EXAMPLES

UNIT 1
 Clipping

Vegetarian: veg photograph: photo biology: bio motorbike: bike

public house: pub fanatic: fan facsimile: fax advertisement: ad
influenza: flu telephone: phone motorbike: bike discotheque: disco
Parachute: chute condominium: condo caravan: van typography: typo
Teenagers: teens Pornography: porn

- Hypocorism

Television: telly Barbeque: Barbie Breakfast: brekky Biscuit: bickie

 Acronyming

- Word acronyms

RAM: random access memory ROM: read only memory

NASA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
AIDS: Acquired Immune-Deficiency Syndrome
UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
D-GPS: Differential Global Positioning System
ADDL: It has many meanings, for example, Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory

- Not capitalized

laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation)

scuba (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus)
radar (radio detecting and ranging)

- Spelling acronyms

EU (European Union) PR (public relations)

VCR (video cassette recorder) CD (compact disk).

- Names of organization

SPECTRE (Special Executive for Counterintelligence, Terrorism, Revenge and Extortion)

WAR (women against rape) NOW (National Orgunization for Wamer)
MADD (mothers against drunk driving).

 Blending

motel (motor + hotel) Spanglish (Spanish + English) smog (smoke + fog)

modem (modulator + demodulator) Franglais (français + anglais)
Chunnel (channel and tunnel) refolution (reform and revolution) bit (binary + digit)
Reagonomics (Reagan + economics) boatel (boat + hotel) brunch (breakfast + lunch)

 Borrowing

legal (Latin) duke (French) boomerang (Australian) kangaroo (Australia)

Sky (Danish) Texas (Native American) Wiki (Hawaiian)

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 - Calques or loan translation

Machtpolitik (German) nan pengyu (Chinese)

- Some borrowings into English

sky, sister, egg, both, thing (Danish)

duke, cost, labour, rent, calendar, uncle, aunt, easy (French)
solar, gravity, telescope, history, legal (Latin and Greek)
maize, tomato, tobacco, mouse, skunk, caribou (colonial languages)
kangarue, boobook, dingo wild dog', koala, kangaroo, boomerang (Australian)

- Some borrowings from English

cattle, sheep, horses, guns, later cars, branding, mustering, working (North America/Australia)
computer, video, radio, internet, harddick, rom, pr, cd, fernsyn, television, fernstyring, remote
control(Danish)

 Coinage

Nerd chunder barf naff worthless faulty

mylon Teflon doodad la-di-da Galoot razoo
kodak xenox vegemite colton ding-dong

- Phonaesthesia

gl- (brightness): glisten, gleam, glitter

sl- (uncontrolled, liquid-like movements): slip, slide, slither
-ump (protuberance): lump, plump, rump, hump or clump.
sn- (related to the nose): sneeze, snore or sniff.
tw- (spiralled): twist, twin or twirl.

 Derivation

Photographer hopeful anticlimatic.

 Compounding

noun + noun -> gatekeeper verb + noun -> spoilsport adjective + noun -> greenhouse

 Reduplication

fifty-fifty hush-hush never-never helter-skelter dilly-dally

higgelay-piggeldy teeny-weeny hanky panky shilly shally

 Backformation

revise -> revision incise -> incision burger -> hamburger televise -> television
edit -> editor emote -> emotion babysitter -> babysit

 Meaning extension

holiday (compound + meaning extension): holy+day, a work-free day / to go for a holiday, to

travel.

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  Meaning narrowing

doctor (someone who has a PhD) -> doctor (those who work in a hospital).

 Idioms

You can’t come the raw prawn with me kick the bucket
Hold your horses don’t look a gift horse in the mouth get it out of your chest
give (someone) a piece of your mind take with a generous pinch of salt
take with a ton of salt I'll eat my hat… and shoes as well!
up shit creek in a barbed-wire canoe without a paddle To pull someone’s leg
don't look a gift horse in the mouth throw your weight around get off your high horse
the ball is in your court break a leg to be a piece of cake to see eye to eye
to put the cart before the horse miss the boat

 Collocations

- Binomials

Salt and pepper black and white pros and cons sooner or later
more or less pen and paper up and down spick and span
livelong day all or nothing now or never back and forth
bright and early hot and cold ins and outs live and learn
skin and bones trick or treat men and women boys and girls
cats and dogs thick and thin question and answer here and there
pen and paper on and off step by step give or take
back to front Research and Development

- Trinomials

Gold, silver and bronze Me, myself and I First, second and third
This, that and the other Small, medium and large Mind, body and soul
Ready, steady, go Breakfast, lunch and dinner The good, the bad and the ugly
Knives, forks and spoons Research, Development and Innovation

 Taboos

Shit fuck cunt urine faeces vagina menstrual blood

 Euphemisms

to pass away / go to sleep -> die bathroom / loo -> toilet honorariums -> bribes
smalls / unmentionables -> underclothing make redundant -> sack
girl / working girl / woman of the street -> prostitute
undertaker / funeral director-> someone whose job is to bury the dead
campaign contributions -> graft tactical withdrawal -> retreat

 Dysphemisms

Bitch cunt pig slut monkey shithead fuckwit

shithouse / boghouse -> toilet six feet under -> die

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UNIT 2
 Synonymy

Hide and conceal small and little rich and wealth mother and mum
car and automobile truck and lorry dear and expensive mad and crazy
open and shut converse and chat learned and erudite mobile and cell phone
brotherly and fraternal

 Antonymy

Big and small long and short up and down dead and alive
Right and left east and west parent and child single and married
Maximum and minimum

- Gradable antonyms

Fast and slow rich and poor big and small

- Non-gradable antonyms

Dead and alive true and false pass and fail male and female

- Reverses

Push and pull rise and fall come and go tie and untie
Pack and unpack inflate and deflate appear and disappear sane and insane

- Converses

Own and belong give and receive like and please above and below
Borrow and loan

 Hyponymy

Tool -> Hammer, saw, screwdriver Animal -> dog, cat Hit -> slap, punch
Vegetable -> carrot, aubergine

 Meronymy

Wheel, handlebar and pedal are meronyms of bicycle

Hand and face are meronyms of clock