KIMS COLLEGE OF NURSING

LESSON PLAN
ON
Fertilization and implantation

Prepared By
Mrs. SARU KRISHNA A
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
KIMS COLLEGE OF NURSING
 Lesson plan on Fertilization and Implantation
Name of the teacher : Mrs. Saru Krishna A Date :

Subject : Obstetric and Gynaecological Nursing Time :

Unit : II - Review of anatomy and physiology Duration : 2 hr

of female reproductive system Venue : 4th year BSc Nursing classroom

Topic : Fertilization and Implantation

Group : 4th year BSc Nursing

Strength : 66

Method of teaching : Lecture cum discussion

AV Aids : PowerPoint presentations, Whiteboard

Previous Knowledge : Students have previous knowledge from textbooks and medias

Central Objectives : At the end of the class students will be able to gain adequate knowledge regarding fertilization and implantation
and apply this knowledge in clinical setting with a positive attitude.

Specific Objective : At the end of the class students will,

❖ Define gametogenesis
❖ Explain oogenesis
❖ Explain maturation of ovum
❖ Describe the structure of ovum
❖ Explain spermatogenesis
❖ Describe maturation of sperm
❖ Describe the structure of sperm
❖ Explain sperm capacitation
❖ Elaborate ovulation
❖ Define conception
❖ Describe fertilization
❖ Enlist the post implantation changes in endometrium.
❖ Explain implantation
❖ Describe the post fertilization event
❖ Describe the development of fertilized ovum
❖ Explain chorion and chorionic villi
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INTRODUCTION
Fertilization is the process in which a new cell is formed when two
gametes (sex cells) –sperm and ova fuse together. During this
2mins Introduce the Introducing the
unbiased event, all genetic information is transferred from both the
topic topic
parents to their child and the gender of the child is determined. For
understanding the development of fetus, one has to understand
various process or developmental stages, which are occurring before
the fetus get formed.

GAMETOGENESIS
Defining the
3mins The process involved in the maturation of the two highly specialized
Define gametogenesis and Listening White board What is
cells, spermatozoon in male and ovum in female before they unite to students actively actively and gametogenesis?
gametogenesis
form zygote, is called gametogenesis. listens writing notes

OOGENESIS

The process involved in the development of a mature ovum is called

oogenesis. Explaining What is
10mins Explain Listening Powerpoint
❖ The primitive germ cells take their origin from the yolk sac oogenesis and oogenesis?
oogenesis students actively actively and presentations
at about the end of 3rd week and their migration to the writing notes
listening
developing gonadal ridge is completed round about the end
of 4th week.
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❖ In the female gonads, the germ cells undergo a number of

rapid mitotic divisions and differentiate into oogonia.
❖ The number of oogonia reaches its maximum at 20th week,
numbering about 7 million.
❖ While the majority of the oogonia continue to divide, some
enter into the prophase of the first meiotic division and are
called primary oocytes.
❖ These are surrounded by flat cells and are called primordial
follicles and are present in the cortex of the ovary.
❖ At birth, there is no more mitotic division and all the oogonia
are replaced by primary oocytes which have finished the
prophase of the first meiotic division and remain in resting
phase between prophase and metaphase.
❖ Total number of primary oocytes at birth is estimated to be
about 2 million.
❖ The primary oocytes do not finish the first meiotic division
until puberty is reached.
❖ At puberty, some 400,000 primary oocytes are left behind,
the rest being atretic. Out of these, some 400 are likely to
ovulate during the entire reproductive period.
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Explain the Maturation of the oocytes Explaining the

10 maturation of topic and students Listening White board What are the
mins ovum actively and
❖ The essence of maturation is reduction of the number of actively listens writing notes
stages of
maturation of
chromosomes to half.
oocytes?
❖ Before the onset of first meiotic division, the primary oocytes
double its DNA by replication, so they contain double the
amount of normal protein content.
❖ There are 22 pairs of autosomes which determine the body
characteristics and 1 pair of sex chromosomes, named "XX"
❖ The first stage of maturation occurs with full maturation of
the ovarian follicle just prior to ovulation but the final
maturation occurs only after fertilization.
❖ The primary oocyte undergoes first meiotic division giving
rise to secondary oocyte and one polar body.
❖ The two are of unequal size, the secondary oocyte contains
haploid number of chromosomes (23X), but nearly all the
cytoplasm and the small polar body also contains half of the
chromosomes (23, X) but with scanty cytoplasm.
❖ Ovulation occurs soon after the formation of the secondary
Oocyte.
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❖ The secondary oocyte completes the second meiotic division

(homotypical) by the sperm in the Fallopian tube and
possessing 23 chromosomes (23, X), the larger one is called
the mature ovum and the smaller one is the second polar body
containing the same number of chromosomes.
❖ The first polar body may also undergo the second meiotic
division. In the absence of fertilization, the secondary oocyte
does not complete the second meiotic division and
degenerates as such.
OOGENSIS

Germ cells
(Mitosis)

Oogonia

Primary oocyte (46, XX)

Arrested in first meiotic division

Maturation of Graafian follicle

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Completion of first meiotic division

Secondary oocyte 1st polar body

(23, X) (23, X)
s

Ovulation

Not fertilized Fertilized

Degeneration within 24 hrs complete second meiotic division

Female pronucleus (23, X) Second polar body (23, X)

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Structure of a mature ovum

❖ A fully mature ovum is the largest cell in the body and is

about 130 microns in diameter.
❖ It consists of cytoplasm and a nucleus with its nucleolus
10 Describe the which is eccentric in position and contains 23 chromosomes Describing the Listening Powerpoint What is the
mins structure of (23, X). structure of ovum and writing presentation structure of
ovum ❖ During fertilization, the nucleus is converted into female notes mature ovum?
pronucleus. The ovum is surrounded by a cell membrane
called vitelline membrane.
❖ There is an outer transparent mucoprotein envelope, the zona
pellucida.
❖ The zona pellucida is penetrated by tiny channels which are
thought to be important for the transport of the materials from
granulosa cells to oocyte.
❖ In between the vitelline membrane and the zona pellucida,
there is narrow space called perivitelline space which
accommodates the polar bodies.
❖ The human oocyte, after its escape from the follicle, retains
a covering of granulosa cells known as the corona radiata
derived from the cumulus oophorus.
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SPERMATOGENESIS
The process involved in the development of spermatids from the
primordial male and their differentiation into spermatozoa is called
spermatogenesis.
Development of spermatogonia
❖ The spermatogonia, in turn, differentiate into primary
spermatocytes which remain in the stage of prophase of the
first meiotic division for a long time (about 16 days).
❖ Each spermatocyte contains 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair
of sex chromosomes, named "XY".
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Explain ❖ With the completion of the first meiotic division, two Explaining What is
10 spermatogenesis secondary spermatocytes are formed having equal share of spermatogenesis Listening Powerpoint spermatogonia?
mins and writing presentation
cytoplasm and haploid number of chromosomes either 23, X notes
or 23, Y.
❖ Then immediately follows the second meiotic division
(homotypical) with the formation of four spermatids, each
containing haploid number of chromosomes, two with 23, X
and two with 23, Y.
❖ Immediately after their formation, extensive morphological
differentiation of the spermatids occurs without further cell
division to convert them into spermatozoa.
❖ The process is called spermiogenesis.
❖ In man, the time required for a spermatogonium to develop
into a mature spermatozoon is about 61 days.

SPERMATOGENESIS

Germ cells

Spermatogonia
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Primary spermatocyte
(46, XY)

First meiotic division

Secondary spermatocyte

23, X 23, Y

Second meiotic division

23, X 23, X 23, X 23, X

Spermatids
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Morphological change to spermatozoa

(spermatogenesis)

Structure of a mature spermatozoon

❖ It has got two parts, a head and a tail.

❖ The head consists principally of the condensed nucleus and
acrosomal cap.
❖ Acrosome is rich in enzymes.
❖ The tail is divided into four zones- the neck, the middle piece,
the principal piece and the end piece.

What are the

5mins Describe the Describing the Listening White board parts in a mature
structure of structure of sperm and writing spermatozoon?
sperm notes
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Sperm capacitation and acrosome reaction

Capacitation is the physiochemical change in the sperm by

which it becomes hyper motile and is able to bind and fertilize a
secondary oocyte. It is a process that allows the acrosome reaction to
occur, so the sperm can penetrate zona pellucida of the oocyte.
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❖ During epididymal transit, sperm acquire the ability to move What is sperm
10mins Explain sperm progressively but they are still fertilization incompetent. Explaining sperm Listening Powerpoint capacitation?
capacitation capacitation and writing presentations
Capacitation takes place in the genital tract and takes about notes
2-6 hours. The changes involve cyclic AMP dependent
phosphorylation with increase in intracellular pH (influx of
Ca and efflux of H).
❖ Capacitation is also correlated with changes in sperm
motility patterns, designated as sperm hyperactivation.
❖ Capacitation causes head changes (acrosome reaction) and
tail changes (motility changes).
❖ Activation of acrosomal membranes causes release of
hyaluronidase, hydrolytic enzymes, proacrosin, acrosin, that
help the sperm to digest the zona pellucida and to enter into
the oocyte.
❖ During acrosomal reaction the sperm plasma membrane
fuses with the outer acrosomal membrane.
❖ The sperm with acrosomal membrane binds the Outer Zona
Protein (ZP), after passing between the corona radiata.
❖ After acrosome reaction, the sperm binds to Zona Protein
ZP2 Then there is zona reaction to prevent polyspermy.
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❖ Acrosome sperm penetrate the zona pellucida → reaches the

perivitelline space → fuses with the oocyte plasma
membrane.
❖ The sperm head swells and the fused membrane vesiculates.
The whole sperm head, midpiece and tail are drawn into the
cytoplasm.
❖ Gamete fusion is an integrin mediated process.
❖ About 3–6 hours after insemination, one polar and two
pronuclear bodies are visible and they migrate to the center
of the oocyte.

OVULATION

Ovulation is the process of discharge of secondary oocyte from

the mature Graafian follicle in the ovary.
❖ Ovulation usually occurs on the 14th day of 28th day cycle,
but it is variable.
❖ Ovulation is prompted by LH from the anterior pituitary.
❖ The ovulated secondary oocyte is ready for fertilization.
10 Elaborate ❖ If it is not fertilized, the secondary oocyte is degenerate in Elaborating Listening Powerpoint What is
mins ovulation ovulation and writing presentations ovulation?
couple of days.
notes
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Mechanism: The process of ovulation is a complex one.

Preovulatory changes occur both in the follicle and the oocyte.
A. Changes in the follicle
❖ There is preovulatory enlargement of the Graafian follicle
due to accumulation of follicular fluid and measures about
20 mm in diameter.
❖ The cumulus oophorus separates from the rest of the
granulosa cells and floats freely in the antrum.
❖ The inner layer of the cells surrounding the oocyte is
arranged radially and is termed corona radiata.
❖ The follicular wall near the ovarian surface becomes thinner.
❖ The stigma develops as a conical projection which penetrates
the outer surface layer of the ovary and persists for a while
as a thin membrane.
❖ The cumulus escapes out of the follicle as a slow oozing
process, taking about 1–2 minutes along with varying
amount of follicular fluid.
The stigma is soon closed by a plug of plasma.
B. Changes in the oocyte
❖ Significant changes in the oocyte occur just prior to
ovulation.
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❖ Cytoplasmic volume is increased along with changes in the

number, distribution of mitochondria and in the Golgi
apparatus.
❖ Completion of the arrested first meiotic division occurs with
extrusion of first polar body, each containing haploid number
of chromosomes (23, X).
CAUSES
Endocrinal
• LH surge: Sustained peak level of estrogen for 24–36 hours in the
late follicular phase → LH surge occurs from the anterior pituitary.
Ovulation approximately occurs 16–24 hours after the LH surge. LH
peak persists for about 24 hours. The LH surge stimulates completion
of reduction division of the oocyte and initiates luteinization of the
granulosa cells, synthesis of progesterone and prostaglandins.
• FSH rise: Preovulatory rise of progesterone facilitates the positive
feedback action of estrogen to induce FSH surge → increase in
plasminogen activator → plasminogen → plasmin → helps lysis of
the wall of the follicle.
Thus, the combined LH/FSH midcycle surge is responsible for the
final stage of maturation, rupture of the follicle and expulsion of the
oocyte.
Stretching factor
It is more a passive stretching than rise in intrafollicular pressure
which remains static at about 15 mm Hg.
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Contraction of the micromuscles in the theca externa and ovarian

stroma due to increased prostaglandin secretion.
Effect of ovulation
❖ Following ovulation, the follicle is changed into corpus
luteum.
❖ The ovum is picked up into the Fallopian tube and
undergoes either degeneration or further maturation, if
fertilization is to occur.
❖ Menstruation is unrelated with ovulation and anovular
menstruation is quite common during adolescence,
following childbirth and in women approaching menopause.

CONCEPTION
Conception or pregnancy occurs when fertilized ovum embeds
itself in the compact layer of secretory endometrium.
The conception takes place through following steps,
Explain ❖ sperm ejaculation and transport What are the
5 mins Listening Powerpoint
conception ❖ fallopian transport Explaining and writing presentations steps involved in
❖ fertilization conception notes conception?
Sperm ejaculation and transport
Ejaculation is the release of sperm cells and seminal plasma
from the male reproductive system. Following ejaculation, the sperm
must transport themselves through the cervix and in to the uterus.
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The successful sperm transport requires;

❖ healthy motile sperm
❖ a fertile environment in the vagina and cervix
❖ capacitation
Semen on intercourse get deposited deep in the vagina at the mouth
of external OS of cervix. So, the thousands of motile sperm swims up
the cervical mucus and hundred or more reach to the fallopian tube.
Fallopian transport
Egg transport begins at ovulation and end on when egg reaches the
uterus.
Following ovulation, the end of the fallopian tube moves over the
ovary.
Cilia (hair like structure) brush, pick up, or encourages the movement
of the ovum from the ovary and in to the fallopian tube.
Egg reaches the ampulla part and fertilization occurs in this part. The
egg further descent to the uterus.

FERTLIZATION

Fertilization is the process of fusion of the spermatozoon with the

mature ovum. The two haploid gametes fuse to form the single called
zygote. Fertilization usually occurs at the ampullary end of the tube.
The actual process of fertilization can be considered as occurring in
three steps;
❖ penetration of the corona radiata.
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❖ Penetration of the zona pellucida.

❖ Fusion of oocyte and sperm cell membranes
❖ Penetration of the corona radiata
Hyaluronidase secreted from the acrosomal cap of capacitated
sperm help in the penetration of the corona radiata.
Describe ❖ Penetration of zona pellucida Describing What is
5mins Listening Powerpoint
fertilization ❖ A zona protein – ligand ZP3 capable mediates the acrosomal fertilization and writing presentations fertilization?
reaction and binding. notes
❖ Many sperms are capable of penetrating zona, but only one
can pierce the vitelline membrane.
❖ Permeability of the zona changes when head of the sperm
comes in contact with the oocyte.
❖ The sperm that has penetrated then zona, now is immobilized
due to certain enzymes secreted from the oocyte surface.
❖ Only the single sperm at the vitelline membrane survives.
This is called zona reaction or vitelline block.
❖ This action prevents the polyspermy.

Fusion of oocyte and sperm cell membranes

❖ The spermatozoon moves forward and, until it lies close to

the female pronucleus.
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❖ Its nucleus enlarges, swells and forms the male pronucleus.

❖ The tail detaches and degenerates.
❖ The male and female pronuclei are similar, and eventually
lose their nuclear envelopes.
❖ The zygote thus formed, regain it diploid number 46XY or
46XY, and consequently the sex of the individual is
determined.

POST FERTLIZATION EVENTS (PRIOR TO

IMPLANTATION)

Blastomere
The fertilized ovum (zygote), with 46 chromosomes and
zona pellucida continuous its passage through the fallopian tube and
undergoes division in to two cells, then four cells and eight cells
stage called blastomere.
Morula
❖ 3 days after fertilization a sixteen cells mulberry like ball of
cells is formed is known as morula.
❖ The inner cells form the inner cell mass which later forms the
embryo, while outer cells form the outer cell mass, which Listening
Describe the Describing the and writing
10mins later forms the placenta. notes Powerpoint
post fertilization post fertilization Which stage is
presentation
events events blastocyst?
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❖ Morula reaches the uterine cavity by 4th day after

fertilization.
Blastocyst
❖ On 4th and 5th day, morula freely floats on endometrial
surface, take in the fluid through canaliculi in zona pellucida.
❖ Zona pellucida degenerates and morula enters the uterine
cavity and expands with accumulation of fluid in to the
intercellular space of the inner cell mass, and it is called
blastocyst.
❖ At this point, the cells of the inner cell mass differentiate in
to two distinct types
❖ Embryoblast cells - these cells continually divide and will
become the embryo, the baby itself.
❖ Trophoblast cells – these cells form the placenta that forms
against the uterine wall.

IMPLANTATION

Implantation is the process of embryo attaching itself to the uterine

wall or uterine lining. Implantation or nidation occurs when the
trophoblastic cells overlying the embryoblast begins to penetrate the
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compact layer of secretory endometrium on the anterior or posterior

wall of uterine cavity near fundus.

5-7 days after fertilization

Implantation occurs after 6 days of fertilization on 20th day of regular
menstrual cycle.
10mins Explain The implantation occurs through four stages; apposition, adhesion, Explaining Listening Powerpoint What is
implantation penetration and invasion. implantation and writing presentation implantation?
notes
Apposition – It occurs through pinopod formation. Pinopods are long
finger like projections (microvilli) from the endometrial cell surface.
These pinopod absorb the endometrial fluids which is rich in
glycogen and mucin provide nutrition to the blastocyst initially.
Unless the fluid is absorbed, adhesion phase cannot occur.

Adhesion – Adhesion of blastocyst to the endometrium occurs

through the adhesion of molecules like integrin, selectin and
glycoproteins.

Penetration and invasion – Penetration and invasion occur through

the stromal cells in between the glands. Further penetration is stopped
by the maternal immunological factors. This process is completed by
10th or 11th day which is corresponds to the D 24- 25 from the LMP.
This type of deeper penetration in to the human blastocyst is called
interstitial implantation.
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Eighth day
The trophoblast differentiated in to two layers-
❖ An inner layer of mononucleated cells is called
cytotrophoblast or Langhan’s layer.
❖ An outer multi-layered, multinucleated zone without any
distinct cell borders called syncytiotrophoblast.
❖ Placenta and the foetal membranes are developed from the
trophoblast.
❖ By 9th day, the blastocyst completely embedded in the
endometrium.
POST IMPLANATION CHANGES IN ENDOMETRIUM
(DECIDUA)
❖ Decidua is the name given to the endometrium during
pregnancy.
❖ Decidual reaction: The increased structural and secretory
activity of endometrium that is brought about in response to
progesterone following implantation is known as decidual
reaction.
❖ Endometrium grows around four times its original thickness,
due to increased secretion of estrogen.
❖ Progesterone also helps in increasing size of blood vessels.
There are three areas of decidua;
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Enlist the post ❖ Decidua basalis or serotina Enlist the post Which are the
5mins implantation implantation Listening Powerpoint three areas of
❖ Decidua capsularis or reflexa
changes in changes in and writing presentation decidua?
❖ Decidua parietalis or vera notes
endometrium. endometrium.

Decidua basalis
This portion of decidua lies between the blastocyst and uterine
muscle. This is the site beneath the site of implantation of embryo.
This part of decidua forms the maternal contribution to the placenta.
It degenerates to form the new endometrium during puerperium.

Decidua capsularis
This is the superficial compact layer which overlies blastocyst.
With foetal growth, it bulges in to the uterine cavity and fuses with
the decidua parietalis.

Decidua parietalis
This is the decidua lining the rest of the uterine cavity.
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DEVELOPMENT OF FERTILIZED OVUM

Blastocyst

Trophoblast Inner cell mass

Describe the
development of Describing the What is
5mins Listening Powerpoint
fertilized ovum Placenta Chorion Foetus Amnion Umbilical cord development of trophoblast?
and writing presentation
fertilized ovum
notes
TROPHOBLAST

❖ The trophoblastic cells differentiated in to three layers such

as outer syncytiotrphoblast (syncytium), the inner
cytotrophoblast and below the mesenchyme or mesoderm.
❖ The syncytiotrphoblast erodes the wall of the blood vessels
of the decidua, to make the nutrient in the maternal blood
accessible to the developing embryo.
❖ The syncytiotrphoblast produces the hormone known as
human chorionic gonadotrophin.
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❖ This hormone is responsible for informing the corpus luteum

that pregnancy has begun. As a result, corpus luteum
continues to produce estrogen and progesterone.
❖ The mesenchyme develops chorionic vesicle with its
membranes called chorion. It condenses about the embryo to
form the yolk stalk that connect the embryo to the nutrient
chorion and forms the umbilical cord later on.

CHORION AND CHORIONIC VILLI

Explain chorion
10mins and chorionic ❖ The chorion is the outermost layer of the two fetal Explaining Listening Powerpoint What are
villi membranes (chorion and amnion). chorion and and writing presentation chorionic villi?
chorionic villi notes
❖ It consists of two embryonic layers — outer trophoblast and
inner primitive mesenchyme which appears on 9th day.
❖ At the beginning of the 3rd week, the syncytiotrophoblast
produces irregular finger like projections which are lined
internally by the cytotrophoblast.
❖ These finger-like buds are called primary stem villi
surrounded by lacunar spaces which will later form into
intervillous spaces.
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❖ After the appearance of the primitive mesenchyme and the

development of the chorion, the primary stem villi are named
chorionic villi.
❖ The insinuation of the primary mesoderm into the central
core of the villi structures, secondary villi are formed on 16th
day.
❖ These vascularized villi are called tertiary villi which are
completed on 21st day.
❖ The zone of the decidua immediately at to the trophoblastic
shell is called trophosphere which comprises of the compact
layer of the decidua.
❖ Fibrinoid deposit appears on the syncytiotrophoblast outside
the trophoblastic shell and is called Nitabuch’s membrane.
❖ Maternal blood vessels pass through all the layers to reach
the intervillous space undergoes atrophy from pressure and
become converted into chorion laeve by the 3rd month and
lies intervening between the amnion and decidua on its outer
surface.
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INNER CELL MASS

While the trophoblast develops to form the placenta, which

will nourish the foetus, the inner cell mass develops to form the foetus
itself. The cells differentiate in to three layers; ectoderm, endoderm
and mesoderm; each of which will form particular part of the foetus.

Ectoderm - It develops into the central and peripheral nervous

system and the epidermis with its appendages.

Endoderm – It forms the dermis, skeleton, the connective tissue,

vascular and urogenital systems, and most skeletal and smooth
muscles.

Mesoderm – It form certain internal organs such as hear and blood

vessels, pancreas and also the bones and muscles.

The three layers together is known as embryonic plate. As the

development continues, two cavities appear in the inner cell mass, on
either side embryonic plate. These are termed as amniotic cavity and
yolk sac.

The amniotic cavity is lies on the side of the ectoderm. It is filled

with fluid and gradually enlarges to envelop the embryo.
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The yolk sac lies on the side of the ectoderm and provide nourishment
for the embryo until the trophoblast is sufficiently develop to take
over.

EMBRYO

The developing offspring is termed as embryo until 8th weeks after

implantation. During this period the organs and the systems of the
body are laid down in the rudimentary form, which in further months
to grow and develops. After 8th weeks until term, the conceptus is
known as foetus.

Terms used to denote the foetal growth

Name Time period

Ovum From ovulation to fertilization

Zygote From fertilization to

implantation
Embryo From implantation to 8th weeks

Foetus From 8th weeks to term

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Important Events Following Fertilization

‘0’ hour — Fertilization (day-15 from LMP)
30 hours — 2 cell stage (blastomeres)
40–50 hours — 4 cell stage
72 hours — 12 cell stage
96 hours — 16 cell stage. Morula enters the uterine cavity
5th day — Blastocyst
4–5th day — Zona pellucida disappears
5–6th day — Blastocyst attachment to endometrial surface
6–7th day — Differentiation of cyto and syncytiotrophoblastic
layers
10th day — Synthesis of hCG by syncytiotrophoblast
9–10th day — Lacunar network forms
10–11th day — Trophoblasts invade endometrial sinusoids
establishing uteroplacental circulation, Interstitial implantation
completed with entire decidual coverage
13th day — Primary villi
16th day — Secondary villi
21st day — Tertiary villi
21st–22nd day — Fetal heart

SUMMARY
Human fertilization is the union of a human egg and sperm,
occurring in the ampulla of the fallopian tube. The result of this union
leads to production of zygote or fertilized egg initiating prenatal
development.
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CONCLUSION
Fertilization is a complex sequence of coordinated molecular
events that begins with contact between a sperm and ovum and ends
with the intermingling of maternal and paternal chromosomes.
RECAPITULATION

❖ What is gametogenesis?
❖ What is oogenesis?
❖ Describe the structure of ovum?
❖ What is spermatogenesis?
❖ Describe the structure of sperm?
❖ What is sperm capacitation?
❖ What is fertilization?
❖ What is decidua?
❖ What is trophoblast?
❖ What the three structures of inner cell mass?
ASSIGNEMNT
Write a short note on fertilization and development of fertilized
ovum.
TEACHER’S REFERENCES
❖ Hiral Konar, D C Dutta’s text book of obstetrics, 9th edition,
Jaypee publication, Page no- 15-24.
 Teacher’s Learner’s
time Specific Content activity activity Av Aids Evaluation
objectives

❖ Annamma Jacob, A comprehensive text book of midwifery

and gynaecological nursing, 4th edition, Jaypee publication,
Page no- 46-57.
❖ Neelam kumari, A text book of midwifery and
Gynaecological nursing, PV Books, Page no-67-72.
❖ Sheila Balakrishnan, Text books of obstetrics, Paras medical
publisher, Page no- 55-71.
STUDENT’S REFERENCES
❖ Hiral Konar, D C Dutta’s text book of obstetrics, 9th edition,
Jaypee publication, Page no- 15-24.
❖ Sheila Balakrishnan, Text books of obstetrics, Paras medical
publisher, Page no- 55-71.
❖ Lakshmi Seshadri, Essentials of Obstetrics, 1st edition,
Kluwer publications, Haryana page no: 46-52.