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EE 311
PRE-FINAL
Computing illuminance from a point is complex and generally involves computer analysis.
Inverse square law states that the illuminance (E) at a point on a plane perpendicular to the line joining the point and a source is
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the source and the plane (d), where the intensity of the source is
expressed in luminous intensity.
Cosine law of incidence states that illuminance (E) at a point on a plane is proportional to the cosine of the angle of light
incidence, where the angle of light incidence is measured between the direction of the incident light and the normal to the plane of
the surface.
Target illumination is actually the average illuminance at a reference work plane.
The work plane is an area, usually horizontally positioned, at which work is performed and on which the illuminance is specified
and measured.
The zonal cavity method is the currently accepted method for calculating average illuminance levels for indoor areas unless the
light distribution is extremely asymmetric.
Lumen output (LM) is generally based on the number of lumens initially output by each lamp.
Lumen output of a lamp decreases over its life because of decrease in lamp output as the lamp ages (referred to as lamp lumen
depreciation)
Light loss factor (LLF) is the product of all considered factors that contribute to a lighting installation’s reduced light output over
a period of time.
The number of lamps in luminaire (n) is the quantity of lamps found in the specified or existing luminaire.
The number of luminaires (#) is the minimum required or the given number of luminaires in the space.
The coefficient of utilization (CU) is the ratio of the amount of light (lumens) illuminating the work plane to the output of the
lamp(s) in a fixture.
A room is made up of three spaces called cavities.
The space between the luminaires and the work plane is referred to as the room cavity.
The space between the work plane and the floor is called the floor cavity.
The space between the ceiling and the luminaires (if they are suspended) is defined as the ceiling cavity.
Reflectance is the ratio of reflected light versus the light striking the surface (illuminance).
The IESNA Handbook prescribes a detailed method of determining the effective reflectance of the ceiling, walls, and floor
cavities for a specific space.
The cavity ratio (CR) is a number indicating cavity proportions from length, width, and height.
Mounting height (MH) is the distance between the plane of the luminaires and reference work plane, in feet or meters.
Spacing criterion (CS) ratio is an approximate maximum spacing-to-mounting height ratio required to ensure uniform
illumination on the work plane.
Unit power density (UPD) of a lighting installation is the power consumed for illumination (W) divided by the area ( or ) served
by the lighting installation.
Energy standards such as ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1 provide a power allowance (W/ft2 or W/m2 ) that limits the unit power density
for lighting installations in various space and function types.
Other forms of pollution (ash, scrubber waste, acidic drainage and waste from coal mining, radioactive waste, and natural gas
leakage) would also be reduced.
The main goals in designing an aesthetically pleasing architectural lighting system are to:
• Provide a sufficient quantity of light to meet the seeing needs of the occupants that is not excessive
• Provide the appropriate quality (color rendition) of light
• Provide a balance and variety to add interest to the space being illuminated.
Layered light is a nonuniform, balanced use of all types of architectural lighting.
Ambient lighting is the most essential form of lighting because it is the basic background of light for almost every room.
Task or local lighting illuminates a specific visual function and can influence the effectiveness of the individual performing the
task.
Accent Lighting Accent lighting is used to add drama and emphasize a particular object or area.
Decorative Lighting Decorative lighting aesthetically adds interest to the space by blending with other types of lighting to give
an overall “feel” to a space.
The entrance or foyer is the transitional space from public to private and exterior to interior.
Offices/Studies, Reading and writing require quality lighting that limits eye fatigue caused from glare.
Restrooms/Bathrooms, in restrooms and bathrooms, the best light washes the face from all directions, softening shadows.
Dining Spaces Lighting should make the food, the table setting, and the people look attractive, so excellent color rendition is a
must.
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EE 311
PRE-FINAL
Kitchen Spaces In the home, kitchen lighting has become very important because this space has become a central focal point.
A switch is an electrical device that opens an electrical circuit, thereby shutting the lights off or closing the circuit to energize the
lighting installation.
Single-pole, single throw (SPST) switches are a simple on/off switch that controls a lighting installation from one location.
Three-way switches (S3) and four-way switches (S4) can be circuited to control a lighting installation from two or more
locations. Two three-way switches are required to control a lighting installation from two locations. Two three-way switches and
one or more four-way switch are required to control a lighting installation from three or more locations
Automatic switches deactivate the lighting circuit after a preset time period has lapsed.
Dimmer switches can be used to vary the luminous flux (lumen output) from lamps in a lighting installation.
Keyed switches limit access to switches for lights and equipment to authorized personnel.
Door switches can activate a lighting circuit when a door is open or closed (e.g., similar to a refrigerator light)
Time clocks can be used to control the time period that a lighting installation operates.
Electronic timers automatically control operation of a lighting installation with electronic components that are wired into the
circuitry.
Photocell controls sense light and can be used to control night lighting in lieu of a time clock or timer.
Occupancy sensors control a lighting installation by sensing occupants in a space.
A central lighting control system offers building operators full control of multiple lighting installations from a single location.
Daylighting is the efficient and effective use of direct, diffuse, or reflected sunlight to provide full or supplemental illumination
for building interiors during hours of sunlight
Sunlight has excellent color rendition and brilliance.
Direct light travels in a straight-line path from the sun and tends to be more intense than diffuse and reflected sunlight.
Reflected light strikes a surface, such as a sidewalk or automobile, and reflects off the surface in another direction
Diffuse light is light that has been reflected or refracted by clouds, glazing, or other objects.
Overall coefficient of heat transfer (U) is a measure of how easily heat travels through an assembly of materials: the lower the
U factor, the lower the rate of heat transfer through the glazing and the more efficient the glazing.
The solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) is the fraction of solar heat that is transmitted through the glazing and ultimately
becomes heat.
Visible transmittance (VT) is the percentage of visible light (light in the 380 to 720 nm range) that is transmitted through the
glazing.
The light-to-solar gain ratio (LSG) is the ratio between SHGC and VT of a single glazing. It provides a gauge of the relative
efficiency of different glazing types in transmitting daylight while blocking heat gains.
Only glass was used as a glazing material. Advantages of glass include long life, high light transmission, hardness, and stiffness.
Plastics can be reinforced with fibers of various materials, including glass, to increase strength and service life.
Glass and plastic can be combined in a composite to minimize the limitations of each.
The advanced Glazings include double- and triple-pane windows with such coatings as low-emissivity (low-e), spectrally
selective, heat-absorbing (tinted), or reflective; gas-filled windows; and windows incorporating combinations of these options.
Fenestration is a design term that describes window size, arrangement, and glazing type (the glass and coatings used in the
window). Fenestration affects daylighting, passive solar heating, space cooling, and natural ventilation
Clerestory window system is a fenestration arrangement in an upper story wall that extends above one roof surface; it introduces
daylight into the ceiling area of the space.
An atrium is an interior courtyard covered with glazing.
A skylight is a transparent panel located in a roof opening that allows direct and diffuse sunlight into the building.
A roof monitor is a type of skylight system that is a raised, typically triangular shaped, extension of a roof and that has at least
one glazed surface.
A light shelf is a passive (nonmechanical) architectural element or mechanism that allows sunlight to enter deep into a building.
A sun tracking light pipe is a type of light pipe that has a movable mirror or light-refracting system and that can be used to align
the incoming sunlight with the axis of the light pipe, thereby minimizing reflection losses.