CHEMISTRY I (CHEM-111) TUTORIAL
Chemical Bonding
Question 1
a. For elements in the third period of the periodic table and
below, the octet rule is often not obeyed. What factor is
cited to explain this fact?
b. How does the arrangement of electrons around the
central atom differ in the compounds, PF3 and IF3? Draw
the Lewis electron dot structures of these compounds to
answer this question.
c. Study the Lewis electron dot structures given below and
answer questions that follow:
(i)Determine molecular geometries of the two
compounds.
(ii) Determine whether the two compounds are polar
or non-polar. Show your work.
Question Two
a. Which of the molecules given below has dipole-dipole
attractions as an intermolecular force? Show your work.
b. One of the three compounds below is a liquid at room
temperature, and the other two are gaseous. Which one
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is a liquid and why?
c. Determine the hybridization of carbon atoms labelled 1
and 2 in the structure given below. Show your work.
d. Draw orbital diagrams of the carbon atoms in (c) above,
before and after hybridization.
Question Three
The table below shows the boiling points of some hydrogen
compounds formed by Group 6 elements.
H2O H2S H2Se H2Te
Boiling point (K) 373 213 4940 6480
a. Explain why the boiling point of water is much higher than
that of hydrogen sulphide.
b. Draw a diagram to show how two molecules of water are
attracted to each other by the type of intermolecular force
you stated in part (a). Include partial charges and all lone
pairs of electrons in your diagram.
c. Explain why the boiling points increase from H2S to H2Te.
d. In a busy military laboratory, Bromine (Br 2) accidentally
stains a reservoir chamber, which must be cleaned as
soon as possible to avoid hazardous outcomes. The safest
solvents available and allowed to be used in the chamber
are water (H2O) and Carbon disulphide (CS2).
i) From your understanding of Intermolecular forces
(IMF), which solvent would you recommend, given
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that dipole moments for the compounds are as
follows:
Bromine, µ = 0D; Water, µ = 1.87D; Carbon
disulphide, µ = 0D?
ii) Give a reason for your answer in (a) above.
Question Three
a. Fluorine reacts with bromine to form liquid bromine
trifluoride (BrF3). State the type of bond between Br
and F in BrF3 and state how this bond if formed.
b. Two molecules of BrF3 react to form ions as shown by
the following equation.
(i)Draw the Lewis structure of BrF2+.
(ii) State the molecular geometry of BrF2+.
(iii) Why does the bromine atom in BrF 4− have an
expanded octet?
c. Draw a diagram to show how the particles are
arranged in aluminium and explain why aluminium is
malleable. (You should show a minimum of six
aluminium particles arranged in two dimensions).
d.
Explain why the melting point of aluminium is higher
than the melting point of sodium.
Question Four
Given below are structural formulae of nitrogen and
methylamine.
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a. Explain whether nitrogen and methylamine molecules
are polar. Show your working clearly.
b. State the hybridisation of the nitrogen atoms in both
the nitrogen and methylamine molecules.
c. Draw well labelled orbital diagrams showing the
hybridisation process of nitrogen in the methylamine
molecule.
Question Five
a. Which of the following pairs of compounds will show a
higher proportion of covalent character? Explain
i) MgCl2 and CaCl2
ii) LiF and LiI
iii) KI or LI
iv) CaS or CaO
b. Using electronegativity differences of two atoms identify
the type of bond formed in the following compounds:
i) MgF2
ii) CS2
iii) PBr3
c. Which of the following molecules would you expect to
have permanent dipole?
CH4, ICl, SF2, CH2Cl2 and CO2
d. Which of the following hydrides can form hydrogen
bonds? Explain your answer. CH4, C2H5NH3, CH2Cl2
e. What type of intermolecular force predominates in each
liquid?
i) water (H2O)
ii) pentane (C5H12)
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f. The strength of H- bonding in water is approximately 22kJ
mole-1. How do you explain the fact that H-bonding in NH 3
is only about half the strength of that in H2O?
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