unit

3 Multivariable CalCulus
(Differentiation)

Part-a
Short QueStionS with SolutionS

Q1. evaluate lim x2 y .

(x,y) " (1,2)
x + y2
Answer : June/July-17, Q7

Given limit is,

x2 y
lim 2
(x, y) " (1, 2) x + y

= lim > lim H

lim x2 y x2 y
Þ x"1 2 2
y"2 x+y x"1 y"2 x + y

= lim > H
x 2 (2)
x"1 x + ( 2) 2

= lim ; 2+x E
2

x"1 x 4

2 (1) 2
= 1 + 4 = 52

x2 y 2
\ lim 2 = 5
(x, y) " (1, 2) x + y

xy3
Q2. show that lim 2 6 doesn't exist.
(x,y) " (0,0) x + y

Answer : Dec.-16, Q7

Given that,
xy3
lim 2 6
(x, y) " (0, 0) x + y

Let,

x " 0> 2 H
lim xy3
p1 = 6
y"0 x + y

= lim > lt 2 6 H
xy3
y"0 x"0 x + y

= lim > H
0.y3
6
y"0 0 + y

=0
\ p1 = 0

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3.2 MatheMatics-i
Let,
Q4. Determine Lim x 2 – y2 .
(x, y) →(1,–1)
y " 0> 2 H
lim xy3
p2 = 6 Answer : April-16, Q5
x"0 x + y
Given limit is,
= lim > lt 2 6 H
xy3
x"0 y"0 x + y Lim x2 – y 2
( x , y ) → (1,–1)

= lim < 2 F
x (0) Lim = Lim x 2 – y 2
⇒ ( x , y ) → (1,–1) x →1
x"0 x + 0 y → –1

=0  Lim x 2 – y 2 
= Lim
x →1 
 y → –1 
\ p2 = 0

= Lim  x 2 – (–1) 2 
x →1 
Since, p1 = p2 = 0, the limit doesn't exists.
xy2
Q3. Determine Lt = Lim x 2 –1
(x, y) →(0,0) x 2 + y 4 if it exists. x →1

Answer : Dec.-15, Q5 = (1)2 – 1

Given limit is,
=0
xy 2
Lim Lim =0
( x , y ) → ( 0, 0 ) x2 + y4 ∴ ( x , y ) → (1,–1)

 xy 2 
P1 = Lim  2  x − y
(i) x→0 x + y4   ; (x, y) ≠ (0,0)
y→0  Q5. show that f(x, y) =  x + y is
 xy 2   0; (x, y) = (0,0)
Lim Lim
= x→0  y→0 x 2 + y 4 
  discontinuous at the point (0, 0).
 0 
= Lim
x→0  x 2 + 0 
  Answer : Dec.-12, Q7
=0 The given function is,
∴ P1 = 0
x− y
xy 2 f(x, y) =  x + y ; ( x, y ) ≠ (0,0)
(ii) P2 = Lim
x→0 x + y 4
y→0
2
 0; ( x, y ) = (0,0)
 xy 2  To check the continuity of the function f(x, y), directly
Lim Lim
= y→0  x→0 x 2 + y 4 
  choose the path y → mx.
 0  x− y
Lt 
Lt f ( x, y ) = y → 
= Lim 
y→0 0 + y 4
 y → mx mx  x + y 
  x →0 x→0

=0  x − y
(iii) Let, y = mx = xLt  Lt
→0 y → mx x + y

 
xy 2 xm 2 x 2 m2 x  x − mx 
P3 = xLim = Lim = Lim =0
→0 x 2 + y 4 x→0 x 2 + m4 x 4 x→0 1 + m4 x 2 = xLt
→0  
y → mx  x + mx 
(iv) Let, y = mx2  x(1 − m) 
2 2 4 2 3
= xLt  
→0  x (1 + m) 
xy xm x m x
P4= xLim = Lim 2 = Lim =0
→0 x +y
2 4 x → 0 x +m x
4 3 x → 0 1 + m4 x5 1− m
y → mx 2 = Lt
x →0 1 + m
P1 = P2 = P3 = P4
i.e., the function depends on ‘m’ values only.
xy 2 ∴ The limit x → 0 does not exists.
Lim 2 =0
∴ x→0 x + y 4
y→0
Hence, f(x, y) is not continuous at (0, 0).

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Unit-3 Multivariable Calculus (Differentiation) 3.3
2r 2u
Q6. if x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ then find . (iii) To Calculate
2x 2z
Answer :
∂u ∂  y z    –1 1 
⇒  +  =  y  + 
∂z  z x    z 2  x 
Given that, =
∂z
x = r cos θ ... (1)
[ x, y are constants]
y = r sin θ ... (2)
–y 1
Adding equations (1) and (2), = + ... (4)
z2 x
x2 + y2 = (rcos θ)2 + (rsin θ)2
Consider,
= r2cos2 θ + r2sin2 θ
= r2(cos2 θ + sin2 θ) ∂u ∂u ∂u  – z 1  – y 1
x +y +z = x 2  + y   + z  2 + 
= r2 ∂x ∂y ∂z  x  z  z x

x2 + y2 = r2 ... (3) –z y y z
= + – +
Differentiating equation (3) partially with respect to ‘x’, x z z x
2r =0
⇒ 2x = 2r
2x ∂u ∂u ∂u
2r \ x +y +z = 0.
⇒ x= r ∂x ∂y ∂z
2x
2r x x+y 2u 2u
⇒ = Q8. if u = find and .
2x r xy 2x 2y
2r x Answer :
\ =
2x r Given function is,
y z 2u 2u 2u
Q7. if u = + then find x +y +z . x+y
z x 2x 2y 2z u=
xy
Answer :
x y
Given equation is, ⇒ u= +
xy xy
y z 1 1
u= + ... (1) ⇒ u= + ... (1)
z x y x
In equation (1), u is dependent variable and x, y, z are Differentiating equation (1) partially with respect
independent variables. to 'x',
2u 2u 1
(i) To Calculate = – 2
2x 2x x
Differentiating equation (1) partially with respect
∂u ∂ y z   –1
⇒ =  +  =  0 + z    to 'y',
∂x ∂x  z x    x2 
2u 1
[ y, z are constants] = – 2
2y y
–z
= ... (2) 2u 1 2u 1
x2 \ = – 2 and = – 2.
2x x 2y y
2u
(ii) To Calculate dy
2y Q9. if xy + yx = 1, then find .
dx
∂u ∂ y z Answer :
⇒ =  + 
∂y ∂y z x
Given function is,
1  xy + yx = 1
=  + 0 [ x, z are constants]
 z 
Let, f = xy + yx – 1 = 0 ... (1)
1 Differentiating equation (1) partially with respect
= ... (3)
z to 'x',
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3.4 MatheMatics-i
2f RS d VW Substituting the corresponding values in equation (3),
= yxy – 1 + yx logy – 0 SSa a x
= a x
log a WW
2x S dx W
_ x 2 + y 2 i + =2y cos _ x 2 + y 2 i= – a2 x GG
2
T X du
= 2 x cos
2f dx b y
⇒ = yxy – 1 + yx logy
2x
_ – 2xa 2 cos _ x 2 + y 2 ii
Differentiating equation (1), partially with respect = 2x cos _ x 2 + y 2 i +
b2
to 'y',
= 2x cos _ x 2 + y 2 i<
b2 – a2 F
2f b2
= xy logx + xyx – 1 – 0
2y
2 i< b – a F
2 2
2f du _ 2
\ dx = 2x cos x + y
⇒ = xy logx + xyx – 1 b 2
2y
dy Q11. if u = x3yez, where x = t, y = t2 and z = loget, find
du
dx is given as, at t = 2.
dt
KJK 2f ONO
dy – K 2x O Answer :
dx
=
JKL2f NOP Given that,
KK OO
2y u = x3yez
L P
Substituting the corresponding values in above x = t, y = t2 and z = loget
equation,
dx dy dz 1
dy SRS yx y – 1 + y x log y WVW = 1, = 2t and =
= –S WW dt dt dt t
SS y
dx x log x + xy x – 1 W Differentiating ‘u’ partially with respect to x, y and z,
T X
SRS yx y – 1 + y x log y WVW ∂u ∂u ∂u
dy = 3x2yez ; = x3ez ; = x3yez
S W ∂x ∂y ∂z
\ dx = – SS x y log x + xy x – 1 WW
T X From the definition of total derivative,
du
Q10. Find 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
∂u dx ∂u dy ∂u dz
dx if u = sin(x + y ), where a x + b y = c . du
= + +
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt ∂z dt
Answer :
1
Given that, = 3x2yez.1 + x3ez.2t + x3yez.
t
u = sin (x2 + y2) ... (1)
du x 3 y.e z
a2 x2 + b2 y2 = c2 ... (2) = 3x2yez + x3ez2t +
dt t
Partially differentiating equation (1) with respect to ‘x’, Substituting x, y and z values in above equation,
2u 2x cos _ x 2 + y 2 i du t 3 .t 2 .e loge t
2x =
log t log t
= 3t 2 .t 2 e e + t 3e e .2t +
dt t
2u 2x cos _ x 2 + y 2 i
\ 2x = = 3t 4 e loge t + 2t 4 e loge t + t 4 e loge t
Partially differentiating equation (1) with respect to ‘y’,
= 3t4.t + 2t4.t + t4.t [ e loge t = t ]
2u 2y cos _ x 2 + y 2 i
2y = = 3t5 + 2t5 + t5
2u _ 2 2i
\ 2y = 2y cos x + y du
∴ = 6t5
dt
Differentiating equation (2) with respect to ‘x’,
For t = 2,
2 dy
2
2a x + 2b y dx = 0 du
∴ = 6(2)5 = 192.
dt
2b 2 ydy
Þ dx = – 2a2x Verification by Direct Substitution
dy –a 2 x u = x3yez
Þ =
dx b2 y loge t
= t3t2 e
du 2u 2u dy
dx = 2x + 2y . dx [ a From chain rule] ... (3)
u = t5 e
loge t

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Unit-3 Multivariable Calculus (Differentiation) 3.5
Differentiating above equation with respect to ‘t’, 2a 2a
2x = 1, 2y = 1
du log t
= t5 + e e 5t4 2b 2b
dt
= t5 + 5t5 = 6t5 2x = 1, 2y = – 1

For t = 2, Applying chain rule of partial differentiation,

du 2u 2u 2a 2u 2b
∴ = 6(2)5 = 192.
i.e., 2x = 2a . 2x + 2b . 2x
dt
2u 2u
= 2a ]1 g + 2b ]1 g
Q12. Find du/dt when u = x2 y, x = t2 and y = et.
Answer : 2u 2u 2u
\ 2x = 2a + 2b ... (1)
Given functions are,
Similary,
u = x2y ... (1)
2u 2u 2a 2u 2b
x = t2 ... (2) 2y = 2a . 2y + 2b . 2y
y = et ... (3) 2u 2u
= 2a ]1 g + 2b ]– 1g
Differentiating equation (1) partially with respect to x
and y, 2u 2u 2u
\ 2y = 2a – 2b ... (2)
2u 2u
= 2xy, = x2
2x 2y Adding equations (1) and (2),
Differentiating equation (2) partially with respect to t, 2u + 2u 2u 2u 2u 2u
2x 2x 2y = 2a + 2b + 2a – 2b
= 2t
2t 2u
= 2 2a
Differentiating equation (3) partially with respect to t,
2y 2u + 2u 2u
= et \ 2x 2y = 2 2a
2t
From chain rule,
du
du 2u 2x 2u 2y Q14. Find when u = x2 + y2, x = at2, y = 2at.
= . + . ... (4) dt
dt 2x 2t 2y 2t
Answer :
Substituting the corresponding values in equation (4), Given functions are,
du
= (2xy) (2t) + (x2) (et) u = x2 + y2 ... (1)
dt
du x = at2 ... (2)
⇒ = 4xyt + x2 et ... (5)
dt
y = 2at ... (3)
Substituting equations (2) and (3) in equation (5),
du Differentiating equation (1) partially with respect to ‘x’,
= 4(t2) (et)t + (t2)2et
dt 2u
= 2x
= 4t3et + t4et 2x
= t3et (4 + t) Differentiating equation (1) partially with respect to ‘y’,
du 2u
\ = t3et (4 + t). = 2y
dt 2y
Differentiating equation (2) partially with respect to ‘t’,
2u 2u
Q13. Find 2x + 2y if u = f(x + y, x – y). 2x
= a (2t) = 2at
Answer : 2t

Given that, Differentiating equation (3) partially with respect to ‘t’,

2y
u = f (x + y, x – y) = 2a
2t
Let, a = x + y and From chain rule,
b=x–y du 2u 2x 2u 2y
= + ... (4)
Then, u = f(a, b) dt 2x 2t 2y 2t

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3.6 MatheMatics-i
Substituting the corresponding values in equation (4), ∂u ∂u ∂a ∂u ∂b ∂u ∂c
And = ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅
= 2x ]2at g + 2y ]2ag ∂z ∂a ∂z ∂b ∂z ∂c ∂z
= 4xat + 4ay ∂u ∂u ∂u
du = (−1) + (1) + (0)
\ = 4xat + 4ay ... (5) ∂a ∂b ∂c
dt
∂u ∂u ∂u
Substituting equations (2) and (3) in equation (5), ∴ = – ... (3)
∂z ∂b ∂a
du
= 4(at2)at + 4a(2at) Adding equations (1), (2) and (3),
dt
= 4a2t3 + 8a2t ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u
+ + = − + − − + =0
= 4at (t2 + 2) ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂c ∂b ∂a ∂c ∂a ∂b
du ∂u ∂u ∂u
\ = 4at (t2 + 2). ∴ + + =0.
dt ∂x ∂y ∂z
2u 2u 2u Q16. Define the Jacobian of the functions u1, u2,...,
Q15. If u = f(y – z, z – x, x – y), find + + .
2x 2y 2z
un of n variables x1, x2,..., xn.
Answer :
Given that, Answer :
u = f(y – z, z – x, x – y) Definition
Let, If u1, u2,..., un be the functions of ‘n’ variables x1, x2,...,
a=y–z xn, then the determinant,
b=z–x
c=x–y
∂u1 ∂u1 ... ∂u1
∂x1 ∂x2 ∂xn
Then,
u = f(a, b, c) ∂u2 ∂u2 ... ∂u2
a = y – z; b = z – x; c = x – y ∂x1 ∂x2 ∂xn
   
∂a ∂b ∂c
= 0; = –1; =1 ∂un ∂un ... ∂un
∂x ∂x ∂x
∂x1 ∂x2 ∂xn
∂a ∂b ∂c
= 1; = 0; = –1 is called the Jacobian of u1, u2,..., un with respect to x1,
∂y ∂y ∂y
2 ^u1, u2, ..... unh
x2,..., xn and is denoted by J(u1, u2, ..., un) or
∂a ∂b ∂c 2 ^ x1, x2, ...... xnh
= –1; = 1; =0
∂z ∂z ∂z u 2 ^ x, yh
Q17. if x = uv, y = then find
v 2 ^u, vh
Applying chain rule of partial differentiation.
Answer :
∂u ∂u ∂a ∂u ∂b ∂u ∂c Given functions are,
= ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅
∂x ∂a ∂x ∂b ∂x ∂c ∂x x = uv ... (1)
u
∂u ∂u ∂u y= ... (2)
= (0) + (−1) + (1) v
∂a ∂b ∂c Differentiating the equation (1) with respect to u, v,
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂x ∂x
∴ = – ... (1) = v,
∂v
=u
∂x ∂c ∂b ∂u
Similarly, Differentiating equation (2) with respect to u, v,
∂y 1 ∂y
∂u ∂u ⋅ ∂a + ∂u ⋅ ∂b + ∂u ⋅ ∂c = ,
–u
= 2
=
∂a ∂y ∂b ∂y ∂c ∂y ∂u v ∂v v
∂y
∂x ∂x
∂u ∂u ∂u
= (1) + (0) + (−1) ∂u ∂v
∂a ∂b ∂c ∂ ( x, y )
=
∂ (u , v) ∂y ∂y
∂u ∂u ∂u
∴ = – ... (2)
∂y ∂a ∂c ∂u ∂v

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Unit-3 Multivariable Calculus (Differentiation) 3.7
Substituting the corresponding values in above equation, Find the Jacobian of the transformation x = r
v u cosθ, y = r sinθ.
∂ ( x, y ) or
1 –u
= 2 ^ x, yh
∂ (u , v) v v2 Find , if x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ.
2 ^r, θh
Answer :
–u  1
= v  – u 
Given that,
 v2   v  x = r cosq ... (1)
uv u y = r sinq ... (2)
= – 2
–
v v Differentiating equations (1) and (2) partially with
–u u respect to 'r'.
= –
v v 2x 2y
= cos θ, = sin θ
–2u 2r 2r
= Differentiating equations (1) and (2) partially with
v
respect to 'θ',
∂ ( x, y ) –2u
∴ = 2x 2y
∂ (u.v) v 2q = – r sin q ; 2q = r cos q
Q18. if x = u(1 + v) and y = v(1 + u), find 2 (x, y) / 2 2x 2x
2 (x, y) 2r 2q
(u, v). \ J = 2 (r, q) = 2y 2y
Answer : 2r 2q

Given functions are, 2 (x, y) cos q – r sin q

Þ =
2 ( r, θ) sin q r cos q
x = u (1 + v) ... (1)
= cosq (rcosq) – (– rsinq) sinq
y = v (1 + u) ... (2)
= r(sin2q + cos2q)
Differentiating equation (1) partially with respect to u
and v, =r
2 (x, y)
2x 2x \ J = 2 (r, q) = r.
= 1 + v, =u
2u 2v
Differentiating equation (2) partially with respect to u 2 ^r, θh
Q20. if x = r cos θ, y = r sinθ, find .
and v, 2 ^ x, yh
2y 2y or
2u
= v,
2v
=1+u 2 ^r, θh
If x = r cos θ, y = r sinθ, then find .
2x 2x 2 ^ x, yh
Answer :
2 ^ x, yh 2u 2v
\ = 2y ... (3)
2 ^ u, v h 2y Given that,
2u 2v
x = r cosθ ... (1)
Substituting the corresponding values in equation (3),
y = r sinθ ... (2)
2 ^ x, yh 1+v u
⇒ = 2 ^r, θh 1
2 ^ u, v h v 1+u =
2 ^ x, yh 2 ^ x, yh
= (1 + v) (1 + u) – uv 2 ^r, θh
= 1 + v + u + uv – uv [ a From the properties of Jacobians]
=1+u+v 2 ^r, θh 1
= ... (3)
2 ^ x, yh 2 ^ x, yh 2x 2x
\ = 1 + u + v.
2 ^ u, v h 2r 2θ
2y 2y
2 (x, y) 2θ
Q19. if x = r cosq, y = r sinq, then find . 2r
2 (r, q)
Differentiating equations (1) and (2) partially with
or respect to ‘r’

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3.8 MatheMatics-i
2x 2y
= cosθ ; = sinθ
2r 2r
Differentiating equations (1) and (2) partially with respect to ‘θ’
2x 2y
= – r sinθ ; = r cosθ
2θ 2θ
Substituting the corresponding values in equation (3),
2 ^r, θh 1
=
2 ^ x, y h cos θ – r sin θ
sin θ r cos θ
1
=
r cos θ ]cos θg – sin θ ]– r sin θg
1
=
r cos 2 θ + r sin 2 θ
1
=
r ^cos θ + sin 2 θh
2

2 ^r, θh 1
=
2 ^ x, yh r
2 ^r, θh 1
\ = .
2 ^ x, y h r
Q21. if x = u(1 – v), y = uv, show that JJ' = 1.
Answer :
Given that,
x = u(1 – v), y = uv
⇒ x = u – uv = u – y
⇒ u=x+y
⇒ y = (x + y)v
y
⇒ v=
x+ y
∂x ∂x
∂u ∂v
∂ ( x, y )
J= =
∂ (u , v) ∂y ∂y
∂u ∂v
∂x ∂x
x = u – uv ⇒ = 1 – v, = –u
∂u ∂v
∂y ∂y
y = uv ⇒ = v, =u
∂u ∂v
1− v − u
∴ J= = u – uv + uv = u
v u
u=x+y
y y
y = uv ⇒ v = =
u x+ y
∂u ∂u
= 1, =1
∂x ∂y
∂v −y
=
∂x ( x + y)2

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Unit-3 Multivariable Calculus (Differentiation) 3.9
∂v ( x + y) − y x
= =
∂y ( x + y ) 2
( x + y)2

∂u ∂u
∂ (u , v) ∂x ∂y
J' = =
∂ ( x, y ) ∂v ∂v
∂x ∂y

1 1

−y x
=
( x + y)2 ( x + y)2

x −y x+ y 1 1
= − 2 = 2 = x+ y = u
( x + y) 2
( x + y) ( x + y)

1
∴ JJ ' = u. = 1.
u
Q22. Write the expressions for taylor’s series for function of two variables.
Answer :
The expression for Taylor’s series for function of two variables is,
 ( x − a) ( y − b) 
f(x,y) = f ( a, b) +  f x ( a , b) + f y ( a , b) 
 1! 1! 
1 
+ ( x − a )2 f xx ( a, b) + ( y − b)2 f yy ( a , b) + 2( x − a )( y − b) f xy ( a, b)  + .....
2! 
Q23. Find the taylor series expansion of xy near the point (1, 1) upto the first degree terms.
Answer :
Given function is,
f (x, y) = xy
f (1, 1) = 1(1) = 1
f x (x, y) = yxy – 1 ; fx (1, 1) = 1(1)1 – 1 = 1
f y (x, y) = xy log x ; fy (1, 1) = 0
From Taylor’s series,
⇒ f (x, y) = f (1, 1) + (x – 1) f x(1, 1) + (y – 1) f y(1, 1)
xy = 1 + (x – 1) (1) + (y – 1)0
=1+x–1+0
y
\ x = x.
Q24. Define maximum and minimum values for a function of two variables.
Answer :
Maximum Value
A function f(x, y) is said to have maximum value at x = a and y = b if and only if,
f(a, b) > f(a + h, b + k)
Where,
h, k are small values.
Minimum Value
A function f(x, y) is said to have minimum value at x = a and y = b if and only if,
f(a, b) < f(a + h, b + k)
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3.10 MatheMatics-i

Part-b
eSSay QueStionS with SolutionS

3.1 funCtions of two variables, liMits anD Continuity

Q25. explain function of several variables.
Answer :
Function of Several Variables
A function which contains more than one variable is called function of several variables.
(i) Function of Two Variables: A function which contains two variables is called function of two variables.
It is of the form,
z = f (x,y)
Example: z = x2 + y2
(ii) Function of Three Variables: A function which has three variables is called function of three variables.
It is of the form,
v = f (x, y, z)
Example: v = x2 + y2 + z2.
Q26. Define limit and continuity of a function. Also mention the steps involved in obtaining the limit of a
function of two variables.
Answer :
Limit
A function f(x, y) is said to have limit L as ‘x’ tends to ‘a’ and ‘y’ tends to ‘b’ i.e,
lim f ( x, y ) = L
( x , y )→( a ,b )
If for every positive number ε > 0, There exists a corresponding number δ > 0, such that,
| f(x, y) – L| < ε when |x – a| < δ and | y – b| < δ
Continuity
A function f(x, y) at a point (a, b) is said to be continuous, if it is continuous at each point such that,
lim f ( x, y ) = f(a, b)
( x , y )→( a ,b )
Procedure
Step 1
Initially, determine the lim f(x, y) along path p1
i.e, x → a and x → b
Step 2
In the next step, determine lm f(x, y) along path p2
i.e, y → b and x → a
Step 3
In this step obtain the limit along path y = mx or y = mxn, if the value of a and b are 0.
]Z] x 2 y (x – y) 22 f Y 22 f
Q27. if f(x, y) = ]] , (x, y) Y
= (0, 0) , show that 2x2y = 2y2x at (0, 0).
[] x 2 + y 2
]]
] 0 (x, y) = (0, 0)
\
Answer : June/July-17, Q14(a)

Given that,
 x2 y( x − y)
 , ( x, y ) ≠ (0,0)
f(x, y) =  x 2 + y 2
 0 , ( x, y ) = (0,0)


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Unit-3 Multivariable Calculus (Differentiation) 3.11
Similarly,
x 2 y( x − y)
f(x, y) =
x2 + y2 ∂f
= fy (x, y)
f(0, 0) = 0 ... (1) ∂y
f ( x, y + ∆ y ) − f ( x, y )
f(∆x, 0) = ( ∆ x ) (0)( ∆ x − 0)
2
⇒
= ∆lim
y →0 ∆y
( ∆ x ) 2 + (0) 2
(0) f (0, ∆ y ) − f (0,0)
= fy(0, 0) = lim
( ∆ x )2 ∆ y →0 ∆y
f(∆x, 0) = f(x, 0) = 0 ... (2) 0−0
= ∆lim
y →0 ∆ y
(0) 2 ∆y (0 − ∆y )
⇒ f(0, ∆y) = [From equations (1) and (2)]
(0) 2 ( ∆ y ) 2
=0
0 ∴ f y (0, 0) = 0
= ... (6)
( ∆ y )2
f ( x, ∆y ) − f ( x,0)
∴ f(0, ∆y) = f(0, y) = 0 ... (3) fy(x, 0) = ∆lim
y →0 ∆y
Since,
∂f x3 ( ∆y )( x − ∆y )
= fx (x, y) −0
∂x x 2 + ( ∆y ) 2
= lim
∆ y →0 ∆y
f ( x + ∆ x, y ) − f ( x, y )
= lim [From equation (3)]
∆ x →0 ∆x
f (0 + ∆ x,0) − f (0,0)
3
x ( ∆y )( x − ∆y )
fx(0, 0) = lim = ∆lim
y → 0 ∆y ( x 2 + ( ∆y ) 2 )
∆ x →0 ∆x
f ( ∆ x,0) − f (0,0) x 3 ( x − ∆y )
= ∆lim
= ∆lim
x →0 ∆x y →0 x 2 + ( ∆y ) 2

0−0 x 3 ( x − 0)
= [From equation (1) and (2)] =
∆x x 2 + (0)2

=0 x4
= = x2
∴ f x (0, 0) = 0
x2
... (4)
f ( ∆ x, y ) − f (0, y ) ⇒ fy(x, 0) = x2 = 0
fx(0, y) = lim
∆ x →0 ∆x ∴ f y ( ∆ x, 0) = ( ∆ x ) 2 ... (7)

( ∆ x )2 y ( ∆ x − y ) Now,
−0
( ∆ x )2 + y 2  ∂2 f 
= ∆lim
x →0 ∆x   = fxy(0, 0)
 ∂x∂y  (0,0)
[ From equation (3)]
2
( ∆ x) y ( ∆ x − y ) f y ( ∆ x,0) − f y (0,0)
= ∆lim 2 2 = lim
∆x
x→0 ∆ x(( ∆ x) + y ) ∆ x →0

(∆ x) y(∆ x − y ) ( ∆ x )2 − 0
= ∆lim
x →0 ( ∆ x )2 + y 2 = ∆lim
x →0 ∆x
(0) y (0 − y ) 0(0 − y ) [From equation (6) and (7)]
= = 2
(0) 2 + y 2 y ( ∆ x )2
= ∆lim
0 x →0 ∆x
= =0
y2 = ∆lim
x →0
(∆ x) = 0
⇒ f (0, ∆y) = 0
x  ∂2 f 
∴  =0
∴ f x (0, ∆y ) = 0 ... (5)  ∂x∂y  (0,0)

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3.12 MatheMatics-i
And, 2f f ^ x + Dx, yh – f ^ x, yh
(i) 2x = fx(x, y) = DLim Dx
 ∂2 f  x"0
  = fyx(0, 0)
 ∂y∂x  (0,0) Þ fx(0,0) = Lim
f ^0 + Dx, 0h – f ^0, 0h
Dx " 0 Dx
f x (0, ∆y ) − f x (0,0)
= lim f ^Dx, 0h – f ^0, 0h
∆ y →0 ∆y = Lim Dx
Dx " 0

0−0 1– 0
= Lim Dx = Lim Dx = ∞
1
= lim
∆ y →0 ∆ y Dx " 0 Dx " 0

\ fx(0, 0) = ∞
[From equations (4) and (5)]
2f f ^ x, y + Dyh – f ^ x, yh
0 (ii) 2y = fy(x, y) = DLim Dy
y"0
= ∆lim
y → 0 ∆y f (0, Dy) – ^0, 0h
Þ fy(0, 0) = Lim Dy
Dy " 0
0
= =0 f ^0, Dyh – f ^0, 0h
0 = Lim Dy
Dy " 0

 ∂2 f  –1– 0
= Lim Dy = Lim Dy = – ∞
–1
∴  =0 Dy " 0 Dy " 0
 ∂y∂x  (0,0)
\ fy(0, 0) = – ∞
∂ f2
∂ f 2
fx(0, 0) ≠ fy (0, 0)
∴ = = 0 at (0, 0)
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x \ f is not differentiable.

Hence proved.  x 2 + y2
 (x, y) ≠ (0,0)
Q29. show that the function f(x,y) =  x − y
Q28. show that the function  0 (x, y) = (0,0)

Z] 2
]] x – y 2 is not continuous at (0,0).
] , (x, y) Y
= (0, 0)
f(x, y)= [] x 2 + y 2 is not differentiable
]] June-13, Q14(b)
] 0 (x, y) = (0, 0)
\ or
at (0, 0).  x 2 + y2
 (x, y) ≠ (0,0)
Answer : Dec.-16, Q14(a) show that f(x, y) =  x − y is not
 0 (x, y) = (0,0)

Given function is,
Z] 2 continuous at (0, 0).
]] x – y 2
] , ^ x, yh ! ^0, 0h Answer : June-11, Q12(b)
f(x, y) = [] x 2 + y 2
]] Given that,
] 0, ^ x, yh = ^0, 0h
\ x2 + y2
2 2 lim
Þ f(x, y) =
x –y ( x , y ) → ( 0, 0 ) x− y
x2 + y2
f(0, 0) = 0 Let,
 x2 + y2 
]Dxg2 – 0 2
f(∆x, 0) = =1 P1 = x →0  x − y 
lim
]Dxg2 + 0 2 y →0


 x2 + y2   2
lim  0 + y 
Þ f(∆x, 0) = 1
= ylim  lim
→0  x →0 x − y 
 =
Þ f(∆x, 0) = f(x, 0) = 1  
y →0
 0 − y 

0 2 – ^ Dy h
2  y 2  lim
f(0, ∆y) = 2 = ylim
→0 −  = y →0 [–y]
2
0 + ^ Dy h  y 

Þ f(0, ∆y) = – 1 = ylim [–0] = 0

→0

Þ f(0, ∆y) = f(0, y) = – 1 ∴ P1 = 0 ... (1)

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Unit-3 Multivariable Calculus (Differentiation) 3.13
Let, Since the value of limit along any path is same, the limit
x +y 2 2 exists and the limit value is zero.
P2 = ylim
→0
x →0 x− y Therefore, the f(x,y) is continuous at origin only if (x,y)
 = 0 for x = 0 and y = 0 otherwise the function f(x,y) is not con-
x2 + y2 
= xlim  lim
→0  y →0 x − y 
 tinuous at (0,0).
 
 x2 + 0   x2  3.2 Partial Derivatives
= xlim   = lim  
→0
 x − 0  x →0
 x  Q30. explain the concept of partial derivatives.
= lim [x] = 0 Answer :
x →0
Partial derivatives
∴ P2 = 0 ... (2)
Consider a function, u = f (x, y)
Let,
Where, x, y – Two independent variables.
 x2 + y2 
P3 = lim   The derivative of function ‘u’ with respect to ‘x’ by
y → mx  x − y 
x →0   keeping another variable ‘y’ as constant is known as partial
 derivative of ‘u’ with respect to y.
x2 + y2 
= lim  lim  The partial derivative of a function with respect to x is
x →0  y → mx x − y 
 
∂u
 x 2 + (mx ) 2  denoted by
∂x
= xlim
→0  
 x − mx  Similarly, partial derivative of a function with respect
∂u
 x2 + m2 x2  to ‘y’ is denoted, by
= lim   ∂y
 x(1 − m) 
x →0
Second Order Partial Derivative
 x 2 (1 + m 2 )  The derivative of a first order partial derivative
= xlim
→0  x (1 − m)   ∂u 
   i.e.,  is called second order partial derivative.
 ∂x 
 x(1 + m 2 )  0(1 + m 2 )
= xlim   = =0 ∂u
→0
 (1 − m)  (1 − m) The second order partial derivative of with respect
∂x
∴ P3 = 0 ... (3) to ‘x’ is,
Let,
∂  ∂u  ∂ u
2
 2 2   =
lim 2  x + y 
P4 = y → ∂x  ∂x  ∂x 2
x →0
mx
 x − y 
Where, u = f(x, y)
 x2 + y2  ∂u
lim
= x →0 y → mx 2 x − y 
 lim Similarly, the second order partial derivative of with
  respect to ‘y’ is ,
∂y
 x 2 + (mx 2 ) 2 
= xlim    ∂u  ∂ 2u
→0 ∂
 x − mx
2
   =
 ∂y  ∂y
2
∂y
 x2 + m2 x4 
= xlim
→0  2  ∂u
 x − mx  Differentiating a function with respect to ‘y’,
∂x
 x 2 (1 + m 2 x 2 ) 
= xlim
→0   ∂  ∂u  ∂ 2u
 x(1 − mx )    =
∂y  ∂x  ∂y∂x
 x(1 + m 2 x 2 ) 
= lim   ∂u
x →0
 (1 − mx )  Differentiating a function with respect to ‘x’,
∂y
0[1 + m 2 (0) 2 ]
= =0 ∂  ∂u  ∂ 2u
[1 − m(0)]   =
∴ P4 = 0 ... (4)
∂x  ∂y  ∂x∂y

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3.14 MatheMatics-i

KJ 2r ON JK 2r NO
2 2
Q31. if x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, find KK OO + KK OO
L 2x P L 2y P
Answer :
Given equations are,
x = r cos θ
y = r sin θ
Squaring and adding the above equations,
x2 + y2 = r2 cos2 θ + r2 sin2 θ
⇒ x2 + y2 = r2

⇒ r = x2 + y2 ... (1)
Differentiating equation (1) partially with respect to x ,
∂r 1
= × 2x
∂x 2 x + y2
2

x
= ... (2)
x + y2
2

Differentiating equation (1) partially with respect to y,

∂r 1
= × 2y
∂y 2 x + y2
2

y
= ... (3)
x2 + y2
Squaring and adding equations (2) and (3),
2 2 2
2
 ∂r   ∂r   x   y 
  +   =   + 
 ∂x   ∂y   x + y 2
2
  x + y 2
2


x2 y2 x2 + y2
= + =
x2 + y2 x2 + y2 x2 + y2
=1
2 2
∴  ∂r   ∂r 
  +   = 1 .
 ∂x   ∂y 

∂z ∂z
Q32. if z = eax+by f(ax – by), then prove that b + a = 2abz.
∂x ∂y
Answer :
Given that,
z = eax + by ⋅ f(ax – by)
∂z ∂z
Consider, b +a ...(1)
∂x ∂y
Consider,
∂z ∂ ax+by
= [e ⋅ f (ax − by)]
∂x ∂x
= eax + by × f ' (ax – by)(a) + f (ax – by) × eax + by(a)
∂z
∴ = aeax + by [f ' (ax – by) + f (ax –by)] ... (2)
∂x
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Unit-3 Multivariable Calculus (Differentiation) 3.15
∂z ∂ ax+by
Consider, = [e ⋅ f (ax − by)]
∂y ∂y

= eax + by × f ' (ax – by) × (–b) + f (ax – by) × eax + by(b)

∂z
∴ = b.eax + by [–f ' (ax –by) + f(ax – by)]
∂y
Substituting equations (2) and (3) in equation (1), ... (3)
∂z ∂z
∴ b +a = baeax + by [f ' (ax – by) + f (ax – by)] + abeax + by [–f ' (ax – by) + f (ax – by)]
∂x ∂y
= abeax + by [f ' (ax – by) + f (ax – by) – f ' (ax – by) + f(ax – by)]
= abeax + by [2. f (ax – by)]
= 2abz [ z = eax + by f(ax – by)]

∂z ∂z
∴ b +a = 2abz.
∂x ∂y
–1
22 u 22 u 22 u
Q33. if u = ^x 2 + y 2 + z 2h 2 then find the value of + + .
2x 2 2y 2 2z 2
Answer :
Given that,
u = (x2 + y2 + z2)–1/2
Differentiating equation (1) partially with respect to x.
2u –1 ^ 2 2 2h– 12 –1
= x +y +z 2x
2x 2
2u –1 ^ 2 2 2h– 32
Þ = x +y +z 2x
2x 2
3
2u –
Þ = – x ^x 2 + y 2 + z 2h 2
2x

2 = 2x : 2x D
2u 2 2 2u
2x
2 : ^ 2 2 2h– 2D
3
= –x x + y + z
2x

= – :x b– (2x) + ^x 2 + y 2 + z 2h 2 D
3 ^ 2 2 2h –23 –3
l x +y +z –1
2
–5 –3
= 3x 2 ^x 2 + y 2 + z 2h 2 + ^x 2 + y 2 + z 2h 2

22 u 2^ 2
–5
2h 2
–3
\ 2
2 = 3x x + y + z + ^x 2 + y 2 + z 2h 2 ... (2)
2x
Similarly,

22 u 2^ 2
–5
2h 2
–3
2
2 = 3y x + y + z + ^x 2 + y 2 + z 2h 2 ... (3)
2y
And,

22 u 2^ 2 2
–5
2h 2 ^ 2 2
–3
2h 2
= 3z x + y + z + x + y + z ... (4)
2z 2
Adding equations (2), (3) and (4),

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3.16 MatheMatics-i
22 u 22 u 22 u : 2 ^ 2 2 2h 2 + ^x 2 + y 2 + z 2h 2 D + :3y 2 ^x 2 + y 2 + z 2h 2 + ^x 2 + y 2 + z 2h 2 D
–5 –3 –5 –3
Þ 2 + 2 + 2 = 3x x + y + z
2x 2y 2z
RS –5 –3 VW
+ SS3z 2 ^ x 2 + y 2 + z 2h 2 + ^ x 2 + y 2 + z 2h 2 WW
T X
= 3 ^x 2 + y 2 + z 2h 2 6x 2 + y 2 + z 2@ + 3 ^x 2 + y 2 + z 2h 2
–5 –3

6(x 2 + y 2 + z 2) –1 (x 2 + y 2 + z 2) + 1@
–3
= 3 (x 2 + y 2 + z 2) 2

–3
= 3 (x 2 + y 2 + z 2) 2 [1 + 1]
–3
= 3 (x 2 + y 2 + z 2) 2 ( 2)
–3
= 6 (x 2 + y 2 + z 2) 2
2 2 2 –3
2 u 2 u 2 u ^ 2 2 2h 2
\ 2 + 2 + 2 =6 x +y +z
2x 2y 2z

3.3 total Differential anD Differentiability

Q34. Write a brief note on total derivatives.

Answer :
Let, u = f (x, y, z), where x, y, z are function of a one independent variable ‘t’ i.e., x = x(t), y = y(t), z = z(t). Then considering
the dependent variable ‘f ’ as a function of single independent variable ‘t’. So, the derivative of function ‘f ’ with respect to ‘t’ is
called as total derivative of ‘f ’ which is given as,
df ∂f dx ∂f dy ∂f dz
= + + ... (1)
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt ∂z dt

If y and z are functions of x, then f is a function of single independent variable ‘x’. Hence, s equation (1) becomes,
df ∂f dx ∂f dy ∂f dz
= + +
dx ∂x dx ∂y dx ∂z dx
df ∂f ∂f dy ∂f dz
∴ = + +
dx ∂x ∂y dx ∂z dx
The above equation is called as chain rule of partial differentiation for one independent variable. This rule can be extented
to functions of more than two independent variables.

du  y
Q35. Find if u = tan–1   and x = et – e–t and y = et + e–t.
dt  x
Answer :
Given that,
 y
u = tan −1   and
 x
x = et – e–t ; y = et + e–t
Differentiating above equations above equations with respect to ‘t’,
dx dy
= et + e–t ; = et – e–t
dt dt
Differentiating ‘u’ partially with respect to x and y,

∂u 1 ∂  y − x2 y 1
=   = 2 .
∂x  y  ∂x  x 
2
x + y2 x2
1+  
 x
∂u −y
∴ = 2
∂x (x + y 2 )

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Unit-3 Multivariable Calculus (Differentiation) 3.17
∂u 1∂  y
=  
 y  ∂y  x 
2
∂y
1+  
 x

x2 1
= .
x +y2 2
x

∂u x
∴ = 2
∂y x + y2
From the definition of total derivative,

du ∂u dx ∂u dy
= +
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt

Substituting the corresponding values in above equation,

du −y x
= 2 2
(e t + e − t ) + 2 2
(e t − e − t )
dt x +y x +y
Substituting ‘x’ and ‘y’ values in above equation,

du − (e t + e −t )( e t + e −t ) (e t − e −t )( e t − e −t )
= t +
dt (e − e − t ) 2 + (e t + e − t ) 2 (e t − e − t ) 2 + (e t + e − t ) 2

1
= [–(et + e–t)(et + e–t) + (et – e–t)(et – e–t)]
(e − e ) + (e t + e − t ) 2
t −t 2

1
= [–(et + e–t)2 + (et – e–t)2]
(e t − e − t ) 2 + (e t + e − t ) 2

− (e 2t + e −2t + 2) + (e 2t + e −2t − 2)
=
e 2t + e − 2t − 2 + e 2t + e − 2t + 2

− e 2t − e −2t − 2 + e 2t + e −2t − 2
=
2e 2t + 2e − 2t
−4
=
2( e + e − 2 t )
2t

−2
=
e + e − 2t
2t

–2
=
2 cosh 2t
–1
=
cosh 2t
du –1
\ = .
dt cosh 2t
du
Q36. Find as a total derivative if u = x2 + y2 + z2 and x = e2t, y = e2t cos 3t, z = e2t sin 3t.
dt
Answer :
Given that,

u = x2 + y2 + z2

x = e2t ; y = e2t cos 3t; z = e2t sin 3t

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3.18 MatheMatics-i
Differentiating above equations with respect to t,
dx dy
= 2e2t ; = 2 e2t cos 3t – 3e2t sin 3t
dt dt
dz
= 2 e2t sin 3t + 3e2t cos 3t
dt
Differentiating u partially with respect to x and y,
∂u
= 2x
∂x
∂u
= 2y
∂y
∂u
= 2z
∂z
du ∂u dx ∂u dy ∂u dz
= + +
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt ∂z dt
Substituting the corresponding values in above equation,
du
= 2x (2e2t) + 2y [e2t (2 cos 3t – 3 sin 3t)] + 2z [e2t (2 sin 3t + 3cos 3t)]
dt
Substituting the values of x, y and z in above equation,
du
= 4 e4t + 4e4t cos23t – 6e4t cos3t sin3t + 4e4t sin23t + 6e4t sin3t cos3t
dt
du
⇒ = 4e4t + 4e4t [cos23t + sin23t] = 4e4t + 4e4t (1)
dt
du
∴ = 8 e4t.
dt
1 du
Q37. if u = xy + yz + zx where x = , y = et and z = e–t find .
t dt
Answer :
Given that,
u = xy + yz + zx ... (1)
1
x= ... (2)
t
y = et ... (3)
–t
z=e ... (4)
Differentiating equation (1) partially with respect to ‘x’, ‘y’, and ‘z’ respectively
2u
= y+z
2x
2u
=x+z
2y
2u
= y+x
2z
Differentiating equations (2), (3) and (4), partially with respect to ‘t’,
2x – 1 2y
= 2 ; = et
2t t 2t
2z
= – e –t
2t

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Unit-3 Multivariable Calculus (Differentiation) 3.19
From the definition of total derivatives, –1
Q39. if u = sin (x – y), x = 3t and y = 4t , then show 3

du 2u 2x 2u 2y 2u 2z du 3
= + + ... (5) that =
dt 2x 2t 2y 2t 2z 2t dt 1– t 2
Answer :
Substituting the corresponding values in equation (5),
JK 1 NO Given that,
du
= ^ y + z hKK – 2 OO + ] x + zg et + ^ y + xh^ – e –t h
dt u = sin–1(x – y) ... (1)
L t P
– ^ y + zh ^ y + xh x = 3t ... (2)
= + et ] x + zg –
t2 et y = 4t3 ... (3)
du – ^ y + zh ^ y + xh The above equations represent a composite function of
⇒ = 2 + et ] x + zg – ... (6) t and is expressed as,
dt t et
Substituting equations (2), (3) and (4) in equation (6), du ∂u dx ∂u dy
= . + . ... (4)
∂x dt ∂y dt
KJK t 1 ONO
dt
du – ^et + e –t h J
K 1 N
O Ke + t O
= + e tK
K + e –t O
O – L t P Partially differentiating equation (1), with respect to ‘x’,
dt t2 Lt P e
t –t ∂u 1
– 2 cosh t e e = ... (5)
= + + 1 – 1– ∂x 1 − ( x − y )2
t2 t t
– 2 cosh t 2 sinh t Partially differentiating equation (1) with respect to ‘y’,
= +
t2 t
∂u 1
du – 2 cosh t 2 sinh t = ( −1) ... (6)
\ = + . ∂y 1 − ( x − y )2
dt t2 t
From equations (2) and (3),
3.4 Derivatives of CoMPosite anD
dx
iMPliCit funCtions (Chain rule), =3
dt
Change of variables
dy
= 12t 2 ... (7)
Q38. Write about, dt
(i) Derivatives of composite function Substituting equations (5), (6) and (7) in equation (4),
(ii) Derivatives of implicit function. du 1 1
= .3 + ( −1)(12t 2 )
Answer : dt 1 − ( x − y) 2
1 − ( x − y) 2

(i) Derivatives of Composite Function 3 ( −12t 2 )

= +
If u = f(x, y) where x = φ(t) and y = Ψ(t), then ‘u’ is called 1 − ( x − y )2 1 − ( x − y )2
a composite function of two variables and is expressed as,
3 − 12t 2
du ∂u dx ∂u dy =
= . + . 1 − ( x − y )2
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt

(ii) Derivatives of Implicit Function du 3(1 − 4t 2 )

\ =
A function of the form f(x, y) = C is known as implicit
dt 1 − ( x − y )2
function. Substituting the values of ‘x’ and ‘y’ in above equation,
Where, du 3(1 − 4t 2 )
=
C - Constant. dt 1 − (3t − 4t 3 )2
The expression for the first differential coefficient of an
implicit function is, 3(1 − 4t 2 )
=
2f 1 − (9t 2 + 16t 6 − 24t 4 )
dy
= – 2x 3(1 − 4t 2 )
dx 2f
=
2y 1 − 9t 2 + 24t 4 − 16t 6

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3.20 MatheMatics-i

3(1 − 4t 2 )
=
(1 − t 2 )(1 − 8t 2 + 16t 4 )

3(1 − 4t 2 )
=
(1 − t 2 )(1 − 4t 2 ) 2

3(1 − 4t 2 )
=
(1 − t 2 ) (1 − 4t 2 )

3
=
(1 − t 2 )
du 3
∴ = .
dt (1 − t 2 )

dy
Q40. Using implicit differentiation, obtain when f(x, y) = log(x2 + y2) + tan–1  y  = 0.
dx x
Answer :
Given that,
 y
f(x, y) = log(x2 + y2) + tan −1   ... (1)
x
The implicit function is expressed as,
2f
dy
= – 2x
dx 2f
2y
Partially differentiating equation (1) with respect to x and y, ... (2)
 y 
− 2 
∂f 2x x  ∂f 2y x
= 2 + ; = 2 + 2
∂x x + y2  y
2 ∂y x +y 2
x + y2
1+  
x
∂f 2x y ∂f 2y + x
⇒ = 2 − ; = 2
∂x x + y2 x2 + y2 ∂y x + y2

∂f 2x − y
∴ = 2
∂x x + y2
Substituting the corresponding values in equation (2),
2x − y
−
dy x2 + y2 y − 2x
= 2y + x = 2y + x
dx
x2 + y2
dy y − 2 x
∴ =
dx 2 y + x
Q41. Given the transformations u = excosy and v = exsiny and that f is a function of u and v and also of x
22 φ 22 φ J 2 2 φ 2 2 φ NO
^ 2 2h K
KK O
and y. Prove that +
2x 2 2y 2
= u + v K 2u 2 + 2v 2 OO .
Answer : L P

Given transformations are,

u = ex cosy ; v = ex siny
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Unit-3 Multivariable Calculus (Differentiation) 3.21
Differentiating above equations with respect to x and y,
2u 2u
= e x cos y ; = – e x sin y
2x 2y
2v 2v
= e x sin y ; = e x cos y
2x 2y
2φ 2φ 2u 2φ 2v
Consider, = + [ a From chain rule]
2x 2u 2x 2v 2x
2φ 2φ x 2φ x
⇒ = e cos y + e sin y
2x 2u 2v
2φ 2φ 2φ
⇒ = u +v ... (1)
2x 2u 2v
2 2 2
= u +v ... (2)
2x 2u 2v
Differentiating equation (1) partially with respect to 'x',
22 φ 2 RSS 2φ VWW
2x SS 2x WW
=
2x 2
JK T2 X 2 NO JK 2φ 2φ NO
= KKu +v OO KKu + v OO [ a From equations (1) and (2)]
L 2u 2v P L 2u 2v P
2 2 φ 2 φ 22 φ 2 2 φ
2 2 2 2
2 φ
\ 2 = u 2 + uv 2u 2v + uv 2u 2v + v ... (3)
2x 2u 2v 2
2φ 2φ 2u 2φ 2v
Consider, = +
2y 2u 2y 2v 2y
2φ 2φ x
= _ – e x sin y i + _e cos y i
2u 2v
2φ 2φ 2φ
⇒ = –v +u ... (4)
2y 2u 2v
2 2 2
⇒ = –v +u ... (5)
2y 2u 2v
Differentiating equation (4) partially with respect to 'y',
22 φ 2 JKK 2φ NOO
2 = 2y K 2 y O
2y L P
JK 2 2 NO JK 2φ 2φ NO
= KK – v + u OO KK – v + u OO [ a From equations 4 and 5]
L 2u 2v PL 2 u 2v P
2 2 φ 2φ 2φ 2 2 φ
2 2 2
2 φ
\ = v – uv – uv – u ... (6)
2y 2 2u 2 2u 2v 2u 2v 2v 2
Adding equations (3) and (6),
22 φ 22 φ 2 2 φ 22 φ 22 φ 2 2 φ 2 2 φ 2φ 2φ 2 2 φ
2 2 2 2
\ + = u + uv + uv + v + v – uv – uv + u
2x 2 2y 2 2u 2 2u 2v 2u 2v 2v 2 2u 2 2u 2v 2u 2v 2v 2
22 φ 2 22 φ 2
= ^ u + v 2h
+ ^v + u 2h
2u 2 2v 2
KJ 2 2 φ 2 2 φ ON
= ^u 2 + v 2h KKK 2 + 2 OOO
L 2u 2v P
J 2 2 φ 2 2 φ NO
22 φ 22 φ
^ 2 2h KKK O
\
2x 2
+
2y 2
= u + v K 2u 2 + 2v 2 OO .
L P
JK 2 2 2 NOO2 –9
Q42. if u = log (x2 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz). show that KK u= .
2x 2y 2z O
+ +
L P ^ x + y + zh2
Answer :
Given function is,
u = log (x2 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz) ... (1)

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3.22 MatheMatics-i
Differentiating equation (1) partially with respect to ‘x’, ‘y’ and ‘z’
2u 1
= 3 _3x 2 – 3yz i ... (2)
2x _ x + y3 + z3 – 3xyz i
2u 1
= 3 _3y 2 – 3xz i ... (3)
2y _ x + y3 + z3 – 3xyz i
2u 1
= 3 _3z 2 – 3xy i ... (4)
2z _ x + y + z3 – 3xyz i
3

Adding equations (2), (3) and (4),

2u 2u 2u 3x 2 – 3yz 3y 2 – 3xz 3z 2 – 3xz

+ + = 3 + +
2x 2y 2z x + y3 + z3 – 3xyz x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz
2u 2u 2u 3x 2 – 3y 2 + 3y 2 – 3xz + 3z 2 – 3xy
⇒ + + =
2x 2y 2z x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz

2u 2u 2u 3 _ x 2 + y 2 + z 2 – xy – yz – zx i
⇒ + + =
2x 2y 2z ^ x + y + z h _ x 2 + y 2 + z 2 – xy – yz – zx i
KJK 2 2 2 ON 3
K 2x + 2y + 2z OO u = x + y + z ... (5)
L P
Differentiating equation (5) partially with respect to ‘x’, ‘y’ and ‘z’
2 RSSKJK 2 2 2 ON W
V –3
SSK + + OO uWWW = 2 ... (6)
P X ^ x + y + zh
2x 2x 2y 2z
TL
2 RSSJKK 2 2 2 NO W
V –3
SK + + OO uWW = ... (7)
2y S 2x 2y 2z W ^ x + y + z h2
TL P X
2 RSSJKK 2 2 2 NO W
V –3
SSK + + OO uWWW = 2 ... (8)
P X ^ x + y + zh
2z 2x 2y 2z
TL
Adding equations (6), (7) and (8),
JK 2 R V JK ONO KJK ONO
2 2 NOO SSJKK 2 2 2 NOO WW –3 –3 –3
KK + + O SK S + + O WW = u + KKK 2O + K O
^ x + y + z h L ^ x + y + z h OP KL ^ x + y + z h OP
2 2
2x 2y 2z 2x 2y 2z
L P TL P X
JK 2 2 2 NO2 –9
Þ KK + + OO u =
L
2x 2y 2z
P ^ x + y + z h2
JK 2 2 2 NO2 –9
\ KK + + OO u = .
L
2x 2y 2z
P ^ x + y + z h2

Q43. explain change of variables in partial differentiation.

Answer :
Let u be a function of x and y given as,
u = f (x, y)
Where, x, y are functions of s, t
x = f (s, t)
y = ψ(s, t)
If t is considered as a constant then, x, y, u are the functions of 's' only.
From chain rule,
du 2u 2x 2u 2y
= +
ds 2x 2s 2y 2s
The ordinary derivatives are replaced by partial derivatives because x, y are functions of variables s and t.
2u 2u 2x 2u 2y
⇒ = + ... (1)
2s 2x 2s 2y 2s
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Unit-3 Multivariable Calculus (Differentiation) 3.23
If s is considered as a constant then x, y, u will be functions of t only
du 2u dx 2u dy
⇒ = +
dt 2x dt 2y dt
2u 2u dx 2u dy
⇒ = + ... (2)
2t 2x dt 2y dt
2u 2u
Equations (1) and (2) represent simultaneous equations in and
2x 2y
2u 2u 2 2 2u
The values of and are obtained in terms of , , u, s, t by solving equations (1) and (2)
2x 2y 2s 2t
Hence, the variables x, y are changed to s, t.
If the variables s and t are expressed in terms of x and y i.e.,
s = ξ(x, y) and t = η(x, y) then the following formulae are obtained
2u 2u 2s 2u 2t
= +
2x 2s 2s 2t 2x
2u 2u 2s 2u 2t
= +
2y 2s 2y 2t 2y
2u 2u
The above two equations are solved to obtain the values of and
2s 2t
Hence, the variables s, t are changed to x, y.

∂f ∂f  ∂f ∂f 
Q44. if Z = f(x, y), x = e2u + e–2v, y = e–2u + e2v, then show that, − = 2 x −y .
∂u ∂v  ∂x ∂y
Answer :
Given that,
z = f (x, y)
x = e2u + e–2v, y = e–2u + e2v
Differentiating above equations partially with respect to u and v,
∂x ∂y
= 2e2u = –2e–2u
∂u ∂u
∂x ∂y
= –2e–2v = 2e2v
∂v ∂v
From Chain rule,
∂f ∂f ∂x ∂f ∂y
= . + .
∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u
∂f ∂f ∂f
\ = (2e 2u ) + (−2e − 2u ) ... (1)
∂u ∂x ∂y
Similarly,
∂f ∂f ∂x ∂f ∂y
= . + .
∂v ∂x ∂v ∂y ∂v
∂f ∂f ∂f
= (−2e − 2v ) + (2e 2v ) ... (2)
∂v ∂x ∂y
Subtracting equation (2) from equation (1),
∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f
− = (2e 2u + 2e − 2v ) + (−2e − 2u − 2e 2v )
∂u ∂v ∂x ∂y
∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f
⇒ − = 2(e2u + e–2v) – 2(e–2u + e2v)
∂u ∂v ∂x ∂y
2f 2f
= 2x – 2y
2x 2y
∂f ∂f  ∂f ∂f 
∴ − = 2 x −y .
∂u ∂v  ∂x ∂y 

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3.24 MatheMatics-i
Q45. if x = u + v + w, y = uv + vw + wu, z = uvw, and f is a function of x, y, z then show that,
∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f
u +v +w =x + 2y + 3z .
∂u ∂v ∂w ∂x ∂y ∂z
Answer :
Given that,
f is a function of x, y, z
x=u+v+w y = uv + vw + wu z = uvw
Differentiating above equations partially with respect to u, v and w,

∂x ∂y ∂z
=1 ; =v+w ; = vw
∂u ∂u ∂u
∂x ∂y ∂z
=1 ; =u+w ; = uw
∂v ∂v ∂v
∂x ∂y ∂z
=1 ; =u+v ; = uv
∂w ∂w ∂w
From chain rule,
∂f ∂f ∂x ∂f ∂y ∂f ∂z
= . + . + .
∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u ∂z ∂u

∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f
⇒ = (1) + (v + w) + (vw)
∂u ∂x ∂y ∂z

∂f ∂f ∂x ∂f ∂y ∂f ∂z
= . + . + .
∂v ∂x ∂v ∂y ∂v ∂z ∂v

∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f
⇒ = (1) + (u + w) + (uw)
∂v ∂x ∂y ∂z

∂f ∂f ∂x ∂f ∂y ∂f ∂z
= . + . + .
∂w ∂x ∂w ∂y ∂w ∂z ∂w

∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f
⇒ = (1) + (u + v) + (uv)
∂w ∂x ∂y ∂z

∂f ∂f ∂f
Consider u +v +w
∂u ∂v ∂w
 ∂f ∂f ∂f   ∂f ∂f ∂f 
= u  + (v + w) + (vw)  + v ∂f + ∂f (u + w) + ∂f (uw)  + w + (u + v) + (uv) 
 ∂x ∂y ∂z    ∂x ∂y ∂z
  ∂x ∂y ∂z  

∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f
= u + u (v + w) + uvw + v + v(u + w) + uvw + w + w(u + v) + uvw
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂f ∂f ∂f
= (u + v + w) + 2(uv + vw + wu ) + 3uvw
∂x ∂y ∂z

∂f ∂f ∂f
= x + 2y + 3z
∂x ∂y ∂z

∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f
\ u +v +w = x + 2y + 3z .
∂u ∂v ∂w ∂x ∂y ∂z

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Unit-3 Multivariable Calculus (Differentiation) 3.25
2z 2z 2z
Q46. if z = f(x, y), where x = eu cos v and y = eu sin v, then show that x +y = e 2u
2v 2u 2y
Answer :
Given functions are,
z = f (x, y)
x = e u cosv ... (1)
u
y = e sinv ... (2)
Differentiating equation (1) partially with respect to u and v,
2x 2x
= eu cosv, = – eu sinv
2u 2v
Differentiating equation (2) partially with respect to u and v,
2y 2y
= eu sinv, = eu cosv
2u 2v
From chain rule,
2z 2z 2x 2z 2y
= . + . ... (3)
2u 2x 2u 2y 2u
Substituting the corresponding values in equation (3),
2z 2z u 2z u
= ^e cos vh + ^e sin vh
2u 2x 2y
Multiplying on both sides by ‘y’,
2z RS VW
2z 2z u
y = y SSS ^e u cos vh + ^e sin vhWWW
2u 2x 2y
T X
RS VW
2z 2z
= e u sin v SSSe u cos v + e u sin v WWW [ a From equation (2)]
2x 2y
T X
2z 2u 2z 2u 2 2z
\ y = e sin v cos v + e sin v ... (4)
2u 2x 2y
Similarly,
2z 2z 2x 2z 2y
= . + . ... (5)
2v 2x 2v 2y 2v
Substituting the corresponding values in equation (5),
2z 2z 2z u
= ^ – e u sin vh + ^e cos vh
2v 2x 2y
Multiplying on the sides by ‘x’,
RS V
2z 2z 2z W
x = x SSS– e u sin v + e u cos v WWW
2v 2x 2y
T X
SRS u 2z
V
2z W
= e cos v SS– e sin v
u
+ e u cos v WWW [ a From equation (1)]
2x 2y
T X
2z 2u 2z 2u 2 2z
\ x = – e sin v cos v + e cos v ... (5)
2v 2x 2y
Adding equations (4) and (5),
2z 2z 2z 2z 2z 2z
x +y = – e 2u sin v cos v + e 2u cos 2 v + e 2u sin v cos v + e 2u sin 2 v
2v 2u 2x 2y 2x 2y
2z
= e 2u ^sin 2 v + cos 2 vh
2y
2z
= e 2u
2y
2z 2z 2z
\ x +y = e 2u
2v 2u 2y
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3.26 MatheMatics-i

3.5 JaCobian ∂y
⇒ = u[1 – w]
∂v
Q47. if x + y + z = u, y + z = uv, z = uvw show that
∂(x, y, z) ∂y ∂
= [uv – uvw]
= u2v. ∂w ∂w
∂(u, v, w )
Answer : = 0 – uv
∂y
Given functions are, ⇒ = – uv
∂w
u=x+y+z ... (1)
uv = y + z ... (2) Differentiating equation (3) with respect to u, v and w,

uvw = z ... (3) ∂z ∂

= [uvw]
Substituting the value of z from equation (3), in equation ∂u ∂u
(1), ∂z
⇒ = vw
uv = y + uvw ∂u
⇒ y = uv – uvw ∂z ∂ [ uvw]
=
⇒ y = uv [1 – w] ... (4) ∂v ∂v
Substituting the values of z and y from equations (3) and ∂z
⇒ = uw
(4) in equation (1), ∂v
u = x + uv [1–w] + uvw ∂z ∂
= [uvw]
⇒ u = x + uv – uvw + uvw ∂w ∂w

⇒ ∂z
u = x + uv ⇒ = uv
∂w
⇒ x = u – uv
The Jacobian of x, y, z is given as,
⇒ x = u(1 – v) ... (5)
∂x ∂x ∂x
Differentiating equation (5) with respect to ‘u’,
∂u ∂v ∂w
∂x ∂ [u(1–v)] ∂ ( x, y, z ) ∂y ∂y ∂y
= J(x, y, z) = = ... (6)
∂u ∂u ∂ (u , v, w) ∂u ∂v ∂w
∂z ∂z ∂z
∂x ∂ ∂u ∂v ∂w
⇒ = [u – uv] = 1– v
∂u ∂u
Substituting the corresponding values in equation (6),
Differentiating above equation with respect to ‘v’,
∂x ∂ (1 − v) −u 0
= [u – uv] = 0 – u
∂v ∂v J(x, y, z) = v(1 − w) u (1 − w) − uv
∂x vw uw uv
⇒ =–u
∂v
= (1– v)[(u(1 – w) (uv) – (uw × – uv))]
Differentiating above equation with respect to ‘w’,
∂x ∂ – (– u) [v(1 – w) (uv) – (vw × – uv)] + 0
= [u – uv]
∂w ∂w = (1 – v)[u(uv – uvw) +u2vw] + u[v(uv – uvw) + uv2w]
∂x
=0 = (1 – v)[u2v – u2vw+ u2vw] + u[uv2– uv2w +uv2w]
∂w
Differentiating equation 4 with respect to u, v and w, = (1 – v)[u2v] + u[uv2]
∂y ∂ ∂ = (1 – v)(u2v) + u2v2
= [uv(1 – w)] = [uv – uvw] = v – vw
∂u ∂u ∂u
= u2v[1 – v + v]
∂y
⇒ = v[1 – w] = u2v[1 + 0]
∂u
∂y ∂ = u2v
= [uv – uvw]
∂v ∂v ∂ ( x, y , z )
∴ = u 2v
= u – uw ∂ (u , v, w)

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Unit-3 Multivariable Calculus (Differentiation) 3.27
Q48. Prove that u = x 1 – y 2 + y 1 – x 2 , v = sin–1(x) \ u, v are functionally dependent
v = sin–1 x + sin–1 y
+ sin–1(y) are functionally dependent and find
= sin– 1 _ x 1 – y 2 + y 1 – x 2 i
the relation between them.
Answer : 7a sin –1 x + sin –1 y = sin –1 _ x 1 – y 2 + y 1 – x 2 iA
Given functions are, = sin–1(u)
Þ sin v = u
u = x 1 – y2 + y 1 – x2 ... (1)
\ Relation between u and v is sin v = u.
v = sin –1 ] xg + sin –1 ^ yh ... (2)
Q49. Find the Jacobian of y1, y2, y3 with respect to x1,
u and v are said to be functionally dependent if they
x 2 x3 x 3 x1 x x2
satisfy the following condition, x2, x3 if y1 = , y2 = , y3 = 1 .
x1 x2 x3
2u 2u or
2 ^ u, v h 2x 2y
= =0
2 ^ x, yh 2v 2v x 2 x3 x 3 x1 x1 x 2
2x 2y if y1 = , y2 = , y3 = prove that
x1 x2 x3
Partially differentiating equation (1) with respect to ‘x’,
2 ^ y1, y 2, y3h
= 4.
2u 2 1
2x = 1 – y – 2xy 2 1 – x 2 2 ^ x1, x 2, x3h
Answer :
xy
= 1 – y2 – Given that,
1 – x2
Partially differentiating equation (1) with respect to ‘y’, x2 x3
y1 = ... (1)
2u 1 x1
2
2y = – 2yx 2 1 – y 2 + 1 – x x3 x1
y2 = ... (2)
x2
– xy
= + 1 – x2 x1 x2
1 – y2 y3 = ... (3)
x3
Partially differentiating equation (2) with respect to ‘x’,
Partially differentiating equations (1), (2) and (3) with
2v 1
2x = +0 respect to ‘x1’
1 – x2
2y1 JK – 1 NO x2 x3
=
1 = x2 x3 KKK 2 OOO = – 2
2x1 x x1
1 – x2 L 1P
2y2 x3
Partially differentiating equation (2) with respect to ‘y’, =
2x1 x2
2v 1 2y3 x2
2y = 0 + 1 – y 2 2x1
=
x3
1 Partially differentiating equations (1), (2) and (3) with
=
1 – y2 respect to 'x2'

xy – xy 2y1 x
1 – y2 – + 1 – x2 = 3
2 ^u, vh 2x2 x1
1 – x2 1 – y2
=
2 ^ x, yh 1 1 2y2 KJ 1 NO xx
= x3 x1 KKK – 2 OOO = – 1 23
1 – x2 1 – y2 2x2 x x2
L 2P
2y3 x1
= = 1 – y2 – 2 G = 1 – y2 G –
> + 1 – x 2H = G
xy 1 – xy 1
=
1– x 1– y 2 1 – x2 2x2 x3
Partially differentiating equation (1), (2) and (3) with
= >1 – H–> + 1H
xy – xy respect to ‘x3’
1 – x2 1– y 2
1 – x2 1 – y2
2y1 x2
=
xy xy 2x3 x1
= 1– + –1
1 – x2 1 – y2 1 – x2 1 – y2 2y2 x1
=
= 0 2x3 x2

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3.28 MatheMatics-i
2y3 JK – 1 NO – x x2
= x1 x2 KKK 2 OOO = 1
2
2x3 x3 x
L P 3

2y1 2y1 2y1

2x1 2x2 2x3
2 ^ y1, y2, y3h 2y2 2y2 2y2
\ =
2 ^ x1, x2, x3h 2x1 2x2 2x3
2y3 2y3 2y3
2x1 2x2 2x3
– x2 x3 x3 x2
2 x x1
x1 1

2 ^ y1, y2, y3h x3 – x1 x3 x1

Þ =
2 ^ x1, x2, x3h x2 x 22 x2
x2 x1 – x1x2
x3 x3 x32
RSJ – x x N J – x x N J N J NVW R V R V
– x2 x3 SSKK 1 3 OO KK 1 2 OO KK x1 OO KK x1 OOWW x3 SSS x3 KJK – x1x2 ONO KKJ x1 OON JKK x2 NOOWWW x2 SSKJ x3 NO JK x1 NO KJK – x1x3 ONO JK x2 NOWW
S K O K O K O W
=
x12 SSKK x 2 OO KK x 2 OO K x2 O K x3 OWW x1 SS x2 KK x 2 OO K x2 O K x OWW
– – – +
x1 SSKL x2 OP K x3 O KK x 22 OO K x3 OWW
–
L 2 PL 3 P L P L P L 3 P L P L 3P L P L P L P
T X T X T X
RS 2 2 VW R
S V
W R
S V
W
– x2 x3 S x1 x W x3 S – x1 x1 W x2 S x1 x1 W
= S – 1 W– S – WW + SS + WW
x12 SS x2 x3 x2 x3 WW x1 S x3 x3 x1 x2 x2
T X T X T X
x3 SRS 2x1 VWW x2 RSS 2x1 VWW
50? – SS–
x2 x3
= – W+ S W
x 12 x1 x3 W x1 S x2 W
T X T X
=2+2=4
2 ^ y1, y2, y3h
\ = 4.
2 ^ x1, x2, x3h

2 (x, y, z)
Q50. if x = r sinq cos f, y = r sinq sin f, z = rcosq, find
2 (r, q, f)
Answer :
Given that,
x = rsinq cosf ... (1)
y = r sinq sinf ... (2)
z = rcosq ... (3)
Partially differentiating equations (1), (2) and (3) with respect to 'r'.

2x 2y 2z
2r = sinq cosf ; 2r = sinq sinf ; 2r = cosq
Partially differentiating equations (1), (2) and (3) with respect to 'q'.
2x 2y 2z
2q = rcosq cosf ; 2q = rcosq sinf ; 2q = – rsinq
Partially differentiating equations (1), (2) and (3) with respect to 'f'.
2x 2y 2y
2f = – rsinq sinf ; 2f = rsinq cosf ; 2f = 0

2x 2x 2x
2r 2q 2f
sin q cos f r cos q cos f – r sin q sin f
2 (x, y, z) 2y 2y 2y
\ sin q sin f r cos q sin f r sin q cos f
2 (r, q, f) = 2r 2q 2f =
2z 2z 2z cos q – r sin q 0
2r 2q 2f

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Unit-3 Multivariable Calculus (Differentiation) 3.29
= sinqcosf [rcosqsinf(0) + rsinq(rsinqcosf)] – rcosq cosf [sinq sinf(0) – cosq(rsinq cosf)]
– rsinqsinf [sinq sinf (– rsinq) – cosq(rcosqsinf)]
= sinq cosf [rsinq(rsinqcosf) – [rcosqcosf]
[– cosq(rsinqcosf)] – rsinqsinf [– rsinq(sinqsinf) – cosq(rcosqsinf)]
= sinqcosf[r sin2qcosf] – rcosqcosf[– rsinqcosqcosf] – rsinqsinf [– rsin2qsinf – rcos2qsinf]
2

= r2sin3qcos2f + r2sinq cos2q cos2f + r2 sin3q sin2f + r2sinq cos2q sin2f

= r2sin3q [cos2f + sin2f] + r2sinq cos2q [cos2f + sin2f]
= r2sin3q + r2sinqcos2q [ a sin2f + cos2f = 1]
= r2sinq [sin2q + cos2q]
= r2 sinq
2 (x, y, z) 2
\ 2 (r, q, f) = r sinq.

3.6 higher orDer Partial Derivatives

Q51. explain the concept of finding the higher order derivatives of second and third order with examples.
Answer :
Higher Order Derivatives
dy
The derivatives of the principle derivative are known as higher order derivatives.
dx
(i) Second Order Derivative
The derivative of first order derivative  i.e., dy  is known as second derivative or second order derivative.
 dx 

d  dy   d y  d 2 y
2
i.e.,   =  2 =
dx  dx   dx  dx 2
The different notations of second order derivative are,
1. D 2y
2. y2
3. y''
4. f ''
Example
d2y
If y = x3, then
Given that, dx 2
y = x3 `...(1)
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to ‘x’,
dy  dy  d  d n n −1 
 = (x3) = 3x3–1  dx x = nx 
dx   dx dx  
= 3x2 ...(2)
Differentiating equation (2) with respect to ‘x’,
d  dy 
  = d 3x2
dx  dx  dx
d 2
=3 x = 3 (2x 2–1)
dx
d2y
= 6x
dx 2
d2y
∴ = 6x
dx 2

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3.30 MatheMatics-i
(ii) Third Order Derivative
 2 
The derivative of second order derivative  i.e., d y  is known as third order derivative.
 dx 2 

d d y2  3
d y
i.e., =
dx  dx 2  dx 3
The different notations of third order derivatives are,
1. D 3y
2. y3
3. y'''
4. f '''
Example

d3y
If y = x4, then
dx 3
Given that,
y = x4 ... (1)
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to x,
dy d 4
= x
dx dx
= 4x4–1
dy
⇒ = 4x3 ... (2)
dx
Differentiating equation (2) with respect to ‘x’,

d  dy  d
  = (4x3)
dx  
dx dx
= 4 × 3x3–1

d2y
= 12x2 ... (3)
dx 2
Differentiating equation (3) with respect to ‘x’,

d  d2y  d
  2
dx  dx 2  = dx (12x )
 
d3y
= 12 (2x2–1)
dx 3
= 24x

d2 y
Q52. if y = aex + be–x, show that – y = 0.
dx 2
Answer :
Given equation is,
y = aex + be–x ... (1)
Differentiating equation (1) on both sides with respect to x,
dy d
= [aex + be–x ]
dx dx

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Unit-3 Multivariable Calculus (Differentiation) 3.31
dy
⇒ = a [ex] + b (e–x (–1))
dx
dy
⇒ = aex – be –x ... (2)
dx
Again differentiating equation (2) with respect to x,
d x x 
 dx (e ) = e 
d  dy  d  
  = [aex – be –x]  d (e − x ) = e − x (−1)
dx  dx  dx
 dx 
d2y
⇒ = a[ex] –b [e–x(–1)]
dx 2
d2y
⇒ = aex + be–x
dx 2
d2y
⇒ =y [ a From equation (1)]
dx 2
d2y
∴ −y=0
dx 2

Q53. if y = a cos (logx) + b sin (logx), show that x2y2 +xy1+ y =0

Answer :
Given function is,
y = a cos (logx) + bsin (logx) ... (1)
Differentiating equation (1) on both sides with respect to x,
dy d d
=a [cos (logx)] + b [sin (logx)]
dx dx dx
dy d d d
⇒ =a [cos (logx)] (logx) + b cos (logx) (log x)
dx dx dx dx
dy 1 1
⇒ = –a sin (logx) × + b cos (logx) ×
dx x x
dy
⇒ x = –a sin (logx) + b cos (logx) ...(2)
dx
Differentiating equation (2) on both sides with respect to x,
d  dy  dy d 1 1
x + × (x) = –a cos (logx) × – b sin(logx)×
dx  dx  dx dx x x
2
d y dy  a cos(log x) + b sin(log x) 
⇒ x 2 + × (1) = −  
dx dx  x 
d2y
⇒ x2 +x
dy
=–y [ From equation(1)]
dx 2 dx
d2y dy
⇒ x2 2
+x +y=0 ...(3)
dx dx
dy d2y
Since, = y1 and = y2
dx dx 2
Thus, equation (3) reduces to,
x 2 y2 + xy1 + y = 0

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3.32 MatheMatics-i

3.7 taylor's series of funCtions of two variables

Q54. Prove taylor’s series for the functions of two variables.

Answer :
Let, f(x + h, y + k) be a function of one variable i.e., x.
Then according to the Taylor’s theorem of a single variable,
h ∂f ( x, y + k ) h 2 ∂ 2 f ( x, y + k )
f(x + h, y + k) = f(x, y + k) + + + .... ... (1)
1! ∂x 2! ∂x 2
If f(x, y + k) is a function of y, then,

k ∂f ( x, y ) k 2 ∂ 2 f ( x, y ) h ∂  k ∂f ( x, y ) k 2 ∂ 2 f ( x, y ) 
f(x, y + k) = f(x, y) + + + .... +  f ( x, y ) + + + ... ... (2)
1! ∂y 2! ∂y 2 1! ∂x  1! ∂y 2! ∂y 2

Substituting equation (2) in equation (1),

k ∂f ( x, y ) k 2 ∂ 2 f ( x, y ) h2 ∂2  k ∂f ( x, y ) k 2 ∂ 2 f ( x, y ) 
f(x + h, y + k) = f(x, y) + + + .... +  f ( x , y ) + + + ...
1! ∂y 2! ∂y 2 2
2! ∂x  1! ∂y 2! ∂y 2


k ∂f ( x, y ) k 2 ∂ 2 f ( x, y ) h ∂f ( x, y ) ∂ 2 f ( x, y ) hk 2 ∂ 3 f ( x, y ) h 2 ∂ 2 f ( x, y )
= f(x, y) + + + + hk + +
1! ∂y 2! ∂y 2
1! ∂x ∂x∂y 2! ∂x∂y 2 2! ∂x 2

h 2 k ∂ 3 f ( x, y ) h 2 k 2 ∂ 4 f ( x, y )
+ + + .....
2! ∂x 2 ∂y 2!2! ∂x 2 ∂y 2

Neglecting higher order derivatives,

k ∂f ( x, y ) k 2 ∂ 2 f ( x, y ) h ∂f ( x, y ) ∂ 2 f ( x, y ) h 2 ∂ 2 f ( x, y )
f(x + h, y + k) = f ( x, y ) + + + + hk + + ....
1! ∂y 2! ∂y 2
1! ∂x ∂x∂y 2! ∂x 2

h ∂f ( x, y ) k ∂f ( x, y ) 1  2 ∂ 2 f ( x, y ) 2 ∂ f ( x, y )
2
∂ 2 f ( x, y ) 
= f ( x, y ) + + + h + k + 2 hk  + ....
1! ∂x 1! ∂y 2!  ∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂x∂y 

h
 1!
k
1!
 1 2
 2!
[ 2
]
= f ( x, y ) +  f x ( x, y ) + f y ( x, y ) + h f xx ( x, y ) + k f yy ( x, y ) + 2hkf xy ( x, y ) + ...

Let,
x = a and y = b, then,
h
 1!
k
1!
 1 2
 2!
[ 2
f(a + h, b + k) = f(a, b) +  f x (a, b) + f y (a, b) + h f xx (a, b) + k f yy (a, b) + 2hkf xy (a, b) + .... ]
Substituting a + h = x and b + k = y such that h = x – a and k = y – b in the above equation,

 ( x − a) ( y − b)  1
f(x, y) = f(a, b) +  f x ( a, b) + f y ( a, b)  + [(x – a)2fxx(a, b) + (y – b)2fyy(a, b) + 2(x – a)(y – b) fxy(a, b)] + ......
 1! 1!  2!
The above equation is the Taylor’s theorem which is used to expand f(x, y) in (a, b) i.e., two variables.
Q55. obtain the taylor series expansion of the function f(x, y) = e2x+y about (0, 0) upto third degree terms.

Answer : June/July-17, Q14(b)

Given function is,

f(x, y) = e2x+y ... (1)
f(0,0) = e2(0) + 0 = 1

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Unit-3 Multivariable Calculus (Differentiation) 3.33
Differentiating equation (1) partially with respect to x and y.
fy(x, y) = e2x+ y fy(0,0) = e0+0 = 1
fyy(x, y) = e2x+ y fyy(0,0) = e0+0 = 1
fx(x, y) = 2e2x+ y fx(0,0) = 2e0+0 = 2
fxx(x, y) = 4e2x+ y fxx(0,0) = 4e0+0 = 4
fyx(x, y) = 2e2x+ y fyx(0,0) = 2e0+0 = 2
fxy(x, y) = 2e2x+ y fxy(0,0) = 2e0+0 = 2
fxyy(x, y) = 2e2x+ y fxyy(0,0) = 2e0+0 = 2
fxxy(x, y) = 4e2x+ y fxxy(0,0) = 4e0+0 = 2
fxxx(x, y) = 8e2x+ y fxxx(0,0) = 8e0+0 = 8
fyyy(x, y) = e2x+ y fyyy(0,0) = e0+0 = 1
Taylor's series is given as,
f(x, y) = f(x0, y0) + (x – x0) fx(x0, y0) + (y – y0) fy (x0, y0)+ 21! [(x – x0)2 fxx (x0, y0) + 2(x – x0) (y – y0) fxy (x0, y0) +
(y – y0)2 fyy (x0, y0) + 31! [(x – x0)3 fxxx(x0, y0) + 3(x– x0)2 (y – y0) fxxy (x0, y0)
+ 3(x – x0) (y – y0)2 fxyy (x0, y0) + (y –y0)3 fyyy (x0, y0)]

= f(0, 0) + (x – 0) fx(0, 0) + (y – 0) fy (0, 0) + 21! [(x – 0)2 fxx (0, 0) +

2(x – 0) (y – 0) fxy (0, 0) + (y – 0)2 fyy (0, 0)] + 31! [(x – 0)3 fxxx(0, 0)
+ 3(x– 0)2 (y – 0) fxxy (0, 0) + 3 (x – 0) (y –0)2 fxyy (0, 0) + (y – 0)3 fyyy(0, 0)] ... (2)
Substituting the corresponding values in equation (2),

= 1 + x(2) + y(1) + 12 [x2(4) + 2xy (2) + y2 (1)] + 16 [x3(8) + 3x2y(4) + 3xy2 (2) + y3(1)]

= 1 + 2x + y + 12 [4x2 + 4xy + y2] + 16 [8x3 + 12x2y + 6xy2 + y3]

y2 y3
= 1 + 2x + y + 2x2 + 2xy + 2 + 34 x3 + 2x2y + xy2 + 6
y2 y3
\ e2x+y = 1+ 2x + y + 2x2 + 2xy + 2 + 34 x3 + 2x2y + xy2 + 6 .
Q56. obtain the taylor's series expansion of x3 + y3 + xy2 in terms of powers of (x – 1) and (y – 2) up to third
degre terms.
Answer :

Given function is,

f(x, y) = x3 + y3 + xy2
Taylor series is given by,
f(x, y) = f(a, b) + 11! [(x – a) fx(a, b) + (y – b) fy (a – b)]
+ 21! [(x – a)2 fxx (a, b) + 2 (x – a) (y – b) fxy (a, b)
+ (y – b)2 fyy (a, b)] + 31! [(x – a)3 fxxx (a, b) + 3(x – a)2 (y – b) fxyy (a – b) + 3(x – a) (y – b)2 fxyy (a, b)
+ (y – b)3 fyyy (a – b)] ... (1)

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3.34 MatheMatics-i
Here, a = 1, b = 2
f(x, y) = x3 + y3 + xy2
Þ f(1, 2) = (1)3 + (2)3 + (1) (2)2 = 13
fx(x, y) = 3x2 + y2
Þ fx(1, 2) = 3(1)2 + (2)2 = 7
fy(x, y) = 3y2 + 2xy
Þ fy(1, 2) = 3(2)2 + 2(1) (2) = 16
fxy(x, y) = 2y
Þ fxy (1, 2) = 2(2) = 4
fxx (x, y) = 6x
Þ fxx (1, 2) = 6(1) = 6
fxxx (x, y) = 6
Þ fxxx(1. 2) = 6
fxxy (x, y) = 0
Þ fxxy (1, 2) = 0
fxyy (x, y) = 2
Þ fxyy (1, 2) = 2
fyy (x, y) = 6y + 2x
Þ fyy (1, 2) = 6(2) + 2(1) = 14
fyyy (x, y) = 6
Þ fyyy (1, 2) = 6
Substituting the corresponding values in equaiton (1),
x3 + y3 + xy2 = 13 + 11! [(x – 1)7 + (y – 2)16] + 21! [(x – 1)2 6 + 2(x – 1) (x – 2) (4) + (y – 2)2 14]

+ 31! [(x – 1)3 6 + 3(x – 1)2 (y – 2) (0) + 3(x – 1) (y – 2)2 (2) + (y – 2)3 (6)]

= 13 + 7(x – 1) + 16 (y – 2) + 12 [6 (x – 1)2 + 8 (x – 1) (y – 2) + 14 (y – 2)2] + 16 [6(x – 1)3

+ 0 + 6(x – 1) (y – 2)2 + 6 (y – 2)3]
= 13 + 7(x – 1) + 16 (y – 2) + 3(x – 1)2 + 4 (x – 1) (y – 2) + 7(y – 2)2 + (x – 1)3 + (x – 1) (y – 2)2 + (y – 2)3
\ x3 + y3 + xy2 = 13 + 7 (x – 1) + 16 (y – 2) + 3(x – 1)2 + 4(x – 1) (y – 2) + 7 (y – 2)2 + (x – 1)3 + (x – 1) (y –2)2 + (y – 2)3
Q57. Using taylor’s series expansion, expand ex siny in powers of x and y as far as terms of the 3rd degree.
or
x
expand e sin (y) in powers of x and y upto the third degree terms.
or
expand e siny in powers of x and y as far as the terms of the 3rd degree using taylor’s expansion.
x

Answer :
Let the given function be,
f (x, y) = ex sin y
⇒ f (0, 0) = 0

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Unit-3 Multivariable Calculus (Differentiation) 3.35
Consider,
fx(x, y) = ex sin y ; fx(0, 0) = 0
fxy(x, y) = ex cos y ; fxy(0, 0) = 1
fxx(x, y) = ex sin y ; fxx(0, 0) = 0
x
fxyy(x, y) = –e sin y ; fxyy(0, 0) = 0
x
fxxx(x, y) = e sin y ; fxxx(0, 0) = 0
x
fxxy(x, y) = e cos y ; fxxy(0, 0) = 1
x
fy(x, y) = e cos y ; fy(0, 0) = 1
x
fyy(x, y) = –e sin y ; fyy(0, 0) = 0
fyyx(x, y) = –ex sin y ; fyyx(0, 0) = 0
fyyy(x, y) = –ex cos y ; fyyy(x, y) = –1
From Taylor’s series,
1 2 1 3
f(x, y) = f(0, 0) + xfx(0, 0) + yfy(0, 0) + [x fxx(0, 0) + 2xy fxy(0, 0) + y2fyy(0, 0)] + [x fxxx(0, 0) + 3x2yfxxy(0, 0)
2! 3!
+ 3xy2 fxyy(0, 0) + y3fyyy(0, 0)] + ....
1 2 1 3
= 0 + x(0) + y(1) + [x (0) + 2xy(1) + y2(0)] + [x (0) + 3x2y(1) + 3xy2(0) + y3(–1)] + ....
2! 3!
x2 y y3
∴ exsiny = y + xy + − + ....
2 6
JK y NO
Q58. expand tan –1KK OO as a taylor series about the point (1, 1) upto 2nd degree terms.
LxP
Answer :
Given function is,
JK y NO
f (x, y) = tan –1 KK OO
LxP
JK 1 NO π
f (1, 1) = t an –1 KK OO =
L1P 4
–y
1 J
KK – y N
OO 2
f x (x, y) = K O = 2x 2
JK y ON x
2 2
1 + KK OO L P x +y
x
L P x2

–y
Þ f x (x, y) =
x + y2
2

–1 –1
Þ f x (1, 1) = =
1+1 2

1 JK 1 NO 1 1 x2 x
f y (x, y) = KK OO = = = 2
KKJ y OON _ 2i
2 2 2
x
L P x x + y x x 2
+ y x + y2
1+ K O
LxP x2
1 1
Þ f y (1, 1) = =
1+1 2
–y 2xy
f x x (x, y) = ]– 2xg =
_x + y2 2i2 _ x + y 2i
2 2

2 ]1g]1g 2 2 1
Þ f x x (1, 1) = = = =
]1 + 1g2 ]2g2 4 2

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3.36 MatheMatics-i
R V
– SS_ x 2 + y 2i 1 – y ^2yhWW
f x y (x, y) = T 2 X
_ x 2 + y 2i
R V
– SSx 2 + y 2 – 2y 2WW
= T 2 X
_ x 2 + y 2i

y2 – x2
f x y (x, y) = 2
_ x 2 + y 2i
1–1
Þ f x y (1, 1) = =0
]1 + 1g2
x
f y y (x, y) = ^
2 – 2y
h
_ x + y 2i
2

– 2xy
= 2
_ x 2 + y 2i
–2 –2 1
Þ f y y (1, 1) = = =–
]1 + 1g2 4 2
From Taylor’s series,

f (x, y) = f ^1, 1h + 6] x – 1g fx ^1, 1h + ^ y – 1h fy ^1, 1h@ + SS] x – 1g2 fxx ^1, 1h + 2 ] x – 1g^ y – 1h fxy ^1, 1h + ^ y – 1h2 fyy ^1, 1hWW
1 1R V
1! 2! T X
J N J N J N R
S J N J NV
W
K yO π K – 1O K1O 1 K1O 2 K 1O
⇒ tan –1 KK OO = + ] x – 1g KK OO + ^ y – 1hKK OO + SSS] x – 1g2 KK OO + 2 ] x – 1g ^ y – 1h]0g + ^ y – 1h KK – OOWWW
x
L P 4 L P2 2
L P 2! 2
L P L 2 PX
T
R V
π ] x – 1g ^ y – 1h 1 SS ] x – 1g2 ^ y – 1h2 WW
= – + + SS W
2 W
4 2 2 2 –
2
T X
π 1 1 1 2 1 2
= – ] x – 1g + ^ y – 1h + ] x – 1g – ^ y – 1h
4 2 2 4 4
KJ y ON π 1 1 1 1
\ tan –1 KK OO =
2
– ] x – 1g + ^ y – 1h + ] x – 1g2 – ^ y – 1h
x
L P 4 2 2 4 4

KJ π NO
Q59. expand sin (xy) in powers of (x – 1) and KKy – OO up to second degree terms by using taylor's series.
L 2P
or

expand sin xy at b1. 2 l upto second degree terms using taylor's series.
p

Answer :
Given function is,
f(x, y) = sin (xy)

f b1, 2 l = sin 2 = 1
p p
Þ

fx(x, y) = ycos(xy)

fx b1, 2 l = 2 cos 2 = 2 (0) = 0

p p p p
Þ

fy(x, y_ = xcos(xy)

fy b1, 2 l = 1. cos 2 = 0
p p
Þ

fxx(x, y) = – y2sin(x, y)

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Unit-3 Multivariable Calculus (Differentiation) 3.37
–p 2 p –p 2
fxx b1, 2 l = 4 sin 2 = 4
p
Þ

fxy(x, y) = – xy sin(x, y)

fxy b1, 2 l = 2 sin 2 = 2

p –p p –p
Þ

fyy(x, y) = – x2sin(x, y)

fyy b1, 2 l = – 1 sin 2 = – 1

p p
Þ

From Taylor's series,

f(x, y) = f b1, 2 l + (x – 1) fx b1, 2 l + b y – 2 l fy b1, 2 l

p p p p

+ 2! ;(x – 1) 2 fxx b1, p l + 2 (x – 1) b y – p l fxy b1, p l + b y – p l fyy b1, p lE

1 2
2 2 2 2 2
Substituting the corresponding values in the above equation,

p 2
sin (xy) = 1 + (x – 1)(0) + b y – 2 l (0) + 2! [(x – 1) 2 c –p m + 2 (x – 1) b y – 2 lb 2 l + b y – 2 l (– 1)]
p 1 2 p –p
4

= 1 + 2 ;(x – 1) 2 b – p l – 2 (x – 1) b y – p l p – b y – p l E
1 2 2
4 2 2 2
p2 p 2
= 1 – 8 ( x – 1) 2 – 2 ( x – 1) b y – 2 l – 2 b y – 2 l
p p 1

p2 p 2
sin(xy) = 1 – 8 (x – 1) 2 – 2 (x – 1) b y – 2 l – 2 b y – 2 l .
p p 1
\

3.8 MaxiMuM anD MiniMuM values of funCtions of two variables, lagrange's

MethoD of unDeterMineD MultiPliers
Q60. When a function f(x, y), with usual notations of partial differential coefficients, will have maximum,
minimum and can’t be decided?
Answer :
Given function is,
f (x, y)
Let (a, b) be the point at which maximum or minimum is determined. The condition for the function f(x, y) to have
maximum or minimum at a point (a, b) are fx (a, b) = 0 and fy (a, b) = 0
Let,
∂2
f ( a, b) = r
∂x 2
22
f ^a, bh = t
2x2y

∂2
f ( a, b) = s
∂y 2
Then,
Case (i)
Function f (a, b) is said to have maximum value if rt – s2 > 0 and r < 0
Case (ii)
Function f (a, b) is said to have minimum value if rt – s2 > 0 and r > 0

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3.38 MatheMatics-i
Case (iii)
Function f (a, b) does not have an extreme value i.e, neither maximum or minimum if rt – s2 < 0.
Case (iv)
Function f (a, b) fails to have maximum or minimum value and can’t be decided if rt – s2 = 0.
Q61. explain lagrange's method of undetermined multipliers.
Answer :
Let u be a function of three variables x, y, z given as,
u = f (x, y, z) ... (1)
Let the variables are connected by a relation,
f(x, y, z) = 0 ... (2)
Since, u is to have stationary value,
2u 2u 2u
= 0, = 0, =0
2x 2y 2z
2u 2u 2u
dx + dy + dz = du = 0 ... (3)
2x 2y 2z
Similarly equation (2) becomes,
2φ 2φ 2φ
dx + dy + dz = dφ = 0 ... (4)
2x 2y 2z
Multiplying equation (4) by λ,
JK 2φ 2φ 2φ NOO
λ KK dz = 0
2z O
dx + dy +
2x 2y
L P
2φ 2φ 2φ
λ dx + λ + λ dz = 0 ... (5)
2x 2y 2z
Where
λ – Lagrange's multiplier
Adding equations (3) and (5),
2u 2u 2u 2φ 2φ 2φ
dx + dy + dz + λ dx + λ dy + λ dz = 0
2x 2y 2z 2x 2y 2z
JK 2u 2φ ON J
K 2u 2φ ON J
K 2u N
2φ O
KK + λ OO dx + KK + λ OO dy + KK + λ OO dz = 0
L 2 x 2 x P 2 y 2 y L 2 z 2z P
L P
2u 2φ
+λ =0 ... (6)
2x 2x
2u 2φ
+λ =0 ... (7)
2y 2y
2u 2φ
+λ =0 ... (8)
2z 2z
Equations (2), (6) (7) and (8) give the values of x, y, z and λ for which u is stationary.
Q62. Write the steps involved in lagrange's multiplier method.
Ans :
Let, u = f (x, y, z) be a function of three variables connected by a relation f(x, y, z) = 0
Step 1
The function is represented as,
F = u + λ f(x, y, z)
⇒ F = f(x, y, z) + λ f(x, y, z) ... (1)
Where, λ – Lagrange's multiplier
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Unit-3 Multivariable Calculus (Differentiation) 3.39
Step 2
Differentiate equation (1) with respect to x, y and z and equate them to zero
2F 2F 2F
i.e., = 0, = 0 and =0
2x 2y 2z
Step 3
Solve the above three equations along with the relation f(x, y, z) to obtain the values of x, y and z.
Step 4
Substitute the x, y, z values in the function u to obtain stationary value of u.
Q63. examine the function f(x, y) = x3y2(12 – x – y) for extreme values.
Answer :
Given function is,
f (x, y) = x3y2(12 – x – y)
⇒ f = f (x, y) = 12x3y2 – x4y2 – x3y3 ... (1)
Differentiating equation (1) partially with respect to ‘x’,
2f
= 36x2y2 – 4x3y2 – 3x2y3 ... (2)
2x
Differentiating equation (1) partially with respect to ‘y’,
2f
= 24x3y – 2x4y – 3x3y2 ... (3)
2y
Differentiating equation (2) partially with respect to ‘x’,
22 f
= 72xy2 – 12x2y2 – 6xy3 = r
2x 2
Differentiating equation (2) partially with respect to ‘y’,
22 f
= 72x2y – 8x3y – 9x2y2 = s
2x2y
Differentiating equation (3) partially with respect to ‘y’,
22 f
= 24x3 – 2x4 – 6x3y = t
2y 2
The conditions for maximum or minimum value i.e., extreme value are,
2f 2f
= 0, =0
2x 2y
From equation (2),
2f
=0
2x
⇒ 36x y – 4x3y2 – 3x2y3 = 0
2 2

⇒ x2y2[36 – 4x – 3y] = 0
⇒ x = 0 or y = 0
or 4x + 3y = 36
From equation (3),
2f
=0
2y
⇒ 24x3y – 2x4y – 3x3y2 = 0
⇒ x3y[24 – 2x – 3y] = 0
⇒ x = 0 or y = 0 or 2x + 3y = 24

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3.40 MatheMatics-i
⇒ (x, y) = (0, 0)
⇒ 4x + 3y = 36
2x + 3y = 24
– – –
2x = 12

⇒ x=6
2(6) + 3y = 24
⇒ 3y = 12
⇒ y=4
⇒ (x, y) = (6, 4)
\ The stationary points are (0, 0), (6, 4)
Consider,

rt – s2 = (72xy2 – 12x2y2 – 6xy3) (24x3 – 2x4 – 6x3y)

– (72x2y – 8x3y – 9x2y2)2
R V2
rt – s 2 = _72 (0) (0) 2 – 12 (0) 2 (0) 2 – 6 (0) (0) 3i _24 (0) 3 – 2 (0) 4i – SS72 (0) 3 (0) – 6 (0) 2 (0) – 8 (0) 3 (0) – 9 (0) 2 (0) 2WW
^0, 0h
T X
=0
\ f does not have maximum or minimum value at (0, 0)
R V R V R V2
rt – s 2 ^6, 4h = SS72 (6) (4) 2 – 12 (6) 2 (4) 2 – 6 (6) (4) 3WW × SS24 (6) 3 – 2 (6) 4 – 6 (6) 3 (4)WW – SS_72 (6) 2 (4) – 8 (6) 3 (4) – 9 (6) 2 (4) 2iWW
T X T X T X
= (6912 – 6912 – 2304) (5184 – 2592 – 5184) – [10368 – 6912 – 5184]2

= 5971968 – (1728)2

= 5971968 – 2985984

= 2985984 > 0

\ f has maximum value at (6, 4)

Maximum value is obtained by substituting x = 6, y = 4 in equation (1)

f (x, y) = f (6, 4) = 12(6)3 (4)2 – (6)4 (4)2 – (6)3 (4)3

= 41472 – 20736 – 13824

= 6912

\ Maximum value = 6912.

Q64. Divide 24 into three points such that the continued product of the first, square of the second and cube
of the third is maximum.
Answer :
Let x, y and z be three points.
⇒ x + y + z = 24 ... (1)
And the product of the first, square of the second and cube of the third point is maximum i.e., to maximize (x × y × z3) 2

Let, φ = xy2z3 ... (2)

From equation (1),
x = 24 – y – z ... (3)

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Unit-3 Multivariable Calculus (Differentiation) 3.41
Substituting the value of x from equation (3) in
∂ 2φ ∂  ∂φ 
equation (2), s= =
∂y∂z ∂y  ∂z 
φ = (24 – y – z) y2z3
⇒ φ(y, z) = 24y2z3 – y3z3 – y2z4 ... (4) ∂
= [72 y 2 z 2 − 3 y 3 z 2 − 4 y 2 z 3 ]
Differentiating equation (4) partially with respect to ‘y’, ∂y

∂φ ∴ s= 144 yz2 – 9y2z2 – 8yz3 ... (10)

3 2 3 4
∂y = 48yz – 3y z – 2yz ... (5)
∂2φ ∂  ∂φ 
t= =
Differentiating equation (4) partially with respect to ‘z’, ∂z 2 ∂z  ∂z 
∂φ
= 72y2z2 – 3y3z2 – 4y2z3 ... (6) ∂
∂z = [72 y 2 z 2 − 3 y 3 z 2 − 4 y 2 z 3 ]
∂z
For φ(y, z) to be maximum,
∴ t = 144 y2z – 6y3z – 12y2z2 ... (11)
∂φ ∂φ
= 0 and =0
∂y ∂z At y = 8 and z = 12

∴ Equation (5) becomes, Equation (9) becomes,

∂φ r = 48[12]3 – 6[8][12]3 – 2[12]4

= 48yz3 – 3y2z3 – 2yz4 = 0
∂y ⇒ r = 82944 – 82944 – 41472
⇒ yz [48 – 3y –2z] = 0
3
⇒ r = – 41472 ... (12)
Since, yz ¹ 0,
Equation (10) becomes,
48 – 3y – 2z = 0
⇒ – 3y – 2z = – 48 s = 144[8] [12]2 – 9[8]2 [12]2 – 8[8] [12]3

⇒ 3y + 2z = 48 ... (7) ⇒ s = 165888 – 82944 – 110592

Equation (6) becomes, ⇒ s = – 27648 ... (13)
∂φ Equation (11) becomes,
= 72y2z2 – 3y3z2 – 4y2z3 = 0
∂z
t = 144[8]2 [12] – 6[8]3 [12] – 12[8]2 [12]2
⇒ 2 2
y z [72 – 3y – 4z] = 0
⇒ t = 110592 – 36864 – 110592
Since, yz ¹ 0
⇒ t = – 36864 ... (14)
72 – 3y – 4z = 0
Consider,
⇒ – 3y – 4z = – 72
rt – s2 = [– 41472 × – 36864] – [– 27648]2
⇒ 3y + 4z = 72 ... (8)
Solving equations (7) and (8), = 764.41 × 106 > 0
y = 8 and z = 12 ∴ rt – s2 > 0 and r < 0
Substituting the values of y and z in equation (1), ∴ φ = xy2z3 is maximum when 24 is divided into x = 4,
x + y + z = 24 y = 8 and z = 12.
⇒ x = 24 – y – z
Q65. Find the stationary points of u(x, y) = sinx siny
⇒ x = 24 – 8 – 12
sin(x + y) where 0 < x < π, 0 < y < π and find the
⇒ x = 24 – 20 maximum u.
⇒ x=4
∴ x = 4, y = 8 and z = 12 Answer :

∂ 2φ ∂  ∂φ  Given function is,

r= =  
∂y 2
∂y  ∂y  u(x, y) = sinx siny sin(x + y)

∂ Where, 0 < x < π,

= [48 yz 3 − 3 y 2 z 3 − 2 yz 4 ]
∂y 0<y<π ... (1)

∴ r = 48z3 – 6yz3 – 2z4 ... (9) u = sinx siny sin(x + y)

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3.42 MatheMatics-i
Differentiating equation (1) partially with respect to x,
∂ 2u
∂u t= = 2 sin x cos (x + 2y)
= cosx siny sin(x + y) + sinx cos(x + y) sin y ∂y2
∂x
= siny [cosx sin(x + y) + sinx cos(x + y)] JK π ON  π 2π  2 3
∴ t = 2sin KK OO cos  + – =– 3
L P3 3 3  2
∴ ∂u = siny sin(2x +y)
∂x 2
− 3
[ sin(A + B) = cosA sinB + sinA cosB] rt – s2 = (− 3 )( − 3 ) –  
 2 
For stationary point,  
∂u 3 9
=0 ∴ rt – s2 = 3 – = >0
∂x 4 4
⇒ siny sin(2x + y) = 0 π
∴ u will be maximum at x = , y =
π
3 3
⇒ siny = 0 or sin(2x + y) = 0
JK π NO JK π NO  π π
[ 0 < x < π, 0 < y < π] Maximum value = sin KK OO sin KK OO sin  + 
⇒ y = 0 or 2x + y = π ... (2) L 3P L 3P  3 3
Differentiating equation (1) partially with respect to y, 3 3  2π 
= sin  
∂u = sinx siny cos(x + y) + sinx cosy sin(x + y) 2 2  3 
∂y 3 3 3 3
= sinx [siny cos(x + y) + sin(x + y) cosy] = =
4 2 8
∂u
∴ = sinx sin(x + 2y) 3 3
∂y ∴ Maximum value =
For stationary point,
8

∂u π π
=0 ∴ Stationary point =  , 
∂y 3 3

⇒ sinx sin(x + 2y) = 0 Q66. Find the absolute maximum and minimum
⇒ sinx = 0 or sin (x + 2y) = 0 values for the function f(x, y) = x2 – y2 –2y in
the closed region r : x2 + y2 £ 1.
⇒ x = 0 or x + 2y = π ... (3)
Answer : Dec.-16, Q14(b)
Solving equations (2) and (3),
π π Given that,
⇒ x= , y =
3 3 f(x, y) = x2 – y2 – 2y ... (1)
π π
∴ Stationary point is x = , y =
3 3 2
R:x +y £1 2
... (2)
∂ u
2
Differentiating equation (1) partially with respect to x
r= = 2siny cos(2x + y)
∂ x2 2f
2x = 2x ... (3)
π  2π π  2f
= 2sin cos  +  Equating the value of 2x to zero in order to determine
3  3 3 the extreme point
2 3 2f
∴ r=– =– 3 2x = 2x = 0
2
Þ 2x = 0
∂ 2u
s=
∂ x∂y Þ x=0
= sinx cos(x + 2y) + cosx sin(x + 2y) Differentiating equation (2) partially with respect to y
= sin(2x + 2y) 2f
2y = – 2y – 2 ... (4)
 2π 2π   4π  2f
= sin  +  = sin   Equating the value of to zero in order to determine
 3 3   3  2y
the extreme point
RS V
∴ s=–
3 SSa x = y = π WWW 2f
S 3W
2 T X 2y = – 2y – 2 = 0
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Unit-3 Multivariable Calculus (Differentiation) 3.43
Þ – 2y – 2 = 0
\ The critical region on the boudary is (x, y) = c! 3 , – 1 m
Þ – 2y = 2 2 2
Þ y=–1 Differentiating equation (7) partially with respect to y
\ The critical point (x, y) = (0, – 1) 22 g
=–4<0
Differentiating equation (3) partially with respect to x 2y 2
22 f 22 g
p= =2 As < 0, the function f(x, y) has relative maximum
2x 2 2y 2
Differentiating equation (3) partially with respect to y value.
2 2
f c! 3 , –1 m = c! 3 m – b –21 l –2 b –21 l
2
2 f
q = 2x2y = 0 2 2 2
Differentiating equation (4) partially with respect to y
= 34 – 14 + 1 = 32
2
2 f
r= =–2 \ The given function has relative minimum
2y 2
value as 1 at (0, – 1) and relative maximum value as 3 at
pr – q2 = 2(– 2) – 02 2
c! 3 , – 1 m
=–4<0 2 2
Q67. Find the maximum value of x2y3z4 subject to the
As pr – q2 < 0, the function f(x, y) does not have
condition 2x + 3y + 4z = a.
extreme value.
22 f Answer :
As 2 > 0, the function has relative minimum value.
2x Consider the given functions as,
The relative minimum value at (0, – 1) is given as, φ(x, y, z) = 2x + 3y + 4z – a = 0 ... (1)
2 2
f(0, – 1) = 0 – (– 1) – 2(– 1) And u(x, y, z) = x2y3z4 ... (2)
=0–1+2=1 According to Lagrange’s function,
From equations (2); F(x, y, z) = u(x, y, z) + λφ(x, y, z) ... (3)
x2 = 1 – y2 ... (5) Where, λ = Lagrange’s multiplier.
Substituting equation (5) in equation (1) Substituting equations (1) and (2) in equation (3),
Þ g(y) =(1 – y2) – y2 – 2y
F(x, y, z) = x2y3z4 + λ(2x + 3y + 4z – a) ... (4)
Þ g(y) = 1 – 2y2 – 2y ... (6)
Differentiating equation (4) partially with respect to ‘x’,
Differentiating equation (6) partially with respect to y
∂F
2g = 2xy3z4 + 2λ
∂x
2y = 0 – 4y – 2
2g Differentiating equation (4) partially with respect to ‘y’,
Þ 2y = – 4y – 2 ... (7) ∂F
= 3y2x2z4 + 3λ
∂y
Equating 2g to zero;
2y Differentiating equation (4) partially with respect to ‘z’,
Þ – 4y – 2 = 0 ∂F
= 4z3x2y3 + 4λ
Þ – 4y = 2 ∂z
∂F ∂F
Þ y = –21 For maximum or minimum value, = 0, =0
∂x ∂y
∂F
Substituting y = –21 in equation (5) and =0
∂z
2
x2 = 1 – b –41 l Consider,
∂F
Þ x2 = 1 – 14 ∂x
=0

⇒ 2xy3z4 + 2λ = 0
Þ x2 = 34
⇒ 2(xy3z4 + λ) = 0
3
Þ x=± 2 ⇒ xy3z4 + λ = 0
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3.44 MatheMatics-i
Multiplying and dividing by ‘x’, −u
⇒ [ 2 + 3 + 4] = a
x 3 4 λ
⇒ .xy z + λ = 0
x −u
⇒ [9] = a
1 2 3 4 λ
⇒ .x y z = −λ
x ⇒ –9u = aλ
u
⇒ = –λ [ a From equation (2)] – 9u
x \ λ=
a
–u
∴x = Substituting the value of ‘λ’ in equation (5),
λ
−u
∂F ⇒ x = y = z=
=0 λ
∂y
⇒ 3y2x2z4 + 3λ = 0 −u
=
⇒ 3(y x z + λ) = 0
2 2 4  − 9u 
 
⇒ y2x2z4 + λ = 0  a 

Multiplying and dividing by ‘y’, −au a

= =
y 2 24 − 9u 9
⇒ . y x z + λ= 0
y a
∴ x =y=z=
3 2 4
y x z 9
⇒ = –λ
y The maximum value is given as,
u
⇒ = –λ [ a From equation (2)] 2
a a a
3
a
4 2 + 3+ 4
a
9
y =      =  = 
9 9 9 9 9
–u
∴y =
λ 9
∴ The maximum value of x2y3z4 is  a  .
∂F 9
=0
∂z
⇒ 4z3x2y3 + 4λ = 0 Q68. Find the maximum and minimum values of

⇒ 4(z3x2y3 + λ) = 0 1 1 1
x + y + z subject to + + = 1.
⇒ zxy +λ=0
3 2 3 x y z
Multiplying and dividing by ‘z’, Answer :
z 3 2 3 Given function is,
⇒ .zxy +λ=0
z
f (x, y, z) = x + y + z
1 2 3 4
⇒ .x y z = –λ It is basically a constrained extremum problem, where
z
a function ‘f’ is subjected to the constraint.
u
⇒ = –λ [ a From equation (2)]
z 1 1 1
+ + =1
–u x y z
∴z =
λ
Substituting both the function and its constraint in the
−u
x=y=z= ... (5)
λ following auxiliary function.
Substituting the values of x, y and z in equation (1), 1 1 1 
φ(x, y, z) = 2x + 3y + 4z – a = 0 F(x, y, z) = x + y + z + λ  + + − 1 ... (1)
x y z 
 −u   −u   −u 
⇒ 2  + 3  + 4 −a = 0 Differentiating equation (1) partially with respect to x,
 λ   λ   λ  y, z and then equating the results to zero.

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Unit-3 Multivariable Calculus (Differentiation) 3.45
∂ 1 1 1  Substituting the value of λ in x, y and z,
∂F ∂
= (x + y + z) + λ  + + − 1
∂x ∂x ∂x  x y z  x = ±3, y = ±3, z = ±3
∴ The extreme i.e., maximum and minimum values are + 9
− λ
=1+  2  and – 9.
x 
Q69. Find the volume of the greatest rectangular
λ parallelopiped that can be inscribed in the
= 1– 2
x
x 2 y2 z 2
2
ellipsoid + + = 1.
x −λ a2 b2 c2
=
x2 Answer :
∂F Let, the coordinates of the rectangular parallelopiped be
∴ = x2 – λ ... (2)
∂x (x, y, z).
∂F ∂ ∂ 1 1 1  The volume of the rectangular parallelopiped,
= (x + y + z) + λ  + + − 1
∂y ∂y ∂y  x y z 
V = 8xyz ... (1)
− λ
= [1] +  2  Maximum volume is to be calculated such that it is
y  x2 y2 z 2
inscribed in the ellipsoid + + = 1.
y2 − λ a2 b2 c2
=
y2 Let,
∂F x2 y2 z 2
∴ = y2 – λ ... (3) F = 2 + 2 + 2 =1 ... (2)
∂y a b c
Similarly,
The condition for extreme value is given by,
∂F λ z2 − λ
=1– = z2 dV = yz dx + zx dy + xy dz = 0 ... (3)
∂z z2
Differentiating equation (2),
∂F z2 – λ
∴ = ... (4)
∂z z2 2x
dx +
2y
dy +
2z
dz = 0
dF = 2 2
Equating equations (2), (3) and (4) to zero, a b c2
x2 – λ = 0, y2 – λ = 0, z2 – λ = 0 x y z
⇒ dF = 2
dx + 2 dy + 2 dz = 0 ... (4)
x = λ,
2
y = λ,
2
z =λ
2 a b c

x=± λ , y = ± λ and z = ± λ Multiplying equation (4) by λ and adding equations (3)

Substituting the values of x, y, z in the given constraint, and (4),
1 1 1
⇒ + + =1 (yz dx + zx dy + xy dz) +  λx dx + λy dy + λz dz  = 0
x y z 2
a b2 c2 
1 1 1
⇒ + + =1  λx   λy   λz 
λ λ λ  yz + 2 dx +  xz + 2 dy +  xy + 2 dz = 0
 a   b   c 
1+1+1
⇒ =1 Equating the coefficients of dx, dy, dz to zero,
λ
 λx 
3
=1 ⇒  yz + 2  = 0 ... (5)
⇒
λ  a 

⇒ 3= λ  λy 
⇒  xz + 2  = 0 ... (6)
Squaring on both sides,  b 

⇒ λ = 32 = 9  λz 
⇒  xy + 2  = 0 ... (7)
∴ λ=9  c 
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3.46 MatheMatics-i
From equations (5), (6) and (7),
− yza 2 − zxb 2 − xyc 2
⇒ λ = = =
x y z
a 2 yz b 2 zx c 2 xy
⇒ = = ... (8)
x y z
Dividing throughout equation (8) by xyz,
a 2 yz b 2 zx c 2 xy
⇒ = =
x 2 yz xy 2 z xyz 2

⇒
a2 b2 c2
= =
x2 y2 z 2

⇒
x2 y2 z 2
= =
a2 b2 c2
x2 y2 z 2
Substituting, = = in equation (2),
a2 b2 c2
x2 x2 x2  y2 z 2 x2 
⇒ + + = 1  2 = 2 = 2 
a2 a2 a2  b c a 
⇒ 3x 2
=1
a2
a2
⇒ x2 =
3
a
⇒ x=
3
Similarly, y =
b and z = c .
3 3
 a b c 
Thus, the stationary points are  , ,  .
 3 3 3
Differentiating equation (2) partially with respect to ‘x’ and keeping y as constant,
1 2 z ∂z
(2 x) + 2 =0
a 2
c ∂x
2 z ∂z − 2 x
⇒ . = 2
c 2 ∂x a
∂z − 2 x c 2
⇒ = 2 ×
∂x a 2z
∂z − xc 2
⇒ = 2 ... (9)
∂x a z
Similarly, differentiating equation (1) partially with respect to ‘x’ and keeping y as constant,
2V 2z
= 8yz + 8xy ... (10)
2x 2x
Substituting equation (9) in equation (10),
 − c2 x 
= 8 yz + 8 xy 2 
 a z 
2V 8x 2 yc 2
∴ = 8yz –
2x a2 z
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Unit-3 Multivariable Calculus (Differentiation) 3.47
Again differentiating equation (5) partially with respect to ‘x’ keeping ‘y’ as constant,
22 V JK 2z NO 8yc 2 2 JK x 2 NO
= 8 y KK OO – 2 KK OO
2x 2 L 2x P a 2x L z P
2
22 V  − c x  16c xy 8c x y c x
2 2 2 2
∴ 2 =
8 y 2  − − .
dx  a z  a2 z a2 z a2 z
22 V
Since, the value of is negative,
2x 2
 a b c 
The maximum value is obtained at the stationary point  , , 
 3 3 3.
From equation (1), V = 8xyz
 a  b  c 
∴ Maximum value, Vmax = 8   
 3  3  3 
8abc
=
3 3
8abc
Vmax = .
3 3
Q70. Find the shortest and longest distances from the point (1, 2, – 1) to the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 24.
Answer :
Given equation of sphere is,
x2 + y2 + z2 = 24 ... (1)
Point (1, 2, – 1)
Let (x, y, z) be the required point on the sphere
Let d be the distance between the points (x, y, z) and (1, 2, – 1)
d= ] x – 1g2 + ^ y – 2h2 + ] z + 1g2
⇒ d2 = (x – 1)2 + (y – 2)2 + (z + 1)2
Let f = (x – 1)2 + (y – 2)2 + (z + 1)2
g = x2 + y2 + z2 – 24
The auxiliary function is given by
F = f + λg
Where λ is Lagrange's multiplier
i.e., F = (x – 1)2 + (y – 2)2 + (z + 1)2 + λ (x2 + y2 + z2 – 24)
The necessary conditions for maximum or minimum values are,
2F 2F
= 0 and =0
2x 2y
i.e., 2(x – 1) + 2λx = 0
⇒ (x – 1) = – λx
x –1
⇒ =–λ
x
– x +1
⇒ =λ
x

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3.48 MatheMatics-i
1 1 –1
⇒ –1+ =λ λ= –1 ; λ= –1
x 2 2
1 –1 –3
⇒ =λ+1 λ= ; λ=
x 2 2
1 –1
⇒ x= ... (2) Substituting λ = in equations (2), (3) and (4)
λ+1 2
2F 1 1 1
=0 x= = = =2
2y λ +1 1 1
– +1
2 2
i.e., 2(y – 2) + 2λy = 0 2 2 2
y= = = =4
⇒ (y – 2) = – λy λ +1 –1 1
+1
y–2 2 2
⇒ =–λ –1 –1 –1
y z= = = =–2
λ+1 –1 1
– y+2 +1
⇒ =λ 2 2
y
\ (x, y, z) = (2, 4, – 2)
2
⇒ –1+ =λ Substituting λ =
–3
in equations 2, 3, and 4
y 2
2 1 1 1
⇒ =λ+1 x= = = =–2
y λ +1 – 3 –1
+1
2 2 2
⇒ y= ... (3)
λ+1 2 2 2
y= = = =–4
2F λ +1 – 3 –1
=0 +1
2z 2 2
–1 –1 –1
i.e., 2(z + 1) + 2λz = 0 z=
λ+1 –3
= =
–1
=2
+1
⇒ z + 1 = – λz 2 2
z +1 \ (x, y, z) = (2, 4, – 2)
⇒ =–λ
z At the point (2, 4, – 2)
1 The distance d at (2, 4, – 2) is,
⇒ –1– = λ
z
d= ]2 – 1g2 + ]4 – 2g2 + ]– 2 + 1g2
–1
⇒ =λ+1 = ]1g2 + ]2g2 + ]– 1g2
z
–1 = 1+ 4 +1
⇒ z= ... (4)
λ+1
\ d = 6 units ... (5)
Substituting the values of x, y and z in equation (1),
At the point (– 2, – 4, 2)
JK 1 NO2 JK 2 NO2 JK – 1 NO2
⇒ KK OO + KK OO + KK OO = 24 The distance d at (– 2, – 4, 2) is,
L λ + 1P L λ + 1P L λ + 1P
1 4 1 d= ]– 2 – 1g2 + ]– 4 – 2g2 + ]2 + 1g2
⇒ 2 + 2 + = 24
]λ + 1g ]λ + 1g ]λ + 1g2 = ]– 3g2 + ]– 6g2 + ] 3g2
6
⇒ = 24 = 9 + 36 + 9
]λ + 1g2
6 = 54
⇒ (λ + 1)2 =
24 \ d = 3 6 units ... (6)
1
⇒ (λ + 1) =
2
It can be seen from equations (5) and (6) that shortest
4
distance is 6 units and longest distance is, 3 6 units
1
⇒ (λ + 1) = ! \ Shortest distance = 6 units
2
1 –1 Longest distance = 3 6 units.
λ+1= ; λ+1=
2 2
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