READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

(Lecture)
accidents involving colorum vehicles and
taxis occurrred too often already.
INFO TO ALL THE LESSONS!!
● Welcome to BB GURL 4th caricature:

This fourth cartoon depicts a

PHILIPPINE CARICUTURE OF THE cinema. A blown-up police officer was at
AMERICAN ERA (1900-1941 the screen saying that couples are not
allowed to neck and make love in the
● It targets persons of power and theater. Two youngsters looked horrified
authority while an older couple seemed amused.

Book: 5th caricature:

Philippine Cartoons: Political
Caricature of the American Era (1900- Published by the Independent on
1941), Alfred McCoy with Alfredo Roces). November 27,1915. Here, we see the
caricature of Uncle sam riding a chariot
1St caricature: pulled by Filipinos wearing school
uniforms. McCoy, in his caption to the said
The Independent on May 20, 1961. The cartoon, says that this cartoon was based
cartoon shows a politican from on an event in 1907 when William Howard
tondo,named Dr. Santos, passing his Taft was brought to the Manila pier riding a
crown to his brother in law, Dr. Barcelona. chariot pulled by stuents of Liceo de
A filipino guy depicted eearing salakot and manila.
barong tagalog was trying to stop Santos,
telling the latter to stop giving Barcelona 6th caricature: The last cartoon was
the crown because it is not this to begin published by Lipang Kalabaw on august
with. 24, 1907. In the Picture, we can see Uncle
sam rationing porridge to the politicians
and members of the progresista party
2nd Caricature: (sometimes known as Federalista Party)
while members of the Nacionalista Party
Published by the Independent on june 16 look on andd wait for their turn. This
1917. This is drawn by Fernando Amorsolo cartoon depicts the patronage of the United
and was aimed as a commentary to the states.
workings of Manila Police at that
[Link], we see a filipino child who
stole a skinny chicken because he had
nothing to eat. The police officer was
relentlessly pursuing the said child. A man
wearing a salakot, labeled Juan de la Cruz
was grabbing the officer, telling him to leae
the small – time pickpockets and the
thieves and to turn at the great thieves
instead. He was pointing to huge
warehouse containing bulks of rice,milk,
and grocery products.

3rd Cartoon:

Was a commentary on the unprecedented

cases of colorum automobiles in the City
streets. The Philippine Free Press
Published this commentary when fatal

1
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
(Lecture)
-He fasted for 40 days because he said, “If
he survived it, then he left God intended
him for another fate”.
REVISITING CORAZON AQUINO’S
SPEECH BEFORE THE U.S CONGRESS
- However, he eventually realized that even
● Corazon “Cory” Cojuangco Aquino if his brain was damaged by the fast, the
functioned as the symbol of the government would keep his body alive.
restoration of democracy and the With this realization, and after 40 days of
overthrow of the Marcos fasting, he decided to end the hunger
Dictatorship in 1986. The EDSA strike, though he was extremely weak by
People Power, which installed Cory that time.
Aquino in the Presidency, put the
Philippines in the international -Cory attributed the peaceful EDSA
spotlight. Revolution to the martydom of Ninoy.
-Widow of the slain senator
- Cory emphasized the importance of the
EDSA Revolution in terms of being a
The People Power Revolution of 1986 “limited revolution that respected the life
-Senator Ninoy Aquino was shot at and freedom of every Filipino.”
the Tarmac of the Manila International
Airport on August 21,1983. - life and freedom of every Filipino.” She
- Then the Marcos regime greatly also boasted of the restoration of a fully
suffered a crisis of legitimacy. constitutional government whose
-He called for the Snap Election in constitution gave utmost respect to the Bill
February 1986. of Rights.

- Leading military officials Juan Ponce The Philippines is restoring democracy

Enrile and Fidel Ramos, who were key through democratic processes.
figures during the Martial Law regime of The country is building the
Ferdinand Marcos, planned a coup to take constitutional structures for a new
over the presidency. However, when government.
civilians responded to the call of Manila The new constitution respects the Bill
Archbishop Jaime Cardinal Sin and of Rights, ensuring citizens' rights are
other leaders, they gathered in large protected.
numbers at EDSA. Their overwhelming An independent constitutional
presence turned what was initially a military commission is drafting the new
coup into a peaceful, civilian-led protest. constitution.
The People Power Revolution at EDSA The draft will be submitted to the people
ultimately led to the downfall of Marcos' 21- for approval through a popular
year rule and restored democracy in the referendum later that year.
Philippines. After the constitution is approved, there
will be elections for national and local
government positions.
CORY AQUINO’S SPEECH Within about a year of the peaceful
revolution that overthrew the dictatorship,
First detention: he was charged of the Philippines will have returned to a fully
subversion, murder, and other crimes. constitutional government.

He was tried by the military court, whose

legitimacy ninoy adamantly question.

He then fasted for 40 days. Cory said that

this event as the second time that their
family lost Ninoy.

2
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
(Lecture)

MAKING SENSE OF THE PAST:

HISTORICAL INTERPRETATION &
MULTIPERSPECTIVITY
Historians and Primary Sources
• Historians use facts from primary
-The code of Kalantiaw is a mythical legal sources to create interpretations
code in the epic history of Maragtas. for their audience, helping them
"make sense of the past."
-Pride for the People of Aklan. • Not all primary sources are
accessible to the general public.
-Historical Marker was installed in the town • Non-historians may misinterpret
of Bataan, Aklan in 1956. primary sources without proper
training, potentially causing harm.
Interpretations of the Past
Datu Bendehara Kalantia • Interpretations can vary based on:
-Third chief of panay, born in Aklan o Who reads the primary
-Established his government in source
peninsula of Batang Aklan Sakup. o When it is read
o How it is read
-Considered to be the first Filipino • Students of history should:
Lawgiver, he promulgated in about 1433 a o Recognize different
penal code known as Code of Kalantiaw interpretations
with 18 articles. o Understand why
interpretations differ
-Don Marcelino Orillo of Zaragoza, Spain, o Critically evaluate
obtained the original manuscript from an interpretations through
old chief of panay. historical analysis
• Historical interpretations change
-Rafael Murviedo Yzamaney – translated it over time; tracking these changes
to spanish. is crucial for understanding the
past.
How to Interpret Historical Events
William Henry Scott Through Primary Sources
• Questions to Analyze Sources:
In 1968, it was revealed that the code 1. Physical Nature of the
was a hoax. Source:
William Henry Scott, a doctoral ▪ Examine the original
candidate at the University of Santo source (e.g., an old
Tomas, defended his research on pre- letter) versus a
Hispanic sources in Philippine history. published version.
Scott attributed the code to a historical ▪ Consider what the
fiction written in 1913 by Jose E. Marco, form reveals (e.g.,
titled Las Antiguas Leyendas de la Isla de paper quality,
Negros. handwriting style).
Marco claimed the code was written by 2. Purpose of the Source:
a priest named Jose Maria Pavon. ▪ Identify the author's
Prominent Filipino historians generally message or
accepted Scott’s findings. argument.
Despite this, some individuals still prefer ▪ Determine if the
to believe that the code is a legitimate message is explicit
document. or implicit.
3. Methods of
Communication:

3
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
(Lecture)
▪ Analyze how the Overview of the Poem
author conveys their • Title: "Sa Aking Mga Kabata"
message. • Purported Author: Jose Rizal
4. Author's Background: • Claim: Written when Rizal was
▪ Consider the eight years old.
author’s race, sex, • Prominence: One of Rizal’s most
class, occupation, notable works.
religion, age, region, Doubts About Authorship
and political beliefs. • Lack of Evidence:
▪ Reflect on how this o No handwritten
background may manuscript by Rizal exists.
impact the source. o The poem was first
5. Intended Audience: published in 1906 by
▪ Identify if the source Hermenegildo Cruz.
was meant for one • Attribution History:
person or the public. o Cruz claimed to have
▪ Consider how the received the poem from
intended audience Gabriel Beato Francisco.
affects the content. o Francisco said he got it from
6. Careful Reading of the Saturnino Raselis in 1884.
Text: • Rizal's Silence:
▪ Examine the o Rizal never mentioned
language used writing this poem in any of
(metaphors, his writings.
symbols). o He did not refer to having a
▪ Analyze the author's close friend named Raselis.
choice of words and Further Criticisms of the Poem's
any notable Attribution
omissions • Language and Vocabulary:
(silences). o The poem is written in
Multiperspectivity Tagalog and uses the word
• Definition: Viewing historical "kalayaan".
events and societies from multiple o Rizal first encountered the
perspectives. word "kalayaan" through
• Each perspective can be valid yet Marcelo H. del Pilar’s
also partial. translation of his essay “El
• Exploring Multiperspectivity: Amor Patrio”, where it was
o Incorporate sources that spelled as "kalayaan".
reflect different views of • Education in Language:
historical events. o Rizal was educated in
o Singular narratives limit Spanish, starting with his
inquiry and investigation. mother, Teodora Alonso.
o Contradictory sources o He expressed
create opportunities for disappointment about his
deeper research and difficulty in expressing
understanding. himself in his native tongue.
o Collecting evidence from • Spelling Concerns:
diverse sources helps o The poem uses letters "k"
identify common truths. and "w" to replace "c" and
"u", respectively.
. o Rizal suggested the use of
these letters as an adult,
indicating that if the poem
were truly from his

4
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
(Lecture)
childhood, it should reflect Subu( Cebu). They anchored in
the Spanish orthography Subu, where they stayed for
of his time. several days, securing provisions
Conclusion and forming a peace past with the
• Overall, substantial evidence local king.
suggests that the poem “Sa Aking 7. Geographic Observations: Albo
Mga Kabata” may not have been noted the geographical layout of the
written by Jose Rizal, and its islands, emphasizing that the town
attribution to him is likely incorrect. of Subu was positioned east-west
relative to Suluan and Mazava. He
mentioned navigational challenges
Where did the first catholic mass take
due to shallows between these
place in the Philippines?
islands.

Key points from Pigafetta's Testimony

Key points from Albo’s Log:
1. March 16, 1521: They sighted the
island of "Zamal" (Samar), 300
1. March 16, 1521: The expedition leagues west of the Marianas
sailed west from the Ladrones Islands.
Islands and spotted a land to the 2. March 17: They landed on the
northwest, later identified as nearby inhabited island of
[Link], they did not "Humunu" (Homonhon), where they
approach due to shallow waters. set up tents for the sick and named
2. Suluan Island: They continued the archipelago the "Islands of
southwards to Suluan, where they Saint Lazarus." It was named after
anchored and observed fleeing the Lent season when the Gospel
canoes. The island is located at reading of St. John was about the
approximately 9.63 degrees north raising of Lazarus from the dead”
latitude. 3. March 18: A boat with nine men
3. Island of Gada: They then sailed visited, leading to an exchange of
westward to an uninhabited island gifts and requests for food.
referred to as Gada, where they Magellan renamed the island
replenished their supplies of wood "Watering Place of Good Men"
and water. (Acquada la di bouni segnialli) after
4. Seilain (Leyte): The expedition finding springs and indications of
proceeded to Seilani, known for its gold.
gold, and then turned southwest 4. March 22: Natives returned in two
towards a small island called boats and brought food supplies
Mazava, also at 9.67 degrees North with them.
latitude. 5. March 25: After an eight-day stay,
5. Interactions with the Locals: On the expedition departed for Leyte
Manzava, the Spaniards planted a and nearby islands. On that day
cross and were shown three nearby was the feast of the Incarnation also
islands believed to contain gold. called the feast of Annunciation and
They learned about local gold therefore ―Our Lady’s Day. The
collection methods, which involved routes taken by the expedition after
gathering small pieces similar to leaving Homonhon are;
peas and lentils. • Cenalo (Misspelled for Ceylon) -
6. Journey to Subu (Cebu): After Refers to the island of Leyte
leaving Mazava, they sailed north • Hiunanghan (Misspelled for
along Seilani’s coast before Hinunangan) - Pigafetta thought
entering a channel between two was a separate island but is actually
islands named Matan( Mactan) and part of the mainland of Leyte

5
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
(Lecture)
• Ibusson (Misspelled for Hibuson) - Thursday, April 4: The expedition left
Refers to the small island east of Mazaua, bound for Cebu.
the southern tip of Leyte.
• Abarien
6. March 28: They anchored off
What Happened in the Cavite Mutiny?
"Mazaua" Island, where they stayed for
seven days.
7. April 4: Guided by the king of - The year January 20, 1872 is a historic
Mazaua, they sailed past several islands year of two events: the Cavite Munity and
en route to Cebu; Ceylon (Leyte), Bohol, the martyrdom of the three priest: Mariano
Canighan, and Gatighan. Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora,
8. April 7: They arrived in “Zubu” later on immortalized as GOMBURZA.
(Cebu) after a three-day journey.
PIGAFETTA AND SEVEN DAYS IN Overview of the Cavite Mutiny
MAZAUA • Location: Fort San Felipe, the
Spanish arsenal in Cavite,
A Week in Mazua ft. Pigafetta Philippines (part of the Spanish
East Indies).
Thursday, March 28: The expedition • Participants: Around 200 locally
anchored near an island where they had recruited colonial troops and
seen a light from a bonfire the previous laborers.
night. A small boat with eight natives Key Events
approached, and Magellan exchanged gifts • The mutiny occurred with the belief
with them. It was Holy Thursday. it would escalate into a national
Friday, March 29: On Holy Friday, uprising.
Magellan sent his slave interpreter ashore • The uprising was unsuccessful.
to ask the native king for food supplies, Consequences
stating they came as friends. The king • Government soldiers executed
visited Magellan’s ship, and another many participants of the mutiny.
exchange of gifts occurred. Two members • There was a crackdown on the
of the expedition, including Pigafetta, went growing Philippine nationalist
ashore with the king. movement.
Saturday, March 30: Pigafetta and his Historical Significance
companion spent the previous evening • Many scholars view the Cavite
feasting and drinking with the native king Mutiny as the beginning of Filipino
and his son. nationalism.
Sunday, March 31: On Easter morning, • This uprising is considered a
Magellan sent a priest ashore to prepare precursor to the Philippine
for Mass. After their noon meal, Magellan Revolution.
and his men returned to plant a cross on a
hilltop, attended by the kings of Mazaua
and Butuan. FOUR MAIN ACCOUNTS OF CAVITE
Sunday, March 31 (afternoon): Magellan MUTINY
asked the kings which ports he could visit
to obtain more food supplies. They SPANISH ACCOUNTS:
suggested three ports: Ceylon, Zubu, and
Calagan, with Zubu being the best option Jose Montero y Vidal
for trade. -Spanish historian, writer, and
Monday, April 1: Magellan sent men to colonial official.
help with the harvest, but no work was -Three volume historical work,
done as the two kings were sleeping off “Historia General de Filipinas” or “General
their drinking. History of the Philippines”.
Tuesday, April 2, and Wednesday, April -Page 565, chapter 23, Volume 3
3: Work on the harvest continued.

6
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
(Lecture)
: provides the detailed account of Jacinto Zamora, who were wrongly
Spanish rule in the Philippines from the accused of being involved in the uprising.
beginning of the colonization in the 16th
century until 19th century. Governor-General Izquierdo's Account
of the Cavite Mutiny
:Pro colonial Bias • Source of Information: Izquierdo’s
accounts came from official
Key Points: reports to the Spanish crown,
• Montero y Vidal argued that the rather than a book.
mutiny was not just a simple labor • Claim: He insisted that the mutiny
protest but a sign of an upcoming, was prepared by:
more organized revolution against o Native clergy
the Spanish government. o Mestizos
• He suggested that secular Filipino o Lawyers
priests, including the group known • Reasons for the Mutiny:
as GOMBURZA, were involved in o Protest against government
planning the mutiny. This injustices, such as:
involvement helps explain why the ▪ Non-payment to
Spanish authorities reacted so provinces for
harshly, including executing the tobacco crops
GOMBURZA priests. ▪ Payment of tribute
• His interpretation highlighted the ▪ Forced labor
danger of rising nationalist feelings o Influence of the Spanish
in the Philippines and pointed to Revolution, which
outside influences, such as liberal overthrew the secular
ideas from Spain and Europe, as throne.
contributing factors to the uprising. o Spread of propaganda
• As a result, the Spanish from the press, and liberal
government cracked down harshly and republican literature
on Filipino reformists, increasing reaching the Philippines.
repression. • Reported Goals: Izquierdo
• This view contrasts with that of later claimed that the rebels aimed to
Filipino historians like Trinidad overthrow the Spanish government
Pardo de Tavera, who saw the and install a new leader, like Father
mutiny as mainly a localized labor Burgos or Father Zamora.
dispute that was exaggerated by • Response: He ordered the
the Spanish authorities to justify execution of the three priests:
their oppressive actions o Mariano Gómez
o José Burgos
o Jacinto Zamora (collectively
Governor -General Izquierdo known as GOMBURZA).

-Spanish Colonial administrator who TRINIDAD HERMENEGILDO

served as the governor- general of the JOSE MARIA JUAN FRANCISO
Philippines from 1871-1873 PARDO DE TAVERA Y
GORRICHO
- He viewed the mutiny as a serious threat
to Spanish rule and responded with harsh -Trinidad de Tavera
actions. -April 13, 1857- March 26, 1925
-Served as Deputy Prime minister
- His measures included executing several of Philippines in 1899.
important figures, such as Filipino priests
Mariano Gómez, José Burgos, and Trinidad Pardo de Tavera's
Account of the Cavite Mutiny

7
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
(Lecture)
• Viewpoint: De Tavera saw the • Significance: Plauchut viewed the
Cavite Mutiny of 1872 as a local mutiny as a significant moment in
uprising. Philippine history.
• Spanish Exaggeration: He • Broader Context: He believed the
believed Spanish authorities mutiny was part of a larger
exaggerated the mutiny to justify nationalist struggle, not merely a
harsher colonial policies. localized labor dispute.
• Primary Issues: Socio-Political Context
o The mutiny was mainly • Rising Discontent: He
driven by local grievances, acknowledged that dissatisfaction
especially: among Filipinos was increasing due
▪ Poor labor to:
conditions. o Oppressive Spanish
▪ Withdrawal of colonial policies,
privileges, such as: including:
▪ Exemption ▪ Heavy taxation.
from paying ▪ Forced labor (polo
tributes. y servicios).
▪ Forced labor ▪ General
for workers mistreatment of
at the Cavite Filipinos by colonial
arsenal. officials.
• Challenge to Official Narrative: Nature of the Mutiny
De Tavera contested the claim that • Characterization:
the mutiny was part of a larger, o The mutiny was seen as a
organized plot involving Filipino small and poorly
intellectuals and secular priests organized event.
(like the GOMBURZA). o However, it was
• Spanish Government's Use of symptomatic of broader
the Incident: He argued that the frustrations within Filipino
Spanish government used the society.
mutiny as a pretext to: Role of Secular Filipino Priests
o Suppress calls for reform. • GOMBURZA's Advocacy:
o Eliminate perceived threats Plauchut noted the role of secular
to colonial rule, including Filipino priests, particularly the
efforts by Filipino clergy to GOMBURZA, in advocating for:
secularize parishes. o Secularization of
• Summary: De Tavera viewed the parishes.
mutiny as a small-scale labor • Threat to Spanish Clergy: Their
dispute that was exaggerated by push for secularization was
Spanish authorities to stifle reform perceived as a threat by the
movements in the Philippines. Spanish clergy, contributing to:
o The unjust execution of
EDMUND PLAUCHUT the GOMBURZA following
the mutiny.
-1824- 1909 Summary
-French Journalist • Overall, Plauchut emphasized that
the Cavite Mutiny was more than
-Wrote La Algarada Cavitena of 1872” just a labor dispute; it was part of
tackles to what happened in Cavite Mutiny. the larger struggle for national
identity and reform within Filipino
society, reflecting deep-seated
Edmund Plauchut's Account of the frustrations with colonial rule.
Cavite Mutiny

8
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
(Lecture)
she entered the chapel,
DID RIZAL RETRACT?
where they had a wedding
ceremony before his
- Balaguer Testimony execution. She left in tears.
• Eyewitness: Fr. Vicente Balaguer
(Jesuit friar)
WHERE DID THE CRY OF REBELLION
• Rizal's Actions:
HAPPENED?
o Woke up several times.
o Confessed four times.
o Attended Mass. Different Accounts of the Cry
o Received communion. • Lt. Olegario Diaz: Identified the
o Prayed the rosary. Cry occurring in Balintawak on 25
• Observation: These actions August 1896.
seemed out of character for Rizal. • Teodoro Kalaw: Marks the event
• Significance: This testimony is the at Kangkong, Balintawak, during
only "primary" account claiming the last week of August 1896.
Rizal wrote a retraction document, • Santiago Alvarez: Places the Cry
used to argue its authenticity. at Bahay Toro, Quezon City, on 24
Cuerpo de Vigilancia Testimony August 1896.
• Researcher: Professor Rene R. • Pio Valenzuela: States the Cry
Escalante happened at Pugad Lawin on 23
• Source: Federico Moreno’s report August 1896.
on Rizal's last hours. • Gregorio Zaide: Identifies the Cry
• Key Events: as taking place in Balintawak on 26
o 7:50 AM: Rizal entered August 1896.
death row with his counsel • Teodoro Agoncillo: Supports the
(Senor Taviel de Andrade) date and location of the Cry at
and Jesuit priest (Vilaclara). Pugad Lawin on 23 August 1896,
He was served breakfast. based on Pio Valenzuela's
o 9:00 AM: Rizal requested a statements.
prayer book, which was • Recent Research: Historians
provided by Father March. Milagros Guerrero, Emmanuel
o Discussion: Rizal Encarnation, and Ramon Villegas
conversed with Jesuit suggest the event took place in
fathers about religious Tandang Sora’s barn, Gulod,
matters; they presented him Barangay Banlat, Quezon City, on
with a retraction document 24 August 1896.
that he initially refused to Pio Valenzuela’s Account (Cry of Pugad
sign. Lawin)
o 12:30 PM: After a lengthy • Date: August 26, 1896
discussion, Rizal had a light • Location: House of Apolonio
lunch (poached egg and Samson, Kangkong, Balintawak.
chicken). • Participants: Attendees included
o Afternoon: He requested to Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Aguedo
write and spent time alone del Rosario, Tomas Remigio,
doing so. Briccio Pantas, Teodoro Plata, Pio
o 3:00 PM: Rizal handed Valenzuela, Enrique Pacheco, and
what he had written to Francisco Carreon. Delegates from
Father March. The chief of Bulacan, Cabanatuan, Cavite, and
the firing squad and the Morong were also present.
Assistant of the Plaza • Meeting Details:
signed the document. o Time: About 9:00 AM,
o 5:00 AM (30th): His lover presided over by Andres
arrived in mourning. Only

9
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
(Lecture)
Bonifacio, with Emilio
Jacinto as secretary.
o Purpose: To discuss the
uprising.
o Discussion: Some
members (Teodoro Plata,
Briccio Pantas, Pio
Valenzuela) opposed an
early start to the revolution.
o Bonifacio’s Speech: He
appealed to the crowd
waiting outside, warning
them about the fate of their
countrymen who had been
shot and urging them to
start the uprising.
o People’s Response: The
crowd shouted "Revolt!" in
unison.
Cedula Destruction
• Bonifacio's Sign: He emphasized
that the cedula tax represented
slavery and asked the crowd to
destroy their cedulas as a sign of
severance from Spanish rule.
Pio Valenzuela’s Personal Account
• First Refuge: Andres Bonifacio
and others took refuge in
Balintawak, arriving on August 19
and 20, 1896.
• Meeting on August 22: Some 500
members of the Katipunan met at
Apolonio Samson's house and yard
in Kangkong, mainly exchanging
views without resolutions.
• Pugad Lawin Meeting: Over 1,000
members of the Katipunan met
on August 23, 1896, at the house
and storehouse of Juan Ramos
(son of Melchora Aquino) to debate
the start of the revolution.
• Outcome: After discussions, many
attendees tore their cedulas and
shouted, "Long live the
Philippines!"

10