Course Name: Energy Efficient Building

Week No.:.05 Lecture No:12

Topic Name: Energy Efficient Building Envelope Retrofit

Objectives:

• Enhance Thermal Performance: Improve the thermal insulation of building

envelopes, including walls, roofs, windows, and doors, to optimize indoor temperatures
and reduce energy consumption.
• Promote Energy Efficiency: Implement retrofitting strategies such as high-
performance insulation, windows, and reflective roofs to significantly lower energy
usage in buildings.
• Increase Occupant Comfort: Enhance indoor comfort by reducing drafts, maintaining
consistent temperatures, and improving air quality through better thermal performance
and air sealing.
• Reduce Environmental Impact: Decrease buildings' environmental footprints by
lowering energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, integrating renewable
energy sources, and using sustainable materials.
• Address Implementation Challenges: Identify and solve common retrofitting
challenges like financial constraints, technical complexities, and regulatory compliance
to facilitate successful energy-efficient building retrofits.

Lecture Content:

A. Energy Efficient Building Envelope Retrofit

[Link]
• Definition: The building envelope includes all components that separate the interior
from the exterior, such as walls, roofs, windows, and doors.
• Importance: Enhancing the thermal performance of the building envelope is crucial
for reducing energy consumption, improving indoor comfort, and achieving
sustainability goals.
• Benefits: Reduced energy bills, enhanced indoor comfort, reduced environmental
impact, and increased property value.
2. Insulation Upgrades
2.1. Walls
 • Internal Insulation
o Advantages: Can be applied without external disruption.
o Disadvantages: May reduce indoor space, potential for moisture problems if
not properly installed.
o Materials: Fiberglass, mineral wool, spray foam, rigid foam.
• External Insulation
o Advantages: Preserves indoor space, can improve the thermal barrier, reduces
thermal bridging.
o Disadvantages: More expensive, potential for aesthetic changes to the building
exterior.
o Materials: Rigid foam, mineral wool, insulated panels.
2.2. Roofs
• Attic Insulation
o Techniques: Blown-in insulation, batts, and rolls.
o Materials: Fiberglass, cellulose, spray foam.
o Benefits: Prevents heat loss in winter and heat gain in summer.
• Roof Deck Insulation
o Importance: Enhances overall roof energy performance.
o Materials: Rigid foam, spray foam, reflective insulation.
2.3. Floors
• Basement Insulation
o Methods: Insulating basement walls and floors.
o Materials: Rigid foam boards, spray foam.
o Benefits: Reduces heat loss, minimizes moisture problems, improves comfort.
3. High-Performance Windows and Doors
3.1. Windows
• Double or Triple Glazing
o How it Works: Multiple panes of glass with air or inert gas between them to
improve insulation.
o Benefits: Reduces heat transfer, improves comfort, lowers energy bills.
• Low-E Coatings
 o Function: Reflects infrared light, keeping heat inside in winter and outside in
summer.
o Benefits: Enhances energy efficiency, reduces glare.
• Window Frames
o Materials: Vinyl, fiberglass, wood composites.
o Benefits: Reduces thermal bridging, enhances insulation.
3.2. Doors
• Insulated Doors
o Types: Foam-filled, multi-layered materials.
o Benefits: Prevents drafts, reduces heat loss.
• Weather Stripping
o Methods: Adding strips of material to seal gaps around doors.
o Benefits: Improves energy efficiency by preventing air leaks.
4. Air Sealing
4.1 Identifying Leaks
• Blower Door Test
o Process: A fan is used to pressurize/depressurize the building, identifying leaks
through changes in pressure.
o Benefits: Accurate identification of air leaks.
• Thermal Imaging
o How it Works: Infrared cameras detect areas of heat loss or gain.
o Benefits: Visual representation of problem areas.
4.2. Sealing Gaps
• Caulking and Weather Stripping
o Techniques: Sealing gaps around windows, doors, and other openings with
caulk or weather stripping.
o Benefits: Prevents air infiltration, improves energy efficiency.
• Foam Sealant
o Uses: For larger gaps and cracks.
o Benefits: Provides effective air sealing, improves thermal performance.
5. Reflective and Cool Roofs
5.1 Reflective Coatings
• Types: White or light-colored coatings, reflective granules.
• Benefits: Reduces heat absorption, lowers cooling costs, extends roof life.
5.2. Cool Roofing Materials
• Materials: Metal, tile, reflective shingles.
• Benefits: Reflects more sunlight, absorbs less heat, improves energy efficiency.
6. Advanced Technologies
6.1. Smart Windows
• Electrochromic Windows
o How they Work: Change tint based on sunlight exposure, reducing heat gain
while maintaining visibility.
o Benefits: Improves energy efficiency, enhances occupant comfort.
• Photovoltaic Glazing
o How they Work: Windows with integrated solar cells generate electricity while
providing insulation.
o Benefits: Reduces energy costs, supports renewable energy use.
6.2. Green Roofs and Walls
• Green Roofs
o Benefits: Provides insulation, reduces urban heat island effect, manages
stormwater.
o Types: Extensive (lightweight, low maintenance) and intensive (heavier,
supports more vegetation).
• Green Walls
o Benefits: Enhances insulation, improves air quality, provides aesthetic value.
o Types: Living walls, vertical gardens.

Materials for Building Envelope Retrofit

1. Insulation Materials
• Fiberglass
➢ Characteristics: Cost-effective, good thermal performance.
 ➢ Uses: Walls, attics, floors.
• Mineral Wool
➢ Characteristics: Fire-resistant, good thermal and acoustic insulation.
➢ Uses: Walls, roofs, floors.
• Spray Foam
➢ Characteristics: Superior insulation, air sealing in hard-to-reach areas.
➢ Uses: Walls, roofs, floors.
• Rigid Foam
➢ Characteristics: High insulating value per inch.
➢ Uses: Exterior walls, roofs, floors.
2. Window and Door Materials
• Vinyl
➢ Characteristics: Cost-effective, energy-efficient, low maintenance.
➢ Uses: Window frames, door frames.
• Fiberglass
➢ Characteristics: Durable, better insulation properties than vinyl.
➢ Uses: Window frames, door frames.
• Wood Composites
➢ Characteristics: Good thermal performance, aesthetic appeal.
➢ Uses: Window frames, door frames.
• Aluminum with Thermal Breaks
➢ Characteristics: Reduces thermal bridging, improves energy efficiency.
➢ Uses: Window frames, door frames.
3. Air Sealing Materials
• Caulks and Sealants
➢ Characteristics: Seals small gaps and cracks.
➢ Uses: Around windows, doors, other openings.
• Weather Stripping
➢ Characteristics: Seals gaps around doors and windows.
➢ Uses: Doors, windows.
 • Spray Foam
➢ Characteristics: Fills larger gaps and cracks.
➢ Uses: Around plumbing and electrical penetrations.

B. Retrofitting strategies for improving building envelope efficiency

The lecture on retrofitting strategies for improving building envelope efficiency focuses on
various methods to enhance the thermal and energy performance of existing buildings. The
building envelope, which includes walls, roofs, windows, and doors, plays a critical role in
energy conservation and occupant comfort. Improving the efficiency of the building envelope
can significantly reduce energy consumption for heating and cooling, thereby lowering
operational costs and environmental impact.

Key Retrofitting Strategies

1. Insulation Upgrades:
• Wall Insulation: Adding or upgrading insulation in external walls helps reduce heat
transfer. Options include cavity wall insulation, external wall insulation, and internal
wall insulation.
• Roof Insulation: Installing insulation in the attic or roof space can prevent heat loss
during winter and reduce heat gain in summer. Materials like fiberglass, cellulose, and
spray foam are commonly used.
• Floor Insulation: Insulating floors, especially in unheated spaces like basements, can
reduce energy loss. Rigid foam boards or spray foam are effective options.
2. High-Performance Windows and Doors:
• Double or Triple Glazing: Replacing single-pane windows with double or triple-
glazed units improves thermal performance by trapping air or inert gas between panes,
reducing heat transfer.
• Low-E Coatings: Windows with low-emissivity (Low-E) coatings reflect infrared
light, keeping heat inside during winter and outside during summer.
• Window Frames: Upgrading to frames made from materials with better thermal
properties, such as vinyl or fiberglass, can further enhance energy efficiency.
• Energy-Efficient Doors: Replacing old doors with insulated, energy-efficient models
can reduce air leakage and heat loss.
3. Air Sealing:
• Identifying Leaks: Conducting a blower door test can help identify air leaks in the
building envelope.
 • Sealing Gaps and Cracks: Using caulking and weatherstripping to seal gaps around
windows, doors, and other penetrations (e.g., electrical outlets, plumbing) can prevent
air infiltration.
• Improving Ventilation: Ensuring proper ventilation while sealing leaks is crucial to
maintain indoor air quality. Installing energy recovery ventilators (ERVs) can provide
fresh air without significant energy loss.
4. Reflective and Cool Roofs:
• Cool Roof Coatings: Applying reflective coatings to roofs can reduce heat absorption,
keeping the building cooler in hot climates. These coatings reflect more sunlight and
absorb less heat.
• Roofing Materials: Using cool roofing materials like metal or tile with reflective
properties can further enhance thermal performance.
5. Thermal Bridging Mitigation:
• Thermal Breaks: Installing thermal breaks in building elements that conduct heat,
such as metal window frames and balconies, can reduce thermal bridging.
• Continuous Insulation: Ensuring continuous insulation across the building envelope,
without gaps or interruptions, minimizes heat transfer.
6. Green Roofs and Walls:
• Green Roofs: Installing vegetated roofs can provide insulation, reduce heat island
effect, and manage stormwater runoff.
• Green Walls: Living walls or vertical gardens can improve insulation and contribute
to better indoor air quality.
7. Facade and Cladding Systems:
• Upgrade exterior walls to improve insulation and aesthetics.
• Install insulated cladding systems (e.g., EIFS - Exterior Insulation and Finish System),
siding with integrated insulation, or retrofit external insulation to existing facades.
Consider materials with high thermal resistance and low maintenance requirements.

8. Daylighting and Shading:

• Optimize natural light while minimizing solar heat gain.
• Install high-performance glazing systems that control glare and heat gain, such as
dynamic glass or shading devices like awnings, overhangs, or exterior blinds. Use
daylight sensors to automate lighting controls and reduce energy consumption.

9. Ventilation and Moisture Control:

• Improve indoor air quality and manage moisture levels.
 • Upgrade ventilation systems with energy-recovery ventilators (ERVs) or heat-recovery
ventilators (HRVs) to reduce heating and cooling loads. Ensure proper sealing and
ventilation to mitigate moisture issues and improve occupant comfort.

10. Integrated Design Approach:

• Optimize retrofit strategies through holistic planning and coordination.
• Consider the interactions between different envelope improvements and building systems
(e.g., HVAC, lighting). Utilize building energy modeling to evaluate the performance
impact of various retrofit measures and prioritize cost-effective solutions

C. Materials and Technologies for Energy-Efficient Retrofits

1. Innovative Insulation Materials

• Aerogels
o Characteristics: Extremely low thermal conductivity.
o Benefits: High insulation value in thin profiles.
• Vacuum Insulation Panels (VIPs)
o Characteristics: Low thermal conductivity, high insulating value.
o Benefits: Effective for space-constrained applications.
• High-Performance Foam
o Characteristics: Superior insulation, air sealing.
o Benefits: Suitable for various building components.
2. Smart Windows
• Low-Emissivity Coatings
o Characteristics: Reflects infrared light.
o Benefits: Reduces heat gain/loss.
• Electrochromic and Thermochromic Materials
o Characteristics: Tint changes with temperature or electrical charge.
o Benefits: Reduces cooling/heating loads.
3. Reflective Roofs
• Characteristics: High solar reflectance.
• Benefits: Reduces cooling loads, improves comfort.
4. Phase Change Materials (PCMs)
• Characteristics: Absorbs/releases heat during phase change.
• Benefits: Enhances thermal storage, improves comfort.
5. Advanced Building Facades
• Double-Skin Facades
o Characteristics: Two layers with air cavity.
o Benefits: Improved thermal and acoustic performance.
• Integrated Photovoltaics
o Characteristics: Solar cells integrated into building materials.
o Benefits: Generates renewable energy.
• Dynamic Shading Systems
o Characteristics: Automated shading based on sunlight.
o Benefits: Reduces cooling loads, improves comfort.
6. Energy-Efficient Lighting
• LED Lighting
o Characteristics: High efficiency, long lifespan.
o Benefits: Reduces energy consumption.
• Daylighting Systems
o Characteristics: Maximizes natural light.
o Benefits: Reduces artificial lighting needs.
7. Renewable Energy Integration
• Solar Panels
o Characteristics: Converts sunlight to electricity.
o Benefits: Reduces reliance on grid electricity.
• Wind Turbines
o Characteristics: Converts wind energy to electricity.
o Benefits: Supports renewable energy use.
8. Durability and Maintenance
• Characteristics: Long-lasting, low-maintenance materials.
 • Benefits: Reduces lifecycle costs.
9. Recycled and Sustainable Materials
• Characteristics: Environmentally friendly, reduces waste.
• Benefits: Supports sustainability goals.
10. Building Automation Systems
• Sensors and Controls
o Characteristics: Monitors and controls building systems.
o Benefits: Enhances efficiency, reduces energy use.
11. High-Efficiency Furnaces and Boilers
• Characteristics: Efficient combustion, reduced energy use.
• Benefits: Lowers heating costs.
12. Heat Pumps
• Characteristics: Transfers heat from outside air/ground.
• Benefits: Efficient heating and cooling.
13. Smart Thermostats
• Characteristics: Programmable, remote control.
• Benefits: Optimizes heating/cooling, reduces energy use.
14. Energy Monitoring Systems
• Characteristics: Tracks energy consumption.
• Benefits: Identifies savings opportunities, enhances efficiency.

D. Implementation challenges and solutions

Implementing energy-efficient retrofit projects can face several challenges, but there are
effective solutions to overcome them. Retrofitting buildings for energy efficiency presents
numerous challenges, ranging from technical to financial and regulatory issues. Understanding
these challenges and exploring potential solutions is essential for successful implementation.
In this lecture, we will discuss the common challenges encountered in energy-efficient retrofits
and propose strategies to overcome them.

Key Challenges and Solutions

1. Financial Constraints
Challenge: High initial costs of energy-efficient materials and technologies can be a barrier to
retrofits.
Solutions:
➢ Incentives and Rebates: Leverage government grants, tax credits, and rebates to reduce
upfront costs.
➢ Financing Options: Explore financing options such as green loans, energy performance
contracts, and on-bill financing.
➢ Cost-Benefit Analysis: Conduct a detailed cost-benefit analysis to highlight long-term
savings and return on investment.
2. Technical Complexity

Challenge: Integrating new technologies with existing building systems can be complex and
may require specialized knowledge.
Solutions:
➢ Professional Expertise: Hire experienced contractors and consultants who specialize in
energy-efficient retrofits.
➢ Training and Education: Invest in training programs for facility managers and
maintenance staff.
➢ Standardized Protocols: Follow established guidelines and protocols for retrofitting to
ensure compatibility and efficiency.
3. Disruption to Occupants

Challenge: Retrofit activities can disrupt building occupants, affecting their daily activities
and comfort.
Solutions:
➢ Phased Implementation: Plan retrofits in phases to minimize disruption and maintain
building operations.
➢ Off-Hours Work: Schedule retrofit activities during off-hours or weekends when the
building is less occupied.
➢ Clear Communication: Communicate clearly with occupants about the retrofit schedule
and expected disruptions.
4. Regulatory and Compliance Issues

Challenge: Navigating building codes, permits, and regulatory requirements can be time-
consuming and complex.
Solutions:
 ➢ Early Engagement: Engage with local authorities early in the planning process to
understand requirements and obtain necessary permits.
➢ Compliance Expertise: Work with professionals who are familiar with local building
codes and regulations.
➢ Documentation: Maintain thorough documentation of all compliance and regulatory
activities.
5. Building-Specific Limitations

Challenge: Older buildings may have structural limitations that complicate retrofitting efforts.
Solutions:
➢ Custom Solutions: Develop custom retrofit solutions tailored to the specific constraints
of the building.
➢ Structural Assessments: Conduct detailed structural assessments to identify limitations
and plan accordingly.
➢ Flexible Technologies: Use flexible and adaptable technologies that can be integrated
with existing structures.
6. Performance Uncertainty

Challenge: Uncertainty about the actual performance and energy savings of retrofitted
systems.
Solutions:
➢ Pilot Projects: Implement pilot projects to test technologies and approaches before full-
scale deployment.
➢ Monitoring and Verification: Install energy monitoring systems to track performance
and verify savings.
➢ Continuous Improvement: Regularly review and optimize retrofitted systems to ensure
they are performing as expected.
7. Stakeholder Engagement

Challenge: Gaining buy-in from all stakeholders, including building owners, occupants, and
investors.
Solutions:
➢ Stakeholder Meetings: Hold regular meetings with stakeholders to discuss goals,
progress, and concerns.
➢ Demonstrate Benefits: Clearly demonstrate the benefits of retrofits, including energy
savings, increased comfort, and environmental impact.
➢ Transparent Communication: Maintain transparent communication throughout the
retrofit process.
Summary:
1. This lecture aimed at improving the thermal performance of existing structures to
reduce energy consumption and enhance sustainability.
2. Key strategies include upgrading insulation for walls, roofs, and floors to prevent heat
loss; installing high-performance windows and doors with double or triple glazing, low-
emissivity coatings, and energy-efficient frames; and air sealing using techniques like
blower door tests and thermal imaging to identify and seal leaks. Reflective and cool
roofs, smart windows, green roofs, and walls are also discussed as advanced
technologies to further improve energy efficiency.
3. Materials highlighted for retrofitting include fiberglass, mineral wool, and spray foam
for insulation, as well as vinyl and wood composites for windows and doors.
4. Implementation challenges such as financial constraints, technical complexity,
occupant disruption, regulatory issues, building-specific limitations, performance
uncertainty, and stakeholder engagement are addressed with solutions like leveraging
incentives, hiring experienced professionals, phased implementation, clear
communication, and detailed planning.
5. The lecture underscores the importance of a comprehensive approach to retrofitting,
integrating advanced materials and technologies, and addressing specific building
conditions and climate to achieve significant energy savings and enhanced occupant
comfort.

References:
1. N. Agarwal, R. Kumar (2013) “Energy-Efficient Retrofitting of Buildings: Technical
and Financial Aspects”
2. Mr. Christoph Peters & Mr. Eric Bastoul, “Sustainable Energy for Security - Building
Envelope Retrofit: A Guideline Report for Practitioners”.
3. Alexander Zhivov, Rüdiger Lohse “Deep Energy Retrofit: A Guide to Achieving
Significant Energy Use Reduction with Major Renovation Projects”.