Term: 1st Term
Week: 6
Class: Senior Secondary School 1
Age: 15 years
Duration: 40 minutes of 5 periods each
Date:
Subject: Physics
Topic:- Vector & scalar quantity
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to
1. Explain these terminologies; Distance & Displacement, Speed & Velocity,
Acceleration & Retardation
2. Represent a Distance/Displacement - Time Graph
3. Represent a Speed/Velocity - Time Graph
INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNIQUES: Identification, explanation, questions and answers,
demonstration, videos from source
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Videos, loud speaker, textbook, pictures
INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURES
PERIOD 1-2
PRESENTATION TEACHER’S ACTIVITY STUDENT’S ACTIVITY
STEP 1 The teacher reviews the Students pay attention
previous lesson on Friction
INTRODUCTION
STEP 2 He explains these Students pay attention and
terminologies; Distance & participates
EXPLANATION Displacement, Speed &
Velocity, Acceleration &
Retardation
STEP 3 He represents a Students pay attention and
Distance/Displacement - participate
DEMONSTRATION Time Graph and a
Speed/Velocity - Time
Graph
STEP 4 The teacher writes a The students copy the note
summarized note on the in their books
NOTE TAKING board
NOTE
VECTOR AND SCALAR QUANTITY
LINEAR MOTION
Terminologies used in linear motion:
1. Distance: This defined as the total length of path traversed. It is also the separation
between two points. It is denoted as “s” or “x”. It is a scalar quantity. The SI unit of
distance is meters (m)
2. Displacement: this is distance moved in a specified direction. It is denoted as “s” or “x”.
It is a vector quantity. The SI unit of displacement is meters (m)
3. Speed: This is the rate of change of distance with time. It is a scalar quantity. Its SI unit
is meter per seconds (m/s or ms-1)
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑=𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
𝑣= 𝑠
𝑡
4. Uniform speed: This is when the rate of change of distance with time is constant.
5. Velocity: This is the rate of change of displacement with time. It is a vector quantity. Its
SI unit is meter per seconds (m/s or ms-1).
𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦=𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
𝑣= 𝑠
𝑡
6. Uniform velocity: This is when the rate of change of displacement with time is
constant.
NOTE: Velocity is often used interchangeably with speed during calculations
7. Acceleration: This is the increasing rate of change of velocity with time. It is a vector
quantity. Its SI unit is meter per seconds-square (m/s2 or ms-2)
𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛= 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑎= Δ𝑣
Δ𝑡
𝑎= 𝑣−𝑢
𝑡2−𝑡1
𝑣=𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑢=𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
8. Uniform acceleration: This is when the increasing rate of change of velocity with time
is constant
9. Deceleration: This is the decreasing rate of change of velocity with time. It is a vector
quantity. It is commonly referred to as negative acceleration or retardation.
10. Uniform deceleration: This is when the decreasing rate of change of velocity with time
is constant
Equation of Uniformly Accelerated motion
S = (v+u) t 7
2
v = u + at 8
v2 = u2 + 2 aS 9
S = ut + ½ at2 10
Equations (7) to (10) are called equations of uniformly accelerated motion and could be
used to solve problems associated with uniformly accelerated motion
where u- initial velocity, v – final velocity, a – acceleration, S – distance covered and t – time
Example
A car moves from rest with an acceleration of 0.2mls2. Find its velocity when it has moved a
distance of 50m.
Solution
Given:
a = 0.2mls2, S = 50m, u = 0m/s, v =?
v2 = u2 + 2 as
v2= 02 + (2x0.2x50) = 20
v = √20 m/s
Distance/Displacement- Time Graph
The slope of this time graph gives speed/velocity.
For a uniform speed/velocity, the time graph is given below:
If the velocity is non – uniform, the velocity at a point is the gradient or slope of the tangent
at that point.
S(m)
t (s)
Speed/Velocity - Time Graph
The slope of the speed/velocity-time graph gives acceleration.
Example
A car starts from rest and accelerates uniformly until it reaches a velocity of 30mls after 5
seconds. It travels with uniform velocity for 15 seconds and is then brought to rest in 10s
with a uniform retardation. Determine
a. the acceleration of the car
b. The retardation
c. The distance covered after 5s
d. The total distance covered (use both graphical and analytical method)
Solution
The velocity – time diagram for the journey is shown above, from this diagram
a.) the acceleration = slope of OA
= AE/EO
= (30-0) /(5-0)=30/5
= 6mls2
b.) the retardation = slope of BC = CB / CD
= (0-30) / (30-20) = -30/10
= -3mls2 (the negative sign indicate that the body is retarding)
c.) Distance traveled after 5s = area of A E O
=½xbxh
= ½ x 5 x 30
= 75m
d.) total distance covered = area of the trapezium OABC
= ½ (AB + OC) AE
= ½ (15 + 30) 30
= 675m.
Using equations of motion:
a.) U = O, V = 3, t = 5 V = u + t
a = v-u/t = 30 – 0 / 5 a = 30/5 = 6ms-2
b.) a = (v – u) / t
a = (0-30) / 10
a = -3 mls2
c.) S = (u + v) 5 2
S= (30 x 5)/2
S= 75m
d.) To determine the total distance traveled we need to find the various distance for the
three stages of the journey and then add them.
For the 1st part S= 75m from (c) above
For the 2nd stage: where it moves with uniform velocity.
S = vt
1. 30 x 15
2. 450m
For the last stage S = ½ (u + v) t
1. ½(30+0)10
2. 150m.
Total distance = 75 + 450 + 100 = 675m
EVALUATION: 1. Define the following terms as used in linear motion:
i. Acceleration
ii. Speed
iii. Displacement
2. A car moves with a velocity of 72kmhr-1. It is brought to rest in 10s. Find
(i) the velocity in ms-1
(ii) the retardation
3. State the differences & similarity between speed & velocity
4. (a) Explain the terms uniform acceleration and average speed
(b) a body at rest is given an initial uniform acceleration of 8.0ms-2 for 30
seconds after which the acceleration is reduced to 5.0ms-2 for the next 20 seconds.
The body maintains the speed for 60seconds after which it is brought to rest in 20
seconds. Draw the velocity-time graph of the motion using the information given
above
(c) using the graph, calculate the:
(i) maximum speed attained during the motion;
(ii) average retardation as the body is being brought to rest
(iii) total distance travelled during the first 50s;
(iv) average speed during the same interval as in (iii)
5. A car starts from rest and accelerates uniformly for 10s, until it attains a velocity
of 25ms-1; it then travels with uniform velocity for 20s before decelerating
uniformly to rest in 5s.
(i) calculate the acceleration during the first 10s
(ii) calculate the deceleration during the last 5s
(iii) sketch a graph of the motion and calculate the total distance
covered throughout the motion
CLASSWORK: As in evaluation
CONCLUSION: The teacher commends the students positively
