IV SEMESTER
C04:MATHEMATICS-4
Ordinary Differential Equations
Module 1
1.1: Definitions and Terminology definition, Classification by Type, Classification by Order,
Classification by Linearity, Solution, Interval of Definition, Solution Curve, Explicit and
Implicit Solutions, Families of Solutions, Singular Solution, Systems of Differential Equations
1.2: Initial Value Problems-First- and Second-Order IVPs, Existence of solution
1.3: Differential Equations as Mathematical Models- some specific differential- equation
models in biology, physics and chemistry.
2.1: Solution Curves without Solution-Direction Fields [‘Autonomous First- Order Des’
omitted]
2.2: Separable Equations- definition. Method of solution, losing a solution, An Integral-
Defined Function
2.3: Linear Equations-definition, standard form, homogeneous and non homogeneous DE,
variation of parameter technique, Method of Solution, General Solution, Singular Points,
Piecewise-Linear Differential Equation, Error Function
2.4: Exact Equations- Differential of a Function of Two Variables, Criteria for an exact
differential, Method of Solution, Integrating Factors,
2.5: Solutions by Substitution-Homogeneous Equations, Bernoulli’s Equation, Reduction to
Separation of Variables
2.6: A Numerical Method- Using the Tangent Line, Euler’s Method [upto and including
Example 2; rest omitted]
Module II
Higher Order Differential Equations
3.1: Theory of Linear Equations- Initial-Value and Boundary-Value Problems [Existence and
Uniqueness (of solutions), Boundary-Value Problem]
Homogeneous Equations [Differential Operators, Superposition Principle, Linear Dependence
and Linear Independence, Wronskian]
Nonhomogeneous Superposition Principle
3.2: Reduction of Order a general method to find a second solution of linear second order
equation by reducing to linear first order equation
3.3: Homogeneous Linear Equations with Constant Coefficients- Auxiliary Equation, Distinct
Real Roots, Repeated Real Roots, Conjugate Complex Roots, Higher-Order Equations,
Rational Roots [‘Use of computer’ part omitted]
3.4: Undetermined Coefficients- Method of Undetermined Coefficients for finding out
particular solution
3.5: Variation of parameter General solution using Variation of parameter technique
3.6: Cauchy-Euler Equations Method of solution, Distinct Real Roots, Repeated Real Roots,
Conjugate Complex Roots
3.9: Linear Models & Boundary Value Problems Deflection of a Beam, Eigenvalues and
Eigenfunctions [upto and including Example 3: the rest is omitted]
Module III
Laplace Transforms
4.1: Definition of Laplace Transform definition, examples, linearity, Transforms of some basic
functions, Sufficient Conditions for Existence of transform
4.2: Inverse Transform and Transforms of Derivative- Inverse Transforms:- A few important
inverse transforms, Linearity, Partial Fractions, Transforms of Derivatives, Solving Linear
ODEs
4.3: Translation Theorems- Translation on the s-axis, first translation theorem, its inverse
form, Translation on the t-axis, Unit step function, second translation theorem. Its Inverse
form, Alternative Form of second translation theorem. Beams
4.4: Additional Operational Properties- Derivatives of Transforms, Transforms of Integrals-
convolution, convolution theorem (without proof) and its inverse form, Volterra Integral
Equation, Series Circuits [‘Post Script- Green’s Function Redux’ omitted], Transform of a
Periodic Function
4.5: The Dirac delta Function- Unit Impulse, The Dirac Delta Function and its transform,
Module IV
12.1: Orthogonal Functions- Inner Product, Orthogonal Functions, Orthonormal Sets, Vector
Analogy, Orthogonal Series Expansion, Complete Sets.
12.2: Fourier Series-Trigonometric Series, Fourier Series, Convergence of a Fourier Series,
Periodic Extension, Sequence of Partial Sums,
12.3: Fourier Cosine and Sine Series Even and Odd Functions., Properties, Cosine and Sine
Series, Gibbs Phenomenon, Half-Range Expansions, Periodic Driving Force,
13.1: Separable Partial Differential Equations Linear Partial Differential Equation, Solution of
a PDE, Separation of Variables (Method), Superposition Principle, Classification of Equations
(- hyperbolic, parabolic, elliptic)
13.2: Classical PDE’s and BVP’s Heat Equation, Wave Equation, Laplace’s Equation, Initial
Conditions, Boundary Conditions, Boundary-Value Problems (‘Variations’ omitted)
13.3: Heat Equation- Solution of the BVP (method of Separation of Variables)
