SECURITY

What is Aviation Security ?

• Aviation security is a combination of human
and material resources to safeguard civil
aviation against unlawful interference.
Unlawful interference could be acts of
➢ Terrorism,
➢ Sabotage,
➢ Threat to life and property,
➢ Communication of false threat,
➢ Bombing, etc.
 What is Airport Security?
• Airport security refers to the techniques and
methods used in an attempt to protect
passengers, staff, aircraft, and airport property
from accidental/malicious harm, crime, and
other threats.
 ICAO annex corresponding to AVSEC
• Annex 17
Of critical importance to the future of civil
aviation and to the international community at
large are the measures taken by ICAO to prevent
and suppress all acts of unlawful interference
against civil aviation throughout the world.
• SARPs for international aviation security were
first adopted by the ICAO Council in March 1974,
and designated as Annex 17 to the Chicago
Convention.
 What is the overall objective of
aviation security?
• The primary objective of international civil aviation
security is to ensure the protection and safeguarding
of:
➢ Passengers
➢ Crew
➢ Ground personnel
➢ The general public
➢ Aircraft
➢ Facilities of an airport serving international civil
aviation, against acts of unlawful interference
perpetrated on the ground or in flight.
 Forms of unlawful interference
• aircraft bombings,
• aircraft attacks with ground-based weapons,
• use of aircraft as weapons of destruction
▪ attacks on passengers.
• NB: Experience demonstrates that aircraft in
flight constitute the main target to aviation
infrastructure against unlawful acts against civil
aviation.
 Cont..
• they can be used as a very powerful
bargaining tool to obtain something (often a
politically-motivated want).
• NB : Consequently, the control of access to
aircraft on the ground is of primary
importance.
 The International Framework
• After the advent of the first acts of unlawful
interference against civil aviation, ICAO
initiated two types of documents designed to
set the framework for a worldwide prevention
of, and response to such acts.
1. Legal Instruments–Conventions and Protocol
2. Technical Documents–Annexes and Other
Documents
 Legal Instruments–Conventions and
Protocol
• In response to the rising level of threat against
civil aviation, ICAO developed several legal
instruments addressing the prevention and
repression of unlawful acts.
• Conventions-a is formal
agreement between states and is usually an
instrument negotiated under an international
organisation.
 CONT…
• Protocol-the official procedure or system of
rules governing affairs of state and
organization.
• protocol is an agreement that diplomatic
negotiators formulate and sign as the basis for
a final convention or treaty
 Cont..
• (a) The Tokyo Convention (1963), dealing with
offences committed on board aircraft.
• NB : Conduct perceived as threatening,
harmful, or otherwise endangering to the
property, health, safety, and moral welfare of
people inclusive of one's self).
 CONT…

• (b) The Hague Convention (1970), dealing with

the suppression/prevent of unlawful seizure
of aircraft.

• .c) The Montreal Convention (1971), dealing

with the suppression/prevent of unlawful acts
against civil aviation.
 Cont..
• (d) The Montreal Protocol (1988), an
addendum( Amendment) expanding on the
Montreal Convention and dealing with the
suppression of unlawful acts of violence at
international airports.
• (e) The Convention on the Marking of Plastic
Explosives for the Purpose of Detection
(Montreal, 1991).
 Cont…
• NB : To effectively prevent and respond to acts
of unlawful interference, States must
ratify/approve these Conventions and
Protocol, and create a national regulatory
framework to allow their enforcement within
their territory.
 Technical Documents–Annexes and
Other Documents
• ICAO developed two technical documents that
provide States with SARPs and guidance.
• (a) Annex 17, Security–Safeguarding
International Civil Aviation Against Acts of
Unlawful Interference. This document
provides technical specifications in the form
of SARPs.
 Cont..
• (b) Security Manual Against Acts of Unlawful
Interference
• –Document 8973/7. This document provides
States with guidance for the development
and implementation of a National and an
Airport Civil Aviation Security Programme
 Cont…
• NB :As signatories to the Chicago Convention,
States must comply with the provisions
contained in all Annexes to this Convention.
 The National Framework
• The National Civil Aviation Security
Programme
• Similar to the Aerodrome Standards and
Recommended Practices, States must adopt
the provisions of ICAO Annex 17–Security.
• They require, among other things, the
implementation of a National Civil Aviation
Security Programme.
 Objective
• The National Civil Aviation Security Programme is
established in accordance with the Government
Policy on National Security.
• N B: Its objective is to safeguard civil aviation
operations against acts of unlawful interference
through:
• (a) Regulations-Regulations are rules made by a
government or other authority in order to control
the way something is done or the way people
behave
 CONT..
• (b) Practices- something that people do
regularly
• (c) Procedures- a document written to
support a "policy directive". A procedure is
designed to describe who, what, where,
when, and why.?
 CONT…
• In order for States to translate ICAO security
requirements into practical and enforceable
measures meeting national needs, the
National Civil Aviation Security Programme
must be based on a regulatory framework.
Contents of The National Civil Aviation
Security Programme
• (a) Programme objective
• (b) Definitions
• (c) Legislation
• (d) Responsibilities
• (e) Coordination and Communications
• (f) Protection of airports, aircraft, and air
navigation facilities
• (g) Control of persons and items placed on board
aircraft
 Cont…
• (h) Security equipment
• (i) Personnel
• (j) Response to acts of unlawful interference
• (k) Evaluation of effectiveness
• (l) Programme adjustment
• (m) Contingency plans
• (n) Financing
• (o) Appendices
 The National Civil Aviation Security
Authority
• Each State must create a National Civil
Aviation Security Authority responsible to
develop, implement, and maintain all
elements of the National Civil Aviation
Security Programme.
• NB: This authority is part of the Civil Aviation
Authority.
• NB: This authority should be equipped with
the resources necessary to meet its objectives.
 Responsibilities of The National Civil
Aviation Security Authority
• (a) Develop and update a programme
commensurate with the specific aviation
security needs of the State.
• (b) Assess the national threat level, in line
with the regional and global context.
• (c) Ensure that all airports develop and
implement their own Civil Aviation Security
Programme.
 Cont…
(d) Carry out audits, inspections and tests.

(e) Adjust the programme following audits,

inspections, tests, and actual incidents.
 Testing, Inspection & Audit
• A test means the assessment of the
performance of equipment, machines,
and people against preestablished standards.
• An inspection means the verification of
physical facilities by the appropriate authority.
• An audit is a verification of documents and
procedures by experts.
 National Civil Aviation Security
Committee
➢Each State must establish a National Civil
Aviation Security Committee. If
➢A State has more than one international
airport, individual committees must be
established to address the specific needs of
each airport.
 Role of the committee
➢To provide advice on security policies
➢Recommend measures and procedures and
review their efficiency.
➢ensure the required level of coordination to
achieve the success of the security
programme.
➢ Ensure the liaison/link with committees at
each airport.
 Membership of the committee
(a) Civil Aviation

(b) Authority in charge of police functions

(c) National security agency or services

(d) Immigration
 CONT…
(e) Customs

(f) Other border control agencies

(g) Postal services

(h) Foreign Affairs and External Relations

 Other interested parties on ad hoc
basis
(a) Aircraft operators

(b) Airport operators

(c) Air traffic services

 Cont..
(d) Organizations representing employees likely
to be affected by acts of unlawful interference
against civil aviation:
• crew members,
• security screening personnel,
• airline agents.
• NB: These organizations can provide
technical expertise during deliberations.
 Airport Security

• The third level in the effort to ensure security

takes place is at the airport.
• It is the most action-oriented and detailed
one in its application.
• In order to protect civil aviation at the airport
level (where most threats and unlawful acts
originate), each airport must establish a
written Airport Security Programme.
 CONT…
• NB: Airport security is more action-oriented
and it is where the prevention of, and the
response to threats and acts of unlawful
interference take place.

•
 CONT….
• At the airport level, the protection of civil
aviation against acts of unlawful
interference is a joint effort between many
parties, including tenants, concessionaires,
passengers, and visitors.
•
 Partners to airport security

➢The National Civil Aviation Security Authority,

➢ The airport operator

➢ Aircraft operators.
 Cont…
NB :Recent Increases in security measures
lengthen the total transfer time from the
surface mode to the air mode.
NB: Airports need to train airport employees on
security issues and explain the importance of
security awareness.

•
 Airport Security Programme
• Each Contracting State shall
require each airport serving civil aviation to
establish, implement and maintain a written
airport security programme.
• NB: This programme is to be approved by
the National Civil Aviation Security Authority.
 Elements of airport security
programme
(a) Responsibilities of the airport operator
(b) Coordination and communication.

(c) Protection of airport, aircraft, and air

navigation facilities
facilitation.
(d) Control of persons and items placed on
board aircraft
 Cont….
(e) Security equipment
(f) Personnel
(g) Response to acts of unlawful interference
(h) Evaluation of effectiveness of measures
(i) Programme adjustment
(j) Contingency plans- plan designed to take
account of a possible future event or
circumstance.
 Airport Security Authority
• Each Contracting State shall ensure that an
authority at each airport serving civil aviation
is responsible for coordinating the
implementation of security controls.
 Responsibilities
(a) Coordinate, at the airport level, the implementation of
the National Civil Aviation Security Programme.

(b) Collect and maintain statistics on airport vulnerable

points.

(c) Ensure that existing security measures meet the

requirements of current and anticipated threat levels.

(d) Conduct regular exercises, tests and inspections

 Cont…
(e) Report on weaknesses and implement
corrective measures.
(f) Report to management on weaknesses
requiring outside assistance.
(g) Ensure that all security personnel are
qualified and trained.
(h) Provide input into plans for new or expanded
airport facilities.
 Resources and Tools
• To effectively safeguard civil aviation against
acts of unlawful interference, the Airport Civil
Aviation Security Authority requires a number
of resources and tools:
 Cont….
(a) Qualified employees

(b) Support facilities

(c) Contingency plans

(d) Training programmes

(e) Control equipment and procedures

 Cont….
(f) Access control and procedures

(g) Testing of procedures

(h) Audits

(i) Equipment maintenance and calibration( is a

process in which an instrument or piece of
equipment's accuracy is compared with a known
and proven standard.)
 Airport Civil Aviation Security
Committee
• Each airport should establish a Security
Committee to assist the authority in coordinating
the implementation of security controls and
procedures as . specified in the airport security
programme .

• Membership of the committee must include a

complete cross-section of expertise required to
effectively deal with local security issues.
 CONT…
(a) Airport management

(b) Airlines and other aircraft operators

(c) Head of airport security

(d) Police
 Cont..

(e) Immigration

(f) Customs

(g) Other border control agencies

 CONT….
(h) Postal services

(i) Air traffic services

(j) Medical services

(k) Rescue and fire-fighting services

 CONT..
l) Freight forwarders

(m) Organizations representing employees likely

to be affected by acts of unlawful interference
against civil aviation (such as crew members
security screening personnel, airline agents,
etc), who can provide technical expertise
during deliberations and incidents
 Preventative Measures
The primary objective of these measures is to
prevent the presence on board aircraft (and in
other vulnerable points) of:
• Weapons,
• Explosives, and
• Dangerous devices, articles or substances.
Prohibited items can be introduced by several
means:
(a) Introduced through collusion in restricted
areas for future use.
(b) Carried on board aircraft by people
(passengers, employees, and trespassers).

(c) Placed inside checked luggage or freight.

 CONT…
NB: To prevent the above acts, access to aircraft
must be strictly controlled.
• Three parallel approaches must be implemented
concurrently/same time:
(a) Creation of restricted access areas (the airside
plus other vulnerable points), to be protected by
physical barriers.

(b) Procedures to ensure that only authorized

people can pass through these barriers.
 CONT…
(c) Procedures to ensure that no unauthorized
items can be placed inside checked luggage,
freight, or directly on board aircraft.
 CONT…
• Three categories of people may be authorized
to access restricted areas:
(a) Passengers with a valid boarding pass or
airline ticket.
(b) Duly identified employees whose duties
require such access.
(c) Occasional visitors and temporary
employees, when escorted by a qualified
person.
Control of Access to Restricted Areas–
Physical Barriers
• Effective means must be implemented to
prevent unauthorized access from outside the
airport.
• Security Fences
• Entire perimeter must be secured using a
fence meeting a number of specifications.
Specifications of the perimeter fence.
➢Transparent-they allow seeing outside of the
restricted areas.
➢made of chain link, expanded metal sheets,
steel palisades or welded steel mesh.
➢Concrete or steel posts should support them.
➢The fabric should be strong enough to sustain
deformation, and tall enough to prevent
access over or under it.
 Cont…
➢ Anti-climbing devices such as barbed wire should
be used for additional protection.

N B: No obstacles such as parked vehicles, stored

materials, and stockpiles of earth, are allowed
within a reasonable distance on either side of the
fence, as they would facilitate access.

N B: Fences should be kept clear of tall vegetation

and climbing vines as they obstruct view and
hamper surveillance.
 CONT…
• Fences should be well illuminated to facilitate the
detection of suspicious activity in their vicinity.
• Lighting can be supplemented with detection
equipment such as closed circuit television,
motion detectors and infrared cameras.
• NB: Underground storm sewer pipes or tunnels
often extend beyond these security fence. Their
outlet must be equipped with steel bars to
prevent access through them.
Security Fence Complete with Anti-
Climbing Barbed Wire
 Access Points
• There is a requirement to provide a number of
access points to restricted areas for
✓operational
✓ safety
✓maintenance
✓ inspection reasons.
NB :Their number of access points must be kept
to a minimum.
 Cont…
Access points usually consist of gates:
➢ sliding
➢ swinging
➢ lifting
➢ with some kind of locking mechanism:
 Cont…
➢ Padlock or lock with an access code (for access
points with infrequent use).
➢ Electronic card reader
➢ Remote opener
➢ Guarded access (for access points with frequent
use).
N B: Gates must be kept closed and locked
whenever they are not in use and all access
points should be well illuminated.
 CONT…
NB: The security fence must be regularly and
frequently checked for integrity and evidence
of attempted access.
NB: Doors leading to restricted areas must be
kept closed and locked whenever they are not
in use.They should be equipped with alarms
and surveillance cameras.
 Signage
• All security fences and access points, including
buildings providing access to restricted areas,
must display signs indicating that the area
beyond them is restricted. It has a deterrent
effect on potential trespassers. . It also allows
enforcement in case of trespassing.
 Vulnerable Points
Airports must ensure the protection of a
number of vital facilities that, if damaged or
destroyed, would seriously affect the operation
of the airport.
➢ Telecommunication facilities (on or off-
airport)
➢Radio navigation aids (on or off-airport)
➢ Emergency Operations Centres
 CONT….
➢Air traffic services facilities (control tower in
particular)

➢ Fuel depots

➢ Power supply
Security Fence Protecting an Off-
Airport Radar
Control of Access to Restricted Areas–
Procedures
Passengers and Carry on Luggage
• All passengers, irrespective of their
destination, must be screened at their airport
of origin.
• Adequately trained employees must perform
security controls and Several types of
organizations can provide security control:
 Cont….
(a) Airport operator
(b) Specialized security agency
(c) Police
(d) Airlines
NB: Officers performing screening duties are
required to be certified.
 CONT……
NB: In order to detect any attempt to carry
prohibited objects on board aircraft, control
measures must be able to detect metallic
objects and explosives.
 Types of equipment

(a) Walk-through and hand-held metal detectors

for passengers
(b) Radioscopic (X-ray) equipment for carry on
luggage
(c) Explosive vapor detectors for carry on
luggage.
d) Manual search of passengers and carry on
luggage
 a—Walk-Through Metal Detector
(Left) and Radioscopic Equipment-
Right
Hand held metal detector
 Cont….
• NB: Any passenger who refuses to comply
with security controls, or who carries
unauthorized objects, either on his or her
person or carry on luggage will not be allowed
to access the airside.
• N B: Once inside the restricted area of the
terminal, screened passengers must
not mix or come in contact with non-screened
passengers.
 CONT…
• N B: Operational procedures must be
implemented so that screened and non-
screened passengers are not in the same
space at the same time.
 Checked Luggage
• The control of checked luggage is another key
aspect of the prevention of unlawful acts.
objective
• NB :To prevent the unauthorized carriage of
weapons, explosives, and other dangerous
objects on board aircraft, that could be used
at a later time, detonated in flight, or used as
a threat to commit an act of unlawful
interference.
 CONT…
• NB : Only checked or controlled luggage is
allowed on board an aircraft:
➢ It must either belong to a checked passenger
travelling on board the same aircraft.
➢Having been duly controlled by the
appropriate authority (such as misrouted
luggage being shipped to the correct
destination by an airline).
 Cont….
N B: Luggage must be kept secure from the time it is
handed over to the airline at the check in counter,
to the time it is loaded on board an aircraft.
• There is a requirement for full-time protection of
:
• check in areas
• all conveyor systems
• outbound luggage rooms
• loading equipment
• aircraft stands.
 Cont….
• NB: Any luggage checked at an off-airport
location (for example at hotels) must be kept
secure between the point of check in and the
aircraft, and subject to normal control prior to
loading.
 New Standards
• ICAO Annex 17 requires that, effective January
1, 2006, one hundred percent of originating
checked luggage must be screened.
• Methods used:
(a) Manual search.
(b) Radioscopic inspection (using a portable x-
ray machine).
 Cont….
• (c) Explosive vapor detection (can be done by
specially trained dogs or automated if the
proper technology is installed).
 Passenger-Luggage Match
• If there is a threat circumstances or a doubt
about the ownership of a particular piece of
luggage, the appropriate authority may
request that all luggage be unloaded and
individually identified by its owner. Procedures
should endeavour to minimize flight delay.
 Freight
• Measures should be established to ensure
that freight (including mail) intended for
carriage on passenger flights is subject to
appropriate security Controls.
 Cont….

• Procedures developed to ensure basic

principles are complied with:
(a) Aircraft must operate from within a secure
environment.
(b) Freight must be subject to some degree of
security control before being loaded on a
passenger aircraft.
 CONT….
(c) Consignments whose security status cannot
be readily determined must be subjected to
screening or other additional security
measures.

(d) Once a consignment is security cleared, it

must be protected from interference.
 CONT….
• NB :When the shipper of freight is unknown
and security controls cannot be accounted for,
or when threat assessment warrants
additional security measures, control can be
done through a number of methods:
➢ Manual inspection.
➢ Use of specially-trained dogs.
➢ Radioscopic equipment.
➢ Metal detectors.
 CONT…..
➢ Explosive vapor detectors.

➢ Use of decompression chamber to simulate a

high altitude environment.

➢ Delay of shipment to account for time

operated devices.
 Storage
• NB: Airlines and freight forwarders must
ensure that their freight facilities are secured,
to prevent tampering.
• Premises should be guarded or equipped
with closed circuit television.
• Freight terminals are often part of the
landside-airside boundary, access through the
building must be controlled in conformity with
restricted areas requirements.
 CONT….
• NB :Doors leading to restricted areas must be
closed and locked when not in use.
• These doors should be equipped with
an alarm system to detect any unauthorized
access
 Transfer to Aircraft
• Measures should be taken to ensure the
security of freight from the time it is
dispatched to an aircraft, to the time it is
loaded.
• NB: Properly secured vehicles and access
routes (airside roads) should be used.
 Access to Parked Aircraft
• Parked aircraft, especially those located in
remote areas, should benefit from appropriate
lighting.
• Regular patrols of remote parking areas will
deter unlawful acts.
• Properly positioned closed circuit television
cameras(CCTV), monitored from a central
location, will be helpful.
 CONT…
• NB : In periods of high security threat, the
arrival of a general aviation aircraft must be
reported to the Airport Security Authority.
NB :An aircraft not responding to instructions
from the control tower, or not following its
assigned ground itinerary must be considered
as a potential risk and measures should be
taken accordingly.
 Control of Employees

• The Airport Security Authority should

establish a permit system to ensure that only
employees who have a justified and frequent
need to access airport restricted areas can do
so.
NB :A permit will only be issued after a
background check of the applicant confirms
that he or she does not constitute a risk for
civil aviation.
 CONT…
• The permit must be displayed at all times
while the employee is present in restricted
areas.
• A tamper-proof photograph of the bearer
• Name
• An expiry date.
 CONT..
N B: Permits should have a limited validity
period not exceeding two years.
NB : Any lost permit must be immediately
reported to the security authority.
NB: Employees leaving their employment must
return their permit to their employer or to the
Airport Security Authority.
 CONT…..
This permit system must be standardized
throughout the airport and used by all agencies
doing business in restricted or vulnerable areas:
• Airlines
• Ground handlers
• Fuelling companies
• Caterers
• General aviation operators
• Airport maintenance and security.
 CONT……
• Temporary permits may be issued to non-airport
employees who have a temporary requirement to
work in restricted areas, and to occasional visitors
who have been authorized to access these areas.

• It requires that these persons be accompanied at

all times by an authorized employee, who is
responsible for the visitor or worker while
present in restricted areas.
 CONT…..
• At large airports with many restricted areas, it
may be advisable to subdivide these areas and
issue different classes of permit, easily
distinguishable by a color, numerical, or
alphabetical code, and allowing employees
access to one or more specific areas.
 CONT…..
• For efficiency reasons, permits can include
coded data to provide access through points
equipped with an electronic card reader.
• They can also be used to display an Airport
Vehicle Operator Permit (AVOP).
 Control of Vehicles
• According to Annex 17–Standard 4.2.3, access
of vehicles to restricted areas must be
controlled as they may facilitate unauthorized
access.
• The presence of a permit on a vehicle is by no
means an authorization for its occupant(s) to
access restricted areas: the right to access
requires control of the vehicle and of each
occupant.
 CONT…..
NB: A duly authorized person must escort non-
airport vehicles having a requirement to
access restricted areas.
 Measures Relating to Airport Design
• Whenever the airport operator plans to build,
expand or renovate facilities, it should ensure
that the architectural and infrastructure-
related requirements necessary for the most
efficient implementation of civil aviation
security measures are integrated/put together
into the design of the proposed work.
 Requirements to be considered
➢ Facilitate prevention of introduction of
weapons, explosives, and other dangerous
devices on the airport and on board aircraft.

➢ Facilitate the implementation of emergency

plans during an actual act of unlawful
interference.
 CONT…….
➢ Minimize the effect of an explosion in public
buildings, by integrating appropriate building
materials and protection features.

➢ Prevent the mix of screened and non-

screened passengers by implementing
appropriate building layouts.
 Response to Acts of Unlawful
Interference
• In spite of all the preventative measures
implemented by States, airports, and airlines,
acts of unlawful interference against civil
aviation do occur from time to time.
• Well-designed and ready-to-use response
measures must be available and resources,
facilities, and personnel must support them.
 General Measures
• Security authorities will provide assistance to
aircraft subjected to an act of unlawful
interference.
• Provision of navigation aids, air traffic
services, and permission to land will not be
denied.
 Cont….
• When such aircraft has landed at an airport,
the appropriate security authority will
endeavour to detain it if practicable, unless its
departure is required by the overriding
objective of protecting human lives.
 Emergency Plans
Objective of security emergency plans is to
ensure the safeguard of :
• Passengers
• Crews
• The general public
• Employees
 CONT…
Security Emergency Plans should cover the
following subjects:
➢ Increased security measures: screening
procedures for passengers, luggage, and freight;
patrolling, additional access restrictions.
➢ Unlawful seizure or sabotage of aircraft or
facilities.

➢ Threats (bomb, fire).

 CONT…..
➢ Armed attacks within airport boundaries.

➢ Armed attacks against aircraft from the vicinity of

the airport.

➢ Disposal of weapons, explosives, and sabotage

devices.

➢ Hostage taking situations.

 Isolated Aircraft Parking Position
• When an aircraft has been seized or may
contain explosive or incendiary devices, it
should be isolated in a remote parking
position specifically designated to that effect.
• It must be located far enough from any
facilities and public areas so that an explosion
or fire would not endanger the life of people
or jeopardize the integrity of airport facilities.
 Security Manual
• All security measures dealing with the
prevention of unlawful acts against civil
aviation and with the response to actual
incidents should be grouped in a single
document called the Airport Security Manual.
 CONT…..
Subjects should be covered:
➢International framework, applicable
Conventions.
➢ Description of the Airport Security Authority.
➢ Composition of the Airport Security
Committee.
➢ Threat assessment.
➢ Aircraft security
 CONT……
➢ Passenger, luggage and freight screening.
➢ Protection of restricted areas and vulnerable
points.
➢ Emergency plans and procedures: hijacks, bomb
threats, attacks, sabotage, disposal of explosives,
and hostage situations.
➢ Training of key personnel.
➢ Awareness plan.
➢ Inspections, testing, and audits.
 CONT….
NB :This manual should be a living document,
reviewed after each exercise and actual event,
and kept current.
• NB :Its circulation should be limited to those
people who have a need to use it in the course
of their duties. Appropriate parts of the
document should be distributed to involved
stakeholders.
 Training and Awareness
• Training Requirements
• The availability of properly trained and
qualified personnel is a key element in
delivering an efficient security programme at
each airport.
 Cont….
• categories of personnel who should be trained.
➢ Management

➢ Airport security employees.

➢ Airlines
• check in/ticketing agents
• luggage handlers
• crew members
• maintenance technicians
 Cont……

➢ Ground handlers

➢ Screening agents

➢ Guards

➢ Police

➢ Air traffic controllers

 Cont….
• NB :The level of training required is not the
same for these categories, and it should be
adapted accordingly.
• Subjects covered in the training programme:
➢Threats against civil aviation.
➢ International and national legal and technical
security instruments.
➢ Local preventative and response measures
 CONT….
➢Screening equipment and procedures.
➢ Techniques used by terrorists to counter
security measures.
➢ Detection of prohibited objects aboard
aircraft and in airport facilities.
➢ Detection of suspicious passenger behavior.
➢ Surveillance techniques
 Cont…..
➢(i) Exercises, tests, and audits.
➢(j) Awareness.
 CONT….
NB : In addition to formal and technical training,
all airport employees should receive a
minimum amount of exposure to security
awareness. Some simple but effective
messages may include:
➢ Security is everybody's business. All
employees and the public can contribute to it,
challenge anyone who does not look like they
belong in the restricted area.
 CONT…..
➢ If you find an open door, lock it; deny access to
any person without a valid permit and report it
for further investigation by the appointed
authority.
➢ Always assure, when you open a restricted area
door that you fully close and lock it behind you.
➢ If you observe a suspicious activity or parcel,
report it.
➢ You can make a difference.
 Aircraft Operator's Security Program
Programme
• The National Civil Aviation Security Authority
requires that aircraft operators develop and
implement a security programme meeting the
requirements of the National Civil Aviation
Security Program.
• NB :This programme should be submitted to the
National Civil Aviation Security Authority for
review and approval.
•
 Cont….
• Components of aircraft operators security programme.:
➢ Control measures for checked luggage, freight, and
mail.

➢ Control of access to aircraft by unauthorized persons.

➢ Control of passengers while on the apron for the

purpose of boarding or deplaning.

➢ Measures to be taken by crewmembers in case of in-

flight threats or incidents.
 Cont……
➢Screening of passengers and carry on luggage
(when it is the responsibility of aircraft
operators).

➢ Protection of operators' premises and

materials.
Control of Passengers on the Apron
• When aircraft park on a stand where
passengers must walk on the apron
between the terminal and the aircraft, it is
the airline's responsibility to ensure that
screened passengers are kept secured and do
not mix with other types of passengers.
 Control of Operator's Premises and
Materials
• Airlines need to acquire, store, and bring to
the airside, supplies and materials (such as
tools, parts, stationary, and equipment).
• It is essential that these materials be stored in
secured premises, in order to prevent the
introduction of objects that could be brought
to the airside with the intent to commit acts of
unlawful interference against civil aviation.
 Cont…….
• The same requirement applies to non-airline
operators such as ground handlers, fuel
suppliers, and in flight catering companies.
Control of Access to Parked Aircraft
• The first line of aircraft protection is the
landside-airside boundary, the control of the
immediate vicinity of parked aircraft
complements it.
• During periods of activity, personnel working
around aircraft must intercept/stop any
person whose presence is suspicious and
question him or her about their whereabouts.
• .
 Cont….
• The doors of aircraft parked overnight should be locked
and mobile stairs removed.
• When parked overnight on a stand equipped with a
passenger bridge, the bridgehead should be
disconnected from the aircraft.

• Aircraft should be searched for the presence of any

dangerous object before boarding passengers. If such
an object is found, the aircraft must be immediately
evacuated and the appropriate authority contacted.
 Cont…..
• Affected aircraft operators should participate
in the response to acts of unlawful
interference by participating in the activation
and management of the EOC.
 Testing, Inspection & Audit
• A test means the assessment of the
performance of equipment, machines,
and people against preestablished standards.
• An inspection means the verification of
physical facilities by the appropriate authority.
• An audit is a verification of documents and
procedures by experts.
 Items Subject to Testing, Inspections
and Audits
• The provision of a secure civil aviation
environment rests on several categories of
assets:
(a) Equipment
✓ Metal and explosive detectors
✓ Security gate openers
✓ Motion detectors
 Cont…..
b) Plans and procedures :
✓Preventative and response measures.

✓ Emergency plans.

✓Management of the EOC.

c)People (who operate equipment, and develop
plans and procedures).
What Causes Lack of Performance?
NB : Equipment may perform below
specifications due to:
• wear and tear
• construction flaws
• not properly set or operated (a human factor,
related to training).
 CONT….
NB :Plans and procedures may not produce the
expected results because they were developed
with insufficient experience or knowledge of
requirements, or with too many unknown factors.
NB :People may perform below the requirements
of their position because they were not properly
trained, because they have not used learned skills
in along time, or because they have not evolved
with a changing environment.
Consequences of Lack of Performance
in a Civil Aviation Security Context
Lack of performance on the part of equipment, plans and
procedures, and people can have severe impacts: the main
objective of civil aviation security may not be achieved with
the consequence of not properly safeguarding:
• Passengers
• Crews
• Ground personnel
• The general public
• Aircraft
• Airports
• Navigation facilities against acts of unlawful interference.

• NB: This illustrates the importance of testing, inspections,

and audits.
 Methods used to Test, Inspect, and
Audit
• Testing can be done through a number of actions.
(a) Employees

➢ Periodic written or oral testing of staff

performance, knowledge, and adherence to
procedures.

➢ Pre-arranged presence in a restricted area of

authorized people without a visible permit
 CONT…….
• (b) Equipment
➢ (i) Calibration of screening equipment with sample
metallic or explosive materials.(calibration is a process
in which an instrument or piece of equipment's
accuracy is compared with a known and proven
standard.)

➢ (ii) Pre-arranged carriage of prohibited objects through

screening points by authorized personnel. This will test
the operation of the equipment and the level of
alertness of screening personnel.
 CONT…….
(c) Plans and Procedures:
➢ Small-scale exercises simulating a threat or an
act of unlawful interference, with or without
activation of the EOC.

➢ Full-scale exercises simulating an act of

unlawful interference, with activation of the
EOC and deployment of all airport and
external resources.
 CONT……
➢ Inspection of effectiveness of prevention
measures against passengers mix.

➢ Audit of the Airport Security Programme by

the National Security Authority, for
compliance with the requirements of the
National Civil Aviation Security Programme.
 Follow up Measures
• Tests, inspections and audits have little value
unless any weaknesses they reveal are
followed by quick and organized corrective
actions.
• Any such test (and any real incident) should be
followed by a debriefing to be attended by all
involved parties. The Airport Security
Committee is a good vehicle to conduct such
debriefing and agree on improvements.
 CONT…..
• NB :These improvements will eventually be
put to test through an exercise or a real
incident, and their effectiveness evaluated:
this is how security is constantly improved.
 THE END

• THANK YOU ALL FOR YOUR ATTENDANCE:

• BY: DR.NIXON KIPKORIR ARAP KOECH FARAH