raise event E1

I am the event handler method M1 in c1
I am T1, going to raise event E1
I am the event handler method M2 in c2

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7.4 Use of static event

Theme Static methods can only raise static events. The FOR…addition is not
required to register for static events.
Progra Class C1 contains a static event E1 and static triggering method T1. The
m event handler method M1 is in class C1 itself.
At the time of registering event M1 as event handler method, the FOR…
addition is omitted.
Dump REPORT YSUBOOPS7 .

CLASS c1 DEFINITION.
PUBLIC SECTION.
* Creating event : E1
CLASS-EVENTS: E1.
* Creating an event handling method.
METHODS: M1 FOR EVENT E1 OF c1.
* Method to raise the event
CLASS-METHODS : T1.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS c1 IMPLEMENTATION.
* Method : T1 will raise the event
METHOD : T1.
write:/5 'I am T1, going to raise event E1'.
raise event E1.
ENDMETHOD.
* Method : M1 will be called when the event is raised
METHOD : M1.
write:/5 ' I am the event handler method M1 in c1'.
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

Start-of-selection.
Data: oref1 type ref to c1.
Create object: oref1 .
* Registering the event handler method
SET HANDLER oref1->M1 .
* Calling the event which will raise the event.
call method oref1->T1.

Output I am T1, going to raise event E1

I am the event handler method M1 in c1

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7.5 Events with export parameters

Theme Events can have export parameters, which it passes to its event handler
method. The triggering method must pass values for all the exporting
parameters of the event while raising the event using RAISE EVENT
statement. The interface of an event handler method consists of a list of
IMPORTING parameters, whose names are identical with those in the
EXPORTING list and which are automatically created from the interface of
the event. Each handler method can however specify which event
parameters it wants to handle and which it does not.
Progra Class C1 contains event E1 which exports two parameters , NUM1 and
m NUM2 to its event handler method , M1 in class C1. Method T1 is the
Descr. triggering method for the event, which passes values to the EXPORTING
parameters of the event at the time of RAISE EVENT statement.
Dump REPORT YSUBDEL1.

CLASS c1 DEFINITION.
PUBLIC SECTION.
EVENTS : E1 EXPORTING value(NUM1) TYPE I
value(NUM2) TYPE I.

METHODS : M1 FOR EVENT E1 OF C1

IMPORTING NUM1
NUM2
.
METHODS : T1.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS C1 IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD : M1.
WRITE:/5 'First input ' , num1 .
write:/5 'Second input ' , num2 .
ENDMETHOD.

METHOD T1.
RAISE EVENT E1 exporting num1 = 2
num2 = 3.
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

START-OF-SELECTION.
DATA : oref TYPE REF TO c1.
CREATE OBJECT oref.
SET HANDLER oref->M1 for oref.
call method oref->T1.

Output First input 2

Second input 3

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8 Class-Based Exceptions
8.1 Using SAP provided exception class
Theme Errors in a program, which are detected at runtime and can be trapped, can
be dealt with using SAP provided standard exception-classes.
Progra This program makes a runtime error where a division by zero is observed.
m Let us take three different versions of the program and see the outputs
Descr.
Ver.N Program Output
o
1 REPORT YSUBCLASS_EXCEPTION. Short Dump as follows:-
Runtime errors
DATA: i TYPE i VALUE 1. COMPUTE_INT_ZERODIVIDE
START-OF-SELECTION. Exception CX_SY_ZERODIVIDE
i = i / 0. Occurred on 12.04.2004 at 17:02:18
Divide by 0 (type 1).

2 REPORT YSUBCLASS_EXCEPTION. 'Division by zero!!!Check

DATA: i TYPE i VALUE 1.

START-OF-SELECTION.
catch system-exceptions
COMPUTE_INT_ZERODIVIDE = 2.
i = i / 0.
endcatch.
if sy-subrc = 2.
write:/5 'Division by zero!!!Check'.
endif.
3 REPORT YSUBCLASS_EXCEPTION. Divide by zero caught

DATA: i TYPE i VALUE 1.

START-OF-SELECTION.
TRY.
i = i / 0.
CATCH cx_sy_zerodivide.
write:/5 'Divide by zero caught'.
ENDTRY.

The three versions basically represent the same program, but shows how an error
can be trapped using SAP provided standard exception class.

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8.2 When both superclass and subclass are used to track error
Theme SAP provided standard exception classes can reside in different levels of
hierarchy tree; CX_ROOT being at the top. So, if both superclass and its
subclass are used in a program to detect errors in TRY…ENDTRY block, the
subclass should be used first, then the superclass.
Progra This program creates a division by zero problem. Here, both the superclass
m CX_ROOT and subclass CX_SY_ZERODIVIDE is used to trap errors.
Descr.
In version 1, superclass is used first to trap the error- which creates a
compilation error.
In version 2, subclass is used first – which gets compiled and executed
successfully.
Dump Versio Code Output
n
1 REPORT YSUBCLASS_EXCEPTION. Compilation error :-
Exception in the
DATA: i TYPE i VALUE 1. CATCH clauses are
not sorted in
START-OF-SELECTION.
TRY.
ascending order
i = i / 0.
CATCH cx_root.
write:/5 'Error trapped'.
CATCH cx_sy_zerodivide.
write:/5 'Div. by zero!’.
ENDTRY.
2 REPORT YSUBCLASS_EXCEPTION. Div. by zero!

DATA: i TYPE i VALUE 1.

START-OF-SELECTION.
TRY.
i = i / 0.
CATCH cx_sy_zerodivide.
write:/5 'Div. by zero!'.
CATCH cx_root.
write:/5 'Error trapped'.
ENDTRY.

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8.3 Propagation of Class-Based exceptions in procedures to the caller

Theme Class-based exceptions in procedures can be propagated to the caller in
the definition of the interface using the RAISING addition, if the exception is
not to be handled in the procedure
.
Progra In the following program, the piece of code which may contain error is
m inside a subroutine , SUB_CHECK_NO. But, the error is not handled in the
Descr. procedure itself. So, a RAISING statement (with probable class-based
exception that might be raised by the procedure) is specified at the
definition of the procedure itself, and is later trapped using CATCH
statement.
REPORT YSUBOOPS17 .

start-of-selection.

try.
perform sub_check_no using 5 .
catch cx_sy_zerodivide.
write:/5 'Hello' .
endtry.

FORM sub_check_no USING P_P_NO

RAISING CX_SY_ZERODIVIDE.
p_p_no = p_p_no / 0 .

ENDFORM. " sub_check_no

Output Hello

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8.4 Program can raise exceptions based on SAP standard exception-

classes
Theme The runtime environment only causes exceptions that are based on pre-defined
classes, while in ABAP programs one can use raise pre-defined as well as user-
specific exception classes.
Progra This program will show how exceptions based on SAP provided exception
m classes can be manually raised. Here, exception based on SAP exception-
Descr. class CX_SY_ZERODIVIDE is raised manually.
Dump REPORT YSUBOOPS17 .
data : inum type i .

try.
raise exception type cx_sy_zerodivide.
CATCH cx_sy_zerodivide.
write:/5 'Exception caught'.
endtry.
Output Exception caught

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8.5 Objects are created from exception classes when error is trapped
Theme When a class-based exception is trapped using TRY…CATCH…ENDTRY
statement, objects are created from the exception class. One can create
the object using CATCH <exception name> INTO <exception class
reference variable> statement.

CX_ROOT is at the top of the inheritance tree for all SAP provided exception
class and have some pre-defined methods available, which are adopted by
all exception-classes.
Progra The program involves a division by zero error in the guarded section, which
m raises an exception on exception-class : CX_SY_ZERODIVIDE.
Descr. A reference variable , EREF with static type referring to the exception class
CX_SY_ZERODIVIDE is used to create an object while using the CATCH
statement.
Once the object is created, it can be used to manipulate some of the
methods and attributes of the class CX_SY_ZERODIVIDE, which has been
inherited by this class from CX_ROOT.
Dump REPORT YSUBOOPS17 .
data : inum type i value 5 ,
descrip type string ,
progname like sy-repid ,
lineno type i .

data : eref type ref to cx_sy_zerodivide.

try.
inum = inum / 0.
CATCH cx_sy_zerodivide into eref.
* Utilizing methods/attributes using object of the exception classes
call method eref->get_text
receiving result = descrip.
write:/5 'Name of the error trapped : ' , descrip.

call method eref->get_source_position

importing program_name = progname
source_line = lineno .
write:/5 'Error detected in program' ,
progname(15) ,
'line number' ,
lineno.
write:/5 eref->kernel_errid.
endtry.

Output Name of the error trapped : Division by zero

Error detected in program YSUBDEL line number 10
COMPUTE_INT_ZERODIVIDE

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8.6 Demo on Locally Defined Exception-Class

Theme One can create his own exception-class locally in a program and raise
exceptions related to his own class. This program will show how to do that.
Progra In this program, an exception class CX_MY_EXCEPTION is defined locally,
m inheriting from standard exception class CX_STATIC_CHECK.
Descrip Method M1 of class C1 raises it in the START-OF-SELECTION block, in the
. guarded section( between TRY.. and CHECK), which is trapped and dealt
with.
Dump REPORT YSUBCLASS_EXCEPTION_3.

CLASS cx_my_exception DEFINITION

INHERITING FROM CX_STATIC_CHECK.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS cx_my_exception IMPLEMENTATION.

ENDCLASS.

CLASS C1 DEFINITION.
PUBLIC SECTION.
METHODS: m1 raising cx_my_exception .
ENDCLASS.

CLASS c1 IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD m1.
RAISE EXCEPTION TYPE cx_my_exception.
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

DATA: ex TYPE REF TO cx_my_exception,

oref TYPE REF TO c1.

START-OF-SELECTION.
TRY.
CREATE OBJECT oref.
oref->m1( ).
CATCH cx_my_exception INTO ex.
write:/5 'My Exception caught'.

ENDTRY.

Output My exception caught

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8.7 Nested TRY…ENDTRY block

Theme Try…Endtry blocks can be nested. The inner Try…endtry block can be in
the guraded section of outer Try…Endtry block.
Progra The program shown below uses one nested try…endtry statement.
m For the inner block, the error for division by zero is properly caught from
Descr. the system provided exception-class : CX_SY_ZERODIVIDE.
But, there is a character to integer conversion statement specified in the
inner block, which creates an error of exception class CX_SY_CONVERSION_
NO_NUMBER trapped by the outer Try…Endtry block.
REPORT YSUBCLASS_EXCEPTION_3.

START-OF-SELECTION.

DATA : num type i value 5 .

TRY.
TRY.
NUM = NUM / 0.
CATCH cx_sy_ZERODIVIDE .
WRITE:/5 'Division by 0 caught'.
NUM = 'SUBHENDU'.
ENDTRY.
CATCH cx_sy_conversion_no_number.
WRITE:/5 'Cannot be converted to number'.
ENDTRY.

Output Division by 0 caught

Cannot be converted to number

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8.8 Use of CLEANUP section

Theme Clean up block is executed whenever an exception occurs within the TRY
block and is not handled by a CATCH within the same TRY block, but is
handled by an surrounding TRY block
Progra This program uses a nested TRY…ENDTRY statement. In the inner block,
m there is an attempt to character-to-integer conversion, which raises an
Descr. error of exception-class : CX_SY_CONVERSION_NO_NUMBER. But, the inner
TRY block does not trap the error – rather, it is trapped by the outer TRY…
ENDTRY block.

Under such circumstances, the CLEANUP section of the inner block gets
executed first – then the CATCH section of the outer block works.
Dump REPORT YSUBCLASS_EXCEPTION_3.

START-OF-SELECTION.

DATA : num type i value 5 .

TRY.
TRY.
num = 'subhendu'.
cleanup.
write:/5 'In cleanup'.
ENDTRY.
CATCH cx_sy_conversion_no_number.
WRITE:/5 'Cannot be converted to number'.
ENDTRY.
Output
In cleanup
Cannot be converted to number

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9 BADIs ( Business Add-Ins)

9.1 Single Implementation of BADI
Go to transaction SE18 and create a BADI Definition.

Enter the description. The name of the interface will be automatically proposed.
Double click on it.

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Enter the name of the method you want to create. Click the Paramters pushbutton to
create parameters for the method.

Save and activate it.

Go to transaction SE19 and create a BADI implementation.

A popup window will ask you for the definition name. Enter the name of the BADI
definition which you have created.

Press Enter.

Enter the description for the implementation. Then save and activate it.

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Double click on the method name.

Write the code. Save and activate it.

Then, create a code using the BADI

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9.2 Multiple Implementation

Create a BADI: YSUB_GET_MATERIALS_1 in a manner similar to that created above.

But, check the checkbox for Multiple Use

Then, create one implementations for the same BADI:-

(Code is similar to the previous one)

Then, create a program utilizing the BADI:-

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Now, you want to create another implementation of the same BADI. Let us examplify
the concept. Say, you want that when the user will enter ‘GARI’ in the selectiuon-
screen, it will stand for ‘CAR’ internally and selection will be done out of MARA table
based on material code : ‘CAR’. O, you define another implementation of the same
BADI from transaction : SE19.

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Now, when you will execute the program and enter ‘GARI’ in the material code field
in the selection-screen, it will get internally translated to ‘CAR’ when the second
implementation will be active.

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9.3 Searching for BADI in SAP Transaction and Implementing it

There is a business demand in ABC corporation . when the user will post goods
receipt via transaction MIGO, he should enter same date in document date and
posting date field.
Else, an information message will ask the user to do that.

The Bill of Lading number should start with ‘NP’

You, as a SAP Technical Consultant, is asked to translate this idea into the
appropriate section of the code.

Your manager has asked you to use BADI instead of any user or field exits to
implement the idea.

Go to the program behing MIGO and search for the phrase :

CL_EXITHANDLER=>GET_INSTANCE in the main program. This will show you the
BADIs which can be implemented by you to incorporate the business demand.

So, you get to know now that there are two BADIs which can come to your use. They
are:
MB_MIGO_BADI
MB_MIGO_ITEM_BADI.

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Now, you have to go to transaction SE18 and explore each of the BADIs to find out
the suitable one. In fact, the suitable one will have a method in it for which
import/export parameters should have some reference to document/posting dates.

On investigation, you will find that in BADI : MB_MIGO_ITEM_BADI, there is a method :

ITEM_MODIFY which uses : is_gohead as import parameter. This has the structure
GOHEAD which contains the fields for document and posting date as columns.

Now, you will implement this BADI. Go to transaction SE19 and create an
implementation for the BADI. In the code for the method, write the following:-

method IF_EX_MB_MIGO_ITEM_BADI~ITEM_MODIFY .

DATA : L_INI(2) TYPE C.

IF is_gohead-bldat ne is_gohead-budat.
message i398(00) with 'Both posting and document dates should be same'.
ENDIF.

L_INI = IS_GOHEAD-FRBNR+0(2).
TRANSLATE L_INI TO UPPER CASE.
IF L_INI NE 'NP'.
MESSAGE I398(00) WITH 'Bill of Lading should start with NP'.
ENDIF.

endmethod.

Then, save and activate it. Then, perform a transaction via MIGO. Your requirement
will be fulfilled.

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9.4 Menu Enhancements

SAP allows you to enhance menus in its user interfaces using function codes. These
function codes must adhere to the form /namespace/+<...>, just like in SMOD/CMOD
enhancements. They are assigned to a specific enhancement and only appear in their
corresponding menus once an implementation of this enhancement has been
activated.

Application developers reserve specific function codes for customers when defining a
Business Add-In. They use the Menu Painter to include these codes in the appropriate
menu lists. Application developers must also ensure that these menu options are
called in their applications and that the corresponding add-in methods are also
retrieved. Customers can take advantage of menu enhancements by creating a new
implementation, choosing a text for the menu option, and then programming the
method used to determine what action is performed when the menu enhancement is
called.

Menu enhancement is only possible using single use add-ins (not

multiple use add-ins) that are not filter-dependent. Currently, menu
enhancements can only be created in conjunction with program
enhancements (interfaces).

To create a menu enhancement, proceed as follows:

1. Create an add-in and define its interface.

2. Choose Fcodes from the tabstrip.
3. Enter the name of your program, the function code, and a description.

4. Call the Menu Painter or double-click on your program name or function code
to branch to user interface maintenance in the Menu Painter. Enter your
function code in the appropriate menu list. If you have accessed the Menu
Painter directly during add-in definition, you can call your menu lists by
choosing Goto --> Object lists --> Menu list instead.

Calling a Menu Enhancement from an Application Program

You programming should look like this:

(…)
case fcode.
when 'SAP'.
(…)
when '+CUS'
call method …
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Implementing a Menu Enhancement

When implementing menu enhancements, proceed as follows:

1. Create an implementation and choose Fcodes. All data adopted from your
Business Add-In's definition is displayed here. You can make entries for the
implementation on the right. You can also double-click on the first input field.
The following dialog box appears:

Here you may enter a text for your function code, the name of an icon and a
text for the icon, and a short informational text.

The actions that you want the system to perform after the pushbutton is
chosen must be programmed in the appropriate method, either manually or
using default source code that has been provided to you.

Menu enhancements only become visible after the implementation has been
activated and the application program that calls the Business Add-In has been
executed.

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