*

8-0 ifjp;
8-1 lS)kafrd –f"Vdks.k
8-2 lwfpr lgefr
8-3 vukeRo vkSj xksiuh;rk
8-4 ;qfä
8-5 fjiksÉVx vkSj çfrfØ;k
8-6 vkpkj ¼uhfr½ fn'kkfunsZ'k
8-7 vkpkj lfefr;k¡ vkSj xq.kkRed 'kksèk
8-8 lkjka'k
8-9 lanHkZ
8-10 vkidh çxfr dh tk¡p djus ds fy, mÙkj

bl bdkà dks i<+us ds ckn Nk= lh[ksaxs%

 vkpkj fuekZ.k dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk(
 mi;ksfxrkokn ¼ifj.kkeokn½ vkSj vkpkj&fo"k;d ¼xSj ifj.kkeokn½ tSls lS)kafrd
–f"Vdks.kksa esa varj dh igpku djuk(
 lwfpr lgefr dh O;k[;k djuk ,oa ekuo'kkL=h; foe'kks± esa bldh
çklafxdrk( rFkk
 uSfrd fn'kkfunsZ'kksa ds egRo dks igpkuukA

vuqlaèkku ,d lrr vkSj lJe çfØ;k gSA ekufodh] lkekftd foKkuksa vkSj
tSfodh;@fpfdRlh; vuq'kkluksa esa 'kksèkkFkÊ ,oa mudh fo"k;&oLrq esa dkQh
fudVrk gSA ekuofoKku ekuo tkfr dk ,d lexz foKku gSA bl vuq'kklu@
fo"k; dh vfèkdka'k 'kk[kkvksa esa] vè;;udrkZ vkSj vè;f;r ¼lk{kkRdkjdrkZ&
mÙkjnkrk] oSKkfud&fo"k;½ u flQZ lk>k i;kZoj.k ds fgLls gSa cfYd vDlj os
bfrgkl vkSj dà voljksa ij tkrh; vkSj Hkk"kkà igpku Hkh lk>k djrs gSaA dÃ
vuq'kkluksa esa] 'kksèkdÙkkZvksa us viuh ,d lÙkkRed fLFkfr LFkkfir dj yh gS ftlls
bl ckr dh lokZfèkd laHkkouk gS fd og vius iwokZxzgksa dks Hkh mu yksxksa rd
*
* &çks- 'kkfyuk esgrk ¼lsokfuo`r½ ekuofoKku foHkkx] iatkc fo'ofo|ky;] paMhx<+A
& M‚- ts- ,u- flag] vUos"kd ¼,l,l½ xzsM&I] lkekftd v/;;u çHkkx] vksvkjthvkbZ]
x`g ea=ky;A 123
 igqapkrs gSa] ftuls os ckrphr djrs gSa] ;k ftuds laidZ esa gksrs gSaA ;gk¡ ij
lÙkkRed fLFkfr dgus dk rkRi;Z] 'kksèkdrkZ ds ;g eku cSBus ls gS fd og fdlh
ls Hkh lwpuk,¡ ysus dk vfèkdkj j[krk gSA tcfd ;g lp ugÈ gSA fdlh Hkh
mÙkjnkrk dks 'kksèk çfØ;k esa Hkkx ysus ;k euk dj nsus dk iw.kZ vfèkdkj gksrk gSA
vr% çR;sd 'kksèkdrkZ ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd og vius iwokZxzgksa dks NksM+dj
uSfrd –f"Vdks.k ds lkFk {ks= dk;Z vè;;u 'kq: djsA 'kksèk djus dh rS;kjh djus
okys çR;sd Nk= dks bu cqfu;knh ckrksa ds egRo dks le>uk pkfg,A bl ikB esa]
vkidks vkpkj dh voèkkj.kk] 'kksèk esa loZJs"B ç.kkfy;k¡] çeq[k laLFkkuksa }kjk fuÆer
uSfrd fn'kk&funsZ'k vkSj ifj;kstukvksa dks vkpkj lfefr;ksa ds lEeq[k çLrqr djus
dh çfØ;k ls ifjfpr djk;k tk,xkA Li"V gS fd ;g tkudkjh ,d vPNs
vuqlaèkku ds lkFk ,d csgrj ekuofoKkuh cuus ds fy, vfuok;Z gSA vkpkj ;k
uSfrdrk Hkk"kkà –f"V ls ,d laKk gS ftls Þfdlh O;fä ds O;ogkj ;k xfrfofèk;ksa
dk lapkyu djus okys uSfrd fl)karksa ds :i esa le>k tkrk gSA bldk lkekU;
i;kZ; uSfrd lafgrk] uhfr] uSfrdrk] uSfrd fl)kar] uSfrd ewY; ,oa lgh o xyr
gSßA
efj;e osClVj 'kCndks'k ^vkpkj* dks ÞuSfrd :i ls D;k vPNk vkSj D;k cqjk gS\
ds fopkjksa ij vkèkkfjr O;ogkj ds fu;eksaÞ ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr djrk gSA vkerkSj
ij vkpkj dks n'kZu dh ,d 'kk[kk ds :i esa le>k tkrk gS tks lgh vkSj xyr
dh voèkkj.kkvksa dh O;k[;k djrk gSA
lkekU;r% bls fuEufyf[kr ik¡p 'kk[kkvksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS %
& ;g 'kk[kk uSfrd fl)karksa dh mRifÙk dh tk¡p djrh gS vkSj
bl ckr dh iM+rky djrh gS fd uSfrd ewY;kadu D;ksa egRoiw.kZ gSA
;g fuèkkZfjr djrh gS fd vkcknh
;k ,d fuf'pr lewg dk fdruk vuqikr fdlh [kkl pht dks lgh ;k xyr
ekurk gSA
mu ekunaMksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djrk gS tks
dqN phtksa dks lgh ;k xyr r; djrs gSaA ;g leqnk;ksa vkSj o`gn lekt ds
fy, uSfrd ewY;ksa dk ,d pkVZj çnku djrk gSA
;g laosnu'khy vkSj vDlj fooknkLin
eqíksa] tSls e`R;qnaM] bPNke`R;q] gksekslsDlq;fyVh vkfn dh tk¡p djrk gSA
thukse vuqlaèkku esa egRoiw.kZ eqíksa dh tk¡p
djrk gS tSls thu DyksÇux] euq";ksa ij uà nokvksa ds ijh{k.k] vkfnA

lkekftd foKkuksa esa uSfrdrk vkSj bldh çklafxdrk dks le>us ds fy, eq[;r%
nks lS)kafrd –f"Vdks.k gSa&
ifj.kkeokn dks mi;ksfxrkokn ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS % bldk lS)kafrd vkèkkj
124 bl ckr ij cy nsrk gS fd fdlh xfrfofèk ds lgh&xyr dk vanktk mlds
ifj.kkeksa ls yxk;k tk ldrk gS vkSj lHkh çdkj ds ç;ksx vkSj tk¡p flQZ blh
mís'; ls fd, tkrs gSaA bl ifjçs{; ls ;g lkfcr gksrk gS fd euq";ksa ij uÃ
nokvksa ;k mipkjksa dk ijh{k.k fcuk ;g tkus fd og muds 'kjhj dks dSls çHkkfor
djsxk] fd;k tkuk mfpr gSA mudk rdZ gS fd vxj ;g ç;ksx ^ç;ksx fd, tkus
okys fo"k;* esa ldkjkRed ifj.kke nsrk gS rks ;g vU; yk[kksa dks cpkus esa enn
djrk gSA ysfdu ;fn ç;ksx esa *lCtsDV* dks leL;k gksrh gS ;k og ¼lCtsDV½ ej
tkrk gS rks ;g LFkkfir gks tkrk gS fd bl ç;ksx dks NksM+ nsuk gksxk] ftlls
foÙkh; vkSj ekuoh; ykxrksa esa yk[kksa dh cpr gksxhA bl nk'kZfud –f"Vdks.k dh
uSfrdrk ykxr&ykHk fo'ys"k.k esa fufgr gSA
vkpkj&fo"k;d ;k xSj ifj.kkeokn% ;g –f"Vdks.k ç[;kr nk'kZfud bekuq,y dkaV
dh nk'kZfud le> esa fufgr gSA bl –f"Vdks.k dk rdZ gS fd mÙkjnkrkvksa ls
fdlh Hkh çdkj dk èkks[kk muds ekSfyd ekuokfèkdkjksa dk mYya?ku gSA ;g iw.kZ
uSfrd ewY;ksa ds ckjs esa ckr djrk gSA ifj.kkeokn Þekè;eÞ ls vfèkd ^ifj.kke* dks
egRoiw.kZ ekurk gS] tcfd uSfrdrk bl ckr dk fojksèk djrh gSA ckn esa ykHk dqN
Hkh gksa] ^lCtsDV* dh lqj{kk lcls egRoiw.kZ gS D;ksafd ekuo dks Þifj.kkeÞ ds ctk;
Þekè;eÞ ekuk tkuk pkfg,A
vkidks igys le>uk pkfg, fd ekuo ç;ksx dk D;k vFkZ gS% dksà Hkh ç;ksx
thfor ekuo ij Fksjsih ¼bykt½ ds :i esa ugÈ fd;k tkrk gS] cfYd ;g tkuus ds
fy, fd;k tkrk gS fd ;g mls dSls çHkkfor djsxkA mnkgj.k ds fy, NksVs cPpksa
dks fodklksRçsjd gkeksZu nsuk] flQZ ;g ns[kuk gh gS fd ;g mUgsa dSls çHkkfor
djsxk( fu;a=.k lewg ds :i esa ,d lkekU; O;fä dks balqfyu dh èkheh [kqjkd
nsuk( dsoy laHkkfor mipkjkRed ewY; dks tkuus gsrq ejhtksa dks Vªk;y nokb;k¡
nsuk] ,oa dsoy O;fä;ksa dh èkhjt {kerk ds ijh{k.k gsrq bysfDVªd 'k‚d nsuk vkfn
,sls gh ç;ksx gSaA
lkekftd vkSj fpfdRlh; vuqlaèkku dk bfrgkl ,sls mnkgj.kksa ls Hkjk gqvk gS
ftuesa ^lthoksa* dks ^lCtsDV* cukdj vuqlaèkku ds uke ij vekuoh; O;ogkj fd,
x,A lcls dq[;kr mnkgj.k ukth teZuh dk gS] tgk¡ fpfdRlk ç;ksxksa ds uke ij
;q)cafn;ksa dks vekuoh; ;krukvksa vkSj ijh{k.kksa ls xqtjuk iM+kA buesa Þvlaxr
vlkè; jä vkèkku ¼;kuh vkj,p i‚ftfVo O;fä dks vkj,p usxfs Vo CyM fn;k
tkuk] xzqi ch jä ds dSfn;ksa dks xzqi , dk CyM fn;k tkuk] vkfn½] fo"kSys inkFkks±
dk batsD'ku] efgykvksa dks bl èkkj.kk ij tcju oaè;h—r fd;k tkuk rFkk fcuk
,usLFkhfl;k ds v‚ijs'ku djuk] fd os ekufld :i ls detksj gSa ftlls ekufld
:i ls chekj cPpksa dks tUe nsaxh] tks vkcknh ds thu iwy cny nsaxs ¼fooj.k ds
fy, folsy] 2005% 1511&1513 i<+sa½A ckn esa bl egkçy; ls cps ,oa ç;ksx ds
f'kdkj O;fä thou Hkj euksoSKkfud çHkkoksa dks >syrs jgsA bu lc ifj.kkeksa ls
vuqlaèkku ds lHkh :iksa esa lwfpr lgefr vkSj LoSfPNd Hkkxhnkjh dh vko';drk
dks cy feykA

125
 1½ vkpkj vkSj mldh fofHkUu 'kk[kkvksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djsa\
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2½ ifj.kkeokn vkSj xSj ifj.kkeokn ds chp varj\
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3½ ukth teZuh ds nkSjku fd, x, ç;ksxksa esa D;k xyr Fkk\
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4½ ekuofoKku esa ekuo vkcknh ij ç;ksxksa ds lapkyu esa 'kksèkdrkZvksa dks
vfrfjä lkoèkkuh D;ksa cjruh pkfg, \
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fiNys vuqHkkx esa tks eqís mBk, x, gSa] os blfy, mHkj dj lkeus vk lds] D;ksafd
cgqr ls yksx fcuk lgefr ds bu vuqfpr ijh{k.kksa ls xqtj jgs FksA fiNys Hkkx esa]
vkius 'kksèkdrkZ dh 'kksèk 'kfä dh laHkkouk Hkh tkuhA ;g mu yksxksa }kjk fd;k
x;k Fkk tks ;q) cafn;ksa ;k funksZ"k ukxfjdksa ls ç;ksx ds fy, tcju uewus ysrs FksA
126
bu ç;ksxksa esa bu ukxfjdksa dh lgHkkfxrk LoSfPNd ugÈ FkÈA bu ijh{k.kksa dk u rks
mís'; mUgsa le>k;k x;k Fkk vkSj u gh uewus ysus ds fy, mudh lgefr ek¡xh xÃ
FkhA ;g ekSfyd ekuokfèkdkjksa dk ?kksj mYya?ku gSA ;g blfy, Hkh Çprktud Fkk]
D;ksafd çR;sd mÙkjnkrk ls vkSipkfjd lgefr ysus dh vfuok;Z vko';drk FkhA
bl [kaM esa vki ml ç;ksx ds ckjs esa tkusaxs ftlus jkT; ç'kklu dks lwfpr
lgefr ds fy, uSfrd fn'kkfunsZ'k rS;kj djus ds fy, etcwj fd;kA
cCch ¼2015% 66½ us lwfpr lgefr dks bl çdkj oÆ.kr fd;k gS& Þ,slk ekunaM
ftlesa ^lCtsDV* laHkkfor tksf[keksa dh iwjh le> ds vkèkkj ij vuqlaèkku
ifj;kstukvksa esa LoSfPNd Hkkxhnkjh nsrs gSaÞA
,d vkSj ekeyk] ftls ^VLdsxh flQfyl* ç;ksx dgk tkrk gS] esa esfMdy
vuqlèa kku dh uhfr ij loky mBk] tks fd vkxs pydj vesfjdk esa ykxw gksus okys
,d jk"Vªh; vuqlaèkku vfèkfu;e dk vkèkkj cukA vesfjdk ds lkoZtfud LokLF;
lsok us 1932 esa bl 'kksèk ifj;kstuk dks vkjaHk fd;k Fkk] tks fd 1972 rd fcuk
fdlh vkpkj uhfr ds gh pyrh jghA bl vè;;u esa 400 xjhc vÝhdh flQfyl
ls ihfM+r iq#"kksa dks isfuflfyu nsus ls euk dj fn;k x;k FkkA 1932 rd]
isfuflfyu] flQfyl dks Bhd dj ldus dh nok ekuh tkrh FkhA bu xjhc vÜosr
vÝhfd;ksa dks bykt ls budkj djuk ;k ckgj dj nsuk bl ifjdYiuk dk
çfrQy Fkk fd ;fn ge mUgsa mipkj nsrs gSa] rks ge jksx dh iw.kZ çxfr dh çfØ;k
dks ugÈ le> ik,¡xsA ljy 'kCnksa esa le>sa] fd ;fn vki fdlh ,sls laØe.k ls
ihfM+r gSa] ftlds fy, mipkj rks miyCèk gS] Çdrq vkidk M‚DVj vkidks mipkj
nsus ls u dsoy budkj djrk gS cfYd vkidh ihM+k dks pqipki ns[krk jgrk gSA
D;ksafd og ;g ns[kuk pkgrk gS fd vkidk 'kjhj fcuk nok ds laØe.k ds çfr D;k
çfrfØ;k djrk gSA
tSls gh ;g vè;;u lkoZtfud :i ls lkeus vk;k] rks vesfjdk ds rRdkyhu
jk"Vªifr fjpMZ fuDlu dks lkoZtfud :i ls ekQh ekaxuh iM+h vkSj Hkfo"; ds
vuqlaèkku ds fy, fn'kkfunsZ'k r; djus ds fy, ,d vk;ksx dk xBu djuk iM+kA
vk;ksx us ,d fjiksVZ çLrqr dh ftls n csye‚UV fjiksVZ dgk tkrk gSA bl fjiksVZ
ds vkèkkj ij gh vesfjdk }kjk jk"Vªh; vuqlaèkku vfèkfu;e 1974 ikl fd;k x;k]
tks fd ckn esa] nqfu;k Hkj esa fofHkUu vuqlaèkku laxBuksa }kjk viuk, x, Hkfo"; ds
,sls lHkh fn'kkfunsZ'kksa dk lanHkZ cu x;kA bl vfèkfu;e esa rhu çeq[k fl)kar gSa%
 O;fä;ksa ds fy, lEeku% vuqlaèkku çfrHkkfx;ksa ¼lCtsDV½ dks laHkkfor tksf[keksa
dh iw.kZ tkudkjh gks vkSj ;FkklaHko ç;ksx ds nq"ifj.kkeksa ls mudh j{kk dh
tkuh pkfg,A
 midkj% ;g lqfuf'pr gks fd vuqlaèkku çfrHkkfx;ksa dks dksà uqdlku u igqaps
cfYd vkn'kZ fLFkfr ;g gS fd mUgsa blls ykHk feyuk pkfg,A
 U;k;% vuqlaèkku ds Qk;ns lekt esa lHkh dks leku :i ls miyCèk gksus
pkfg,A
bu fl)karksa ij t+ksj nsuk ekuokfèkdkj –f"Vdks.k dk iquewZY;kadu gSA ;g –f"Vdks.k
mu lHkh ekuo'kkL=h; vuqlaèkkuksa dk ,d fgLlk gS] tks thfor euq";ksa ij vè;f;r
fd, tkrs gSaA lkFk gh ;g lqfuf'pr djrk gS fd fo"k;ksa@mÙkjnkrkvksa dks dksà 127
 uqdlku u igqapsA dà ckj vutkus esa mÙkjnkrkvksa dks euksoSKkfud uqdlku igqapus
dh laHkkouk gksrh gS] mnkgj.k ds fy, cykRdkj ls ihfM+r yksxksa ds vè;;u ij%
;fn vki mUgsa ml ?kVuk ds dkj.k gqà 'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld vk?kkr dh nq[kn
Le`fr;ksa dks ;kn djus ds fy, dgrs gSa] rks os volkn dk vuqHko dj ldrs gSaA
bl rjg ds mnkgj.kksa esa vçR;{k :i ls çfroknh dks uqdlku igqap ldrk gSA
dHkh&dHkh 'kksèkdrkZ ;g eku ysrs gSa fd muds }kjk iwNs tk jgs ç'u cgqr
O;fäxr ugÈ gSa vkSj muds mÙkjnkrkvksa dh xksiuh;rk Hkax ugÈ djsaxsA mÙkjnkrk
bu ç'uksa dk mÙkj rks ns ldrk gS ysfdu varjax fooj.k lk>k gksus ds Mj ;k Hk;
dks og NksM+ ugÈ ikrk] tSls fd ,pvkÃoh i‚ftfVo yksxksa ij fd, tk jgs vè;;u
esa mÙkjnkrk O;fäxr vuqHkoksa dks lk>k djus ds fy, çsfjr gks ldrk gS( Çdrq bl
çfØ;k esa og mu fooj.kksa dks NksM+ ldrk gS] ftuls mldh xksiuh;rk Hkax gks
ldrh gksA ;gk¡ rd fd tc ;g tkudkjh iw.kZ xksiuh; j[kus dh 'krks± ds lkFk Hkh
,d= dh tkrh gS] rks Hkh ;g mUgsa vlgt dj ldrk gSA O;fäxr vk?kkr vkSj
varjax fooj.k ij iqu% ppkZ djuk muds ekufld LokLF; vkSj vkRe&lEeku dks
çHkkfor dj ldrk gSA ,pvkÃoh@,M~l] ekufld LokLF;] ;kSu O;ogkj ;k
'kkjhfjd vFkok lkekftd 'kks"k.k tSls laosnu'khy eqíksa ij 'kksèk djus okys
'kksèkdrkZvksa dks mÙkjnkrkvksa dh Hkkoukvksa dks vkgr djus ls cpuk pkfg,( Hkys gh
mUgksaus lwfpr lgefr çkIr dj yh gksA ,d mfpr vkpkj;qä vè;;u rS;kj djus
ds fy, fn'kkfunsZ'k fuEufyf[kr gSa%
 laHkkfor 'kksèk çfrHkkfx;ksa dks vè;;u dk mís'; vkSj vè;;u D;ksa vk;ksftr
fd;k tk jgk gS] ;g Li"V :i ls le>k,a(
 muds }kjk mBkà xà lHkh ftKklkvksa dk èkS;ZiwoZd tokc nsa(
 ml ,tsalh dks fuÆn"V djsa] ftldh vksj ls vuqlaèkku fd;k tk jgk gS(
 ljy Hkk"kk esa le>k,a ¼fo'ks"kdj ,slh Hkk"kk ftlesa os lgt gksa½ fd vkids 'kksèk
dk mís'; 'kS{kf.kd gS ;k dksà vU;] tSls foi.ku vuqlaèkku] jktuhfrd jk;
losZ{k.k] O;ogkj ifjorZu dk ekufp=.k vkfn(
 tkjh j[kus ds fy, mudh vuqefr iwNsaA ;fn og euk djrs gSa rks çfØ;k jksd
ns(a
 lqfuf'pr djsa fd xksiuh;rk ij mudh lgefr yh xà gS(
 tSfod ekuofoKku ds 'kksèkdrkZvksa dks fyf[kr vkSipkfjd lgefr çkIr djus
esa fo'ks"k :i ls lkoèkku jguk pkfg,A jä dk uewuk ysus ;k 'kkjhfjd eki
ysus ls igys fyf[kr vkSipkfjd lgefr ysuh vko';d gS ¼buiqV~l lfgr
fn'kkfunsZ'k xqFkjh] 2010% 17 vkSj ys[kd }kjk la'kksfèkr½A
;kn j[ksa fd ;s lkekU; vkSj O;kid fn'kkfunsZ'k gSaA vkidks vDlj fLFkfr dh
laons u'khyrk] 'kksèk fd, tk jgs leqnk; dh lkaL—frd çksQk+ by vkSj {ks= esa
mi;ksx dh tkus okyh rduhdksa ds vuqlkj bu fn'kkfunsZ'kksa dks fodflr vkSj
la'kksfèkr djuk gksxkA buesa ls vfèkdka'k fn'kkfunsZ'k fpfdRlk vuqlaèkku ds ifjçs{;
esa lhekvksa dk è;ku j[krs gq, rS;kj fd, x, gSaA lkekftd&lkaL—frd eqíksa ij
dke djus okys Nk= vDlj {ks= esa lwpuk ,d= djrs le; uSfrd nqfoèkkvksa dk
128 lkeuk djrs gSaA ftldk vuqHko vki u`tkfrd ¼,FkuksxzkfQd½ vuqlaèkku ds nkSjku
ik,¡x]s vki èkhjs&èkhjs vuqHkotU; vuqlaèkku esa vkus okyh dfBukb;ksa ij Hkh foe'kZ
djuk lh[ksaxsA

1½ vesfjdk esa VLdsxh flfQfyl ç;ksx D;k Fks vkSj os vuSfrd D;ksa Fks\
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2½ csye‚UV fjiksVZ esa dkSu ls rhu çeq[k fl)kar lq>k, x, Fks\
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3½ uSfrd :i ls mfpr vè;;u djus ds fy, fn'kkfunsZ'kksa dh laf{kIr O;k[;k
djsa \
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ekuo'kkL=h; vuqlaèkku esa vDlj mÙkjnkrkvksa ds lkFk çR;{k vUr%fØ;k

¼Qsl&Vw&Qsl baVjSD'ku½ 'kkfey gksrk gSA vioknLo:i iqjkrRo vkSj thok'e
foKku dks NksM+dj bl vuq'kklu dh vU; 'kk[kk,¡ rks ^lCtsDV* ds lkFk fudV
laidZ dks çksRlkfgr Hkh djrh gSaA HkkSfrd@tSfod vkSj Qksjsafld ekuofoKkuh Kkr
O;fä;ksa ls uewus ysrs gSa vkSj lkekftd&lkaL—frd ekuofoKkuh lw{e vè;;u djrs
gSa] ftlesa lwpukvksa dh fjd‚ÉMx dh vko';drk gksrh gSA bl çdkj mÙkjnkrkvksa
dh igpku dh j{kk djuk uSfrd vè;;u ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gks tkrk gSA ¼ckCch
2015 % 68½ vukeRo dks dqN bl çdkj le>krs gSa] Þ,d 'kksèk ifj;kstuk esa xkjaVh
nh tkrh gS fd u rks 'kksèkdrkZ vkSj u gh fu"d"kks± ds ikBd mÙkjnkrk dh çfrfØ;k
dh igpku dj ldrs gSaAÞ
;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy,] Nk=ksa dks vk¡dM+s ntZ djus okyh iqfLrdk ij
mÙkjnkrkvksa ds okLrfod ukeksa ds ctk; Nn~e 'kCnksa dk mi;ksx djus dh lykg 129
 nh tkrh gSA mUgsa çR;sd mÙkjnkrk dks ,d dksM uacj ns nsuk pkfg, vkSj fcuk
uke ds QhYM Mk;jh esa ckrphr dh çfof"V;k¡ j[kuh pkfg,A ;fn mÙkjnkrk Lo;a
gh lk{kkRdkj dks fjd‚MZ djrs gSa] rks lqfuf'pr djsa fd mudk uke fdlh Hkh
dher ij tkfgj u gksA çR;sd 'kksèk vukeRo dk ikyu djsxk gh] Çdrq 'kksèkdrkZvksa
dks vè;;u djrs le; rc fo'ks"k :i ls lkoèkku jguk gksrk gS] tc og ,pvkÃoh
i‚ft+fVo yksxksa] ;kSu nqO;Zogkj ds f'kdkj] chekj O;fä ¼tks nwljksa dks viuh
chekfj;ksa dh ç—fr dks ugÈ crkuk pkgrs½ ,oa vijkèkksa esa 'kkfey lafnXèk O;fä;ksa
ds Qksjsafld ewY;kadu tSls fo"k;ksa ij vè;;u dj jgk gksA
esy fd, x, losZ{k.k vuqlaèkku esa vukeRo cuk, j[kuk T;knk vklku gSA
ç'ukoyh dks laHkkfor mÙkjnkrkvksa dks esy fd;k tkrk gS vkSj Hkjh gq, ç'ukoyh
dks fo'ys"k.k ds fy, feyk;k tkrk gSA bl çfØ;k esa u rks 'kksèkdrkZ vkSj u gh
ikBd dHkh O;fä dh igpku dk irk yxk ikrs gSaA
blds ckotwn ;g ;kn j[ksa fd vukeRo dks cuk, j[kuk okLro esa ,d eqf'dy
dke gSA o.kZukRed vuqlaèkku fy[krs le;] ,sls {k.k vkrs gSa] tc lpsr :i ls ;k
vutkus esa mÙkjnkrk dh igpku çdV gks tkrh gSA vr% bu çR;{k lanHkks± dks
gVkus ds fy, 'kksèkdrkZ dks vfrfjä lkoèkkuh cjruh gksxhA xq.kkRed vuqlaèkku esa
vukeRo dk mYya?ku ,d okLrfod laHkkouk gS ftlls cpus ds fy, O;kid
fuxjkuh dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
bl çdkj vukeRo cuk, j[kus ds fy,] xqFkjh ¼2010½ }kjk fn, x, funsZ'kksa dk
l[rh ls ikyu djsa%
 lk{kkRdkj ds uksV~l vkSj Hkjh gqà ç'ukoyh ij mÙkjnkrkvksa ds uke ugÈ fy[ks
gksus pkfg,A
 dsoy ,d dksM la[;k gh mu mÙkjnkrkvksa dh igpku gksuh pkfg, ¼vijkèk
losZ{k.k esa] ge O;fäxr mÙkjnkrkvksa dh igpku Hkh ugÈ djrs gSaA dsoy ?kjsyw
vkÃMh dk mi;ksx djrs gSa½A
 uksV~l vkSj ç'ukoyh dks can j[kk tkuk pkfg, vkSj bèkj&mèkj ugÈ NksM+uk
pkfg,A
 lkFkh 'kksèkdrkZvksa] nksLrksa ;k ifjokj ds lkFk mÙkj ;k mÙkjnkrkvksa dh
O;fäxr tkudkjh ds ckjs esa dHkh Hkh xi'ki u djsaA lk{kkRdkj esa 'kkfey
O;fä;ksa ds ckjs esa etsnkj ckrsa u crk,aA
 tc vki fjiksVZ fy[krs gSa] rks vki lewg ds yksxksa ds ckjs esa dqN O;fäxr
dgkfu;ksa okyh tkudkjh dk o.kZu djuk pkg ldrs gSaA ;s dgkfu;k¡
Nn~eukeksa lfgr bl rjg ls fy[kh tkuh pkfg, fd ikBd O;fä dh igpku
u dj ldsaA ¼lh,Q xqFkjh] 2010 % 20½
vukeRo ds lkFk] xksiuh;rk leku :i ls egRoiw.kZ gks tkrh gSA ckCch ¼2015 %
68½ xksiuh;rk dks bl çdkj ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSa Þ,d 'kksèk ifj;kstuk xksiuh;rk
dh xkjaVh nsrh gSA ;|fi 'kksèkdrkZ fdlh fn, x, O;fä dh çfrfØ;k dh igpku
dj ldrk gS ysfdu ,slk lkoZtfud :i ls ugÈ djus dk oknk djrk gSÞA
130
bl ifjHkk"kk esa] eSa ;g tksM+uk pkgwaxk fd uSfrd vuqlaèkku dk vkèkkj gj dher ij
mÙkjnkrk dh xksiuh;rk dh j{kk djuk gSA ,sls dà okd;s gSa] tc ekuofoKkuh
tsy x, gSa ;k mUgsa viuh lwpuk lzksr dks crkus ls budkj djus ij xaHkhj ifj.kke
Hkqxrus dh èkedh rd nh xà gSA
eSa ,d O;fäxr vuqlaèkku vuqHko lk>k djuk pkgrh gw¡] tks vkidks xksiuh;rk ds
vFkZ dks le>us esa enn djsxk fd D;ksa ;g ekuofoKkuh vuqlaèkkuksa ds fy,
vko';d gSA
1975 dk lky FkkA ns'k esa vkikrdky ?kksf"kr gks pqdk FkkA eSa lwpuk ladyu ds
fy, {ks= ij FkhA esjk 'kksèk lkaçnkf;d lacaèkksa ds ,d laosnu'khy eqís ij FkkA esjs
dqN mÙkjnkrk lkaçnkf;d Çglk ds dqN çdj.kksa ds lk{kh Fks tks fd ml {ks= esa gqÃ
FkÈA os eq>s fjd‚MZ fd, x, lk{kkRdkj nsus ds fy, lger gq,A muesa ls ,d
iqfyl dh lwph esa Hkh 'kkfey FkkA ,d fnu tc og esjs QhYM fuokl ij vk;k Fkk]
iqfyl ml mÙkjnkrk dh ryk'k esa vkÃA og cp x, ysfdu mudh xqeukeh vkSj
xksiuh;rk cuk, j[kus ds fy,] eSaus mu lHkh fjd‚MksZ dks u"V dj fn;k] ftu ij
muds dFku ntZ FksA eq>s viuh lwpuk ;kfu MsVk dks lk>k djus ds fy, jkT;
}kjk ncko Mkyk x;k Fkk] ysfdu mÙkjnkrk dh xksiuh;rk lqfuf'pr djus ds fy,]
eSaus vfèkdkfj;ksa ;k jkT; ds lkFk tkudkjh lk>k djus ds ctk; mÙkjnkrk dh
fjd‚ÉMx dks u"V djus dk fodYi pqukA vxj eSaus og tkudkjh lk>k dh gksrh]
rks eq>s vius lHkh mÙkjnkrkvksa dk Hkjkslk [kksuk iM+rk vkSj fQj viuk vè;;u iwjk
djus ds fy, eSa dHkh Hkh ml QhYM ij ugÈ tk ikrkA

1½ ekuofoKku esa vukeRo cuk, j[kus ds egRo ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \
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2½ mÙkjnkrkvksa dh vukeRo dh j{kk ds fy, vkidks D;k dne mBkus pkfg,\
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3½ mÙkjnkrk dh igpku dh j{kk ds fy, xksiuh;rk D;ksa t:jh gS vkSj ,slk
djus ds fy, D;k dne mBk, tkus pkfg,\
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131
 çtuu LokLF; ij dke djus okys esjs Nk=ksa esa ls ,d ;qok vfookfgr yM+dh FkhA
tc og igyh ckj {ks= vè;;u ds fy, xÃ] rks efgykvksa us mlds lokyksa dk
tokc nsus ls ;g dg dj budkj dj fn;k fd vki 'kknh'kqnk ugÈ gSa blfy, vki
mu leL;kvksa ds ckjs esa ugÈ le>saxhA og dqN le; rd rks lwpuk ds fy, la?k"kZ
djrh jgh Çdrq ckn esa [kqn dks nks NksVs cPpksa okyh ,d fookfgr efgyk ds :i esa
mÙkjnkrkvksa ds lkeus is'k djus dk QSlyk fd;kA blds ckn] mlus mR—"V
lwpuk,¡ ,d= dh D;ksafd mlds mÙkjnkrkvksa us LokLF; ds eqíksa] cPpksa ds tUe vkSj
fu;a=.k fofèk;ksa ds ckjs esa muls foe'kZ fd;kA uSfrd foe'kks± esa lR; dh igpku ;k
'kksèk ds okLrfod mís'; dks fNikuk ^;qfä* dgk tkrk gSA 'kksèkdrkZ us eglwl
fd;k fd ;g ;qfä gkfujfgr Fkh D;ksafd blls mUgsa csgrj xq.koÙkk okys lwpuk
ladyu esa enn feyhA ;gk¡ vè;;u dk –f"Vdks.k ifj.kkeokn ds lS)kafrd ç.kkyh
ij vkèkkfjr Fkk ftlesa ykxr&ykHk fo'ys"k.k O;fäxr :i ls vius Lo;a ds ewY;ksa
ij 'kksèkdrkZ }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA bl rjg ds vè;;uksa esa lgh igpku fNikus tSls
lHkh dk;ks± dks mfpr ekuk tkrk gS D;ksafd varr% bldk ifj.kke csgrj gksrk gSA
dà ç;ksx'kkyk ;k fu;af=r ç;ksxksa esa Hkh ^lCtsDV* dks mudh tk¡p ds okLrfod
mís'; ds ckjs esa lwfpr ugÈ fd;k tkrk gSA 'kksèkdrkZ vDlj ekurs gSa fd ^lCtsDV*
Hkksyk gS vkSj vè;;u ds mís'; ;k egRo dks iwjh rjg ls ugÈ le>sxkA os ;g Hkh
rdZ nsrs gSa fd vè;;u ds urhts] lwfpr lgefr dh uSfrd nqfoèkk gSA
bl rjg ds çyksHkuksa ds fy, laosnu'khyrk tSfod ekuofoKku esa egRoiw.kZ gSA dÃ
ckj Nk= jä ds uewus] ;k ,aFkzkis ksesfVªd eki ,d= djus ds fy, vius&vki dks
is'ksoj fpfdRld ds :i esa çLrqr djrs gSaA Hkksys&Hkkys ^lCtsDV* nok vkSj mipkj
ds fy, muls enn dk vuqjksèk Hkh djrs gSaA bl fLFkfr esa ;fn vè;;udrkZ dsoy
MsVk ,d= djus ds fy, ^lCtsDV* dks dksà Hkh nok ns nsrk gS rks ;g èkks[ks dh
Js.kh esa vkrk gS] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i ^lCtsDV* dks uqdlku igqap ldrk gSA ;g
xyr gS vkSj blls iwjh rjg ls cpk tkuk pkfg,A
nqfu;k Hkj ds 'kksèkdrkZvksa dk ekuuk gS fd dà ckj vuqlaèkku dh igpku ;k mís';
dks crkuk vifjgk;Z gksrk gSA ,slh fLFkfr;ksa esa os vè;;u iwjk gksus ds ckn
^MhczhÇQx* dh lykg nsrs gSaA vè;;u djus ds ckn 'kksèkdrkZ vè;;u {ks= ij
okil tkdj ns[ksa fd vuqlaèkku us mu ij fdruk çfrdwy çHkko Mkyk gSA rdZ ;g
gS fd ;fn dksà vè;;u ls igys ç;ksx ds lgh bjkns dks crkus dh fLFkfr esa ugÈ
gS] rks mls vè;;u ds ckn esa crkus ;k lk>k djus esa dksà cqjkà ugÈ gSA
Vsyhfotu lfgr euksoSKkfud vkSj lapkj vè;;u vDlj vkikrdkyhu fLFkfr esa
lkoZtfud çfrfØ;kvksa dk vkdyu djus ds fy, ,sls vè;;u djrs gSaA bl rjg
ds çk;ksfxd vè;;uksa dks vkikrdkyhu vè;;u dgk tkrk gS] ¼tSls fd n'kZdksa dh
çfrfØ;kvksa dks tkuus ds fy, fj;kfyVh 'kkst] vf'k"V igpku fn[kkrh gS] vkSj ckn
esa vius bl ç;ksx dk lgh mís'; çdV djrh gSaA dqN lkekt foKkuh vuqlaèkku
ds fy, bl rjg ds ç;ksxkRed :ijs[kk dks lgh Bgjkrs gSa] D;ksafd mudk ekuuk
gS fd ç;ksx ds ckn mís'; dk [kqyklk] ftls fMczhÇQx dgk tkrk gS] fdlh Hkh
rjg ds gq, uqdlku dks Bhd dj nsrk gS½
132
ysfdu vkids fy, ;g Hkh le>uk t:jh gS fd dHkh&dHkh fMczhÇQx ^lCtsDV* ds
eu esa lansg Hkh iSnk dj ldrh gSA ;g euksoSKkfud dkj.kksa ls Hkh gks ldrk gS&
;fn mÙkjnkrk vius }kjk fn, x, mÙkjksa dks ysdj Çprk djuk 'kq: dj nsrk gS
fd mlus Bhd mÙkj fn, gSa ;k ugÈA çk;ksfxd ;qfä ds vius xq.k vkSj nks"k gSa
ftuls cpk tkuk pkfg,A vè;;u {ks= ds çfr 'kksèkdrkZ dh viuh ftEesnkjh gksrh
gS blfy, ;g egRoiw.kZ gS fd os viuh igpku vkSj vius 'kksèk ds mís'; dks muds
lkFk Li"V :i ls lk>k djsaA
DykdZ ¼1999% 150½ mfpr gh dgrs gSa fd] Þfdlh vè;;u ;k ç;ksx ds nkSjku ;qfä
ls tqM+h vlqfoèkk dks de djus esa fMczhÇQx çHkkoh gks ldrh gS] gkykafd ;g mu
'kksèk fo"k;ksa dh udkjkRed Hkkoukvksa dks [kRe djus ds fy, vi;kZIr gS tks ç;ksx
ds nkSjku Lo;a ds fy, vkSj fQj ifj.kke ds vçR;kf'kr gksus ij curh gSaßA

1½ vuqlaèkku esa ^;qfä* ls vki D;k le>rs gSa vkSj D;k vkidh jk; esa ;g lgh
gS\
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2½ fMczhÇQx D;k gS vkSj çk;ksfxd 'kksèk esa bldh D;k çklafxdrk gS\
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nqHkkZX;o'k] o"kks± ls ;g vH;kl jgk gS fd 'kksèkdrkZ vius }kjk fd, x, vè;;uksa ls

çkIr fu"d"kks± dks mu vè;f;r leqnk; ;k vkcknh dks okil fjiksVZ djus ds fy,
ckè; ugÈ FksA os vius vè;;u dk mi;ksx ;k rks vius laLFkkuksa dks fjiksVZ çLrqr
djus ds fy,] ;k lehf{kr tuZyksa esa i= çdkf'kr djus ds fy, djrs jgs gSaA
gkykafd dqN 'kksèk fu"d"kZ LFkkuh; ;k jk"Vªh; lekpkj i=ksa esa Hkh çdkf'kr fd,
tkrs gSa] ysfdu fo'ks"kdj lacfa èkr leqnk;ksa dks rks ugÈ gh crk, ;k fn[kk, tkrsA
ledkyhu vuqlaèkkuksa vkSj muds fy, uSfrd fn'kk&funsZ'kksa us orZeku esa leqnk;ksa ds
çfr bl vfuok;Z nkf;Ro dk vglkl djk;k gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d vkcknh esa
vk;ju ;k vk;ksMhu dh deh dh tk¡p djus ds fy, ,d vè;;u fd;k tkrk gS]
ysfdu vè;k;uksijkar mu vè;f;r yksxksa dks ifj.kkeksa ;k fu"d"kks± ls voxr ugÈ 133
 djk;k tkrkA vè;;udrkZ mUgsa mlh gky esa NksM+dj okil vk tkrk gS] tkfgj gS
mu yksxksa dks viuh bl LokLF;xr fLFkfr dk vanktk gh ugÈ yx ikrkA os
vutkus esa viuh mUgÈ chekfj;ksa ls tw>rs jgrs gSaA vr% 'kksèkdrkZ }kjk mudks
vè;;u ds ifj.kke ls voxr u djkuk vuSfrd gksxkA
nwljh rjQ] lkekftd foKku ds vuqlaèkkuksa esa ,d fLFkfr ;g Hkh gksrh gS fd]
vè;;udrkZ }kjk vè;;u ds ifj.kke dks lacafèkr leqnk;ksa ds lkFk lk>k djus ls
dà ckj dqN yksx ukjkt Hkh gks tkrs gSaA bu fooj.kksa dks lk>k djus ds vkids
mís'; ij Hkh loky mBk ldrs gSaA tSls iatkc esa u'ks ij çkjafHkd losZ{k.k esa
leqnk; ls çfrdwy çfrfØ;k feyh] D;ksafd mudk ekuuk Fkk fd blls flQZ mudh
çfr"Bk gh èkwfey ugÈ gqà cfYd mUgsa yxk fd iwjs iatkfc;ksa dk gh vieku gqvk
gSA
,slh fLFkfr esa] vkidks mudh çfrfØ;k dks 'kkafr ls Lohdkj djuk pkfg, vkSj bl
ckr dk tokc nsuk pkfg, fd vkids }kjk ,d= fd, x, vk¡dM+s ;k tkudkjh bl
çdkj ds ifj.kkeksa ij D;ksa igqapsA fQj vki leqnk; ds çeq[k O;fä;ksa }kjk lwpuk
dk çlkj dj ldrs gSa vkSj muls xk¡o dh iapk;r ;k lkeqnkf;d lHkkvksa esa ppkZ
djus ds fy, dg ldrs gSaA esjk O;fäxr :i ls ekuuk gS fd fdlh Hkh
vuqHkotU; lwpukvksa ds çdk'ku ls igys mlds fu"d"kks± dks lacafèkr leqnk; ds
lkFk lk>k vo'; fd;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj ml ij mudh çfrfØ;k çkIr dh tkuh
pkfg,A mlds ckn vius lgdeÊ ;k vU; leqnk;ksa ds lkeus j[krs gq, mudh
fVIif.k;ksa] dk;Zç.kkyh ;k fu"d"kks± dh vkykspuk dh çrh{kk djsa rRi'pkr gh bls
O;kid :i esa çpkfjr ;k çlkfjr djsaA

1998 esa vesfjdu ,aFkzkis ksy‚ftdy ,lksfl,'ku ¼AAA½ us ekuofoKku dh fofHkUu

'kk[kkvksa esa vuqlaèkku ds fy, uSfrd fn'kk funsZ'kksa dks ifjHkkf"kr fd;k] ftlesa
iqjkrRo] Hkk"kkÃ] tSfod vkSj lkekftd&lkaL—frd ekuofoKku vuqlaèkku 'kkfey gSaA
vius 'kksèk dksM ds ik¡p fl)karksa esa os dgrs gSa%
 ekuofoKkuh 'kksèkdrkZvksa dk mu yksxksa] çtkfr;ksa vkSj lkefxz;ksa ds çfr
çkFkfed uSfrd nkf;Ro gS] ftudk os vè;;u djrs gSa vkSj ftu yksxksa ds
lkFk os dke djrs gSaA gkykafd ;s nkf;Ro ml fLFkfr esa u, Kku çkIr djus
ds y{;ksa dks c<+k ldrs gSa tc çkFkfed nkf;Ro ;k vU; ftEesnkfj;ksa tSls
fd çk;kstdksa ;k DykbaV ds lkFk erHksn gksrk gSA fdlh vuqlaèkku dks 'kq:
djus ;k can djus dk fu.kZ; ugÈ ys ldrs gSa--- ,d ekuofoKkuh 'kksèkdrkZ
dks ;FkklaHko ;g lqfuf'pr djuk pkfg, fd mudk 'kksèk mu yksxksa dh
lqj{kk] xfjek ;k xksiuh;rk dks uqdlku ugÈ igqapkrk gS] ftuds lkFk os dke
djrs gSa ¼fl)kar&1 vkSj 2½A
 ,sls leqnk;ksa] ftuesa dqN O;fä viuh jk; dks lkoZtfud djus dh bPNk
j[krs gksa] Çdrq vU; yksx viuh igpku tkfgj ugÈ djuk pkgrs] ds vè;;u
ds nkSjku vkus okyh pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus ds fy, AAA dk fl)kar&3
lq>krk gS fd ,d ekuofoKkuh 'kksèkdrkZ dks ;g igys ls fuèkkZfjr djuk
134
 gksxk fd mlds mÙkjnkrk@tkudkjh ds çnkrk] viuh igpku lkoZtfud
djuk pkgrs gSa ;k ugÈA rRi'pkr ekuofoKkuh 'kksèkdrkZ }kjk mudh
bPNkvksa ds vuqikyu gsrq gj laHko ç;kl djus pkfg,A ¼mnkgj.k ds fy,]
dksà vkfnoklh ;k vkfnoklh leqnk; ds dqN lnL; 'kksèkdrkZ ds lkFk vius
ifo= vuq"Bkuksa dks lk>k rks dj ldrs gSa] ysfdu bls lkoZtfud ugÈ djuk
pkgrs rks ;g vko';d gS fd 'kksèkdrkZ mudh bPNkvksa dk lEeku djsA vkSj
mlls Hkh egRoiw.kZ ;g gS fd bldk fjiksVZ ys[ku Hkh u djsA½
 {ks= vè;;u vkèkkfjr 'kksèk dh pqukSfr;ksa ij ppkZ djrs gq,] AAA dk
fl)kar&4 ;g funsZf'kr djrk gS fd ekuofoKkuh 'kksèkdrkZvksa dks vè;;u
fd, tk jgs O;fä;ksa ls miyCèk lwpukvksa vkfn ij igys ls gh lwfpr
lgefr ys ysuh pkfg,A muls lacafèkr fgrksa ij tkudkjh bdëh dj ysuh
pkfg,] tks laHkor% vuqlaèkku ls çHkkfor gksA ¼tSls tc vki
HkkSfrd&vHkkSfrd laL—fr] yksddFkkvksa vkfn ij tkudkjh bdëk djrs gSa ;k
mudh ikjaifjd dyk vkSj f'kYi] os'kHkw"kk ,oa vkHkw"k.kksa dh rLohjsa ysrs gSa] rks
leqnk; dh iwoZ lgefr vko';d gksrh gSA D;ksafd bl le; gks ;g jgk gS
fd vkfnoklh dyk vkSj f'kYi ds dqN mRiknksa dks fcuk leqnk;ksa dk isVsaV
vfèkdkj fn, ;k fcuk lgefr fy, gh cktkj esa d‚ih dj cuk;k vkSj cspk
tk jgk gS] tks uSfrd :i ls lgh ugÈ gSA ,d ekuofoKkuh dh ;g
ftEesnkjh curh gS fd bu ,df=r vuqlaèkku lkexzh dks lkoZtfud djus ls
igys lacafèkr leqnk;ksa ls mudh lgefr ysa½A dg ldrs gSa fd ;g lgefr
dh lhek] vè;;u dh ç—fr ij fuHkZj djrh gS vkSj vuqlaèkku fd, tk jgs
ns'k ;k leqnk; dh vU; lafgrkvksa] dkuwuksa] vkSj uSfrdrk dh vko';drkvksa
ls çHkkfor Hkh gksrh gSA blds vykok] ;g Li"V gS fd lwfpr lgefr dh
çfØ;k xfr'khy vkSj fujarj gS( bl çfØ;k dks ifj;kstuk ds çk:i ls gh
'kq: dj vè;;u] laokn] uoçorZu ls gksrs gq, dk;kZUo;u rd tkjh j[kuk
pkfg,A
 ekuo'kkL=h; 'kksèkçfofèk ds çeq[k ?kVdksa esa ls ,d leqnk;ksa ds lkFk muds
xkaoksa esa yacs le; rd jguk 'kkfey gSA 'kksèkdrkZ vDlj lwpuk
ladyu@rS;kj djrs le; lgHkkxh] vèkZlgHkkxh voyksdu i)fr;ksa dk
ç;ksx djuk ilan djrs gSaA bl fofèk esa eq[; mÙkjnkrkvksa ds lkFk ?kfu"B
lacaèk fodflr djuk gksrk gS ftlds fy, vè;;udrkZ ij fo'ks"k nkf;Ro
gksrk gSA vr% bl i)fr esa 'kksèkdrkZ dks vR;fèkd lkoèkkuh cjrus dh
vko';drk gksrh gSA AAA dk fl)kar&5 lq>ko nsrk gS fd] ekuooSKkfud
vè;;udrkZ] tks fd mÙkjnkrk ;k vyx&vyx O;fä;ksa ds lkFk djhch vkSj
LFkk;h lacaèk ¼vkSipkfjd lacaèk½ fodflr djrs gSa] dks nkf;Roksa vkSj lwfpr
lgefr dk ikyu djuk gh pkfg,A lacaèkksa dh lhekvksa dk è;ku j[krs gq,
lEekuiwoZd ckrphr djuk pkfg,A ¼lh- ,Q- Mwyh] 2001 % 25&26 ds va'k(
bdkà ys[kd ds vius Çcnq bVSfyd esa fn[kk, x, gSa ½
,d ekuofoKkuh vius dke ls gh O;fäxr :i ls cgqr dqN çkIr dj ldrk gS]
mls O;fä;ksa] tkuojksa] lkaL—frd&tSfod lkexzh ;k muds lewgksa dks fdlh Hkh :i
esa nksgu ugÈ djuk pkfg,A mls mu leqnk;ksa ;k lektksa dk _.kh gksuk pkfg,]
135
 ftuds lkFk mlus fuokl fd;k vkSj ftuds lg;ksx ls gh ikjLifjd O;ogkj djrs
gq, mi;qä rjhdksa ls vè;;u iw.kZ dj ldkA
bu ik¡p fl)karksa ds vykok] AAA ds uSfrd fn'kkfunsZ'k ;g Hkh crkrs gSa fd%
'kksèk dks çLrkfor djus vkSj vkxs c<+kus ds fy,] ekuofoKkuh 'kksèkdrkZvksa dks
vuqnkrkvksa] lgdÆe;ksa] mÙkjnkrk ;k vè;f;r leqnk; vkSj vè;;u ls çHkkfor gksus
okys vU; lacafèkr i{kksa ds lkFk 'kksèk ds laHkkfor mís';ksa] mlds çHkkoksa vkSj 'kksèk ds
lgk;d L=ksrksa ds ckjs esa Li"V gksuk pkfg,A 'kksèkdrkZvksa dks vius dke ds
ifj.kkeksa dk mfpr rjhds ls mi;ksx djus vkSj mfpr le; ij xfrfofèk;ksa ds
ekè;e ls çlkj djus dh mEehn djuh pkfg,A QaÇMx ds lzksr dh ijokg fd,
fcuk bu mEehnksa dks iwjk djus okyk 'kksèk uSfrd gSA bu uSfrd nkf;Roksa esa
fuEufyf[kr 'kkfey gSa%
 fdlh xyrh ;k uqdlku ls cpus ds fy, le>sa fd ;g Kku dk fodkl
ifjorZu dk dkjd gS] tks ldkjkRed ;k udkjkRed gks ldrk gSA
 euq";ksa vkSj vU; thoèkkfj;ksa ds lEeku vkSj Hkykà ds fy, dk;Z djukA
 iqjkrkfRod] thok'e vkSj ,sfrgkfld vfHkys[kksa ds nh?kZdkfyd laj{k.k ds fy,
dke djukA
 vè;;u ls çHkkfor O;fä;ksa ;k lewg ¼lewgksa½ ds lkFk lfØ; :i ls ijke'kZ
djus ds fy, ;k blesa 'kkfey gksus okys lHkh i{kksa ds fy, Qk;nsean gks] bl
çdkj dk dkedkth lacaèk LFkkfir djukA
 ,d ekuofoKkuh ij yksxksa dh fo'ks"k ftEesnkjh gksrh gSaA vr% mUgsa ;g
lqfuf'pr djuk pkfg, fd mudk 'kksèk mu yksxksa dh lqj{kk] xfjek vkSj
xksiuh;rk dks uqdlku u igqapk,] ftuds lkFk os dke djrs gSa] vuqlaèkku
djrs gSa ;k vU; çksQs'kuy xfrfofèk;k¡ djrs gSaA
 mUgsa èkks[kk ugÈ nsuk pkfg, ;k tkucw>dj xyr c;kuh ugÈ djuh pkfg,
¼tSls lcwrksa dks x<+uk] >wB cksyuk] lkfgfR;d pksjh vkfn½] vkpj.k dh xyr
fjiksÉVx ;k nwljs oSKkfud @ fo}kuksa ds 'kksèk dks ckfèkr ugÈ djuk pkfg,A
;s fn'kkfunsZ'k ekuofoKkuh 'kksèkdrkZ dks lq>ko nsrs gSa fd os fdlh ,d vè;;u
{ks= esa vka[ksa candj dsoy blfy, ugÈ tk,a fd dqN vuqnku ,tsalh vuqlaèkku
djus ds fy, mUgsa iSls ns jgh gSA vkidks u dsoy 'kksèk leL;k dk p;u djuk
gksxk cfYd mu yksxksa dk Hkh p;u djuk gksxk ftuls vki ckrphr djus dh
laHkkouk j[krs gSaA vkidks ;g vkÜoLr djuk gksxk fd vki tks ç'u iwNrs gSa] ;k
tks jä uewuk vFkok ekuofefr eki vki ysrs gSa] og vkids mÙkjnkrkvksa dks fdlh
çdkj dk uqdlku ugÈ igqapkrk gSA vkidks ges'kk ;g lqfuf'pr djuk pkfg, fd
vki mudh iwoZ lgefr ys ysaA
Hkkjrh; ekuofoKku ds {ks= esa] Hkkjrh; ekuofoKku la?k us uSfrd fn'kkfunsZ'kksa dk
,d elkSnk rS;kj fd;k vkSj bls ifCyd Mksesu esa ppkZ vkSj lq>koksa ds fy, çLrqr
fd;k gSA lq>koksa ds dqN çeq[k fcUnq fuEu gSa %
 yksxksa ds vfèkdkjksa] lEeku vkSj fofoèkrk dk lEeku
136
 vuqlaèkku çfrHkkfx;ksa ds çfr ftEesnkjh
 ikjnÆ'krk cuk, j[kuk
 lwfpr lgefr çkIr djuk
 vuqlaèkku çfrHkkfx;ksa dh xksiuh;rk vkSj vukeRo
 vuq'kklu vkSj lgdÆe;ksa ds çfr 'kksèk nkf;Ro
 'kklu&ç'kklu vkSj dkuwuksa ds lkFk lacaèkksa dk ikyu djuk
 ekuofoKku esa vè;kiu djrs le; uSfrdrk dk ikyu
¼vfèkd tkudkjh ds fy, indiananthro.orgns[ksa] 08-02-2019 dks ,Dlsl½
gkykafd] vfèkdka'k 'kksèk] fo'ks"k :i ls fpfdRlk ekuofoKku vkSj tSfod
ekuofoKku dh ifj;kstuk,¡ vkÃlh,evkj fn'kkfunsZ'kksa dk ikyu djrh gSaA fuEu
vuqHkkx esa] bu fn'kkfunsZ'kksa dk ,d laf{kIr fooj.k rS;kj lanHkZ ds :i esa fn;k
x;k gSA
2017 esa bafM;u dkmafly Q‚j esfMdy fjlpZ ¼ICMR½ us ekuo çfrHkkfx;ksa
¼lCtsDV½ dks 'kkfey djus okys ck;ksefs Mdy vkSj LokLF; vuqlaèkku ds fy,
jk"Vªh; uSfrd fn'kkfunsZ'k tkjh fd,A ;g laiw.kZ nLrkost+ 1980 esa Hkkjr esa
fpfdRlk vuqlaèkku ds fy, igyh ckj tkjh uSfrd fn'kkfunsZ'kksa dk gh ,d la'kksfèkr
laLdj.k gSA tks fd lkekftd ,oa O;kogkfjd foKku] LokLF;] tSfod lkexzh]
c‚;kscSaÇdx vkSj MsVklsV~l esa vuqlaèkku ,oa vkikrdky vkSj ekuoh; vkinkvksa ds
nkSjku varjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksx vkSj vuqlaèkku ds fy, Li"V fn'kk&funsZ'k nsrk gSA blesa
vuqlaèkku esa ft+Eesnkjh Hkjs vkpj.k] lwfpr lgefr çfØ;k] Hks|rk vkSj lkoZtfud
LokLF; ij vyx&vyx [kaM gSaA bldh 'kq#vkr esa gh ck;ksesfMdy vkSj LokLF;
ij vuqlaèkku djrs le; pkj cqfu;knh uSfrd fl)karksa( O;fä;ksa dk lEeku
¼Lok;Ùkrk½] muds fgr] U;k; ds çfr lEeku] vuqlaèkku çfrHkkfx;ksa dh xfjek]
vfèkdkjksa dh j{kk] lqj{kk vkSj mudh Hkykà dk ftØ gSA
bu pkj cqfu;knh uSfrd fl)karksa dks 12 lkekU; fl)karksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS %
1) is'ksoj {kerk dk fl)kar
2) LoSfPNdrk dk fl)kar
3) xSj&'kks"k.k dk fl)kar
4) lkekftd ftEesnkjh dk fl)kar
5) futrk vkSj xksiuh;rk lqfuf'pr djus dk fl)kar
6) tksf[ke U;wurehdj.k dk fl)kar
7) lkekftd ftEesnkjh dk fl)kar
8) vfèkdre ykHk dk fl)kar
9) laLFkkxr O;oLFkk dk fl)kar
10) ikjnÆ'krk vkSj tokcnsgh dk fl)kar
137
 11) ftEesnkjh dh lexzrk dk fl)kar
12) i;kZoj.k laj{k.k dk fl)kar
bu lkekU; fl)karksa ds vykok] vkids fy, Hkkjr ds vkfnoklh@tutkrh;
leqnk;ksa ds fy, vkÃlh,evkj }kjk fn, x, fn'kkfunsZ'kksa dks uksV djuk vkSj ;kn
j[kuk Hkh egRoiw.kZ gSA ijaijkxr :i ls ekuofoKkuh T;knkrj de tula[;k okys
vkfnoklh@tutkrh; leqnk;ksa ds vè;;u ls tqM+s jgs gSa] Çdrq tSls&tSls
vuq'kklu dk foLrkj gqvk] blds vuqlaèkku {ks= esa Hkh fofoèkrk vkÃA ifj.kkeLo:i
ekuofoKkfu;ksa us u dsoy tutkfr;ksa ij cfYd Hkkjrh; xkaoksa vkSj fdlkuksa ij Hkh
mR—"V 'kksèk fd,A lkFk gh] vè;;udrkZvksa us 'kgjh {ks=ksa vkSj leqnk;ksa }kjk
vuqHko dh tk jgh dà lkekftd leL;kvksa dh Hkh iM+rky dh gSA AAA ¼1998½
vkSj ICMR ¼2017½ ds uSfrd fn'kkfunsZ'k O;kid :i ls vuqlaèkku ds lHkh {ks=ksa ij
ykxw gksrs gSa] ysfdu ;fn vki vkfnoklh@tutkrh; yksxksa ds LokLF; ;k fdlh Hkh
vU; tSfod eqíksa ij vè;;u djuk pkgrs gSa rks vkidks fuEufyf[kr dk l[rh ls
ikyu djuk gksxk %
1) tutkrh; leqnk;ksa ij vuqlaèkku rHkh fd;k tkuk pkfg, tc ;g ,d
fof'k"V fpfdRlh;] uSnkfud vkSj fuokjd ç—fr dk gks] ftlls lacafèkr
leqnk; dks bldk mfpr ykHk fey lds ¼mnkgj.kLo:i ¶yksjksfll dh
fujarjrk] eysfj;k ;k vU; egkekfj;ksa dh jksdFkke ij vè;;u½ ¼bVSfyd
iafä;k¡ ;wfuV ys[kd dh gSa½
2) tutkrh; {ks=ksa esa ços'k djus ls igys tutkrh; dY;k.k vk;qä ;k ftyk
dysDVj tSls l{ke ç'kklfud vfèkdkfj;ksa ls mfpr vuqeksnu fy;k tkuk
pkfg,A
3) tc Hkh laHko gks] ljdkjh vfèkdkfj;ksa@LFkkuh; fudk;ksa ;k iath—r
xSj&ljdkjh laxBuksa dh enn ysuk okaNuh; gS tks tutkrh; leqnk;ksa ds
lkFk dk;Zjr gSa vkSj ftu ij leqnk; foÜokl djrs gSaA
4) tgk¡ iapk;r ç.kkyh ekStwn ugÈ gS] ogk¡ vkfnoklh usrk] vU; lkaL—frd :i
ls mi;qä çkfèkdkjh ;k leqnk; ds fy, lkekftd :i ls Lohdk;Z O;fä
xsVdhij ¼leqnk; dh rjQ ls ckgjh O;fä;ksa ls laidZ djus okyk O;fä½ gks
ldrk gS] ftuls ços'k djus vkSj ckrphr djus dh vuqefr ek¡xh tkuh
pkfg,A ¼vfèkdka'k vkfnoklh leqnk;ksa esa tkfr iapk;rsa gSa tks fd fu.kZ; ysus
esa cgqr egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSa] vr% çR;sd 'kksèkdrkZ ds fy, tkfr çèkku
¼leqnk; ds çeq[k½ ls laidZ djuk egRoiw.kZ gksxkA ¼bVSfyd iafä;k¡ ;wfuV
ys[kd dh gSa½
5) leqnk; ds cqtqxks± vkSj tutkfr;ksa dh LFkkuh; Hkk"kk@cksyh tkuus le>us
okys mi;qä O;fä;ksa dh mifLFkfr esa gh lwfpr lgefr yh tkuh pkfg,A
6) xsVdhij dh vuqefr ds vfrfjä Hkh O;fäxr çfrHkkxh dh lgefr yh tkuh
pkfg,A

138
7) fo'ks"k :i ls detksj vkfnoklh lewgksa ¼ihohVhth½ ls lacafèkr cPpksa] xHkZorh
efgykvksa vkSj cqtqxks± dks 'kkfey djus ls cpus ds fy, vfrfjä lkoèkkuh
cjruh pkfg,A
¼tSlk fd vki tkurs gSa fd dà fo'ks"k :i ls detksj lewg foyqIr gksus dh
dxkj ij gSa] ckgjh yksxksa ds lkFk fdlh Hkh rjg dk laidZ mUgsa laØfer dj
ldrk gS vkSj muds thou dks [krjs esa Mky ldrk gSA lsaVsusyht+ tSls
vkblksysVsM ¼vyx&Fkyx½ lewg Hkh gSa tks ckgjh yksxksa ds lkFk ckrphr ugÈ
djrs gSaA vkidks mudh Hkkoukvksa dk lEeku djuk pkfg,A muds {ks=kfèkdkj
esa dHkh Hkh ?kqliSB u djsa] Hkys gh vkidk vuqlaèkku blds fy, çksRlkfgr
djsA
8) vkfnoklh Kku dk mi;ksx djds fd, x, fdlh Hkh 'kksèk] ftlesa
O;kolk;hdj.k dh {kerk gks ldrh gS] ds fy, lqfuf'pr fd;k tkuk pkfg,
fd bldk ykHk vkfnoklh lewg dks Hkh vo'; feysA
¼ICMRuSfrd fn'kk&funsZ'k 2017½ 06-03-2019dks ,Dlsl½

13) ekuofoKku esa vuqlaèkku vkcknh ds uSfrd vè;;u ds fy, vesfjdu

,aFkzksiksy‚ftdy ,lksfl,'ku ¼AAA½ }kjk lq>k, x, ik¡p fl)kar D;k gSa \
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14) vkÃlh,evkj }kjk lq>k, x, uSfrd fn'kkfunsZ'k dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,a crk,¡A
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15) fo'ks"k :i ls detksj vkfnoklh lewgksa dk vè;;u djrs le; ,d 'kksèkdrkZ
dks D;k lkoèkkuh cjruh pkfg,\
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 orZeku esa çR;sd 'kksèk vkSj 'kS{kf.kd laLFkku ds fy, vkpkj lfefr vko';d gSA
ftlds }kjk gj vuqlaèkku ifj;kstuk dh tk¡p vkSj vuqeksnu ds i'pkr gh 'kksèkkFkÊ
rF; ladyu gsrq {ks= ¼QhYM½ esa tk ldsA vfèkdka'k varjkZ"Vªh; çdk'ku 'kksèk i=ksa
ds çdk'ku gsrq fopkj djus ls igys uSfrd vuqeksnu çek.ki=ksa dh ekax djrs gSaA
;g Hkh è;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg, fd vfèkdka'k uSfrd fn'kkfunsZ'k tSo&fpfdRlk ;k
ç;ksxkRed vuqlaèkku ls gh lacafèkr gSaA ;gka rd fd tc lkekftd ;k O;ogkj
lacaèkh vuqlaèkku ij fopkj fd;k tkrk gS] rks fn'kkfunsZ'k 'kksèk ds fy, cM+s
ek=kRed lSaiy vkSj orZeku 'kksèk ;kstuk dh :ijs[kk nsrs gSa tks fo'ys"k.k ds
ldkjkRed i{k esa fufgr gSaA
ysfdu u`tkfr ;k xq.kkRed vuqlaèkku dks vkxs c<+kus ds fy, vHkh Hkh vLi"Vrk
cuh gqà gSA xq.kkRed vkSj u`tkfr vè;;u ds fy, vfèkd yphyh O;oLFkk dh
vko';drk gksrh gSA tc uSjsfVo vuqlaèkku] xgu lk{kkRdkj] lgHkkxh voyksdu ;k
oS;fäd vè;;u fd, tkrs gSa rks vuqlwph ;k ç'ukoyh dk dsoy iwoZ&ijh{k.k vkSj
uSfrd lfefr }kjk vuqeksnu gksuk i;kZIr ugÈ gks ldrk gSA bl çdkj ds
vuqlaèkkuksa esa lgefr dk okLrfod eryc ^çfØ;k esa lgefr* ls gSA mís';iw.kZ
fun'kZu fofèk esa] fun'kZ ¼lSaiy½ O;ofLFkr fun'kZu ds vkèkkj ij ,d= ugÈ fd,
tkrs cfYd ,d mÙkjnkrk ls nwljs mÙkjnkrk rd ?kwers gq, QhYM esa rS;kj gksrs gSaA
,slh fLFkfr;ksa esa] çR;sd lgHkkxh ;k mÙkjnkrk ls fyf[kr lgefr ysuk Hkh laHko
ugÈ gS D;ksafd blls futrk ds vfèkdkj dk mYya?ku gks ldrk gSA vkSipkfjd
fuj{kj O;fä ls fyf[kr lgefr çkIr djuk ,d vyx leL;k gS ftldk lkeuk
dqN 'kksèkdrkZvksa dks djuk iM+rk gSA ;gka rd fd vxj 'kksèkdrkZ mUgsa le>kus dk
ç;kl djrk gS] rks ,sls ekSds Hkh vkrs gSa] tc lgHkkxh mís'; dks le> gh ugÈ
ldrsA gky gh esa ,d ekuo thukse 'kksèk vè;;u esa] vaMeku fudksckj }hi lewg
ds ,dkar bykdksa esa jgus okys tkjok vkfnokfl;ksa ls jä ds uewus fy, x, FksA
;gka rd fd tc vkfnoklh jä dk uewuk nsus ds fy, lger gq,] rc mUgsa bl
ckr dh tkudkjh Hkh ugÈ Fkh fd ml uewus dk D;k mi;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA
blfy,] blesa dksà lwfpr lgefr 'kkfey ugÈ FkhA
bu lhekvksa dks ekU;rk nsrs gq,] vkÃlh,evkj vius uSfrd fn'kk&funsZ'kksa dk ikyu
djrk gS%
lkekftd vkSj O;kogkfjd foKku vuqlaèkku –f"Vdks.k ges'kk ldkjkRed ugÈ gksrs
gSa vkSj blfy,] 'kksèk dh 'kq#vkr esa ,d ifjdYiuk dh vfHkO;fä laHko ugÈ gks
ldrh gSA lkèku@nLrkost vuqlaèkku ds nkSjku fodflr fd, tkrs gSa( fopkj'khy
gSa( tSls&tSls 'kksèk vkxs c<+sxk] cnyrs jgsaxAs EC dks bu ifjorZuksa vkSj lgHkkfx;ksa
}kjk yh xà mi;qä lgefr ds ckjs esa lwfpr j[kuk pkfg, A
;gk¡ lwfpr lgefr dh èkkj.kk dh dqN leL;k,a nh xb± gSaA

tc ge vuqlaèkku djuk 'kq: djrs gSa] rks ge ekurs gSa fd ge tks Hkh dj jgs gSa
140
og lgh gSA ;g –<+ foÜokl Hkh j[krs gSa] fd gekjk 'kksèk lekt ds fgr esa gS vkSj
blfy, fdlh dks Hkh vè;;u esa Hkkx ysus esa dksà leL;k ugÈ gksuh pkfg,A fiNys
[kaMksa esa ;g crk;k x;k gS fd gj vè;;u esa Hkkxhnkjh LoSfPNd gksuh pkfg,A ,d
losZ{k.k vuqlaèkku esa ,d O;ofLFkr ;k–fPNd lSaiy pqus x, lgHkkfx;ksa dk
lk{kkRdkj djuk vfuok;Z cukrk gS] Çdrq mÙkjnkrk vkidks ços'k djus dh vuqefr
nsus ds fy, rS;kj ugÈ gSa] bl fLFkfr esa vuqlwph@ç'ukoyh dks dHkh Hkh Lo;a Hkjus
;k vius fdlh fe= ls ,slk djokus dh xyrh u djsa( cl bls fpfàr djsa% fpfàr
?kj Hkkx ysus ds fy, rS;kj ugÈ gSA oSKkfud lkekU;hdj.k ds dqN fl)kar vkidks
crk ldrs gSa fd ;g ifj.kke ds çfrfufèkRo vkSj lkekU;hdj.k dks çHkkfor djsxk
ysfdu ;kn j[ksa fd xyr vk¡dM+s ifj.kke dh okLrfodrk dks fcydqy gh fo—r
dj nsxkA uSfrdrk ;g ekax djrh gS fd ge yksxksa dks mudh bPNk ds fo#)
çfrfØ;k nsus ds fy, etcwj u djsaA

buesa ls dqN vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus esa O;kogkfjd dfBukb;k¡ gSa blfy, ;g
egRoiw.kZ gS fd çR;sd vuq'kklu vius fo"k;kuqlkj fof'k"V fn'kkfunsZ'kksa dks
fodflr djsA uSfrd lfefr;ksa ds fo'ks"kKksa dks Hkh bu lhekvksa ds çfr laosnu'khy
gksuk gksxkA lwfpr lgefr ds fo"k; ij gky dh cgl esa] dà u`tkfrfoKkfu;ksa us
'kksèkdrkZvksa dh lqj{kk gsrq fn'kk&funsZ'kksa ds vHkko ij è;ku vkdÆ"kr fd;k gSA dÃ
ckj vijkèk] u'khys inkFkks± ds lsou] ;kSu vkSj ?kjsyw Çglk] ;q) dh fLFkfr]
vkradokn vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd vuq"Bku tSls dfBu eqíksa ds ckjs esa iwNrkN djus ij
'kksèkdrkZvksa dks [krjukd fLFkfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA uSfrd fn'kk&funsZ'k
dsoy mÙkjnkrkvksa@lCtsDV~l vkSj {ks= ls ,df=r dh xà lkexzh ds uqdlku ls
cpko dh ckr djrs gSaA vPNs 'kksèk ds fy, lokZfèkd egRoiw.kZ ml fLFkfr ds
çkekf.kd vH;kl vkSj laL—fr;ksa@leqnk;ksa ds çfr laosnu'khyrk gSA

ekuo foKku esa çR;sd 'kksèk dk dksà u dksà lkekftd lanHkZ gksrk gSA 'kksèk ds
dqN ç'u vkidks rVLFk fn[kkà ns ldrs gSa] ysfdu ,slh laHkkouk jgrh gh gS fd
os vU; yksxksa dh Hkkoukvksa dks vkgr dj ldrs gSaA ;fn vki ,d ,sls leqnk; ds
lkFk dke dj jgs gSa] ftlds lkaL—frd ewY; vkils esy ugÈ [kkrs] rks vkidks ;g
lqfuf'pr djuk pkfg, fd vki igys tehuh tkudkjh ,df=r djsa vkSj fQj
viuk lk{kkRdkj vuqlwph ;k ç'ukoyh rS;kj djsaA

çLrqr bdkà esa vkidks 'kksèk esa uSfrdrk vkSj 'kksèk ds nkSjku uSfrd ekunaMksa ds
ikyu dh vko';drk ls voxr djk;k x;kA uSfrdrk dh cqfu;knh ckrksa dks
le>uk vkids fy, vklku vkSj Li"V gks blfy,] bl bdkà us lcls igys blds
lkFk tqM+s lS)kafrd –f"Vdks.k dks Li"V fd;kA mlds ckn 'kksèk ds nkSjku è;ku j[ks
tkus okys fofHkUu çdkj ds uSfrd fn'kk funsZ'kksa ij ppkZ dhA lkFk gh] pj.k c)
rjhds ls ¼dne-nj-dne½ lwfpr lgefr] xksiuh;rk dh nqfoèkk] èkks[ks ds eqís vkSj
var esa fjiksVZ vkSj çfrfØ;k ds fuekZ.k ij ppkZ dh xÃA csgrj le> ds fy, 141
 oSfÜod vkSj LFkkuh; Lrj ij laLFkkxr uSfrd fn'kk&funsZ'kksa ls Hkh voxr djk;k
x;kA ;g vk'kk dh tkrh gS fd bl bdkà dks i<+us ds ckn] Nk= 'kksèk çLrko
rS;kj djus ls igys vkSj ckn esa] {ks= vkSj ç;ksx'kkyk esa vuqlaèkku djus vkSj
varr% Kku dk mRiknu djus esa lkoèkkuh j[ksaxs vkSj laosnu'khy cusaxsA

Babbie, Earl. 2015. The Basics of Social Research.India : Wadesworth, a part

of cengage Learning

Clarke, Steve. 1999. Justifying Deception in Social Science Research.

Journal of Applied Philosophy Vol. 16.No. 2 (1999) pp. 151-166

Dooley, David. 2001. Social Research Methods (4th edition). New Delhi:
Prentice- Hall of India private ltd.

Guthrie, Gerard. 2010. Basic research Methods: An entry to social science

Research. India: Sage Publication

Wiesel E. Without Conscious.N Engl J.Med. 2005; 352; 1511-1513

1) [kaM 8-0 dk nwljk vkSj rhljk iSjkxzkQ ns[ksa

2) [kaM 8-1 dk igyk vkSj nwljk iSjkxzkQ ns[ksa
3) [kaM 8-1 dk rhljk iSjkxzkQ ns[ksa
4) [kaM 8-1 dk rhljk iSjkxzkQ ns[ksa
5) [kaM 8-2 dk nwljk iSjkxzkQ ns[ksa
6) [kaM 8-2 dk rhljk iSjkxzkQ ns[ksa
7) [kaM 8-2 dk ik¡pok¡ iSjkxzkQ ns[ksa
8) [kaM 8-3 dk nwljk iSjkxzkQ ns[ks
9) [kaM 8-3 dk pkSFkk iSjkxzkQ ns[ksa
10) [kaM 8-3 ns[ksa
11) [kaM 8-4 dk igyk] nwljk vkSj rhljk iSjkxzkQ ns[ksa
12) [kaM 8-4 dk pkSFkk] ik¡pok¡ vkSj NBk iSjkxzkQ ns[ksa
13) [kaM 8-6 dk igyk iSjkxzkQ ns[ksa
14) [kaM 8-6 dk ik¡pok¡] NBk vkSj lkrok¡ iSjkxzkQ ns[ksa
15) [kaM 8-6 ds lkrosa iSjkxzkQ dk lkrok¡ fcUnq ns[ksa

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