AUGUSTINIAN PRAYER

Opening Prayer
Leader: When we live in unity,
Response: How good and how pleasant it is.
Leader: Pray for us Holy Father Augustine,
Response: That we may dwell together in peace.
Leader: Let us pray.
All: God our Father Your Son promised to be present in the midst of all who
come together in His Name. Help us recognize His presence among us and
experience in our hearts the abundance of Your grace, Your mercy and Your peace,
in truth and in love. We ask these through Christ our Lord. Amen.
Leader: Our Lady of Grace
All: Pray for us.
 Unit 3:
Stoichiometry
 Lesson 1:
Avogadro’s
Number and the
Molar Mass
Atomic Mass
• Also atomic weight
• is the mass of an atom in atomic mass unit (amu)
• Carbon-12 is set as the standard of measure for
atomic mass
• Relative atomic mass is the mass exactly 1/12 the
mass of C-12 atom
The Molar Mass of an Element
• Mole (mol) – the amount of substance containing the same
number of atoms, molecules or other particles as there are
12 g of C-12 isotope.
• Avogadro’s number (NA)= 6.0221415 x 1023 ~ 6.022 x 1023
• 1 mol of C-12 has a mass of 12 g and contains 6.022 x 1023
atoms
• Molar mass – mass in g or kg of 1 mole of atoms or
molecules of a substance
What is the molar mass of carbon dioxide?

Formula mass of CO2 = 1 (atomic mass of C) + 2

atomic mass of O
= 1 (12 amu) + 2 (16 amu)
= 12 amu + 32 amu
= 44 amu
The molar mass of CO2 is 44 g/mol
Exercises
• Calculate the molar mass of sodium phosphate Na₃PO₄
Na = 23 g/mol Na₃PO₄ = 3 (23g/mol) + 1(31g/mol) + 4 (16 g/mol)
P = 31 g/mol = 164 g/mol
O = 16 g/mol

• Find the molar mass of diatomic oxygen. O2

O = 16 g/mol O2 = 2 (16 g/mol)

= 32 g/mol
Amedeo Avogadro
Avogadro’s number
1 mole = 6.022 x 1023 particles (atoms,
molecules, ions, formula units)
1 mol Au = 6.022 x 1023 Au atoms
1 mol CO2 = 6.022 x 1023 CO2 molecules
1 mol Al3+ = 6.022 x 1023 Al3+ ions
1 mol NaCl = 6.022 x 1023 formula units
Avogadro’s number
1 mol CO2 = 6.022 x 1023 CO2 molecules
= 6.022 x 1023 C atoms
= 2(6.022 x 1023) O atoms
1 mol of NaCl = 6.022 x 1023 NaCl molecules
= 6.022 x 1023 Na+ ions
= 6.022 x 1023 Cl- ions
Conversion
• 4 mol C to atoms
6.022 x 10 E 23
4 mol C x 2.4 x 10 ^ 24 ~ 2 x 10 ^ 24
1 mol C

• 5.04x1018 atoms C to mol

1 mol
5.04x1018 atoms C x 8.37 X 10^-6
6.022 x 10E23 atoms
 Molecular Mass
• Also molecular weight
• Is the sum of the atomic mass of each atom in a molecule,
multiplied by the number of atoms of that element in the
molecule
• Molecules and covalent compounds
Molecular mass of H2O
= 2 (atomic mass of H) + 1 (atomic mass of O)
= 2 (1 amu) + 1 (16 amu)
= 18 amu
• Molar mass of a compound (g/mol) = molecular mass (amu)
Convert grams to moles
• Determine the number of moles of CO2 in 454 grams of CO2.
• Solution
• First, look up the atomic masses for carbon and oxygen from
the periodic table. The atomic mass of C is 12, and the atomic
mass of O is 16. The formula mass of CO2 is:
• 1 (12) + 2(16) = 44
• Thus, one mole of CO2 weighs 44 grams. This relation provides a
conversion factor to go from grams to moles. Using the factor 1
mol/44 g:
• moles CO2 = 454 g x 1 mol/44 g = 10.3 moles
Convert grams to moles
• Convert 8.76 grams of NaOH to moles.
Na = 23 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
40 g/mol 8.76 g NaOH X
O = 16 40 𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
H= 1 1 mol NaOH = 40 g
= 0.219 mol

• How many moles are in 15 grams of Al?

Al = 27 15 g Al X
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴𝑙
27 𝑔 𝐴𝑙
1 mol Al = 27 g = 0.556 mol ~ 0.56 mol
Convert moles to grams
• Determine the mass in grams of 3.60 mol of H2SO4.
• Solution
• First, look up the atomic masses for hydrogen, sulfur, and oxygen
from the periodic table. The atomic mass is 1 for H, 32 for S, and 16
for O. The formula mass of H2SO4 is:
• 2(1) + 1(32) + 4(16) = 98
• Thus, one mole of H2SO4 weighs 98 grams. This relation provides a
conversion factor to go from grams to moles. Using the factor 98 g/1
mol:
• grams H2SO4 = 3.60 mol x 98 g / 1 mol = 352.8 g H2SO4 ~ 353 g H2SO4
Convert moles to grams
• Calculate the grams present in 2.00 moles of H2O.
H=1 H2O = 2 (1 amu) + 1 (16) 2.00 mol H O X 18 g H2O
O = 16 = 2 + 16 2 1 mol H2O
= 18 = 36.0 g H2O

• How many grams are in 2.4 moles of sulfur?

32 g S
S = 32 2.4 mol S X
1 mol S
76.8 g ~ 77 g
 Percent Composition of Compounds
• Is the percent by mass of the elements that make up
a compound
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ( 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡)
% composition of an element = X 100%
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
•Find the percent composition of
Na2CO3.
Formula mass of Na2CO3 = 2(23g Na) + 12g C+ 3 (16g C)

= 106 g

% composition of Na in Na2CO3 = 46 g Na/106 g Na2CO3 X 100% = 43.40 %

% composition of C in Na2CO3 = 12 g C/106 g Na2CO3 X 100% = 11.32%

% composition of O in Na2CO3 = 48 gO/106 g Na2CO3 X 100% = 45.28%

Exercise 3.4 (page 100)
• Sulfuric acid is a common catalyst in several
industrial processes. Calculate the percent
composition by mass of its components.
• Phosphoric acid is a component of
detergents. Find the percent composition
of its components.
Empirical formula
•Simplest formula
•tells the whole-
number ratio of
atoms in a compound
Example 1:
•Determine the empirical
formula of a compound
that contains 27.27%
carbon and 72.72% oxygen
Example 1:
• Determine the empirical formula of a compound
that contains 27.27% carbon and 72.72% oxygen
• Step 1: Change % to grams and convert to moles
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶
27.27 g C = 2.273 mol C
12 𝑔 𝐶
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂
72.72 g O = 4.545 mol O
16 𝑔 𝑂
Example 1:
• Determine the empirical formula of a compound
that contains 27.27% carbon and 72.72% oxygen
• Step 2: Divide each element in moles by the smallest value
2.273 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶
C= =1
2.273 𝑚𝑜𝑙
4.545 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂
O= =2
2.273 𝑚𝑜𝑙
The empirical formula of the compound is CO2.
Example 2:
•A compound of iron and
oxygen is analysed and
found to contain 69.94%
iron and 30.06% oxygen.
Find the empirical formula.
Example 2:
• A compound of iron and oxygen is analysed and
found to contain 69.94% iron and 30.06% oxygen.
Find the empirical formula.
• Step 1: Change % to grams and convert to moles
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐹𝑒
69.94 g Fe = 1.249 mol Fe
56 𝑔 𝐹𝑒
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂
30.06 g O = 1.879 mol O
16 𝑔 𝑂
Example 2:
• A compound of iron and oxygen is analysed and
found to contain 69.94% iron and 30.06% oxygen.
Find the empirical formula.
• Step 2: Divide each element in moles by the smallest value
1.249
Fe =1
1.249
1.879
O = 1.5
1.249
Example 2:
• A compound of iron and oxygen is analysed and
found to contain 69.94% iron and 30.06% oxygen.
Find the empirical formula.
• Step 3: Multiple each mole by the smallest number that
will convert each into a whole number.
Fe = 1 x 2 ; O = 1.5 x 2
Fe:O = 2:3
The empirical formula of the compound is Fe2O3.
Exercise
What is the empirical
formula of a compound
to contain 13.5 g Ca, 10.8
g O and 0.675 g H?
Exercise
What is the empirical formula of a compound to
contain 13.5 g Ca, 10.8 g O and 0.675 g H?
moles of Ca = 13.5/40 = 0.338
moles of O = 10.8/16 = 0.675
moles of H = 0.675/1 = 0.675

moles of Ca = 0.338/0.338 = 1
moles of O = 0.675/0.338 = 2
moles of H = 0.675/0.338 = 2
The empirical formula is Ca(OH)2.
Molecular Formula
• True formula
• Indicates the actual number of
each atom in a compound
• Molecular formula can be
determined by knowing the molar
mass of a compound
Sample 1:
•What is the molecular
formula of a compound
with an empirical formula
of CH2O and a molar mass
of 180 g/mol?
Sample 1:
• What is the molecular formula of a compound with an
empirical formula of CH2O and a molar mass of 180 g/mol?
• Step 1: Determine the mass of the empirical formula by
multiplying the number of each atom by its molecular weight

C = (1 x 12 g/mol) = 12 g/mol
H = (2 x 1 g/mol) = 2 g/mol
O = (1 x 16 g/mol) = 16 g/mol

12 g/mol + 2 g/mol + 16 g/mol = 30 g/mol

Sample 1:
• Step 2: Divide the molar mass of the compound by the mass of
the empirical formula of the compound.
180 g/mol ÷ 30 g/mol = 6
• Step 3: Multiply the answer in step 2 by the atoms in the
empirical formula
C=6x1=6
H = 6 x 2 = 12
O=6x1=6

• Step 4: The products will be the ratio of the molecular formula.

Thus, the molecular formula is C6H12O6.
 Sample 2:
•A compound is composed of
certain elements with the ff.
percentages: 40% C, 6.71% H, and
53.29% O. It has a molar mass of
180 g/mol. What is the molecular
formula of the compound?
Sample 2:
• A compound is composed of certain elements with the ff
percentages: 40% C, 6.71% H, and 53.29 O. It has a molar mass
of 180 g/mol. What is the molecular formula of the
compound?
• Step 1: Change % to grams
C = 40 % = 40 g
H = 6.71 % = 6.71 g
O = 52.29 % = 52.29 g

• Step 2: Determine the number of moles of each element by

dividing the mass of each element by its molecular weight.
 C = 40 g ÷ 12 g/mol = 3.33 moles
H = 6.71 g ÷ 1 g/mol = 6.71 moles
O = 53.29 g ÷ 16 g/mol = 3.33 moles

• Step 3: Determine the mole ratio of the compound by dividing

the number of moles of each element by the small number of
moles C = 3.33 moles ÷ 3.33 = 1
H = 6.71 moles ÷ 3.33 = 2
O = 3.33 moles ÷ 3.33 = 1
• Step 4: The values in Step 3 will be its empirical formula
CH2O

• Step 5: Determine the mass of the empirical formula by

multiplying the number of atoms of each element by their
molecular weight and add them together
 C = (1 x 12 g/mol) = 12 g/mol
H = (2 x 1 g/mol) = 2 g/mol
O = (1 x 16 g/mol) = 16 g/mol

12 g/mol + 2 g/mol + 16 g/mol = 30 g/mol

• Step 6: To determine how many times larger the molecular
mass is than the empirical mass, divide the given molecular
mass by the obtained empirical mass in Step 5.
180 g/mol ÷30 g/mol = 6

• Step 7: Multiply the mole ratio of the empirical formula by

the number obtained in Step 6.
C=6x1=6
H = 6 x 2 = 12 The molecular formula of the compound is C6H12O6.
O=6x1=6
Exercises
•The empirical formula of a
compound of boron and hydrogen
is BH3. Its molar mass is 28 g/mol.
Determine the molecular formula
of the compound.
Exercises
• The empirical formula of a compound of boron and hydrogen
is BH3. Its molar mass is 27.7g/mol. Determine the molecular
formula of the compound.
BH3 = 28 g/mol ÷ 14 g/mol
B = 11 =2
H=1
B=1x2=2
BH3 = 11 + 3(1) H=3x2=6
= 14 g/mol
The molecular formula is
B2H6.
 Exercise 3.5 (page 103)
•Isopropyl alcohol, commonly
known as rubbing alcohol, is
composed of 59.96% C, 13.42% H,
and 26.62% O. What is the
molecular formula of the alcohol if
the molecular weight is 60 g/mol.
Exercise 3.5 (page 103)
• Isopropyl alcohol, commonly known as rubbing alcohol,
is composed of 59.96% C, 13.42% H, and 26.62% O.
What is the molecular formula of the alcohol if the
molecular weight is 60 g/mol.

• Naphthalene, a common insect repellant, has a

molecular weight of 130 g/mol. Analysis shows that it
contains 93.275% C and 6.25% H. What are its empirical
and molecular formulas?
More Practice
• Find the molar mass of NaOH. (Na - 23 O - 16 H - 1)
• Find the molecular mass of NaOH.
• Convert 4.6 g of NaOH to mole.
• Convert 46.5 moles of NaOH to grams
• Solve for the percent composition of NaOH.
• A compound is composed of 52.14% C, 13.13% H and 34.73
% O by mass. What is the empirical formula? If the molar
mass of the compound is 138 g/mol, what is the molecular
formula?
Types of Reaction
• Reactants – initial substances reacting and are
written on the left side of the equation
• Products – substances that result from the reaction
and are indicated on the right side of the equations
reactants → products
• ↓ means formation of precipitate
• ↑ means a gas evolved
• ∆ means heating the reaction mixture
Basic Types of Chemical Reactions
• Synthesis (or Combination) Reactions
- Two or more reactants combine to form a single
product
A + B → AB
Metal + nonmetal = ionic compound
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
Nonmetal + nonmetal = covalent compound
N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
Basic Types of Chemical Reactions
• Decomposition (or Analysis) Reactions
- reverse of synthesis
- one reactant dissociating into two or more products
AB → A + B
ionic compound = metal + nonmetal
2CuCl2 → 2Cu + Cl2
covalent compound = nonmetal + nonmetal
2H2O → H2 + O2
Basic Types of Chemical Reactions
• Double Replacement (or Metathesis) Reactions
- When two ionic compounds exchange cations and
anions with each other
AX + BY → AY + BX

AgNO3 + NaCl → NaNO3 + AgCl

Basic Types of Chemical Reactions
• Combustion
- When an element or a compound reacts with
oxygen producing energy (heat and light)

C3H8 + O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O + 2040kJ

Exercise
• P4 + 3 O2 → 2 P2O3
• Na3PO4 + 3 KOH → 3 NaOH + K3PO4
• C3H6O + 4 O2 → 3 CO2 + 3 H2O
• CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
• Pb + FeSO4 → PbSO4 + Fe
• MgCl2 + Li2CO3 → MgCO3 + 2 LiCl
• Go to [Link]
chemical-equations/latest/balancing-chemical-
equations_en.html
• Go to Tools and Click the bar graph or the scale.
• Balance the equation.
• Click Separate Water and balance the equation.
• Click Combust Methane and balance the equation.
• Go to Games and try balancing chemical equations in
different levels.
• Note: Coefficients should not be zero.
Balancing Chemical Equations
Balancing Chemical Equations
• Start with the most complicated formula.
Balance first the element that appears only
once in either of the reactant or product.
• The next element to balance is the one
whose number is affected by the coefficient
written on the formula when the previous
element was balanced.
Balancing Chemical Equations
• The one with the simplest formula should be
balanced last; affecting any coefficient to it
will not affect the number of elements in the
other formulas.
• The coefficients must be in whole numbers.
• Express the coefficients in their lowest
terms, if applicable.
Balance the following chemical
equations.
•__Fe+
2 __Cl
3
2 −−→ __FeCl
2
3
Balance the following chemical
equations.
•__Fe+
4 __O
3
2 −−→ __Fe
2
2O 3
 Balance the following chemical
equations.

• __FeBr
2 3 + __H2SO4 −−→ __Fe2(SO4 )3 + __HBr
3 1 6
Balance the following chemical
equations.
•__C
1 H O
4 6 3 + __H
1
2O −−→ __C
2
2H4O2
 Balance the following chemical
equations.
• __Fe+
2 __Cl
3 2 −−→ __FeCl
2 3
• __Fe+
4 __O
3 2 −−→ __Fe
2 2O3
• __FeBr
2 3 + __H2SO4 −−→ __Fe
3 1 2(SO4)3 + __HBr
6
• __C
1 4H6O3 + __H
1 2O −−→ __C
2 2H4O2
• __C
1 2H4 + __O
3 2 −−→ __CO
2 2 + __H
2 2O
 AUGUSTINIAN PRAYER
Opening Prayer
Leader: When we live in unity,
Response: How good and how pleasant it is.
Leader: Pray for us Holy Father Augustine,
Response: That we may dwell together in peace.
Leader: Let us pray.
All: God our Father Your Son promised to be present in the midst of all who
come together in His Name. Help us recognize His presence among us and
experience in our hearts the abundance of Your grace, Your mercy and Your peace,
in truth and in love. We ask these through Christ our Lord. Amen.
Leader: Our Lady of Grace
All: Pray for us.
 Augustinian Quotation
• “Education is the food of youth, the
delight of old age, the ornament of
prosperity, the refuge and comfort
of adversity, and the provocation to
grace in the soul.” - St. Augustine
Objectives:
• Identify the types of chemical
reactions
• Write a chemical equation from a
description of a chemical reaction
using correct and appropriate symbols
• Balance chemical equations using
prescribed guidelines
Identify the type of chemical reaction
• CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 decomposition/analysis
• C3H6O + 4 O2 → 3 CO2 + 3 H2O combustion
double
• MgCl2 + Li2CO3 → MgCO3 + 2 LiCl replacement
• Pb + FeSO4 → PbSO4 + Fe single replacement
• P4 + 3 O2 → 2 P2O3 combination/synthesis
Chemical
Equations
in Words
A strip of magnesium metal
reacts with oxygen gas to
produce a powdered
magnesium oxide.
2Mg(s) + O2(s) → 2MgO(s)
•Aluminum metal reacts
with iron (II) oxide powder
to produce aluminum
oxide solid and iron metal.
2Al(s) + 3FeO(s) → Al2O3(s) + 3Fe(s)
•Solid iron (III) oxide and
carbon monoxide gas yields
iron metal and carbon dioxide
gas

Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) → 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)

•Solid silicon dioxide plus
aqueous hydrofluoric acid
yields solid silicon tetrafluoride
plus liquid water.

SiO2(s) + 4HF(aq) → SiF4(s) + 2H2O(l)

 •Aqueous sodium hydroxide and
carbon dioxide gas yields
sodium carbonate solution and
liquid water.

2NaOH(aq) + CO2(g) → Na2CO3(aq) + H2O(l)

 •Calcium hydroxide solution
and carbon dioxide gas yields
solid calcium carbonate and
liquid water.

Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) → CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)

 •Aluminum sulphate solution and
calcium hydroxide solution
produce a precipitate of
aluminum hydroxide and solid
calcium sulphate.
Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3Ca(OH)2(aq) → 2Al(OH)3(s) + 3CaSO4(s)
 •Aqueous iron (III) chloride and
sodium carbonate solution
yields aqueous sodium chloride
and a precipitate of iron (III)
carbonate.
2FeCl3(aq) + 3Na2CO3(aq) → 6NaCl(aq) + Fe2(CO3)3(s)
 •Magnesium carbonate solution
plus aqueous hydrochloric acid
(HCl) yields magnesium chloride
solution plus liquid water and
carbon dioxide gas.
MgCO3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Mass Relationship in Chemical Equations
• A balanced chemical equation and the law of conservation
of mass help determine either the amount of a product that
can be formed from a given amount of reactant required to
produce a certain quantity of a product.
Mole ratio
between A
and B
Mass of Mole of Mole of Mass of
substance A substance A substance B substance B

1 mol mol B molar mass B

molar mass A mol A 1 mol
CH4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
 CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
1 CH4 : 2 O2
1 CH4 : 1 CO2
1 CH4 : 2 H2O
2 O2 : 1 CO2
2 O2 : 2H2O
 CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
Given that 2.25 moles of CH4, solve the following:

A. How many moles of O2 will be needed?

B. How many moles of CO2 will be produced?
C. How many grams of CO2 will be produced?
 CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
Given that 2.25 moles of CH4, solve the following:

A. How many moles of O2 will be needed?

2 mol O2
Moles of CO2 = 2.25 mol CH4 x = 4.5 mol O2
1 mol CH4
 CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
Given that 2.25 moles of CH4, solve the following:

B. How many moles of CO2 and H2O will be produced?

1 mol CO2
Moles of CO2 = 2.25 mol CH4 x = 2.25 mol CO2
1 mol CH4
2 mol H2O
Moles of H2O = 2.25 mol CH4 x = 4.5 mol H2O
1 mol CH4
 CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
Given that 2.25 moles of CH4, solve the following:

C. How many grams of CO2 will be produced?

44 g CO2
g CO2 produced = 2.25 mol CO2 x = 99.0 g CO2
1 mol CO2
 N2 + H2 → NH3
• If 0.125 moles of N2 reacts, calculate the following:

A. number of moles of H2 gas that will react

B. number of moles of NH3 produced
C. number of NH3 molecules produced
 N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
• If 0.125 moles of N2 reacts, calculate the following:

A. number of moles of H2 gas that will react

3 mol H2
Moles of H2 gas = 0.125 mol N2 x = 0. 375 mol
1 mol N2
~ 0.38 mol H2
 N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
• If 0.125 moles of N2 reacts, calculate the following:

B. number of moles of NH3 produced

2 mol NH3
Moles of NH3 = 0.125 mol N2 x = 0. 25 mol NH3
1 mol N2
 N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
• If 0.125 moles of N2 reacts, calculate the following:

C. number of NH3 molecules produced

6.022 x 10 ^23 molecules

NH3 molecules = 0.25 mol NH3 x
23
1 mol NH3
= 1.5 x 10 molecules
PCl3 + H2O → H3PO3 + HCl
• If there are 18.0 g of PCl3, how many moles
of PCl3 are present?
• How many grams of water will react with
the given mass of PCl3?
• How many grams of phosphorous acid will
be produced?
• How many grams of hydrochloric acid will
be produced?
FeS2 + O2 → Fe2O3 + SO2
A. How many grams of O2 will completely
react with 75.0 g of FeS2?
MM FeS2 = 120g/mol ; O2 = 32 g/mol

B. How many grams of Fe2O3 and SO2 will be

produced from the reaction of 75.0 g FeS2
with 55.0 g O2?
MM Fe2O3 = 160 g/mol ; MM SO2 = 64 g/mol
 4FeS2 + 11O2 → 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2
A. mass O2 to react with FeS2

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 FeS2 11 𝑚𝑜𝑙 O2 32 𝑔 O2

75.0 g FeS2 x x x = 55.0 g O2
120 𝑔FeS2 4 mol FeS2 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 O2
 4FeS2 + 11O2 → 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2
B. mass Fe2O3 produced

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 FeS2 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 Fe2O3 160 𝑔 Fe2O3

75.0 g FeS2 x x x
120 𝑔FeS2 4 mol FeS2 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 Fe2O3
= 50.0 g Fe2O3
 4FeS2 + 11O2 → 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2
B. mass SO2 produced

1 mol FeS2 8 mol SO2 64 g SO2

75.0 g FeS2 x x x
120 g FeS2 4 mol FeS2 1 mol SO2
= 80 g SO2
 H2O → H2+ O2
37.6 g ?g ?g

If 37.6 g water is decomposed to hydrogen gas

and oxygen gas,
• How many grams of hydrogen gas will be
produced?
• How many grams of oxygen gas will be
produced?
Limiting Reactants
• Limiting reagent – the reactant that is first
used up
• After the reactant has been used up, no
more product will be formed.
• Excess reagent – reactant present in
quantities greater than necessary to react
with the quantity of the limiting reagent
Zn + 2HCl → H2 + ZnCl2
• Identify the limiting reagent of the
following situations:
• A. 12 atoms of Zinc and 8 molecules of
HCl
• B. 3 mol of Zn and 4 mol of HCl
• C. 40g of Zn and 56 g HCl
 1Zn + 2HCl → H2 + ZnCl2
• Identify the limiting reagent of the
following situations:
• A. 12 atoms of Zinc and 8 molecules of
HCl
12 Zn/1 8HCl/2
Lowest quantity per
12 4 coefficient ratio
limiting reagent
 1Zn + 2HCl → H2 + ZnCl2
•Identify the limiting reagent of
the following situations:
•B. 3 mol of Zn and 4 mol of HCl
3mol/1 4mol/2 12 mol Zn = 2 mol HCl
mol Zn = 4 mol HCl

3 2 limiting 3 mol Zn = 6 mol HCl

 Zn + 2HCl → H2 + ZnCl2
• Identify the limiting reagent of the
following situations:
• C. 40g of Zn and 56 g HCl
40 g Zn/ 65 g/mol 56 g HCl/36 g/mol
0.62 mol/1 1.6 mol/2
0.62 Zn limiting 0.8 HCl
 C3H8 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
2 moles of propane reacts with 8
moles of oxygen gas in a
combustion reaction.
What is the limiting and excess
reactant?
 C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O
2 moles of propane reacts with 8
moles of oxygen gas in a
combustion reaction.
What is the limiting and excess
reactant?
 CCl4 + HF → CCl2F2 + HCl
• What will happen when 3.00 grams
of CCl4 reacts with 3.00 g of HF?
A. What is the limiting reagent?
B. How many grams of CCl2F2 was
produced?
CCl4 + 2HF → CCl2F2 + 2HCl
• What will happen when 3.00 grams
of CCl4 reacts with 3.00 g of HF?
A. What is the limiting reagent?
B. How many grams of CCl2F2 was
produced?
 C6H6 + O2 → H2O + CO2

If 50 g of C6H6 reacts
with 160 g O2, what is
the limiting reactant?
2C6H6 + 15O2 → 6H2O + 12CO2

If 50 g of C6H6 reacts
with 160 g O2, what is
the limiting reactant?
 1C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O
2 moles of propane reacts with 8 moles of
oxygen gas in a combustion reaction.
How many moles of carbon dioxide are
formed?
3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 CO2
2 mol C3H8 x = 6 mol CO2
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 C3H8
3 mol CO2
8 mol O2 x = 4.8 mol CO2
5 mol O2
 1C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O
2 moles of propane reacts with 8 moles of
oxygen gas in a combustion reaction.
How much of the excess reactant is left over?
Total – reacts = left over
1 mol C3H8
8 mol O2 x 5 mol O = 1.6 mol C3H8
2
2moles - 1.6 moles = 0.4 mol left over
 FeO + Al → Fe + Al2O3
Fe = 56 g/mol
Al = 27 g/mol
• If 50.0 g FeO reacted with 25.0 g Al, O = 16 g/mol
• Which is the limiting reagent?
• How many moles of the excess reagent will
be left?
• How many moles of Al2O3 will be formed?
 3FeO + 2Al → 3Fe + Al2O3
Fe = 56 g/mol
Al = 27 g/mol
O = 16 g/mol
•If 50.0 g FeO reacted with
25.0 g Al,
•Which is the limiting reagent?
Reaction Yields
• Theoretical yield is the quantity of product
formed when all the limiting reactant is
consumed.
• Actual yield is the amount of product actually
obtained.
• Note: AY < TY
𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐲𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝 (𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐦𝐬)
• % yield = X 100%
𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐲𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝 (𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐦𝐬)
Factors that could affect % yield of
the reaction:
• Incomplete reaction
• Impure reactants
• Competing side reactions
• Loss of product during filtration in
transferring between containers
 4FeS2 + 11O2 → 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2
mass Fe2O3 produced

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 FeS2 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 Fe2O3 160 𝑔 Fe2O3

75.0 g FeS2 x x x
120 𝑔FeS2 4 mol FeS2 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 Fe2O3
= 50.0 g Fe2O3
Suppose 41.3 g of Fe2O3 was produced, what is the
percent yield of the reaction?
 actual yield (grams)
% yield of Fe2O3 = X 100%
theoretical yield (grams)
41.3 g Fe2O3
= X 100%
50.0 gFe2O3
= 82.6 %
 C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O
30 g of C3H8 burns in air to produce 70 g CO2.
Calculate the theoretical yield and percent yield of
CO2.
actual yield = 70 g
mass of C3H8 = 30 g
theoretical yield = ?
percent yield of CO2 = ?
 C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O
30 g of C3H8 burns in air to produce 70 g CO2.
Calculate the theoretical yield and percent yield of
CO2.
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 C3H8 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 CO2 44 𝑔 CO2
30 g C3H8 x x x
44 𝑔C3H8 1 mol C3H8 1 mol CO2
= 90.0 g CO2
 C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O
30 g of C3H8 burns in air to produce 70 g CO2.
Calculate the theoretical yield and percent yield of
CO2.
actual yield (grams)
% yield of CO2 = X 100%
theoretical yield (grams)
70 g
= X 100%
90 g
= 77.78 %
 KClO3→KCl + O2
• In a certain experiment, 40.0g KClO3 is heated
until it completely decomposes.
• What is the theoretical yield of oxygen gas?
• The experiment is performed, the oxygen gas is
collected, and its mass is found to be 14.9 g
• What is the percent yield for the reaction?
• Mass KClO3 = 40.0 g
• Actual yield = 14.9 g
 2KClO3→2KCl + 3O2
Theoretical yield of O2 = ?
1 mol KClO3 3 mol O2
x 32.00 g O2
40.0g KClO3 x x 1 mol O
= 15.74 g O2
122 g KClO3 2mol KClO3 2
2KClO3→2KCl + 3O2
Percent yield = ?
actual yield (grams)
% yield = X 100%
theoretical yield (grams)
14.9 g
= X 100%
15.7 g
= 94.66 %
 AUGUSTINIAN PRAYER
Closing Prayer
Leader: Our help is in the name of the Lord.
Response: Who made Heaven and Earth.
Leader: Let us pray.
All: God, the desire of every human heart, you moved Saint
Augustine to seek restlessly for truth and peace. Touch our hearts
with his burning desire for wisdom, for the word made flesh. We ask
this through Christ our Lord. Amen.
Leader: St. Augustine.
All: Pray for us.