SEMINAR PRESENTATION

ON

ANESTHESIA, TYPES AND STAGES

BY

FATIMA NASIR

KASU/HST/CPT/21/016

SUBMITTED TO DEPARTMENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF

PHARMACEUTICAL STUDIES,
SHEHU IDRIS INSTITUTE OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY, KADUNA
STATE UNIVERSITY, MAKARFI CAMPUS

SUPERVISED BY

PHARM. MUNIR ADAM

OCTOBER, 2024
 TABLE OF CONTENT
Introduction
1

Anesthesia 2
Types of Anesthesia 2
General Anesthesia 2
Techniques of General Anesthesia 2
Indications for General Anesthesia 4
Contraindications for General Anesthesia: 4
Techniques of Regional Anesthesia 6
Indications for Regional Anesthesia: 7
Local Anesthesia 8
Techniques of Local Anesthesia 8
Indications for Local Anesthesia: 10
Contraindications for Local Anesthesia: 11
Sedation 12
Techniques of Sedation 12
Indications for Sedation 13
Contraindications for Sedation 14
Stages of Anesthesia 15
Pre-Anesthetic Evaluation 15
Induction 16
Maintenance 16
Emergence 16
Post-Anesthetic Care 17
Conclusion 18
 Reference 19
Introduction

Anesthesia plays a critical role in modern medicine, allowing for the safe and effective

performance of surgical and diagnostic procedures. (Huang, Chen & Liu., 2021). General

anesthesia provides an unconscious state, during which the patient is completely unresponsive to

external stimuli. It is typically used for major surgical procedures or when extensive

manipulation of body tissues is necessary (Huang, Chen & Liu., 2021). Regional anesthesia

involves the blockade of nerve pathways, leading to a loss of sensation in a specific region of the

body; common examples include spinal and epidural anesthesia (Chen, Wong, & Zhang, 2023).

Local anesthesia, on the other hand, is utilized for minor surgical or diagnostic procedures,

numbing only the targeted area while the patient remains fully conscious (Schreiber, Robinson &

Patel, 2022).

The stages of anesthesia are important for understanding the patient's journey through the

anesthetic experience. Generally, the process is divided into four stages, which include induction,

maintenance, emergence, and recovery (Fitzgerald, Andersen & Moore, 2024). The stage of

induction involves the administration of anesthetic agents to achieve unconsciousness, followed

by maintenancae, where the anesthetic depth is sustained for the duration of the procedure.

Emergence marks the transition of the patient from the anesthetized state back to consciousness,

while recovery focuses on monitoring and ensuring patient stability post-anesthesia (Hawkins,

Patel & Thompson 2023).

 Anesthesia

Anesthesia is a medical practice that involves administering drugs to induce a temporary state of

controlled loss of sensation or consciousness. It plays a vital role in enabling surgeries and other

medical procedures by alleviating pain, ensuring patient comfort, and allowing complex

interventions that would otherwise be intolerable. (Miller & Pardo, 2020).

Types of Anesthesia

1. General Anesthesia

General Anesthesia is a state of controlled unconsciousness induced during surgical or medical

procedures to prevent pain and discomfort. It involves the administration of anesthetic agents

that cause the loss of sensation, memory, and consciousness, allowing patients to undergo

procedures without awareness or pain. General anesthesia is typically used for more invasive or

complex surgeries. (Nagelhout & Plaus, 2022)

Techniques of General Anesthesia

1. Inhalational Anesthesia:

Procedure: Inhalational anesthetics are gases or vapors that are inhaled through a mask or

endotracheal tube. These agents are absorbed through the lungs into the bloodstream, where they

act on the central nervous system. ((Nagelhout & Plaus, 2022)

Common Agents:

Sevoflurane: Commonly used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia, particularly

in children and adults. (Nagelhout & Plaus, 2022).

 Isoflurane: Used for maintenance of anesthesia in a variety of surgeries.

Nitrous Oxide: Often used in combination with other inhalants, particularly for its analgesic

properties. (Nagelhout & Plaus, 2022)

 Advantages: Inhalational agents are easy to adjust, and the effects can be rapidly reversed by

decreasing the dosage or stopping the administration of the gas.

2. Intravenous (IV) Anesthesia:

o Procedure: Anesthetic drugs are administered directly into the bloodstream through an

intravenous line. These agents induce rapid onset of unconsciousness. . (Butterworth, Mackey, &

Wasnick, 2021).

Common Agents:

Butterworth, Mackey and Wasnick (2021) explains the common agents as;

 Propofol: Most commonly used for both induction and maintenance of anesthesia. It has a fast

onset and a short duration of action.

 Etomidate: Used for induction, particularly in patients with cardiovascular issues.

 Ketamine: Provides both anesthesia and analgesia and can cause dissociative states; useful in

certain emergency procedures.

 Barbiturates (e.g., Thiopental): Historically used for induction, though less common now.

Advantages: IV agents act more quickly than inhalational agents, making them ideal for

induction. (Butterworth, Mackey, & Wasnick, 2021).

3. Balanced Anesthesia:

o Procedure: This involves using a combination of both intravenous and inhalational agents to

achieve anesthesia. A typical regimen might include IV drugs for rapid induction, followed by

inhalational agents to maintain anesthesia. (Lerman, Coté, & Steward, 2023).

Advantages: Provides more controlled and optimal anesthesia with fewer side effects, as

different agents act on different aspects of anesthesia (e.g., analgesia, amnesia, muscle

relaxation). (Lerman, Coté, & Steward, 2023).

 4. Total Intravenous Anesthesia (TIVA):

o Procedure: A technique where only intravenous agents (like propofol, remifentanil) are used for

both induction and maintenance of anesthesia, without the need for inhaled agents. (Barash,

Cullen, Stoelting, Cahalan, Stock, & Ortega, 2018).

o Advantages: Provides a precise, controlled depth of anesthesia with no exposure to inhalational

gases, making it useful in specific patient populations or surgeries. (Barash et al 2018).

Indications for General Anesthesia

1. Major Surgery: Procedures that are invasive, long, or require complete muscle relaxation,

such as heart surgery, neurosurgery, or major abdominal surgeries. (Kettner & Jensen, 2020).

2. Surgeries Requiring Complete Unconsciousness: For procedures where the patient must be

completely unconscious and unaware, such as organ transplants or large bone surgeries.

(Kettner & Jensen, 2020).

3. Invasive Diagnostic Procedures: When diagnostic procedures (like certain types of biopsies

or endoscopies) cannot be tolerated under local anesthesia or sedation alone. (Kettner &

Jensen, 2020).

4. Painful or Stressful Procedures: Surgeries or treatments that would cause severe pain,

distress, or discomfort if the patient were conscious. (Kettner & Jensen, 2020).

5. Patients with Anxiety or Fear: When a patient cannot tolerate the psychological stress of

being awake during surgery, general anesthesia may be the preferred option. (Kettner &

Jensen, 2020).

Contraindications for General Anesthesia:

1. Severe Allergies to Anesthetics: Some patients may have a history of allergic reactions to

specific anesthetic agents, which can lead to serious complications. (Miller & Cohen,

2023).
 Uncontrolled Medical Conditions

2. Severe Cardiovascular or Respiratory Disease: Conditions like uncontrolled hypertension,

heart failure, or asthma can make general anesthesia riskier. (Miller & Cohen, 2023).

3. Severe Obesity: Excessive weight can complicate airway management and lead to difficulty

in ventilation. (Miller & Cohen, 2023).

4. Inability to Secure the Airway: In cases where intubation is difficult or the patient has

anatomical challenges (e.g., in patients with a known difficult airway), general anesthesia

may be contraindicated, or additional precautions are needed. (Miller & Cohen, 2023).

5. Pregnancy: Certain anesthetic agents may pose risks to the fetus, so they are generally

avoided during pregnancy unless the procedure is critical.

6. History of Malignant Hyperthermia: A rare but potentially life-threatening reaction to

certain anesthetic agents (like halothane), characterized by a rapid increase in body

temperature and muscle rigidity. This contraindicates the use of specific inhalational agents.

7. Severe Liver or Kidney Disease: These conditions can affect the metabolism and clearance

of anesthetic agents, requiring careful monitoring and adjustment of drugs used.

2. Regional Anesthesia
Regional Anesthesia is a type of anesthesia that blocks sensation in a specific region of the body,

allowing for surgery or procedures to be done without causing the patient pain. Unlike general

anesthesia, which induces a state of unconsciousness, regional anesthesia numbs only a particular

area, enabling the patient to remain awake during the procedure. (Mason & Lee, 2021).
 Techniques of Regional Anesthesia

1. Epidural Anesthesia

o Procedure: A catheter is placed in the epidural space (just outside the dura mater surrounding

the spinal cord). Local anesthetics and sometimes analgesics are administered through this

catheter to block nerve signals. (Hansen & Becker, 2018).

o Uses: Commonly used for childbirth (labor analgesia), lower abdominal, pelvic, and lower limb

surgeries. (Hansen & Becker, 2018).

2. Spinal Anesthesia

Procedure: A single injection of local anesthetic is administered directly into the subarachnoid

space, which is a fluid-filled space surrounding the spinal cord. This results in a rapid onset of

anesthesia. (Bakker & Van Klei, 2020).

Uses: Often used for surgeries below the waist, such as cesarean sections, hip replacements, and

lower limb surgeries. (Bakker & Van Klei, 2020).

3. Peripheral Nerve Blocks

Procedure: Local anesthetics are injected near specific nerves that supply sensation to a

particular part of the body.

Types:

Brachial Plexus Block: For upper limb surgeries.

 Femoral Nerve Block: For knee or thigh procedures.

 Sciatic Nerve Block: For foot or leg surgeries.

4. Caudal Anesthesia

Procedure: A needle is inserted into the sacral region of the spine, and local anesthetic is

injected into the caudal epidural space. It is a variation of epidural anesthesia. (Brull & Raedel,

2022)

Uses: Often used in pediatric surgeries and some lower abdominal or pelvic surgeries. (Brull &

Raedel, 2022)

Indications for Regional Anesthesia

1. Lower Limb Surgeries: Procedures on the legs or lower abdomen, such as hip or knee

replacements. (Mohta & Tiwari, 2022).

2. Labor and Delivery: Epidural and spinal blocks are commonly used to provide pain relief

during childbirth. (Mohta & Tiwari, 2022).

3. Cesarean Section: Spinal anesthesia is often used during C-sections for its rapid onset and

ability to block pain below the waist. (Mohta & Tiwari, 2022).

4. Postoperative Pain Management: Epidural or peripheral nerve blocks can be used to

manage pain following surgery, reducing the need for systemic opioids. (Mohta & Tiwari,

2022).

5. Patients with Contraindications to General Anesthesia: For patients who may not tolerate

general anesthesia well, regional anesthesia can be a safer alternative. (Mohta & Tiwari,

2022).

Contraindications for Regional Anesthesia

1. Patient Refusal or Preference for General Anesthesia: Some patients may prefer to be

unconscious during surgery. (Blaine & Williams, 2021).

2. Allergy to Local Anesthetics: Rare, but certain patients may be allergic to the drugs used for

regional anesthesia. (Blaine & Williams, 2021).

3. Infection at the Injection Site: If there is an infection in the area where the needle or

catheter would be inserted, regional anesthesia is contraindicated. (Blaine & Williams, 2021).

4. Uncontrolled Bleeding Disorders: Patients with bleeding disorders or those on

anticoagulant therapy may be at risk for bleeding during the procedure. (Blaine & Williams,

2021).

5. Severe Hypovolemia: A very low blood volume can lead to complications with anesthesia.

6. Severe Spinal Abnormalities: Conditions that distort the anatomy of the spine, such as

scoliosis or other deformities, may make it difficult to perform regional anesthesia safely.

(Blaine & Williams, 2021).

3. Local Anesthesia

Local Anesthesia is a type of anesthesia that numbs a specific part of the body to block pain

during minor surgeries or procedures. Unlike regional or general anesthesia, local anesthesia

affects only the area where the anesthetic is applied, allowing the patient to remain awake and

aware during the procedure. (Malamed, 2019).

Techniques of Local Anesthesia

1. Infiltration Anesthesia:

Procedure: A local anesthetic is injected directly into the tissue surrounding the area to be

treated. The drug diffuses through the tissue to block nerve endings, resulting in a loss of

sensation in the localized region. (Nivens, & Wong, 2019).

Uses: Commonly used for minor surgical procedures like skin excisions, dental procedures, or

biopsies. (Nivens, & Wong, 2019).

2. Nerve Block:

Procedure: A local anesthetic is injected near a specific nerve or group of nerves to block

sensation in a larger region of the body. This technique can numb a single nerve or a network of

nerves, depending on the area being treated. (Cohen & Dye, 2019).

o Types:

 Peripheral Nerve Block: Blocks pain in a specific body part, such as a hand or foot, by

targeting the nerves supplying that area (e.g., brachial plexus block for the arm). (Cohen &

Dye, 2019).

 Facial Nerve Block: Used in dental procedures to numb a particular area of the mouth or

face. (Cohen & Dye, 2019).

o Uses: Common in dental procedures, small hand surgeries, or when a more targeted area

needs to be anesthetized. (Cohen & Dye, 2019).

3. Topical Anesthesia

Procedure: Anesthetic agents are applied directly to the skin or mucous membranes in the form

of creams, gels, or sprays. The drug numbs the surface of the skin or mucous membranes,

making it effective for minor procedures. (Klein & Shukla, 2019).

Common Agents: Lidocaine, benzocaine, and tetracaine. (Klein & Shukla, 2019).

Uses: Typically used for minor skin procedures, such as removing warts, or before inserting an

intravenous (IV) line or performing a needle stick. (Klein & Shukla, 2019).

4. Spinal or Epidural Anesthesia (for lower body):

o Procedure: Although these techniques are often categorized as regional anesthesia, in some

contexts, they are used as local anesthesia for procedures involving the lower body. A local

anesthetic is injected near the spinal cord to numb the lower half of the body.
o Uses: Used for surgeries such as cesarean sections, hip replacements, or lower abdominal

surgeries.

5. Intravenous Regional Anesthesia (Bier Block):

Procedure: A local anesthetic is injected into a vein in the arm or leg, with a tourniquet

applied to prevent the drug from spreading to other parts of the body. (Mason, Lee & Hsu,

2022).

Uses: Used for short, relatively simple surgical procedures on the limbs. (Mason, Lee &

Hsu, 2022).

Indications for Local Anesthesia

1. Minor Surgical Procedures: For small, superficial surgeries or biopsies, such as mole

removal, laceration repairs, or dental work. (Malamed, 2019).

2. Dental Procedures: Used extensively in dental practices to numb the gums and teeth for

treatments like fillings, root canals, or extractions. (Malamed, 2019).

3. Diagnostic Procedures: For diagnostic interventions, such as skin biopsies, endoscopic

procedures, or minor eye surgeries, where only localized pain control is needed. (Malamed,

2019).

4. Wound Suturing: For stitching up small cuts or wounds, local anesthesia is often sufficient

to prevent pain. (Malamed, 2019).

5. Cosmetic Procedures: For non-invasive or minimally invasive procedures, such as Botox

injections, laser treatments, or dermal fillers. (Malamed, 2019).

6. Pain Management: In some cases, local anesthetics are used as part of pain management in

conditions like neuralgia or musculoskeletal pain. (Malamed, 2019).

Contraindications for Local Anesthesia

1. Allergy to Local Anesthetics: A rare but serious condition where a patient may have a

hypersensitivity to certain anesthetic agents like lidocaine, procaine, or bupivacaine.

(Malamed, 2017).

2. Infection at the Injection Site: If the area to be anesthetized is infected, injecting anesthetics

could spread the infection, complicating the procedure. (Malamed, 2017).

3. Severe Hypersensitivity Reactions: Some patients may experience systemic reactions (e.g.,

anaphylaxis) to the anesthetic agents, making it essential to assess for allergies beforehand.

(Malamed, 2017).

4. Severe Heart or Kidney Disease: Local anesthetics are metabolized in the liver and

excreted by the kidneys. Patients with severe liver or kidney conditions may be at risk of

toxicity due to the slower breakdown of the drug. (Malamed, 2017).

5. Inadequate Response in Certain Nerves: For some areas of the body or certain nerves,

local anesthesia may not provide adequate pain relief, necessitating other forms of anesthesia.

(Malamed, 2017).

6. Pregnancy: Some local anesthetics can cross the placenta and may be contraindicated in

pregnancy, especially during the first trimester, although many local anesthetics (like

lidocaine) are considered relatively safe when used appropriately. (Malamed, 2017).

7. Inability to Control the Airway or Positioning: In certain cases, if the patient cannot

remain still or the surgical field requires mobility (such as with deep tissue), local anesthesia

may be ineffective. (Malamed, 2017).

4. Sedation

Sedation is the administration of drugs to relax a patient, reduce anxiety, and ease pain or

discomfort during medical procedures. Unlike general anesthesia, sedation doesn't necessarily

render the patient fully unconscious; instead, it creates a state of calmness or partial

unconsciousness while allowing the patient to respond to stimuli depending on the level of

sedation. (Kopacz & Packer, 2020).

Techniques of Sedation

1. Minimal Sedation (Anxiolysis):

Definition: The lightest level of sedation, where the patient is calm but fully awake, responsive,

and able to follow directions. (Huang & Chen, 2023).

Procedure: Typically involves oral sedatives (like benzodiazepines such as diazepam or

midazolam) taken before a minor procedure. . (Huang & Chen, 2023).

Uses: Common for procedures where reducing anxiety and promoting relaxation are necessary,

such as in dental work or minor dermatological procedures. . (Huang & Chen, 2023).

2. Moderate Sedation (Conscious Sedation):

Definition: A deeper level of sedation where the patient is relaxed and drowsy but can still

respond to verbal commands or light touch. Memory of the procedure is often limited. (Bishara

& Baird, 2022).

Procedure: Often achieved with intravenous (IV) drugs like midazolam, fentanyl, or propofol,

alone or in combination with analgesics. (Bishara & Baird, 2022).

Uses: Commonly used for procedures such as colonoscopies, minor surgeries, or certain

diagnostic procedures. (Bishara & Baird, 2022).

3. Deep Sedation:

Definition: The patient is on the edge of unconsciousness, barely responsive but may still

respond to repeated or painful stimulation. The patient may need assistance to maintain an open

airway. (Dhar & Kim, 2017).

Procedure: Typically involves higher doses of sedative drugs like propofol or ketamine,

sometimes combined with analgesics or hypnotic agents. (Dhar & Kim, 2017).

Uses: Used in procedures where patient movement or awareness could interfere, such as certain

endoscopies or complex dental surgeries. (Dhar & Kim, 2017).

4. Procedural Sedation and Analgesia (PSA):

Definition: A controlled sedation technique where sedatives and pain relievers are used to

minimize discomfort during procedures without inducing full anesthesia. (Pooni, & Gooden,

2021).

Procedure: Administered through a combination of IV sedatives and analgesics like fentanyl,

which are titrated carefully to keep the patient in a relaxed but responsive state. (Pooni, &

Gooden, 2021).

Uses: Often used in emergency or outpatient settings for procedures like fracture reduction,

lumbar punctures, or abscess drainage. (Pooni, & Gooden, 2021).

Indications for Sedation

According to Chung, Mezei, & Kain (2019), the indications for sedation are;

1. Diagnostic and Minor Surgical Procedures: For procedures like endoscopies,

colonoscopies, and minor surgeries, where a calm and relaxed patient is needed but general

anesthesia is unnecessary. (Chung, Mezei, & Kain, 2019).

2. Painful or Anxiety-Inducing Procedures: Procedures that may be uncomfortable or cause

significant anxiety, such as dental extractions, wound care, or minor dermatological

surgeries. (Chung, et al, 2019).

3. Patients with High Anxiety or Fear: For patients who experience high levels of anxiety or

fear during medical or dental visits. (Chung, et al, 2019).

4. Reduction of Movement: For patients who might struggle to remain still during sensitive

procedures, sedation can help reduce movement without complete unconsciousness. (Chung,

et al, 2019).

5. Diagnostic Imaging: In certain imaging procedures (like MRI), where lying still is essential,

sedation may be administered to prevent movement or claustrophobia. (Chung, et al, 2019).

Contraindications for Sedation

1. Severe Respiratory Conditions: Patients with conditions like severe chronic obstructive

pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, or sleep apnea may have difficulty maintaining an open

airway during sedation, especially during deep sedation. (Harrison & Martin, 2021).

2. Uncontrolled Cardiovascular Conditions: Patients with unstable hypertension, severe

arrhythmias, or recent heart attacks may be at higher risk for complications with sedative

drugs. (Harrison & Martin, 2021).

3. Allergy to Sedative Agents: Rare but possible, as some patients may have hypersensitivity

to specific sedative agents like benzodiazepines or opioids. (Harrison & Martin, 2021).

4. Liver or Kidney Disease: These organs are responsible for metabolizing and excreting

sedatives, so patients with severe liver or kidney impairment may be at risk of drug

accumulation and toxicity. (Harrison & Martin, 2021).

5. Pregnancy: Certain sedative agents can cross the placental barrier and affect the fetus,

especially during the first trimester, so sedation in pregnancy is generally avoided unless

medically necessary. (Harrison & Martin, 2021)

6. Severe Obesity: Obesity, especially with obstructive sleep apnea, can complicate airway

management and ventilation during sedation. (Harrison & Martin, 2021).

7. History of Substance Abuse: Patients with a history of drug or alcohol abuse may have

higher tolerance to sedatives, requiring larger doses, which could increase the risk of

complications. (Harrison & Martin, 2021).

Stages of Anesthesia

The process of anesthesia is divided into several distinct stages, each designed to ensure patient

safety and comfort. The stages include pre-anesthetic evaluation, induction, maintenance, and

emergence, with each step involving specific assessments and interventions. (Miller & Cohen,

2022).

1. Pre-Anesthetic Evaluation

This initial stage involves a comprehensive review of the patient’s medical history, a physical

examination, and possibly diagnostic tests to evaluate the patient’s readiness for anesthesia. Pre-

anesthetic evaluation is essential to identify potential risks, tailor anesthesia plans, and optimize

patient safety during the procedure. (Miller & Cohen, 2022).

Patient Assessment

Evaluates overall health, identifying conditions that might impact anesthesia management.

(Miller & Cohen, 2022).

Medical History

A review of past illnesses, surgeries, allergies, and previous anesthesia experiences to anticipate

any complications. (Miller & Cohen, 2022).

Physical Examination

A thorough check of vital signs and systems, especially cardiovascular and respiratory, to

identify any issues that could complicate anesthesia administration. (Miller & Cohen, 2022).

2. Induction

Induction is the process of initiating anesthesia to transition the patient from a conscious state to

an anesthetized state. This involves administering anesthetic agents—through inhalation,

intravenous (IV), or both—to achieve a loss of consciousness and sensation. Induction agents are

selected based on the patient’s health and the nature of the surgery, aiming for a smooth,

controlled onset of anesthesia. (Huang, & Weingart, 2020)

3. Maintenance

Once the patient is anesthetized, the maintenance phase ensures that the anesthetic state is

sustained throughout the procedure. During this stage, anesthetic agents are continually

administered, often in combination with analgesics, muscle relaxants, and other supportive

drugs. The anesthesiologist monitors vital signs, oxygen levels, and other parameters to maintain

a stable anesthetic state, adjusting dosages as needed to prevent under- or over-sedation.

(Bhananker & Kothari, 2017).

4. Emergence

Emergence is the process of safely reversing anesthesia and bringing the patient back to a

conscious state following the completion of the procedure. It involves stopping the

administration of anesthetic agents and closely monitoring the patient as they regain
consciousness. Pain management and respiratory support are often required during this phase to

ensure a smooth recovery, as residual effects of anesthesia can impact breathing and cause

discomfort. (Gropper, Cohen, & Wiener-Kronish, 2019).

5. Post-Anesthetic Care

This stage is focused on monitoring the patient in a recovery area, typically a post-anesthesia

care unit (PACU). Here, vital signs and overall recovery are closely observed to manage any

potential side effects or complications. Pain control, oxygen therapy, and treatment for nausea or

other post-anesthetic symptoms are provided to ensure a comfortable transition to full

consciousness. (Butterworth, J. F., Mackey, D. C., & Wasnick, 2019).

Conclusion

The types and stages of anesthesia are integral to the safe and effective practice of surgery and

other medical procedures. Each type of anesthesia whether general, regional, local, or sedation is

tailored to meet specific procedural needs, patient health conditions, and desired outcomes. For

instance, general anesthesia enables major surgeries by providing a controlled, unconscious state,

while regional and local anesthetics are advantageous for targeted pain relief with faster recovery

times. Sedation offers an intermediate option, providing relaxation and comfort without full

unconsciousness, making it suitable for minimally invasive procedures. Understanding the stages

of anesthesia pre-anesthetic evaluation, induction, maintenance, emergence, and post-anesthetic

care is equally important. Each stage is designed to ensure patient safety, minimize risks, and

optimize anesthetic management through careful assessment, monitoring, and individualized

care. From the initial evaluation to post-procedure recovery, anesthesiologists and surgical teams

collaborate closely to maintain patient stability and prevent complications.

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