DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION

Ms. Johna Venus | 2nd Semester (Midterms) | STEM 11

SOCIO-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE
Lesson 1 Disaster ➢​ a serious disruption of the functioning of
society causes widespread human, material, or
WHAT IS DISASTER?
environmental losses, which exceed the ability
➢​ Derived from French "désastre"
of affected people to cope using their human
-​ In Greek, "Bad Aster" = Bad star
resources.
➢​ Comes from an astrological theme in which the
➢​ its origin can be natural (earthquakes, floods, a
ancients used to refer to the destruction or
hurricanes) or human (explosions and nuclear
deconstruction of a star as a disaster.
accidents)
➢​ The ancient people believed that the disaster
occurred due to the unfavorable position of the
planets. NATURE OF DISASTER

Natural ➢​ originates from the different

DEFINITION OF DISASTER ACCORDING TO: “forces” of nature (geological,
hydrometeorological,
WHO (World ➢​ "Disaster is any occurrence that
meteorological, and biological).
Health causes damage, ecological disruption,
Organization loss of human life, deterioration of
Man-made ➢​ occurrence of people’s actions
health and health services, on a scale
sufficient to warrant an extraordinary against humans, material, and the
response from outside the affected environment.
community."

DISASTER RISK
Red Cross ➢​ "An occurrence that causes human
suffering, or creates human suffering ➢​ probability that a community’s structure or
that the victim cannot alleviate geographical area is to be damaged or
without assistance." disrupted by the impact of a particular hazard,
on account of its nature, construction, and
Disaster ➢​ Nursing service offered to the victims proximity to a hazardous area.
Nursing of disaster who experienced trauma
caused by disaster.
➢​ Adaptation of professional nursing RISK FACTORS
knowledge, skills, and attitude in
recognizing and meeting the nursing,
health, and emotional needs of
disaster victims.

GOALS OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1.​ To achieve the best possible health for people
involved.
2.​ To meet the immediate basic survival needs of
populations affected by disaster (water, food, EFFECTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS ON HUMAN LIFE
shelter, and security). ➢​ Displaced Populations, Health Risks, Food
3.​ To identify the potential for a secondary disaster. Scarcity, Emotional Aftershocks
4.​ To appraise both risks and resources in the
environment.
AREAS/LOCATION EXPOSED TO HAZARDS
5.​ To correct inequalities in access to healthcare or
appropriate resources. ❖​ Coastal Areas - Stormsurge, Tsunami
6.​ To empower survivors to participate in and ❖​ Reclaimed - Flooding, Sinkhole
advocate for their own health and well-being. ❖​ Near Fault Lines - Earthquake
7.​ To respect cultural, lingual, and religious diversity in ❖​ On food-denuded mountains -
individuals and families and to apply this principle Mudslides/Landslides
in all health promotion activities. ❖​ Near Volcanoes (danger zones) - Volcanic
8.​ To promote the highest achievable quality of life for Eruption - pyroclastic materials, lahar flow
survivors.

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 DRRR| 2nd Semester (Finals) | STEM 11
❖​ River Banks and Esteros - Flooding or Flash
Floods Lesson 2 Exposure and Vulnerability
❖​ Open Fields - Thunderstorm, Halestorm,
WHAT IS EXPOSURE?
Blizzard
❖​ Near Oil Depots - Oil Spill POllution ➢​ refers to the “elements at risk” from a natural
❖​ Near Mining Project - Toxic Waste - heavy or man-made hazard event.
metal, lead, mercury, nitric acid ➢​ the location attributes, and value of assets that
❖​ Near Chemical Plants - Chemical Fumes, are important to communities (people,
Chemical Waste buildings, factors, farmland, etc.) and that could
❖​ Near Nuclear Plants - Nuclear Waste, be affected by a hazard.
Technical Failure, Leaks ➢​ RISK FACTORS:
❖​ Near Factories - Factory Waste, Pollution 1.​ Human Beings
❖​ Unsafe Building Structures - Fire 2.​ Dwellings or households or
❖​ Public Places in Mega Cities - Terrorists communities
3.​ Buildings and structures
4.​ Public facilities and infrastructure
DISASTER FROM DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE assets
5.​ Public transport systems
Physical ➢​ can cause damage to buildings, and
6.​ Agricultural commodities
Perspective infrastructures including people and
7.​ Environment assets
their properties. Physical effects are
the most visible and quantifiable
WHAT IS VULNERABILITY?
effects of disaster
➢​ the characteristics and circumstances of a
Psychological ➢​ Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) community system or asset that make it
Perspective and a variety of disorders, the more susceptible to the damaging effects of a
stress defined in a variety of ways, hazard.
the more like there to be emotional
consequences. 4 MAIN TYPES OF VULNERABILITY

Socio-Cultural ➢​ is analyzed based on how people Physical ➢​ maybe determined by aspects such
Perspective respond having as a parameter their Vulnerability as population, density levels,
social conditions and cultural settings. remoteness of settlement, the site,
These two factors are important design, and material used for critical
determinants of the degree of risk, infrastructures.
resilience, and vulnerability of those
affected. Social ➢​ refers to the inability of people,
Vulnerability organizations, and society to
Economic ➢​ negative impact on assets, withstand adverse impacts to
Perspective production factor, output, and hazards due to characteristics
employment consumption. inherent in social interaction,
institutions, and systems of cultural
Political ➢​ Governmentality or deliverance of values
Perspective government services to constituents
can be a plus or minus factor since Economic ➢​ the poor are usually more vulnerable
humanitarian assistance is up to Vulnerability to disasters because they lack the
them. resources to build sturdy structures
➢​ They must be ready for the phases of and put engineering measures in
DRRM: place to protect themselves from
●​ Prevention, Mitigation, Preparedness,
being negatively impacted.
Recovery

Environmental ➢​ refers to the depletion of natural

Environmental ➢​ intensify our collective efforts to
Vulnerability resources and resource degradation
Perspective reduce the number and effects of
natural hazards and man-made
disasters.

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DRRR| 2nd Semester (Finals) | STEM 11
RISK FACTORS
activities such as smog or
➢​ Risk signifies the possibility of adverse effects in desertification
the future.
○​ is derived from the interaction of social and Technological ➢​ arises directly as a result of
environmental processes from the combination /Man-made human activities such as the
of physical hazards and vulnerabilities of Hazard toxicity of pesticides to agricultural
exposed elements. lands, chemical leaks, and radiation
(𝐻𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑟𝑑 × 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒× 𝑉𝑢𝑙𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 from nuclear plants
𝑅𝐼𝑆𝐾 = 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

The natural processes (or hazards) that are the

triggers for natural disasters:
Lesson 3 Hazards
GEOPHYSICAL
WHAT IS HAZARD?
➢​ is also termed a geological hazard and
➢​ are those elements of the physical environment
originates from the solid crust of the Earth.
harmful to man and caused by forecasts
➢​ the events associated with this hazard include
extraneous to (Burton, at. Al., 1978)
earthquakes, volcanic activity and dry mass
➢​ a source of potential harm in a situation with
movement.
potential. (Standards Australia, 2000)
➢​ a natural event that has the potential to cause HYDROLOGICAL
harm or loss. (Asian Disaster Preparedness ➢​ is associated with the occurrence. movement,
Center - ADPC) and distribution of fresh and saltwater over or
beneath the form's surface.
➢​ the events created by the hazard include floods
USGS (United States Geological Survey) Hazard
landslides and scour and wave action
terminologies defined Hazard
METEOROLOGICAL
➔​ A phenomenon or situation that has the potential
to cause disruption or damage to people, their ➢​ constitutes short-lived events having a time
property, their services, and their environment. span of minutes to a few days and is caused by
➔​ Most hazards are dormant or potential, with only a micro- (< 1 km) to meso scale (2-2000 km)
theoretical risk of harm. atmospheric conditions that can be
➔​ However, once a hazard becomes “active”, it can exacerbated by global climate change
create an emergency. CLIMATOLOGICAL
➔​ A hazardous situation that has come to pass is
➢​ is linked with variability in climate over a broad
called an incident.
time-span ranging from intra-season to
➔​ Hazard and possibility interact together to create
multi-decade at a meso to macто- (>2000 km)
risk.
scale.
➢​ Droughts, wildfires, glacial movement, and
BASIC CONCEPT OF HAZARD glacial lake outbursts are some of the events
➢​ One important key to society is understanding a associated with this hazard
particular incident or phenomenon that may affect BIOLOGICAL
people’s lives. ➢​ originating from a biological substance, e.g.,
➢​ An ordinary incident or natural phenomenon may venom, mold, or a vector carrying
turn into a hazard once it becomes active and poses disease-causing organisms, exposure to which
harm or danger to life and property. poses a threat to other living beings or humans.

EXTRATERRESTRIAL
CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDS ➢​ a hazard originating outside the Earth's
atmosphere may be caused by residues of
Natural ➢​ arises from purely natural
asteroids, meteorites, comets, or human space
Hazards processes in the environment such
debris when these enter Earth's atmosphere or
as earthquakes of floods
the impact caused by these objects on Earth's
surface.
Quasi-Natural ➢​ arises through the interaction of
Hazard natural processes and human

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DRRR| 2nd Semester (Finals) | STEM 11
TYPES OF HAZARDS
Socio-cultural ○​ Displacement of population
Hewitt and Burtch (1971) provided a typology of
Impact ○​ Loss of cultural identity
hazards as follows: ○​ Forced adoption of new sets of
culture
Atmospheric ○​ Excess rainfall
○​ Ethnic conflict
(Single ○​ Freezing rain (Glaze)
Element) ○​ Hail
○​ Heavy snowfall Economic ○​ Loss of job due to displacement ○
○​ High wind speeds Impact Loss of harvest and livestock
○​ Extreme temperature ○​ Loss of farms, fish cages, and
other sources of living
○​ Loss of money and other
Atmospheric ○​ Glaze storms
valuables like jewelry, furniture,
(Combined ○​ Hurricanes
and appliances
Element) ○​ Thunderstorms
○​ Blizzards
○​ Tornadoes Environmental ○​ Loss of forest due to forest fires
○​ Heat/cold stress Impact ○​ Loss of freshwater dues to
salination
➔​ the intrusion of saltwater to
Hydrologic ○​ Floods-river and coastal area
freshwater sources
○​ Wave action
○​ Disturbance of biodiversity ○ Loss
○​ Drought
of natural rivers and other
○​ Rapid glacier advance
tributaries
Geologic ○​ Mass movements - landslide,
Technologic ○​ Epidemic to people, flora, and
mudslide, avalanches
fauna
○​ Earthquake
○​ Chronic and permanent illness due
○​ Volcanic eruption
to nuclear radiation
○​ Rapid sediment movement
○​ Mental disorder developed from
consumption of contaminated
Biologic ○​ Epidemic in humans
foods
○​ Epidemic in plants
○​ Proliferation of different viral and
○​ Epidemic in animals
bacterial diseases
○​ Locusts

Technologic ○​ Transportation accident

○​ Industrial explosions and fire Lesson 4 Earthquake
○​ Accidental release of toxic
elements WHAT IS EARTHQUAKE?
○​ Nuclear accident
➢​ is the perceptible shaking of the surface of
○​ Collapse of public building
○​ Cyber terrorism the earth, resulting from the sudden release of
energy in the Earth’s crust that creates seismic
waves.
COMMON LONG-TERM IMPACTS OF NATURAL
POTENTIAL EARTHQUAKE HAZARD
HAZARDS
1.​ GROUND SHAKING OR GROUND MOTION
Physical ○​ Death of People
➢​ is used to describe the vibration of the ground
Impact ○​ Destruction and loss of vital
infrastructure like transport during an earthquake and is caused by body
systems, roads, bridges, power waves and surface waves.
lines, and communication lines. ➢​ the severity of ground shaking increases as the
○​ Widespread loss of housing magnitude increases and decreases as the
distance from the causative fault increases.
Psychological ○​ Grief and psychological trauma -
PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale
Impact Post Traumatic Severe Disorder
(PTSD)
○​ Marital conflict
○​ Depression due to loss of loved
ones and properties
○​ Chronic anxiety among children
severely affected

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DRRR| 2nd Semester (Finals) | STEM 11
2.​ GROUND OR SURFACE RUPTURE HAZARD MAP
➢​ an offset of the ground surface when fault ➢​ is a map that highlights areas that are affected by
rupture extends to the Earth’s Surface. or are vulnerable to a particular hazard.
➢​ Normal - and reverse - (collectively called ➢​ are typically created for natural hazards, such as
dip-slip) daunting, surface ruptures feature earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, flooding, and
vertical offsets while strike-slip faulting tsunamis.
produces lateral offsets. ➢​ help prevent serious damage and deaths.
3.​ LIQUEFACTION PARTS OF THE HAZARD MAP
●​ Title
➢​ is the loss of soil strength and stiffness due to
●​ Map Ruler or Bar Scale
earthquake shaking or rapid loading.
●​ Orientation Compass
➢​ occurs in saturated soils, where water fills the
●​ Legend
spaces between soil particles. Normally, water
pressure in the soil is low, but earthquake
shaking increases it, reducing friction between SEISMIC DESIGN CATEGORIES (SDC)
particles and making the ground unstable. ➢​ helps interpret earthquake hazard levels on a map,
➢​ when liquefaction occurs, buildings with indicating the potential intensity of shaking and
foundations on affected soil lose support, damage.
leading to sudden settlement, structural
SDC A (White) – ○​ Very low probability of damaging
damage, foundation cracks, or unserviceable Minimal Risk earthquakes.
conditions even if the structure remains intact.
SDC B (Gray) – ○​ Felt by most people, minor
4.​ EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED GROUND SUBSIDENCE
Moderate damage (e.g., moved furniture,
AND LATERAL SPREADING
Shaking fallen plaster).
➢​ Subsidence is the lowering of the ground
surface during earthquakes, often due to SDC C (Yellow) ○​ Well-built structures suffer slight
vertical displacement along a fault or the – Strong to moderate damage; poorly built
settling of loose sediments. Shaking structures experience severe
damage or partial collapse.
➢​ can lead to flooding in coastal areas and loss
of load-bearing strength in the ground.
SDC D (Light to ○​ Stronger shaking as the color
➢​ Lateral spreading occurs on sloping ground, Dark Brown: darkens.
causing downhill movement and surface cracks, D0, D1, D2) – ○​ Well-designed buildings have
commonly seen on hilltops and riverbanks. Very Strong minor damage; ordinary
Shaking structures suffer considerable
5.​ TSUNAMI damage, and poorly built
➢​ a series of large waves caused by the structures collapse.
displacement of water, usually in oceans or
SDC E (Red) – ○​ Severe damage, including partial
large lakes.
Extreme or total building collapse, frame
➢​ triggered by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, Shaking (Near structures thrown out of
landslides, meteorite impacts, or underwater Major Faults) alignment, and buildings shifted
explosions. off foundations.
➢​ unlike normal waves driven by wind or tides,
tsunamis result from sudden shifts in water
volume.

6.​ EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED LANDSLIDES

➢​ Landslides are secondary hazards triggered
by strong ground shaking.
➢​ includes rock falls, slope failures, and debris
flows.
➢​ Steep slopes are most vulnerable, and the risk
increases when the ground is saturated with
water, especially after heavy rainfall.

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