CHAPTER 4
CURRICULUM
DEVELOPMENT
Standards-based Curriculum
Development Model
• Allan Glatthorns developed the standards-based Curriculum
development model,& identified 3 phases to be followed in
developing standards-based Curriculum.
3 Phases of standards-based
Curriculum development model.
Phase [Link] standards.
1. Develop a comprehensive set, content standards,using multiple
sources.
2. Refine comprehensive list, eliminating & combining.
[Link] teacher input to identify teacher priorities.
[Link] data to develop final draft, standards, divided into Essential,
Enrichment Standards.
Phase 2. Develop benchmarks.
[Link] decisions about content emphasis.
[Link] standards, continuing development.
[Link] how benchmarks, by taskforce or teachers.
[Link] initial draft of benchmarks, evaluating w/ criteria provided,
teacher review, revise benchmarks if needed.
Phase [Link] final products
[Link] standards, benchmarks, produce scope, sequence chart.
[Link] on curriculum guide content.
[Link] benchmarks into learning objectives.
Benchmarks –improve,refine,validate curriculum.
Scope and sequence - important for planning, instruction for deciding
on specific contents & objectives.
Understanding by Design Model
Was Develop by Wiggins, & Mctighe (2002) . Has become a by word in
the Philippines educational system, was used to design by the basic
educational curriculum in school year 2010-2011 before K-12
Education Curriculum was implemented. The model also called as
BACKWARD DESIGN (UBD).for putting emphasis on starting with the
goals, objectives,designing [Link] puts emphasis , designing
curriculum to engage students in exploring and deeping their
understanding of important ideas and the design of assessment.
3 Stages in backward design
process or (UBD)
Stage 1:
Identify the desired results.
Stage 2:
Determine acceptable evidence.
Stage 3:
Plan the learning experiences and instruction.
[Link] Print Model for Curriculum
Development
Murray Print published his model his book Curriculum development
design in (1998).his model, prescribes a sequential, logical approach to
curriculum development.
3 Phases are ff:
Phase [Link]
Phase [Link]
Phase [Link]
Cyclical Models of Curriculum
Development
• Cyclical Models continuous process of Curriculum [Link]
a situational analysis.
•
A. Audrey Nicholls and Howard Nicholls Model for Curriculum
Development.
*Cyclical model was Develop by (Nicholls/Nicholls on 1978).
Nicholls / Nicholls curriculum development
This model was prescriptive/ [Link] was also recognize the influence / importance of contributing disciplines such as:
*Philosophy
*Psychology
*Sociology
The importance of three disciplines in developing curriculum is recognize in the model Tyler(1949).
Also the attribute of the model is helpful for:
*Teachers
*Administrator
The model of Nicholls/Nicholls (1978) advocates a curriculum development that involves continuous improvement.
Systematic Design Model
Robert Diamond who originally developed the systematic Design Model
in early(1960’s).it has undergone major revisions but it’s structure is
unchanged in(1998).the systematic Design Model is prescriptive and
rational.
The Contextual Filters Model of
Course Planning
• Contextual Filters Model of Course Planning was Develop by:
• Stark Lowther,Bentley,Ryan,Martens, Genthons, Wren, Shaw in 1990.
• Their study conducted at University of Michigan National Center for
Research to improve Postsecondary teaching and learning.
• Involves making learning meaningful to students by conducting real
world.
Dynamic Models of Curriculum
Development
*The dynamic Models describe how curriculum workers develop
curricula in various educational [Link] dynamic curriculum
development models are usually used in school –based settings.
A.) Walker’s Model of Curriculum Development
*Decker walker develop a model for Curriculum development and first
published in(1971).
*They develop curricula:
(Walker,1971; Marsh &Willins, 2007; Print,1993).
3Phases ff:
1.) Platform Phase
-Individual beliefs, Knowledge, Values.
2.) Deliberation
-involveds identifying with facts are needed for means end, generating
alternatives and considering the consequences of these alternatives.
3.) Curriculum design
- Planning, decision-making, actual development curriculum.
*Walkers model is dynamic & descriptive model of Curriculum Development.
Skilbeck’s Curriculum development
Model
In (1976) skilbeck’s came up w/ a model for developing a school –based
curriculum in Australia. Skilbeck’s model includes a situational analysis
provide strong bases for making curricular decisions for all the
succeeding phases of Curriculum Development.
*The Five steps of skilbeck’s model are follow:
Eisner’s Artistics Approach to
Curriculum Development
Elliot W. Eisner
-He is a famous curriculum scholar.
-1979 he published the book of Educational Imagination.
-He presented his idea on how curriculum development should be
[Link] also believe that there is a need to develop a new theory that
recognize the artistry of teaching is useful in helping teachers develop
those arts.
Eisner’s Artistics Model of
Curriculum Development are ff:
Analysis of Different Curriculum
Development Models
-provides a summary of the results of the analysis of the different
curriculum development models in relation to the two dimensions
suggested by print (1993).
- Curriculum development models are based on curriculum researchers
and are based on certain theories of Curriculum.
Summary of the Curriculum
Development Models are ff:
-linear models (Standards-based Curriculum Development Model, understanding by
design.
-Systematic Design Model
-Print’s Curriculum Development Model
-Cyclical Model of Model
-Nicholls and Nicholls model (1978).
-Contextual Filters Model of course planning.
-Dynamic models of Eisner’s (1979), Walker (1971).
-Pawilen’s model (2001)
-(Each model of Curriculum Development is based on a curriculum theory develop by
Various proponents.)
Reflection on Curriculum
Development
• Curriculum Development, as seen in the curriculum development models, follows a scientific and logical process.
• Each Curriculum development model represents different areas of emphasis.
• Essential elements of Curriculum Development are:
-Situational analysis
-Selection of objectives
-Selection of content
-Selection of learning experiences
-Evaluation
•Curriculum development models could be clustered into three:
-Linear Models-follows a logical and sequential approach to curriculum development starting with curriculum objectives.
-Cyclical Models-they are essentially logical sequential in terms of process, however in cyclical Models, curriculum development
is viewed as a continuous process.
-Dynamic Models-curriculum development may begin with any curriculum element or process. It highlights the importance of
involving teachers in curriculum development process.
•Curriculum development in the Philippines need to involve different stakeholders and teachers.
•There is a need to develop a model that is relevant and responsive to the academic needs and contexts of the Philippines.
