T= CURVE FITTING \ 8 AND METHOD OF LEAST SQUARES si CURVE FITTING When observations in respect of two variables are available, very often a relation is found to exist between them. For example, height and weight of persons are interdependent, expenditure depends on income, yield of a crop depends on the amount of rainfall, production depends on price, etc, Frequency, it is found desirable to express this relationship between variables by means of some mathematical equation, representing a certain geometrical curve. The process of finding such a curve or its equation on the ___ basis of a given set of observations is called curve fitting. |__ We list below the equations of some common types of curves: t L. y=atbx Straight line | 2. + bx +o Parabola Bee 3. +bxter+de Cubic curve 4. + bx + cx? +... + px! Polynomial of n-th degree 5. bt Exponential curve > 6. ysatbet Modified exponential curve 7. ; =atbe Logistic curve 8. logy=atbct Gompertz curve 9. year Geometric curve The variables x and y are often referred to as independent variable and dependent Variable respectively. (All-letters a, b, c, d,... p, except x and y, appearing in the above equations represent constants.) The choice of the appropriate equation to be fitted to a given set of observations is often facilitated by the following rules: : Plot the corresponding observations of x and-y as points on a graph paper. If the pattern of points shows approximately a linear path, use the straight line. (or, if the successive differences in y corresponding to equidistant values of x _ afe'apfproximately equal, use the straight line). , Gi) Iflog y when plotted against x shows a linear path, use the exponential curve. (ii) Tf tog y when plotted against log x show a linear path, use the geometric curve. } ~ SSqurve FHCEING 80d Mothod of Lease squaceg 246 Seatietéonl Methods ch GD srwrsouet ume an varavora . sereight tine Sra ire poner renin of <0 of 8 Temeceo where A,B, Care constants. When Bs nat 202 the equation contin 23) AE Craceaey tantenahed ory avg ye a ty Shichi be form + aiain nae Veda . sith uo mame str allay Le eee ee a ed Soe cet abe neg 2 = oe ‘Mlstracion 1. The following equations represent straig lines: (tn @ ay (i) ye3e2e Gi y=2r Fig. 8.1 Slopes of Straight Lines (ir ore ee eee ata ect ORs te haan One ym Piste een pete tremtinary rec dete ee onto ar (a) #425048) . Not thatthe equation of astra ie consis tems involving only singe prs ‘ofc both the variables and a constant tem. There mut not be any tem nh (aay). le Here, equations (i) (i) are ofthe form Ar+ By + C= ard (i i), (belong tothe type y= a+ Bx. Equation (ix) and) mays be broupht to any ofthese two forms Slope of Straight Line Inthe equation y= a+b, the coeicient of on the righ, viz bis called te ofthe straight lin. Te slope may be positive, negative, or zer. If he eqn ven inthis form, the slope can be obsined simply by inspection. If howe ‘uation is given inthe form Ax + By + C=O, it should be rece to the 08"? +r and then the slope easly cbained. I the equation of th sight line das conan term in the slope cant be determined. ‘Mlustration 2.) Te slopes of equations (i), (iii) and (vi rare respectively 2, 2,0 and 20, \ To Find the slope ofthe sah ine Se-+ 29 — ~ Sx Dividing both sides by 2, we get /=4+ br. The slope is sen tobe —5 fake fora unit increase in the valve of x Conversely, iii found that the ‘huge in po wit increase in is always the soe, then the relation between x and ‘anbe given by an equation ofthe form y= +b ‘orion 3. In the equation y = 3+ 2x, for = 0,1, 2,3 the comsponing ‘sare )=3, 3,7, 9. tis cen tat he values of neease a increases tease, elope is poiiv Aso the increase infor successive valves of «is always 2, ‘ithe lope ofthe straight ine. (ike equation y= 6~ 2x, for x= 0,12 3the values of y 64, 2,0. Tat ‘ste values ofy decrease, as inereases, the successive changes being 2 which is these Geomevicaly, the slope depends on the oclination of he tah ine with ‘25 Two parallel straight lines ave the same slope, When the slope 0 tbe ‘Dh lin is parallel to the z-axis. As the slope increases, he icin als ‘Basses. When the slope is psiive, the straight lini inclined towards he i: ete sloe is negative, the line i incined towards the (81 {oh uefa information abou straight ines ar (© The constant term a onthe right of the equation » ‘intercept ithe value ofy atthe pint wher the 2x8 = 0). The quantity bis called the slope © Me stigt in y= be pases toh be pit ore cosines ‘ut satsty the equation, i. 9=a + Oy in sr! a bri called the Jets write the eae? in rss the vertical 3S, whichis of te 7 |we Fitting and Mothod of Laas ow fmueree ay 2a Statistical Nochode ca (©) Ha sui ine pases rough the Pos (5.9) an 5.39, ‘p= 22. trasaig tn passes though the point (and fas song its edaton is ab we i hl eh sie rer A, 328.85, Se wolton (0) above : LS Hace oth eee eg ep wg tons OY P80 TES MF. ties te mes) posers) - a er (822, tt he sg Convery. the equation of stihl an be writen nth fy 2) ic on 8.2.3 ‘gt ie pases tough he eit certain hat the lne pss trouzh the point (3) and slp gt 0 pe (0) Thecoontnte of te pom of mension oF we InN la el fo nde me sac tysalving the vo uso sn inci tes yes ny + pass hop ine same poit (7,5) thy inet te poi, eto, We B= 2,y= I Hens he pif eas) om eH) Parabola “ponte Pane emetepentn of an tin hom a eco tetera ge 40. Tepe? type of curve Int he curved path followed bya ying proj et cricket al thyown rom a distance) ia parabola The following eaten ee Parabolas: - puge-MIAND METHOD OF CURVE FITazKG ata are posted as points on graph pe, itisofen posible to daw wate ugh th lst of oi wich pent ope ea eure line. If the pattern of point i linear the equation oa stsight Se ee cease aes tort) two sch pons. Substituting fr xandy inthe equation yaa +e zilfereimon 5 =. + and II = a's 4b, solving which we eta = 3 an b ra a is the equation ofthe fited freehand crv, which may be used 0 erie value ofy for any given value of x, Sim, for ober ypesof cures it RRKary to choose as many points on the smooth curve a there are constants in retin. The fee-hand method has the disadvantage at diferent individuals tite diferent curves and equations. Example 8.1. (a) Find the slopes ofthe following straight tne: (i) y-3 2280-5 (x4 =~ 5+ 8) () Show tha the sagt fine 3¢~2y + 7 = O passes through he pon, (6) Find the slopes ofthe strait lines passing through the pots (3,8 (5.11) (i) (-2, 8) and, 12) (i) (8 5) and (12,2, (d) Find the equation of the straight line passing through the pols, 8) (51. ’ (6) Show thar the sraight line y 3 = 2.8(¢~5) passes through the pois land has slope 28. (0) Find he slopes ofthe sraigh lines (i) y— 5 Be) and (i) x~¥= 8-5, where & 5, Band bare constant 7 (4) Show tha he ines 20-31 = O and 3+ dy en Solution (4) () Te eqn can te writen intersect tthe pis +28 c—3)- ssen hate bd Side (LHS, enna yoy and onthe righthand side RIS) the coeffi fie) a4 28 wb he lope, ( Diviting both sides by -5, we set ‘ () Cone ig. 0.2 Proe-hand curves (e-8) Aime nye ss (@) Post Sandy= 1,and we see tht LHS. =e 2) 723x321 +7182 7=0% RAS. Ths the eatin 425 +7 =O sated. Hence he esi ©® mero of Least squAREs Mahod of Least Squares is a device for finding the equation of 8 ne which tet fi a given st of ebervations, Te med ‘Praple of Least Squares, which suggest ta for be “esti ified pe of feeds won te =32.(0)28, (i) —94. 3-32 in (0, the slopes ¥2. Since the sai ine passes through he point (8) 58 sy (6.2.3), is egnion sy ~8= C12) (e~3); simplifying, we gt Be— 29 +7 =cts 2 Ficeing and Method of tea a Snares ash sprees et a eee se np ert cosets a a amet n equates sag lin to hese daa The neal ein of 2, FE Syst en hte ach (or comely weet che isaken, were and Dare consis. A vs orang gees te ie oe canons ems etd, This eet a aa certo gm rm cco Se wes aeommactemearecycn Ags ys ijpiee Maem Na te not hs Chapa Auld be more brea Bt a+ bt respectively. Inordertagethaye ye Sh he eto of eats sd to toe ype of anes eg, ye geometc eu, Met JSR G rng reesenaona bereiaionsiptetecn ranges fs onl Ne Siipktaeroats eeeee ere erae nen Abana Bp ppt es Gxt.) 08 ton Be erin ste ne to the comesponding obseved Vales Ye FOC the best fing yee fe Seon M4 therfore ou prob only chose ssh vale of and ogee \gnG STRAIGHT LINE need aso son ofthe right ine tobe ited0a given setofnpisofoberaene Tey. Applying the method lst sgaes Ue alas od aes be atch wil provide esimate ofy 28 close 36 possible tg we Lee ce nce ecaip eae GS) Ete sycet arty cpm ae eet saya Sea nts ne a tec 1 -2= br + 03-4 BE + gba? rae “a ww ‘o minimise $y, 0~bn)*. Tis eal to reincipto of Fitting straight bine by Least square anne 3 Zo.-0-by Tis ea mma = Het TT Grenady Baimindy sat be Difornee =O) soit Eysan Oe oo ‘3 m1 ysets+ se a2 les ofn Ex, By, 2 and Pay ae substiated onthe bass of he given este 2 BS eae tmnt mn ha iia gion (2) ely men be ig "Nees ss af) ye cacao as Ml fe Ss ong t mc ae Sy= Bat be) =2a+ Theman + Ee inthe ist equation, and En =Ex(at bn) ving he second equation. However, t shouldbe Boe i mind a hiss mo ‘Eason ofthe normal equations, but only a means of remembering them. @® summureren carcunarzoss ‘Meltourn computation can often be minimised by transformation of ne orth ‘vals, ether by change of ergin only ob changes feign ad seae bh. Tr Ifwe change the erginofx ony, ie. wete X= where cis an arbiary Conner inoreates. att, then xs replaced by Xin the equations (52, ving in in acme te pe of indi he be fitting straight line iss follows ‘EXy = aZX + BEX? ean "he equation (6.5.2), s0 that252 Statietica! mechods eo Y= an + 52x LEXY = aEX + DEX? 2. Incase the sucesive values of he independent varsbe are oy 8) {common difernce, to special wansfomaton sail yr hy ‘hen sod and weve, a Gwen nso we (cental value of 2) common dference a, ‘The vale ow Oath mile; 123, 4, othe cen d= 1y=2,~3,~ 4 forthe preceding vals oe Tales 3,84 4428 Gi) when 1 is even, write 1% (ean of two central values of) sr Loan of wo cena aes of) Fis common irene a hi 2 Tre aac wb sce 13.57 fhe ve al ay TES teh pera staning fer he meee Fe Ga i we write the equation of siraight line in the form y= a+ bus eo) austin wl bs sm Bysan4 be Baye eb Ea2 ae Buti yh stove transformation i=, thes equations tte ey forms: cae bean ays bd rere frm sich hvu an can esi determined. Hionever ina css ily we tae fo serie wesfomed vary Youn terms ofthe rg varies sand) and hen spy eo fet equation ofthe fed sigh ne Example 8.2. Determine the equation ofastraight line which bes isthe flo dete: >] [Bye y |e] 2] 2 lw ape laf (CU, MCom? 62: DSW, °) ton (Fr! method) Lt = 8+ br the estion ofthe best iting eight ey feast sures, The constant nd ar baie by sting the hoa egeie Syn an Bs, nthe numberof pis of oberon, Beye abe BE rictlng and Method of toast gz owe Snr 253 pre Es 1.2 23278. 5 Siang oe pene * 1912704 116 os R6= a+ 198 oy 113 and by 7, a subating sing meg sih= Blas 12.104 roms et 89 ja 2b8 Ze. UN Sm"! povabe of bin) wehne Pi tg = $8.27, shto= Skaz7 «775 rigs the aes oF 4908 bin y= 7 bse uation fhe fl sigh ie 79541218 iy seth acorsey of equation (i) maybe vr by bering hat stot sks wl tht and yr replced by hire = 177 = 6a == 2 gee Hi bal 195121 to =2728 The dicepany ote pe ee ‘ona er ee ee oresase Statistical methods Subang he aes y= eine EE EP HEI ania aioe 195 ny tpi 7 an ten ring ink we ve i toreterk SEB aia ns ae mt) sil Hence, the unton ofthe Bes ig sap Bre is init 18939, Fiber e-19) FPF ate 1936 (india Let Y= bX ee etn of ee Fin igh ie, where xa Sry" 6 coco shoud ake om vale low the especie mean pa Mary ted and = 191 27.3) The neal equation are (862) Syn eisx, xr =an"s bE sh rable 8.3 Calculations for Fitting Straight Line sieedng and Method of Ley, curve F 8 Svaree ass dose oye vy age. oat et Wes acct it ee at ee sy intl er he sel meh ne ME oar ig te minimum obese ME 8S dS oN z ‘. “ com 1 right lie By the method feat eas reese fe sans eos ee al # [sla papas pega 4 | | wT Te Pte buble numberof day absent when age is 0 yeu ICU, BA, eon) 70) dente ge (3048) 2nd Ne abe ody stad yee re Gael rel ln, whe X= 2-7 NeterTer cage eae he mean of the given values a Ung he mao ‘Atersining ie vaues of and are eM EE, Bye ane BEX Diy meds one? vet ie Se Sen quote 0.4 calculations for Fitting straight Line Suing te vals the ermal equations We get Sn tab “F2te=16) Y 2264 Lill tie 1936 plantas thd ssl oloye when te values f any asl ma eezding 100 The Second meth wl be od conven west ase) Nae is sean Abwerce at 4 26 6 ioe a i =5 3 0 * 0 3 a a Bese ” 29 6 S ® ‘ % is a u " 186, % 2 0 ° 3 7 Fung eas ome ae the naa eqaons, we ve iiesta 3b 972-30 + 30RD sing bose wo eons eget ¢ = 19.7 and = 0791 Te eqsion af the ied vain ereore yeasor « J 1977 40791 Ge—«1) te years 1741 ens = 40,9 =0:731 240171 = 18 das PROX) “ane y=0781n= 178 Mays oa ample 84 Fit a sraight line 1 the following data by the method of last mee w 25 = ai 20 1 a 18 = [5 2256 Statistical weehods Solution {Net Hee. the succes values have acommon difeence, ‘he transformation (863) willbe the mot uae) [ecos te the guton of he smi ne i efor where w= =25) The poral equation re > 5 —- Boson bn, Tay sata + He Table 8.5 calculations for Fitting Straight Ling ig aso Ti 8 nr is {oS 7 (oo ie ea 108 «ab isms 9 Sabine hese aus nan eens e952) a = “Example 8.5. Fitasiraightlineto the folloing data by themethadef ea sue: Bl wT s] «ls ] o | 2: yy. 2] «| [as | # Solution Ite: Asin revou Example rea scsi aus of rhea “dere: ue seen Sot tomtom 65.4) wl Se sed) 1 exo he ni ie Bey =a + by whee a = E279) Tepe "equate e485) at zoo PIECHOD OMA Heth OF Lasse coy o easy om. saiculations for Fittin 7 Fitting stratghe tine = Te 86 noma an ms a8 = (4 HO) {218503 be and b= 21870 3.14 ee A and and erg in tem of com ump 86 The data Blow show the lengths (3) in mained by eid? armorponding to warous weights (x) n gm Fi a srl ine fh form youre ea a a a Tea “ition Leu wre the geation ofthe sigh ines Y= BX where = (e350) ‘Shs Ung the metho of let searen the ral atone for ening hssldand are EY = An's BEX SY © ABN + BBX 7 calculations for Fitting Straight Lineseatietien! Methods ase a Satine us a ein eo eons Piscinceaee, farts Save 423 B10 ion ese ea, yee « oso e535 100 (82 ‘Sinplipng we gt y= 8822+ 0204 a te equation ote Fed ih fe ne y= 8 +, Example 8.7 Fir sraight line y = mr + € 10 the following dau ‘erved and fed wales on the same graph paper: 7)? Le Le nd pry se ype Ls} =|) | x] ~~ spe TEU.BA tea curve FLECING and Hothod of aay, Feares asp aes Oi 38674 a te how nly nag POP ed tt Sete pe Soc ine Ohana om ao he OBS Yes incl (2) wi be wae OL ee othe of the oh sive valves of cl) incre by ese .the ited vc aye ace may then be cine by epee "06:80 yor ee Bs cos ces a Tie gr 159+ 347 = a tw we te dist tad ihe an so se BeyemBe sae gable 8.9 Fitting Straisht Line Buen Solution (Firtmetha (Nee: Pe en =9 (pis of brain. and ea, ; 1s os sip es “Thine common dierence 2S we may we the spel watsformatin os in Ea 3 fa 1859165 Ussrametheeqatinysmeseitbefom)vatbucview ns te ahe meet 3 fe ss oem Beene bon, Sip aba bt am a Ss owcaoe table 8.8 Fitting Straight Line nee poe Be ge 3S MS sas atemnd oe Pata ee ee ee eee 3 bie fi sar : 0 BR ae Sis oat 16392164 S40 694 nae =att Cr Ga asras ° é as oat @ 494 s39i2u0 mos oat States Mo 1388 wost=09 suing he ales desma eqtions, we pt nee Hu =0), 245 =9a 06 sD = 3.867. The ution of ite ies tee * ya 243460 yarn aaer (222 z a . On simpioatin, we gety= 11404 173 ‘ny te values, te noma equaons we 243 = Bm + 9 al 209 = 9m + Be sohtagn's Pivew Het Hence, the equation of te filo iy = LTB 13 Pong = 35cm roconsiely, we pt he ited vals a stow ne st oan rate), Not tha some ft was Table 88 and 89 fer sigh eas pe (Gee mumdag err Those Table 88 are comet ere desl a GD rivema eanasora Let + be + or? ~ er) ‘ication of the pra ee gen sof ef emt Govan tgb) Uninet essa eet alin able betes ty suing mao Denanebbe+c22 Exy = abe + BEC + cE aD Bg laeeresae te (1) we ave 3 eatin in ade oid te 3 costaa seatitsoal Methods cence iy Hehe ¢c'j= ao tars Ee a cE BBS e tat te ate ae ek eee en ee ge eet cc Se ea rneeaason ec cran ome Example 8.8 The profits (Rs at of certain company it hex sear ayy Iie are given by = z x ye | a | 278 [325 [aa iva cond dares parabTay = + BEF eFTO Te da TLCWA, Ja eg Solution (Fs method) The ont Be apenting inthe egtton yearheser a axon by slsing be nema equsons (8.72) able 8.10 calculations for Fitting Parabola yo 28 an] 4a 8 asm 30 0 101s 9598 4755 AT) Ise 55642056 Fiecing and Method curve OF tease imsres aga pane = 2548 foe ee = 081 and ew egg a (8 8S. Pa ane 3 me hs alas ini, 20) ales of. band Sine band cin, We equal awe Y=2088 + Otc ssh TM a ecg ace vas of shaves orn der ee ay ON sida pool year bute? : Ut gg ofthe parabls Whee =~ 3. Applying te met o et se ede cen arming the eons oie ae es Sri fools Spear bbe Ey = aba + Das ca? Saty = ab + BPs eat sain eumber fpf servations given wes te atin yenie 8-11 Calculations for the Fitting parabola as o 0 32s as 196 1532 au em Forage vals fom Table 6. inthe normal eutons| 1448 = a(S) +B (0) + (0) 4:11 = (0+ 610) <0) [29.73 = act) +60) +30) i 1448 = Sa+ 10e “til = 10 2093 = ta + He From ne second equation, b= 0.41 Also slag the ther 0 eqatins, a= 2.796 and €=85.Now puting the ales of bin (vi) nd ewring interme be ==, Yo 27864 OA te 3)+55(e= 3) 86 + 0411 (= 3) + 055 (8 6 +9) Siping, we get y= 2088 081s + 0552? [Checks Te acurey ofthe ited equation (i) may be vested by observing tat toh ‘idsothe quton wil have he sre vale when repel er meas athe Bena 195=3 Mean of = Exin=55/5= ing tes ales in 2896 = 2088 +081 x3 + 055. 11=2088 +0283 0615 = 2896) aoa262 Statistical Methods ic) Example 89 Fira second degree parabola 1 the given data, using of least squares: toni [75 [mo [as [x0 [rs To Ta warm ecy | is] 4s tor | 76 | 278 | aa [ie] ‘Soon Ladys ng a he EN EE Ths ed rb may be wren rg beso? ‘150 4 whee 3s [Rote If we we he dc ibd he cleutions WoUd be Lg. Hower ig notte seman feces 25. and 68, ee anemyt 63). ‘ee the maha of east squares the tol eqns fr deeming cna ce rye ms beech Bip cabs bis ca eves with €4 1 rath Sides and then form tsa Curve = ab" we take lo veil og 3 = (08 0 +g) jscan be we as Be ti gy. A #1084. B= log. The normal equon are ten apse PA SV San Bie, Zam AEe me uso 8 Sv 0 AaB ah ten hing eg. id a ese bes nd cone 1430 ye Geomeirie Curve y =a maybe wien se Nog y= Clog 0) + og 3) yoaebx ie yetogy.A=108 4 X= log. The normal egaon ae nee EY=An+ DEX, EXY= ALK + bE Jed for A and b, and then a = anil Ais tained Bayo abs BE eit spose are sol able 8.12 Calculations for Fitting Parabola ample 810 Fin equation ofthe form y = ae flowing dt z z 7 z @ 7 7 _| ma | v7ra | maa | aes solving 0 176,b=91 ende=13 ting thes ales in (thet ofthe parabola is ye 16+91n-+ 13, where w= (x 18925 = O4e-6, Substiing fru we have Y= 1264 9100486) + 1040-67 1764 364-8464 1510160 4.86436) 2 31043666 + 0208 = 6246 +468 y= 98-260¢+ 0282 ‘This the requied equation ofthe aba. i ‘ns. y = 98-2601 +028" as TRU, BA eon) 9) solution Ting logarithms of both sides inthe eston y= at meine log = fg 9 + mp ie ae ewe Y= logy, =log and B = log b. Applying he metodo es gus he om oe coe aoe BY=An+BEe, Ee able 8.13 Fitting Exponential curve Sbstaing he values in the normal equations. 15835 = 54208 47.1254 = 204+ 908 Salving these equations we get A = 200014 ad B = (ora; be ope 4 eal 001, B= 00791, Tasssilos 2000 = 100 Iopa=20001 hepa! sacl neo OR xample 811 Deen econ of e160 OQ data sen blo: 5 6 7 a 7 oe Ea es “Sotation ating natin oo nesin ie GUN =a We Reg ‘nog 2 te, when Yelegs Asha tebe Dems eos demi econ mina i By ArenBX, AY AE MEX? thers is th ube fas obser vn ee, = 3) rable 8.14 Pitting Geometric Curve ag apne a fos Fee is amin mar Diving bth ie of by Sane shes of i) 8, 1232 =4'+ 0760 12 =4s078In Sihencing 0030 00150: Fitng w= 2 ina = 12522066) = 03 Se penitgte Oda ee analog (17)=08 iu he cons of ie =e ae a= 03 and =, te eon of ee ae that isis Ouaon as pal) “i os Ana 0-05.02 curve Flttina and Method of tate cares agg RCE ® eon td of es squares fo Fin eee (2 in nig tine y ame sca Te re pr ot nbs ae i Ida ane os a ici” De 7s enti ne of eos ehot el Of sf fe fe Boo oo SB Toe Gs w fe 0 Oe eee ee Boo 6 w aes wf 2 © » 3 2 2 oe es ae (a ee ee fof em ; Pe re) 7 9 mw Bo a Tk a ua 5, Given he following data on quantesexchangedan pics alnear demand Givey a+ be [Fee [ie TOT? s[syaqs [Quantity OF 70 85 _| 100 [US| Tao | ae | 0 TCU. M.Com (Busines Eon) 70) 4 Apply the principle of least squares ts srg line y= a Br tothe fotoing dats =>? >a pets pope pe x of fas fs [si [CU, Be (th, How) 68) 5, Fita straight ine othe following data andestinate th mst probable yekof fie for 40 inches of water, Warne Bw [a] Tele weld y (ons [ 57 [568 | 625 | 721[ Bor | a7 | BAD TEU, Mom. 641 Calculate the values of m and & forthe equation y = m+ 10 show the repression of profit per unit of upton outa seatigticat Methods oa) a = wap? [an [oe Lox [a4 | a9 Sans vhen there is an out a ews sats of a ferilser experimen nie “Te folowing data oat ores of sic a [4 Ta Tanaf Ferd | 8 s Can eld) iio pus Pe I Farag new ae a Fe eT ese an Freq TCU Megs ety a, Theta (nh) lac kena wey eras gen Pa ace mae et Bowh prea mem [PTT 131 et apy teawar [wap er] wa] ma] Ta] wae ashe ia and estimate the amount of (resus “ Seam 9. Iie olivine, Site weght of potassium bromide Which Wty i100 po water at °F an equation of he form S = sent Ito of as sqaes. Use thi ation of imate Swen 52 pr sare [sash EWA, Jn 10, Fita curve ofthe form = a1 the following dat: ee) ea] ers [ed e 3 [si a0 | 8263 ae 11, Fite curve ofthe form y= a? 1 te folowing dat z T 2 3 a i y so | o | 7a [79 lama 12, Exim he constant he Pareto Curve n= A= whieh is he ilo 19S ~ 6; Nomber of Net Incomes more than Rs afer Tas Treome 7) Tater) 130 100.000 100 13.000 2000 35500 ULCWA, Dee. 73 Use logit and reduce the curve to straight line fre tt 04 A) +a) ogo Yn a's 8 8) wo FICEInO ADd HOEhOd oF tease 9 “ roures ay econ 28 PDO +B nig dae we a 1 3 7 aota of the second JBI 10 the flo 1» pa gable = r+ br +e) Se lie as he pF i bythe meta of 1 a by he med ofa age 7 T Ia T sass ices wee hae cyt aay cy ni CWA ly ‘ofa company inthe sh ear of se ae Hood rabola and estimates profs athe sh ec 7 A a i250 | _1400 [1680 —[ 1950 —} aon 1650500 +e wee Pd —_——answers———__; ae eoa 2 ye hO29e (i) y2162-126 iy yoS2- 15 iv) ye4ots 12% (a) 2599.20.60 (i y= 0504 025% 5, peHRO~ 4667 4. y= 1072+ 0536 RSE oo 0108 8.11 tons 6 ¥=05040257H, 320K 3 YE 111.88 + 0886X; 14.5 and 118.1 unis. YATHEMATICAL NOTE ow the Normal Equations are Derived (1) Fang stright ine y = a+ br (page 290) Applvingthe Method of Less Squares the constants ant are so chosen ss se ininie $6 0b) Ti ea eben Deo ‘Taking partial derivatives with respect o «and b, and equating them 0260 we etstatiatical Methode N ie. EQ ea ED" on [20 ae by roca hy 2080 XG Pa) These give the normat equations ( x) = () (2) Fitting parabola y= at by tex? (pay sochosen as to minimise 2 ( del . 268 Hery, the constants dy decane . Obi oy ead “Tuking partial derivatives with respect (0 + be and eqquatir NB they a oa 2 y-a-hy ee Moy Hp Om a= be = C12)? ag, ‘0 y= a= by ae ‘These lead to the normal equation (8.7.2).