A PROPOSED MULTIMODAL TERMINAL HUB

FOR TABUNOK TALISAY CITY CEBU

_______________________________________

A Thesis Proposal

Presented to the

Architecture Department College of Engineering and Architecture

Cebu Institute of Technology - University

Cebu City, Philippines

_______________________________________

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Degree

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ARCHITECTURE

By:

KYLA CASEY MARIE F. CUIZON

ROSE BERRY A. HERAMIL

SHENLY MHARROU S. TABERA

December 2023
 APPROVAL SHEET

This research/dissertation proposal entitled A Proposed Multimodal Terminal Hub

for Tabunok, Talisay City, Cebu prepared and submitted by Kyla Casey Marie F. Cuizon,
Rose Berry A. Heramil, and Shenly Mharrou S. Tabera in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Architecture is hereby
recommended for approval.

Ar. Dexter John F. Perral

Research Adviser

This research is approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Architecture.

Ar. June S. Bayaton

Chair, Architecture Department

Dr. Evangeline Evangelista

Dean, College of Engineering and Architecture
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In extending heartfelt gratitude, the researchers express profound appreciation to

esteemed mentors, whose sage guidance has been an indispensable beacon,
illuminating the intricate path of scholarly pursuits. The mentors' unwavering commitment
and expertise have significantly shaped and refined the trajectory of research, imparting
invaluable insights that have fueled intellectual growth.

Sincere thanks also go to dedicated proponents whose collaborative engagement

has enriched the conceptual landscape of the study. Through insightful perspectives and
constructive dialogues, they have contributed meaningfully to the depth and breadth of
the theoretical framework.

In addition to mentors and proponents, deep appreciation is extended to

sponsors whose generous support has been instrumental in bringing this research
initiative to fruition. Their financial contributions and steadfast commitment to the
advancement of knowledge in the chosen field have provided essential resources and
infrastructure for the successful execution of investigative endeavors.

Furthermore, the researchers gratefully acknowledge the steadfast support of

families, whose unwavering encouragement and understanding have been a source of
strength throughout the academic journey. The families' steadfast belief in pursuits has
been a cornerstone, enabling researchers to navigate challenges with resilience and
determination.

Last but not least, the researchers humbly express gratitude to the Lord for divine
guidance and providence throughout the research undertaking. His grace has been a
constant source of inspiration and fortitude, guiding efforts and imbuing work with
purpose.

This acknowledgment is a reflection of the collaborative spirit that has

underpinned the success of this research. Each mentor, proponent, sponsor, and family
member has played a unique and vital role in the academic journey, and researchers are
profoundly thankful for the support and encouragement that has brought them to this
point.
 ABSTRACT

Efficient transportation networks rely on well-structured terminals facilitating

smooth movement across diverse transit modes. In Tabunok, Talisay City, prevailing
transportation infrastructures display deficiencies impacting accessibility, functionality,
and safety. This study aims to address these inadequacies, proposing solutions to
enhance overall transportation efficiency and convenience for residents and visitors.

The study investigates critical questions to find solutions for Tabunok's

transportation system, inefficiencies faced by commuters, community concerns
regarding terminal development, and guidelines for a proposed multimodal hub. Through
surveys and observations involving residents, vulnerable groups, students, employees,
drivers, and the current condition of the temporary terminals in Tabunok Talisay data was
gathered and analyzed. A sample size of 45 respondents from Talisay City revealed
diverse transportation needs and concerns, highlighting safety, comfort, and improved
infrastructure as shared priorities.

Commuters underscored the necessity for cleaner, safer terminals with clear
signage, while drivers emphasized road maintenance and reduced traffic congestion.
The survey emphasized the interconnectedness of commuter and driver experiences,
stressing the need for a holistic approach to transportation enhancements. Addressing
these insights could lead to a more safe, efficient, and user-oriented transportation
system in Talisay City.

In conclusion, thorough solutions targeted to a variety of demographic needs are

essential for efficient transportation planning. Future studies should explore urban
planning initiatives, conduct infrastructure impact assessments, and expand data
collection efforts, incorporating insights from local government officials responsible for
transportation planning. These endeavors would contribute to optimized transportation
efficiency in Tabunok, Talisay City, Cebu.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Abstract ii

Acknowledgment iii

Table of Contents iv

List of Tables vi

List of Figures vii

Figure 1: Age Segmentation of Commuters

Figure 2: Age Segmentation of Drivers

Figure 3: Genders Distribution of Commuters

Figure 4: Gender Distribution Among Drivers

Figure 5: Common Occupation of Commuters

Figure 6: Years of Residency of Commuters in

Figure 7: Average Duration of Driving Experience

Figure 8: common vehicles operated by drivers

Figure 9: Current Transportation System Ratings of Commuters

Figure 10: Perceptions of Drivers Regarding the Road Conditions

Figure 11: Drivers' Perspectives on Parking Facilities

Figure 12: Commuters' Challenges with Transport System

Figure 13: common problems driver's in Tabunok face

Figure 14: Variables Influencing the Functioning of the
Transport System

Figure 15: Strategic Priorities for Transforming Transportation

Figure 16: Commuters’ Expected Improvements of the

Proposed Terminal Hub

Figure 17: Commuters Desired Enhancements in

TRansportation System

Figure 18: Commuters’ Concerns about the Proposed

Terminal Hub

Figure 19: Commuters' Preferred Attributes and Amenities

for the New Tabunok Terminal

Figure 20: Commuters' View on the Most Essential

Feature or Service for the New Terminal

Figure 21: improvements drivers want at the terminal

Figure 22: drivers opinion regarding the construction of

a multimodal terminal

Figure 23: Photo of main vehicle/passenger entry/exit

and Habal-Habal parking

Figure 24: Image depicting tricycle and jeepney idle, loading

and unloading area, as well as passenger queuing

Figure 25: Another perspective of the parking area

Figure 26: Showing unused space in the site
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Objectives
1.4 Purpose of the Study
1.5 Definition of Terms
Chapter 2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 10
2.1 Theories
2.2 Review of Related Literature and Studies
Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Proposed Method
3.2 Description of Experiment
3.3 Description of Respondents
Chapter 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Summary
4.2 Conclusion
4.3 Recommendation charchar rani
Chapter 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendations 44

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDIX A QUESTIONNAIRE

CURRICULUM VITAE
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Rationale of the study

The effective flow and connectivity of people and things within transportation
networks is made possible by terminals, which are facilities or locations where people,
cargo, or goods start or conclude their journeys.
In terms of transportation, a multimodal terminal is a facility that unites and
manages many modes of transportation, such as road, rail, air, sea, and pedestrian, in
one place. The value of multimodal terminals depends on their ability to simplify the
movement of people, goods, or cargo by enabling smooth transitions between various
modes of transportation, which reduces traffic, enhances environmental sustainability
and promotes economic growth. Terminals are essential to today's transportation
systems because they offer solutions to complex problems and encourage more
practical, sustainable, and linked transportation networks.
The transportation system in Tabunok, Talisay City as of 2023 has serious
shortcomings, including a lack of facilities that are necessary, a lack of functionality, and
a failure to take accessibility and safety concerns into account. The absence of
designated loading and unloading zones, along with the inconvenient separation of
tricycle routes, exemplify these issues. While the introduction of modern jeepneys linking
Talisay City and Cebu City presents a potential solution, it also raises concerns about
future traffic congestion and safety risks resulting from the terminal's disorganization. (1)
The need for effective and convenient transportation networks has increased as
a result of the growing urbanization and population in Tabunok, Talisay City, Cebu. Due
to the city's numerous and unorganized terminals, commuters sometimes experience
difficulties and hassles when changing between different forms of transportation (2) (3).
 THE PROBLEM
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This research aims to answer the following questions:

What solution can be implemented to address the transportation system in

Tabunok, Talisay City, Cebu, in order to improve and enhance efficiency and
convenience for its residents and visitors?

1. What specific inefficiencies are experienced by commuters and users of the

Tabunok, Talisay City transportation system and its impact on the overall
functioning of the transportation system due to the absence of a dedicated
facility?
2. What are the primary concerns and preferences of the local community regarding
the terminal's development?
3. What are the guidelines that are required for a proposed multimodal hub, shaping
the existing transportation challenges in Tabunok, Talisay City, Cebu?
OBJECTIVES
Our research aims to identify and propose effective solutions for enhancing the
transportation system in Tabunok, Talisay City, Cebu, with the goal of improving
efficiency and convenience for both residents and visitors.

1. To identify specific inefficiencies experienced by commuters and users of the

Tabunok, Talisay City transportation system, and assess their impact on the
overall functioning of the transportation system due to the absence of a dedicated
facility.
2. To identify and prioritize the primary concerns and preferences of the local
community with regards to the development of the terminal.
3. To identify and delineate the necessary guidelines for the establishment of a
proposed multimodal hub, aimed at addressing and mitigating existing
transportation challenges in Tabunok, Talisay City, Cebu.
 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The proposed study's significance lies in its potential to improve Tabunok, Talisay
City’s transportation system in order for people to have a better travel experience when
switching through different modes of transportation.

Regional Connectivity. The terminal could facilitate seamless connections

between different modes of transportation, such as mini-buses, tricycle, motorcycle, and
possibly future extensions of the transit network. The enhanced transportation facilities
can promote accessibility and mobility for people from neighboring regions, encouraging
them to visit and engage with the local place.

Local Government. The presence of an intermodal terminal can prompt local

authorities to enhance urban planning efforts around the terminal area, leading to more
organized and efficient land use.

Residents and Commuters. The consolidation of the terminal will help to reduce
the travel time, since it can provide convenient, comfortable, and safe transfers between
different modes of transportation. Furthermore, it could also encourage people to shift
from private vehicles to buses and other modes of transit, resulting in reduced traffic
congestion on the roads.

Tourists and Visitors. The terminal can provide convenient transportation

options for tourists and visitors, making it easier to explore different attractions within
Tabunok, Talisay and its surroundings. By encouraging the use of public transportation
among tourists, the terminal could help alleviate congestion caused by individual tourist
vehicles.

Environment. The terminal could contribute to reduced greenhouse gas

emissions and improved air quality, supporting local and global environmental goals.

Future Researchers. The said study can function as a reference for those
students who are interested to study in the similar kind of research study.
 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

The study will focus on the commuter experience, multimodal system integration
of vehicles such as motorcycles, mini-buses, jeepneys, and tricycles, and regulatory
challenges within Tabunok's transportation facility. Data collection will primarily involve
surveys, and the anticipated outputs will include valuable insights, site development
plans, and architectural plans. And it has delimited its focus by not extensively exploring
topics such as traffic congestion given that it will require conducting another research
about the correlation of traffic towards the multimodal hub. And we also won't be
including urban development in this research because we want to focus on the design
and development of a multimodal terminal hub. Including urban development might
dilute this focus and make the thesis less coherent. Economic growth is also excluded
given that it may not directly relate to the primary objectives of designing a multimodal
terminal hub.
DEFINITION OF TERMS

Vulnerable groups - As used in the book shall include the elderly, children, persons with
disabilities, and pregnant women.
Multimodal Terminal Hub - Known as an intermodal terminal or transportation
interchange, is a facility designed to facilitate the seamless transfer and integration of
various modes of transportation such as motorcycles, mini-buses, jeepneys, and
tricycles.
Multicab - A small, compact vehicle typically used for transportation in some Asian
countries, especially in the Philippines. It is often used as a public utility vehicle or for
personal transportation.
UV Express - Short for "Utility Vehicle Express," is a type of public transportation in the
Philippines that uses vans or minivans to provide point-to-point services along specific
routes, similar to a shared taxi service.
TRACT - Stands for "Transit Accessibility Tool," is a program or application used in the
context of the book to evaluate and enhance the efficiency and inclusiveness of public
transportation networks.
TPB - Stands for "Theory of Planned Behavior," a prominent psychological theory used
in the book to gain insights into and forecast human behavior, including behaviors
occurring within the context of a multimodal terminal facility.
 CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Review of Related Literature

Multimodal Transportation Terminal

In today's world, transportation is essential. As modern living demands mobility in

many different ways, the creation of an effective transportation network is a top priority
for each modern city, according to Kumari et al. (2010) and Rehrle et al. (2007).
Transportation is necessary for the supply chain of goods as well as for everyday
commutes by people and children to get to school. However, as the world's population
grows, congestion problems on transportation networks become more and more of a
problem (4).

Modern transportation networks rely heavily on multimodal transit terminals

because they act as a focal point where many modes of transportation effortlessly
merge. These terminals are designed to make it easy and efficient to move people and
goods between many modes of transportation, such as road, rail, water, air, and
pipelines. By decreasing delays and lessening environmental effects, it plays a crucial
part in improving the overall efficiency and sustainability of transportation networks (5).
The idea of multimodal transport refers to the movement of commodities using two or
more different modes of transportation. Changing the mode of transportation needs
transshipment of the products. This allows for the exploitation of the advantages of the
many individual transport modes and the selection of the least expensive and
ecologically friendly combination (6). It encourages accessibility and streamlines the flow
of both people and commodities, making the transportation system more efficient and
environmentally friendly.

According to research from the Victoria Transport Policy Institute, multimodal

transportation planning entails considering the needs of various modes of mobility,
including walking, cycling, public transportation, and private vehicles (7). The research
emphasizes that this approach has the potential to produce transportation networks that
are not only more efficient but also more egalitarian, meeting a variety of needs,
including those of children, seniors, people with impairments, and households with lower
incomes (7).
 Multimodal transportation planning is a strategy that takes into account the
requirements of various modes of mobility, including walking, cycling, public
transportation, and cars, according to Litman (2022). This strategy, according to the
research, can result in more equitable and efficient transportation networks that cater to
a variety of needs, including those of children, elders, people with disabilities, and
lower-income households (7).

Multimodal transportation impact analysis is a technique for assessing safety,

mobility, and access for all modes of transportation, according to the Institute of
Transportation Engineers' study (8). This method differs from conventional traffic impact
analysis, which primarily considers situations involving motor vehicle traffic (8).

It can facilitate the flow of both people and products, fostering the development of
a more ecologically friendly transportation system (7). Adopting this strategy, according
to studies by the Institute of Transportation Engineers, can improve security, mobility,
and accessibility for all forms of transportation (8).

Transportation Facility Guidelines

A survey was conducted with two groups of respondents to determine their

preferences for amenities in a public terminal. The researchers presented a list of 15
amenities and asked both private car users and public transport users to rank their
preferences for these amenities in the terminal.(9)

Private car users prioritize security personnel and park-and-ride facilities as their
top amenities, with security personnel being the most preferred and park-and-ride
facilities coming second. Seats, comfort rooms, and trip info boards round out their top
five preferences.(9)

For public transport users, security personnel also rank highest, followed by comfort
rooms. The top five amenities for public transport users include trip info boards, signs
and directions, and seats.(9)

Security personnel and comfort rooms consistently rank high in both private car and
public transport user preferences. Seats and trip information boards are also commonly
favored by both groups, suggesting that these four amenities should be a priority for
terminal facilities.(9)
If a terminal aims to attract private car users, park-and-ride facilities could be a
significant factor in their decision-making, as they rated it highly, in contrast to public
transport users for the same amenity. Kiss-and-ride facilities received a lower rating,
indicating that private car users prefer driving themselves to the terminal rather than
being dropped off or picked up by others. This insight suggests that similar amenities
catering to private car users who prefer driving themselves could be beneficial.(9)

Providing commuters with their preferred amenities at terminals enhances the overall
user experience, encourages greater terminal usage, and can lead to a shift towards
more sustainable transportation choices. This approach improves safety,
competitiveness, and efficiency while fostering a positive public image. It also allows
terminals to make data-driven decisions for future improvements, resulting in a mutually
beneficial relationship between terminals and commuters.(9)

A journal about Design Standards for Planning a Bus Terminal stated that the
layout of the bus terminal is influenced by several factors:(10)

Designating a speed limit of 20 km/h to 25 km/h in a terminal is crucial for safety and
efficient operations. It helps mitigate the risk of accidents and collisions, ensuring the
well-being of commuters and staff. Additionally, a well-defined speed limit promotes a
smoother flow of vehicles and pedestrians, preventing congestion and delays within the
terminal.(10)

As mentioned in the study, platform width is crucial in terminals because it determines

how efficiently buses can maneuver and load/unload passengers. The appropriate width,
based on parking angles, ensures smooth traffic flow, when buses are parked at a
45-degree angle, the platform width should measure 100 feet, whereas for 90-degree
parking, it should be 70 feet.(10)

Bay width, incorporating bus dimensions and clearance, typically ranges from 9 to 10
feet. Passage width between departure and waiting bays should be at least 5 to 10 feet,
ensuring safe passenger movement and bus turning. Maintaining a 5-foot parallel offset
between waiting buses is crucial for passenger safety and maneuverability. The turning
radius of a 36-foot-long bus is approximately 47.28 feet, and road widths at entrances
and exits vary based on the number of lanes. The turning radius is a fundamental
element in terminal design that directly impacts safety, operational efficiency, and
compliance with legal and regulatory standards, making it essential for the smooth and
safe functioning of a terminal. The center median width, positioned for opposite or
parallel vehicle movement, should fall within the range of 1 to 10 feet.

These guidelines play a vital role in ensuring the safety, efficiency, and overall
functionality of bus terminals, enhancing the flow of buses and passengers within the
terminal area, while also being essential for ensuring compliance with legal and
regulatory standards, minimizing liability for terminal operators, and creating a safer and
more attractive facility.(10)

The study about Design Considerations for a Major Terminal Facility in Metro
Manila, outlines factors that could help improve the existing terminal in Parañaque city,
which is the South West Integrated Provincial Transport System (SWIPTS), including the
City Intermodal Terminal (CIT). The goal of the terminal is to serve several public utility
vehicles (PUV’s), which are going to the province of Cavite and the cities of Metro
Manila. The research is guided using survey questionnaires and volume counts, to
produce the most appropriate design considerations for the major terminal. Results from
the surveys and statistical analyses showed that accessibility and the number of public
transport routes being served were important factors. This study recommends that
passengers should be prioritized in terms of having a more accessible and
passenger-friendly terminal.(11)

An essential aspect to address when enhancing the terminal is the operational

approach. Ensuring that operations can effectively meet both passenger and vehicle
demands is of paramount importance. It is crucial to establish a connection between
passenger and vehicle volumes to facilitate efficient operations. To accomplish this, we
will take into account the peak hours of Provincial Buses, City Buses, UV Express, and
Multicabs.(11) A UV express is a van or minivan to provide point-to-point services along
specific routes, similar to a shared taxi service.(30)

The peak period for provincial buses occurs every Friday night, resulting in a significant
influx of passengers during that time. Therefore, operational planning should align with
this peak hour. Unused bays should be considered as additional spaces to
accommodate more provincial buses, and departure times for vehicles should be strictly
adhered to. By encouraging provincial bus drivers to adhere to these guidelines, the
waiting time for passengers can be reduced.(11)

Regarding city buses, it is advisable to reevaluate their categorization and expand the
tagging areas to minimize passenger wait times, especially when drivers need to
disembark for payments. (11)

For UV Express services, the allocated area should be reduced as these vehicles have
limited timeframes for operation. Clear signage should indicate the specific operating
hours of UV Express, and operators should provide timetables or schedules. Given the
limited UV Express hours, the number of multicabs should be increased as they serve
more passengers. Signage around the terminal should also inform passengers about the
availability of multicabs and UV Express, helping them choose the most suitable
transportation option based on their schedules. (11)

Compliance with the guidelines set forth by the Land Transportation Franchising
and Regulatory Board (LTFRB) is of paramount importance when designing a terminal.
First and foremost, it ensures legal compliance, shielding terminal operators from
potential legal consequences and operational disruptions. Safety is another critical
aspect, with LTFRB guidelines often encompassing safety standards that protect both
passengers and vehicles. (12)

Furthermore, adhering to these standards fosters uniformity and consistency

across the transportation network, benefiting both commuters and operators by creating
a familiar and predictable environment. By providing the required spaces such as Wide
doorways and exits, Public address system and CCTV cameras/monitors and more.(12)

Additionally, compliance enhances operational efficiency, contributing to

smoother traffic flow and reduced congestion within the terminal. This, in turn, offers
passengers a well-organized and user-friendly terminal experience. Moreover, some
LTFRB guidelines may include environmental provisions, promoting sustainability and
environmental responsibility. Ultimately, adherence to LTFRB guidelines plays a pivotal
role in ensuring legal compliance, safety, operational efficiency, and a positive overall
experience for both commuters and terminal operators.(12)
Public Transportation

The underlying infrastructure of a city is greatly influenced by transportation

systems. Public transportation contributes to enhancing the quality of life and
sustainability of the urban environment by providing mobility, access, and connections
for every city dweller, guest, and commercial establishment.[13] Public transportation
provides affordable and practical mobility options for people from all walks of life,
including those with a variety of physical limitations. Life satisfaction is influenced by the
importance of improving access to public transportation and measures to improve this
access, particularly in terms of perceived accessibility.[14]
Access to public transportation holds significant importance within transportation
systems. Numerous studies have concentrated on enhancing individual accessibility
within historic districts by optimizing public transportation according to land use and
traveler attributes. Equally essential is pedestrian access to transportation stations,
which must account for both the actual distance and the environmental and
psychological factors influencing pedestrians' perceptions.[15] The challenges persist in
providing access to individuals with disabilities, as public transportation websites
frequently lack comprehensive accessibility information, which obstructs their capacity to
efficiently plan and utilize these transportation systems.[16] Assessing the inclusivity and
sufficiency of public transportation networks is vital for guaranteeing effective and fair
transportation services. A research project conducted in Melbourne, Australia, designed
a measuring model to evaluate the accessibility of public transport within residential
areas, taking into account variables like population density and areas with limited
coverage.[17] The individuals who use wheelchairs encounter substantial challenges
such as reaching urban amenities. The challenge underscores the necessity for inclusive
design, encompassing aspects such as specific sidewalk sections and the scheduling of
time-bound activities.[18]
Public transportation is a collective mobility service encompassing urban and
intercity transit. Urban transit comprises various modes like buses, trams, trolleybuses,
trains, and subways, whereas intercity transportation encompasses airlines, buses,
intercity rail, and high-speed rail, especially in certain nations. A number of transportation
systems encompass aspects of planning and operations, including network design,
setting service frequencies, scheduling vehicles and crews, managing disruptions, and
addressing revenue-related challenges; encompasses urban public transit, intercity road
transport, and aviation services.[19][20] The creation of a public transportation system
seeks to optimize the allocation of transportation resources, provide efficient direct
routes to destination stations, and prevent vehicles from straying off course. The system
utilizes a transportation network, vehicles, stations, and an intelligent route-planning
device to define travel routes and guide the vehicles to their destination stations.[19]

Comprehending the psychological factors that impact people's willingness to

transition from private vehicles to public transportation is essential for the implementation
of successful policies.[21] The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is a widely accepted
that is frequently employed in transportation research to explore the intricate
psychological factors influencing car users' intentions when considering the switch to
public transportation. TPB examines components such as attitudes, subjective norms,
and perceived behavioral control, collectively shaping individuals' inclinations towards
adopting more sustainable travel options. Researchers and policymakers rely on TPB to
gain insights into the drivers and obstacles to public transportation adoption, informing
the development of effective strategies and policies for promoting sustainable mobility
choices. Elements like individuals' attitudes towards road policies, the sense of control,
opinions of others, and perceptions of control have been observed as affecting people's
willingness to utilize public transportation. Furthermore, factors such as the pleasure
derived from driving, the benefits of car ownership, and ethical considerations also
contribute to shaping people's intentions. The research findings offer valuable guidance
for policymakers in their efforts to enhance transportation policies and encourage greater
use of public transit. [22][23][24]

Transport Integration
According to the Transport Futures Institute (2019), transport integration refers to
a seamless operation of different modes or types of transport. It means that all modes of
transport, such as rail, road, water, niche, and air, operate as one entity for the benefit of
the fare-paying customer. For a trip to be considered integrated, it should be a relatively
seamless journey, with different segments readily connecting in close proximity to ensure
a reasonable travel time from door to door, from origin to destination (26).
The institute emphasizes that understanding the essence of transport integration
is the first step to building a successful and sustainable transport system. This can be
assessed by answering questions like: How much time will the trip take? How
comfortable and safe will the trip be? How convenient will the trip be? What will the trip
cost? What information is available to help me choose my means of travel? Every trip
you make has more than one mode of travel – at least walking at the beginning and end,
and then some combination of cycling, or travelling by bus, train, ferry or car or any other
mode (electric bike or scooter for example). For a trip to be considered integrated means
a relatively seamless journey, with different segments readily connecting in close
proximity (in space and time) to ensure a reasonable travel time from door to door, from
origin to destination (26)
According to a systematic review published in the journal Sustainability, land use,
transport, and energy-environment integration (LUTEI) is an elaborate approach to
improving urban resilience. The review analyzed 195 papers and identified four main
clusters of knowledge that include methodological approaches, policy instruments, urban
design elements, and impacts of interventions (27).
The analysis revealed that a growing body of literature is increasingly focused on
improving accessibility planning, transit-oriented development, and policy integration to
achieve sustainable and healthy transport as a vital element of resilience in cities.
However, the integration of environment and energy into land use and transport models
is still at a nascent stage of development and has largely been overlooked in traditional
LUTI models. This can lead to unreliable assessments of the impacts of low-carbon
mobility solutions, emerging green transport technologies, and long-term changes in
energy consumption affecting sustainable mobility futures. The paper concludes by
connecting LUTEI dimensions to the UN’s sustainable development goals (SDG),
outlining future directions to ignite meaningful research on the topic and providing a
transparent path for decision-makers to adopt LUTEI-informed planning. (27)
According to the World Bank, public transport integration is a vital element in
urban environments, particularly in fast-growing economies such as China and India,
where public transport must increasingly compete with private vehicles. It suggests that
public transport planners must recognize two integration dimensions: (a) integration
among all modes and routes comprising the multi-modal public transport network, (b)
integration of the physical and operational elements of each respective mode and
service, e.g., metro or bus. Successful integration in both dimensions will provide a more
customer-friendly experience and make public transport more efficient and cost-effective.
It also outlines key service planning and design issues that need to be considered during
public transport planning and design, such as walking time, network structure, individual
route terminals/alignment/stops/stations, levels of service, among others. (28) (26)

Planning & Regulation of Public Transportation

Numerous governmental bodies play a role in regulating public carriers,

overseeing aspects related to economics, safety, and traffic management. The following
entities are responsible for these functions:(29)

Department of Transportation and Communications (DOTC), In April 1987, the

Department of Transportation and Communications (DOTC) was established. Within the
DOTC, the Land Transportation Office (LTO) was responsible for safety regulation in the
road transport sector, while economic regulation was initially handled by the DOTC itself.
Subsequently, the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB) was
created in June 1987, tasked with economic regulation. This division resulted in separate
agencies overseeing economic and safety regulation, namely the LTFRB and the
LTO.(29)

Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB),The history of

regulating land transportation dates back to the early 1900s. However, in June 1987, the
Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB) was established as the
agency under the Department of Transportation and Communications (DOTC)
responsible for the economic regulation of public road transport services. One of its main
functions is to define and oversee service routes, appropriate capacities, and operational
areas for public land transport services in accordance with DOTC transport plans and
programs.(29)

Land Transportation Office (LTO), The Land Transportation Office (LTO) is

responsible for safety regulation in vehicle operations, governed by the Land
Transportation and Traffic Code (RA 4136), established in 1964. Over the years, the LTO
has absorbed various roles from different agencies. It was initially named the Land
Transportation Commission (LTC) in 1964, became the Bureau of Land Transportation
(BLT) in 1979 (EO 546), and later, after the merger of the Bureau of Transportation
(BOT) and BLT in 1985 (EO 1011), was once again known as the LTC. In April 1987,
Executive Order 125A transferred the LTC's safety regulation function to the newly
created LTO.(29)
 Local Government Units (LGU), The Local Government Code of 1991 empowers
LGUs to provide basic services and facilities efficiently. These include maintaining
barangay roads and bridges, overseeing municipal roads and bridges, managing traffic
signals and road signs, caring for provincial roads and bridges, ensuring adequate
transportation facilities in cities, controlling the opening and closing of local roads,
regulating the use of local roads, streets, or thoroughfares, and issuing business permits
or tricycle franchises.(29)

CITOM (Cebu City Traffic Operations Management), In June 2010, a city

ordinance was passed, upgrading CITOM to become the Cebu City Transportation Office
(CCTO). This change allowed the traffic office to expand its personnel and
responsibilities, including transportation planning. The transformation from CITOM to
CCTO was a two-year process following the ordinance's passage.(29)

Theoretical Framework
 Theoretical Background

Multimodal Terminal

Transportation Efficiency

Five shifts identified that crucial for reducing emissions and creating a more sustainable
transportation system. These shifts represent fundamental changes in how we approach
transportation:
1. Guaranteeing Reliable Access: Ensuring that people have reliable access to safe
and modern mobility options is the first step. This includes addressing issues
related to equitable access, infrastructure maintenance, and safety.
2. Promoting Public Transportation: Encouraging the use of public transportation is
a key component. Public transit is typically more energy-efficient and
environmentally friendly than private car usage.
3. Emphasizing Active Modes: Promoting walking and cycling not only reduces
emissions but also contributes to improved public health. Active modes of
transportation are low-carbon and encourage a more sustainable lifestyle.
4. Exploring Low-Carbon Alternatives: Beyond public transit, the article suggests
exploring clean-energy transportation alternatives. This includes electric vehicles,
hydrogen fuel-cell technology, and other innovative solutions.
5. Decarbonizing Shipping and Aviation: Shipping and aviation are significant
contributors to emissions. Finding new solutions to reduce their carbon footprint
is crucial.
The core message of this study is the necessity of creating a transportation
system that is both efficient and environmentally friendly. By implementing these shifts,
we can move towards a more sustainable and responsible transportation system that
benefits both society and the planet. (5)
Another study from the Victoria Transport Policy Institute introduces the concept of
information entropy and the equilibrium degree of the structure of a comprehensive
transportation system. Information entropy theory, in this context, is used to evaluate the
efficiency of a multi-modal terminal, which is a crucial element in a comprehensive
transportation network.
This perspective highlights the importance of data-driven evaluation and
optimization. By applying concepts like information entropy and equilibrium degree,
transportation planners and policymakers can identify areas where the transportation
system may be operating inefficiently or sub-optimally. This approach can lead to more
effective resource allocation and improved transportation system performance.
Moreover, the study underlines the significance of evaluating the benefits and
costs of public transit. By understanding the economic and environmental impacts of
public transit systems, decision-makers can make informed choices that align with
energy conservation and emission reduction objectives. (7)
It emphasizes the importance of creating a transportation system that is both
efficient and environmentally friendly. This involves a holistic approach that
encompasses shifts in behavior and policy, as well as the application of data-driven
methodologies to improve transportation system performance. By promoting public
transportation, walking, cycling, and other low-carbon alternatives and using advanced
evaluation techniques, we can work towards a more sustainable, efficient, and
eco-friendly transportation system that benefits society and the environment.
Equitable Transportation System
An equitable transportation system is not just about moving people and goods
efficiently; it's about ensuring that access and opportunities are distributed fairly among
all members of a community. This concept goes beyond the physical infrastructure and
encompasses a broader perspective of social and environmental well-being. Let's delve
deeper into the elements that define an equitable transportation system: (7)
1. Fair Access and Opportunities:
At its core, equity in transportation means that every individual, regardless
of their background or circumstances, should have fair and equal access to
transportation services and opportunities. This includes access to jobs,
education, healthcare, and recreational activities. An equitable system eliminates
historical and systemic barriers that have disproportionately affected certain
groups, such as low-income communities or people with disabilities.
2. Diverse Mobility Options:
Equitable transportation systems recognize that travelers have diverse
needs, abilities, and preferences. For instance, it would be inefficient and
inequitable if parents are forced to use cars to transport their children to local
destinations when they would prefer to walk or bicycle. Similarly, urban
commuters should have the freedom to choose modes that align with their
preferences, whether that's ridesharing, public transit, or personal vehicles. This
 diversity of options is particularly crucial for people who are physically,
economically, or socially disadvantaged.
3. Holistic Well-Being:
An equitable transportation system looks beyond the narrow lens of
moving from point A to point B. It acknowledges that transportation decisions
impact overall well-being and quality of life. This includes considerations of
health, safety, environmental sustainability, and economic opportunities. (7)
An equitable transportation system is a fundamental aspect of a just and
inclusive society. It provides equal access and opportunities to all members of a
community, eliminating the disparities caused by historical injustices and systemic
biases. Such a system is characterized by diversity in transportation options, deep
community involvement, and a focus on well-being and sustainability, all working
together to create a fair, accessible, and prosperous environment for everyone.
Accessible Transportation Appraisal is a systematic approach to evaluating
transportation systems and projects with a particular focus on ensuring accessibility for
all users, including those with disabilities. The method aims to create transportation
systems that are safe, efficient, and equitable. The Institute of Transportation Engineers
(ITE) has played a significant role in advancing this appraisal approach. Let's delve
deeper into the key components of ATA (8):
1. Inclusivity: ATA takes into consideration the diverse needs of all users. It
emphasizes that transportation systems should be designed to serve individuals
with various abilities and requirements. This includes accessible infrastructure for
people with disabilities, such as ramps, elevators, and braille signage.
2. Safety: Safety is a paramount concern in ATA. The evaluation process includes
an assessment of safety measures to ensure that transportation systems are
secure for all users. This can encompass features like pedestrian crosswalks,
well-lit pathways, and audible signals for those with visual impairments.
3. Efficiency: An efficient transportation system is essential for the smooth
movement of people and goods. ATA considers factors such as traffic flow,
congestion management, and route optimization to ensure that transportation
options are efficient and time-effective.
4. Equity: Transportation equity is a core principle of ATA. The process aims to
provide equal opportunities for everyone to access transportation services and
 benefits. This is particularly important for underserved communities and
individuals who may face barriers to mobility.
5. Cost-Benefit Analysis: The use of cost-benefit analysis as an appraisal tool is a
key aspect of ATA. It allows decision-makers to assess the financial implications
of transportation projects and how they align with the goals of accessibility.
6. Distributional Issues: ATA recognizes that the impacts of transportation projects
can have distributional consequences. It examines how different population
groups are affected by these projects, ensuring that the benefits and burdens are
distributed fairly.
7. Accessibility Metrics: ATA considers various accessibility metrics and how they
align with policy objectives. This involves measuring and assessing how well
transportation systems meet specific goals set by policymakers, which may
include objectives related to sustainability, social inclusion, and economic
development.
8. Accessibility Mapping: Accessibility mapping is a tool used in ATA to visualize
and communicate the results of the appraisal process. It provides a clear way to
illustrate the accessibility of different areas, helping decision-makers and the
public better understand the implications of transportation projects.

Multimodal Transportation Impact Analysis for Site Development (MTIA):

The MTIA Recommended Practice, developed by ITE, is a set of guidelines for preparing
and reviewing multimodal transportation impact analysis studies. These studies are
conducted when certain types of land use changes and site developments are proposed.
Key points related to MTIA include (8):
1. Consistency: MTIA aims to promote consistency in the planning and design of
site access, on-site circulation, and off-site improvements for land developments.
This consistency helps ensure that transportation-related aspects of site
developments align with broader transportation goals and community needs.
2. Multimodal Focus: MTIA emphasizes the importance of considering multiple
modes of transportation, such as walking, cycling, and public transit, alongside
private vehicle access. This aligns with the principles of sustainable and
accessible transportation.
3. Impact Assessment: MTIA studies assess the potential impact of site
developments on transportation systems. This includes evaluating how changes
 in land use may affect traffic patterns, congestion, and the demand for different
transportation modes.
In summary, Accessible Transportation Appraisal and the MTIA Recommended Practice
represent methodologies and guidelines for evaluating and enhancing transportation
systems in a way that prioritizes accessibility, safety, efficiency, and equity. These
approaches are instrumental in creating transportation systems that cater to the diverse
needs of communities while promoting sustainable and inclusive development.

Transportation Facility Guidelines

Preferred amenities in Public Terminal

Numerous studies and case studies from other countries have demonstrated that
public Transportation amenities may significantly boost the number of people using
transit. The following enhancements might pertain to the facilities' general layout and
design, or could be the addition of new transit amenities to the current ones. (9)

A study made by Diaz, Koh, and Cal (2018) wherein the researchers conducted a
survey to two different respondents, which are private car users and public transport
users in Table 2 lists respondents from private car users’ preferences for amenities while
in Table 3 are the preferred amenities for public transport users. (9)
Note:
SS: Safety & security, TT: Time & convenience, trip making, TS: Time and convenience,
service provision, TM: Time and convenience, mode connectivity, C: Comfort, S: Style
Scores are over a maximum score of 5.0. (9)

LTFRB requirements for public transport terminals

According to LTFRB memorandum circular no.2008-013 “STANDARD

CLASSIFICATION REAL GUIDES IN THE ESTABLISHMENT, MAINTENANCE PLUS
OPERATIONS OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT TERMINALS”

An intermodal transportation terminal is designed to accommodate and serve at least

three different types of public land vehicles concurrently, including but not limited to
buses, jeepneys, taxis, multicabs, vans/AUVs, and more.

The proprietor/operator of such a terminal shall be responsible for the

installation/provision of the following:

1. Designated and well-maintained outdoor spaces for each mode of transportation.

2. Sufficient and comfortable benches or seating with backrests for waiting passengers.

3. Durable concrete surfaces and flooring.

4. Roofing that offers ample shade to shield passengers from the harsh sun and rain.

5. Wide doorways and exits to facilitate easy movement to and from the terminal.
6. Communication facilities, including telephones, fax machines, and internet access.

7. Public address system and CCTV cameras/monitors.

8. Information and Passenger Assistance Center.

9. Clear and appropriate signage.

10. Adequate security personnel to ensure passenger safety, preventing issues like
vendor harassment, pickpocketing, and other unlawful activities.

11. Separate restrooms for males, females, and disabled passengers, maintained in a
clean, well-lit, odor-free, and ventilated condition. They should feature clean running
water, a flushing system, toilet seats with covers, sinks, waste bins, toilet paper, mirrors,
salt dispensers, hand dryers, dry floors, functional locks, and janitorial/maintenance staff.

12. Diaper-changing tables within the female restrooms for female passengers traveling
with infants/babies.

13. A priority lane for individuals with special needs, including pregnant women, mothers
traveling with infants and/or young children, and those with physical disabilities, as
stipulated in LTFRB Communication Circular No. 2017-024, AMENDMENTS TO MC
2005-014, regarding the provision of fare discounts to the elderly, disabled individuals,
and students. (12)

Design standards for planning a Bus Terminal

While the focus of the journal is on Design Standards for Planning a Bus
Terminal, its principles can be extended to the design of multimodal terminals. This is
particularly relevant since buses are one of the vehicle types commonly accommodated
within multimodal terminals.(10)

1.1 Speed Limit Design: Buses operating within the terminal should travel at
speeds lower than those on the adjacent highway when entering their respective
platforms. The recommended design speed for buses within the terminal ranges from 20
km/h to 25 km/h.
1.2 Platform Width: The width of platform bays depends on how buses are parked within
them. For buses parked at 45 degrees, the platform width should be 100 feet, while for
90-degree parking, it should be 70 feet.

1.3 Bay Width: Platform Bay width includes the bus's width and clearance on both sides.
Generally, buses have a width ranging from 8.5 to 9 feet, with clearance widths between
0.4 to 0.5 feet. Therefore, the total bay width falls within the range of 9 to 10 feet.

1.4 Passage Width of Bay: The passage width of platforms refers to the space between
departure bays and waiting bays, allowing safe movement for the public. It should be at
least 5 to 10 feet to facilitate comfortable and secure bus turning and passenger
movement.

1.5 Parallel Offset: Ensuring a minimum 5-foot offset between two adjacent buses
waiting on a platform is crucial. This 5-foot distance is necessary to ensure passenger
safety and provide adequate space for buses to turn when entering or leaving the bay.

1.6 Bus Turning Radius: The turning radius of a bus refers to the turning curve it makes
when departing from the platform. For a 36-foot-long bus, the turning radius is
approximately 47.28 feet.

1.7 Road Width at Entrance and Exit: Road width is defined as the width of the roadway,
with or without medians. For a two-lane road, the road width is 25 feet, while for a
four-lane road, it's 50 feet. In the case of a four-lane road with a center median, road
width varies between 51 to 60 feet.

1.8 Center Median Width: The center median is positioned in the middle of a highway for
the movement of vehicles in opposite directions or parallel movement. The width of the
median should range from 1 to 10 feet.

1.9 Provision of Basic Amenities at Bus Terminals:

A. Car Parking: The size of the car parking area at a specific location depends on
the demand. In cases of high parking demand (more than 3000 vehicles),
automated car parking facilities can be recommended.
B. Bike Parking: Similar to car parking, the size of the bike parking area depends
on demand. For high bike parking demand (exceeding 35000 bikes), automated
bike parking solutions may be suggested.

C. Restaurant: A restaurant is an area where the public can dine and socialize.
The restaurant's size should be determined based on usage, the number of
diners, and other facilities.

D. Hospital and Police Facilities: Bus terminals, railway junctions, airports, and
harbors require emergency and safety services for the public. The size of the
hospital should match the passenger capacity, and for better passenger safety
and comfort, a multi-specialty hospital can be considered instead of just an
emergency care facility. There are no size restrictions for police and hospital
buildings.

E. Toilets: Public toilets are essential for both male and female users, and
separate facilities should be provided for disabled individuals.

F. Administrative Block: This area houses various bus-related activities, including

ticket counters, ticket verification points, help desks, and reception areas.
Additionally, it can accommodate shopping malls, entertainment venues, lodges,
food courts, jewelry and gift shops, and other amenities. Careful planning is
essential to minimize congestion and unnecessary movements.

G. City Bus Passages: The width of city bus passages should accommodate the
number of buses entering the terminal at any given time, with a minimum
platform width of 40' and a turning radius of 50'.

H. Subway Width and Height: Subways are underground passages designed to

facilitate safe and convenient pedestrian movement from one side to the other.
Subway dimensions vary by location, but as a general guideline, a minimum
height of 16' and a width of 10' are recommended, with four steps on all sides.

I. Kiss and Ride Parking: To facilitate passenger drop-offs by auto-rickshaws,

taxis, and vehicles other than city buses within the terminal area, a 'Kiss and
Ride' facility should be provided to reduce walking distances and unnecessary
movement.
 J. Green Vegetation: Greenery is essential in public areas to provide clean air
and create a hygienic environment for terminal users. Prioritizing green
vegetation is crucial, but it should not obstruct the sightlines for buses under any
circumstances.(10)

Public Transportation

Transit Accessibility Tool (TRACT) by Erica Twardzik, Jennifer Schrack, Keshia M.

Pollack Porter, Taylor Coleman, Kathryn Washington, and Bonnielin K. Swenor
The Transit Accessibility Tool (TRACT), which primarily concentrates on the data
available on public transportation system websites, is created as a thorough and
standardized instrument for evaluating the accessibility and inclusivity of public
transportation systems. The instrument is based on a number of theoretical and realistic
principles:
1. Principles of Universal Design: TRACT adheres to universal design principles,
which prioritize the development of environments, products, and systems that
can be utilized and accessed by individuals of all abilities and disabilities. The
underlying concept emphasizes the importance of not merely accommodating
specific individuals but rather aims to design inclusive systems and spaces that
naturally serve a broad spectrum of users, including those with disabilities.
2. Comprehensive Evaluation: TRACT undertakes a multifaceted assessment that
covers a range of dimensions. Including the accessibility of facilities, vehicles, the
implementation of inclusive policies, accommodations for riders, paratransit
services, and the accessibility of the website. The comprehensive approach
acknowledges that accessibility and inclusivity cannot be assessed in a
one-dimensional manner but rather demands a thorough evaluation of diverse
facets within transportation systems.
3. Continuous Development: TRACT's development process follows an iterative
approach, highlighting the flexibility and ability to respond to changing
accessibility requirements and standards. This approach guarantees that the tool
can be enhanced and extended as fresh insights and best practices emerge,
demonstrating a dedication to ongoing enhancement.
4. Centered on the User: The tool's creation entailed consultations with individuals
with disabilities and insights from subject matter experts, ensuring the primary
focus on users and the ability to effectively tackle real-world accessibility issues.
 5. Resource Inputs: In creating TRACT, we drew upon a variety of sources such as
the Victoria Transport Policy Institute, the American Public Transportation
Association, and the National Aging and Disability Transportation Center. The
resources offered valuable perspectives and direction in our efforts to develop a
tool that thoroughly assessed accessibility in public transportation.(16)

The Public Transit Disability Dashboard examines and contrasts the content and
user-friendliness of public transit system websites. This assessment focuses on the
information accessible to potential users, including details regarding facility and vehicle
accessibility features, policy and planning protocols, accommodations for riders, and
paratransit services. It's important to note that the data don't encapsulate the personal
experiences of transit users, like real-time issues with elevators. Nevertheless, the
dashboard offers valuable insights into the obstacles faced by people with disabilities
when planning transit journeys.(16)

Data are information from public transit websites across six categories:
1. Facility accessibility: average number of accessibility features of the transit facility
listed on the transit website (e.g., elevators, hearing loops)
2. Vehicle accessibility: average number of accessibility features of public transit
vehicles listed on the transit website (e.g., audio announcements, securement
devices)
3. Inclusive policies: how people with disabilities were included in the public transit
planning process (e.g., listing ADA coordinator, public participation opportunities)
4. Rider accommodations: the number of modalities for submitting accommodation
requests (e.g., online, telephone, TTY, etc.)
5. Paratransit services: information about eligibility and use of paratransit services
found on public transit websites (e.g., eligibility criteria, hours of operation, ride
reservations)
6. Virtual accessibility: usability of public transit website content for people with
disabilities
The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) by Icek Ajzen
Behavior of public transportation users, as viewed through the Theory of Planned
Behavior (TPB), offers valuable insights into the impact of individual attitudes, subjective
norms, and perceived control on their choices regarding the use or avoidance of public
transit. This theory, originally introduced by Ajzen in 1985, is a well-established
psychological framework employed to comprehend and predict user behavior across
different domains, including the realm of public transportation.

The Theory of Planned Behavior posits that individuals make intentional,

well-thought-out decisions about their conduct and actions. Within this framework, it is
suggested that behavioral intentions are the primary and most immediate determinants
influencing actual behavior. (21)

Key Components of TPB:

1. Attitudes (A): Attitudes refer to an individual's overall evaluation of a behavior. In the
context of public transportation, this means assessing how a person feels about using
public transit. Positive attitudes are more likely to result in the intention to use public
transportation.

2. Subjective Norms (SN): Subjective norms refer to an individual's perception of social

pressure or influence from significant others to perform or not perform a particular
behavior. For public transportation users, this could include the influence of family,
friends, or colleagues on the decision to use public transit.

3. Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC): Perceived behavioral control reflects the

perceived ease or difficulty of performing a particular behavior. In the context of public
transportation, it relates to the extent to which an individual believes they can use public
transit effectively and overcome barriers like cost, convenience, or accessibility.

4. Behavioral Intentions (BI): Behavioral intentions represent an individual's readiness to

engage in a particular behavior. In the context of public transportation, this is the
expressed intention to use or not use public transit.
5. Behavior (B): Actual behavior reflects the individual's concrete actions, such as
whether they choose to use public transportation or opt for alternative modes of
transport.

The TPB has been applied to study public transportation users' behavior in
various ways:

1. Attitudes towards Public Transportation: Researchers examine individuals'

perceptions of the benefits and drawbacks of public transportation, such as cost,
convenience, environmental impact, and comfort.

2. Subjective Norms: Studies explore the influence of social groups, including family,
peers, and coworkers, on public transportation usage. Perceived norms may encourage
or discourage the use of public transit.

3. Perceived Behavioral Control: Research assesses the impact of factors like transit
accessibility, infrastructure, and individual skills or resources in determining perceived
control over using public transportation.

4. Behavioral Intentions and Actual Behavior: By understanding intentions and actual

usage, researchers can determine how well TPB predicts public transportation use.
Factors that influence behavioral intentions can include government policies, promotional
campaigns, and personal experiences with public transit.

5. Interventions: The TPB can inform interventions aimed at promoting public

transportation use. For example, if negative attitudes or low perceived control are
identified as barriers, interventions can focus on changing attitudes through education or
improving perceived control through infrastructure enhancements.
Conceptual Framework
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT

City of Talisay

Talisay, known officially as the City of Talisay (in Cebuano: Dakbayan sa Talisay;
in Filipino: Lungsod ng Talisay), is categorized as a third-class component city located
within the province of Cebu, Philippines. As of the 2020 census, the city is home to a
population of 263,048 residents. The city's name, 'Talisay,' is derived from the abundant
presence of the talisay tree in the area. (30)

Gathering data in Talisay City is essential given that the data collection is crucial
as it provides the necessary foundation for the study and enables the researchers to
conduct a comprehensive analysis of the proposed project. By gathering information
specific to Talisay City, such as transportation patterns, commuter preferences, existing
terminals, and demographic data, we can tailor the proposed multimodal terminal hub to
meet the unique needs and demands of the local population. This localized data ensures
the relevance and feasibility of the research, making it directly applicable to the
community in Tabunok, Talisay City.

South Bus Terminal in Cebu City

Cebu City, officially designated as the City of Cebu (in Cebuano: Dakbayan sa
Sugbo; in Filipino: Lungsod ng Cebu), is a highly urbanized city of the first class located
in the Central Visayas region of the Philippines. While it is geographically situated within
Cebu Province, it holds a unique administrative status along with two other cities
(Lapu-Lapu City and Mandaue City), functioning independently from the provincial
government. As of the 2020 census, its population stands at 964,169 individuals, making
it the sixth-most populous city in the country and the most densely inhabited in the
Visayas region. (30)

The Cebu South Bus Terminal (CSBT) is a bus facility located in Cebu City,
Philippines. Managed by the Cebu Provincial Government, it is presently overseen by
Carmen Quijano. This terminal serves as a central point for buses that operate routes in
the southern regions of Cebu. (31)

Collecting data from Cebu South Bus Terminal helps determine the feasibility of the
proposed multimodal terminal in Tabunok, Talisay City, ensuring that it addresses
existing transportation challenges and meets commuter requirements. Additionally, the
gathered data can help analyze the operational aspects, regulatory considerations
related to the project. The gathered data will provide vital insights for the study.

RESEARCH RESPONDENTS

These respondents play a vital role in shaping the success of the study and the
realization of the project. Here's an explanation of why data should be collected from
each group:
 1. Residents: Data from residents are crucial because residents are the primary
users of the proposed multimodal terminal hub. Input from residents can provide
information on commuting patterns, transportation preferences, and expectations
for the terminal hub. Understanding the needs and concerns of residents is
essential for ensuring that the hub is designed to serve the community effectively.
- Vulnerable Groups: Vulnerable groups, such as people with disabilities,
the elderly, and low-income individuals, are often more reliant on public
transportation and are likely to face unique challenges. Collecting data
from these groups is necessary to assess how the proposed hub can
accommodate their specific needs and provide an inclusive and
accessible transportation solution.
- Students: Students represent a significant segment of the population in
many cities and towns. The transportation requirements, especially for
commuting to educational institutions, have distinct characteristics from
other residents. Gathering data from students aids in understanding the
travel patterns, schedules, and preferences, informing the scheduling and
routing of transportation services through the hub.
- Employees: Employees often commute to work, and the transportation
patterns impact traffic congestion and demand for public transportation.
Data from employees can provide insights into peak commuting times,
destinations, and preferences for public transit options. The information
can influence the scheduling and service offerings of the terminal hub.
2. Vehicle Drivers: An integral part of the transportation ecosystem, and the
experiences and behaviors on the road can have implications for traffic
management and the coexistence of private and public transportation. Gathering
data from drivers can help in assessing traffic flow, road safety, and potential
interactions with the multimodal hub, such as drop-off and parking facilities.

SAMPLING METHOD

The researchers chose to use the method of the Slovin’s formula to determine
the sample size to be used in the study. This method has been used to calculate the
exact sample size within a given large population range.
The equation is set out as follows.

n= N/(1+Ne2)

Where n= sample size

N= given population size or the total population

e= Margin of error

Based on the 2020 Census data from PhilAtlas, Talisay City's population was
263,048. The researcher has chosen an 85% confidence level with a 15% margin of
error to determine a sample size of 45 for their survey using the provided formula.

Solution:

n= N/(1+Ne2)
Where N =236,048; e= 15%
n = 236,048 / 1 + 236,048 (0.15)2
n = 44.437
n = 45

Respondents were randomly selected with a sample size of 45 according to the

overall Talisay City population as of 2023.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS & TOOLS

Research Instruments:

1. Survey: Surveys are a valuable instrument for collecting structured data from a
wide range of respondents, such as residents, students, employees, and
vulnerable groups. Surveys can be designed to capture information about
commuting patterns, preferences, and opinions related to transportation and the
proposed multimodal terminal hub. It provides a systematic way to gather data
and understand the needs and preferences of different segments of the
population.
2. Observations: Observations are a research instrument that allows the
researchers to gather firsthand, real-time information about the existing
 transportation infrastructure and behavior in the Tabunok area. By observing
traffic flow, pedestrian movement, and the utilization of current transportation
facilities, the researchers can gain insights into specific issues and challenges
that may inform the design and planning of the proposed hub.
3. Document Search: Document search involves the systematic review of existing
documents, such as urban development plans, transportation regulations, and
reports related to traffic and transportation in Talisay City. This instrument is
essential for gathering historical and background information, as well as
understanding the regulatory and policy context within which the proposed
multimodal terminal hub will operate.

Research Tools:

1. Survey Questionnaire: The survey questionnaire is the tool used to administer

the survey instrument. It consists of a structured set of questions designed to
collect specific data from respondents. The questionnaire ensures that the survey
process is standardized, making it easier to compare and analyze the responses
from different individuals or groups.
2. Mobile Camera: A mobile camera is a versatile tool that can be used for
documenting visual information. In the context of the study, it can be employed to
capture images or videos of the current transportation infrastructure, traffic
congestion, safety issues, and any areas of concern that may not be effectively
conveyed through written descriptions alone. Visual documentation can provide
valuable evidence to support the findings and recommendations.
3. Laptop and WiFi: Laptops and access to WiFi are essential tools for managing
and analyzing the data collected. Laptops allow efficient input and organize
survey data, create reports, and conduct data analysis. Access to WiFi ensures
that the researchers can stay connected, conduct online research, and
collaborate with others during the research process.
RESEARCH PROCEDURE

Phase 1: Preparation of Materials:

In this phase, the researcher will gather and prepare all the necessary
materials and resources needed for the study. It includes identifying the research
instruments, such as surveys, observation checklists, and document search
parameters. The researchers also ensure to have access to the required
research tools, like a mobile camera, laptop, and WiFi. Additionally, may need to
prepare any consent forms or participant information sheets if human subjects
are involved. The goal of this phase is to ensure that it has everything in place to
smoothly proceed to data collection and analysis.

Phase 2: Preparation of Survey Questions:

Developing survey questions is a critical step in the study. During this

phase, The researcher will create a survey questionnaire that is structured to
gather specific data related to transportation, the needs of the community, and
opinions on the proposed multimodal terminal hub. The questions should be
clear, unbiased, and designed to elicit the information needed from the various
respondent groups.

Phase 3: Preparation before Conducting Survey:

This phase involves all the steps the researchers need to take before
starting conducting your survey. The researchers will identify its target
respondents, create a sampling strategy to ensure a representative sample, and
secure any necessary permissions or approvals for conducting the research,
especially if it involves sensitive or private locations.

Phase 4: Conducting of Survey:

This is the data collection phase where the researchers will administer the
surveys, conduct observations, and carry out document searches. The
researcher will collect data from residents, students, employees, vehicle drivers,
and any other relevant groups that are identified in the research. Data collection
should be systematic and consistent to ensure that the information gathered is
reliable and valid.

Phase 5: Design Process:

In this study, the researchers used the design process as a guideline in

designing a multimodal terminal hub. In architecture, the architects undergo
phases called the design process before designing a project such as building.

The first phase is programming. The researchers conduct a thorough

systematic evaluation through surveys, which determine the Terminal user’s
preferences, facts and goals.

Once the program of the project is established, the schematic design phase
begins. The information and data gathered from the survey, the researchers
begin to form concepts and theories through sketches and drawings in designing
a multimodal terminal hub.

The last phase, which is the design development, the researchers translate
the schematic design into physical form. The researchers construct a prototype to
show its 3-dimensional project to vision on what the design looks like.
 CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION OF DATA

4.1 Average Age of Commuters in Tabunok, Talisay City, Cebu

Figure 1: Age Segmentation of Commuters in Tabunok, Talisay City, Cebu

This dataset stems from a recent survey conducted via a structured

questionnaire, gathering insights from local commuters in Talisay City. The survey was
carried out on November 18, 2023, aiming to collect comprehensive information. Local
commuters within the vicinity are the respondents providing data regarding the age.

Analysis of the collected data reveals that the most commuters are between 18
and 22 years old, making up a significant 73.3% of the total. The next largest group, at
10%, consists of individuals aged 25-34, likely including young professionals. The data
shows similar percentages for people aged 45-54 and under 18, both at 6.7%. This hints
at a mix of adults working and young individuals in school. The smallest group, at 3.3%,
includes commuters aged 55-64, indicating fewer older adults using transportation
services.

The highest data point in the analysis reveals that the most significant proportion
of commuters falls within the age range of 18 to 22 years old, constituting 73.3% of the
total respondents. Conversely, the lowest data point illustrates the smallest group of
commuters at 3.3%, represented by individuals aged 55-64 years old.
4.2 Average age of drivers in Tabunok, Talisay City, Cebu

Figure 2: Age Segmentation of Drivers in Tabunok, Talisay City, Cebu

The data were gathered through surveys conducted with drivers in Tabunok,
Talisay City, Cebu, who served as respondents; the survey took place on November 18,
2023. The analysis of the gathered data indicates that the primary age group among
drivers in Tabunok, Talisay City, Cebu, is within the 35 to 44-year-old range, constituting
85.7% of the population. The second-highest age group comprises drivers aged 45 to
54, accounting for 7.2% of the population. The smallest age group is represented by
drivers aged 55 to 64, making up only 7.1% of the population.

The 35 to 44-year-old age range emerges as the most prevalent, encompassing

a significant 85.7% of the surveyed population. Conversely, the 55 to 64-year-old age
group represents the smallest segment, comprising only 7.1% of the total population.
4.3 Average Gender among Commuters in Tabunok, Talisay City, Cebu

Figure 3: Genders Distribution of Commuters in Tabunok, Talisay City, Cebu

This dataset stems from a recent survey conducted via a structured

questionnaire, gathering insights from local commuters in Talisay City. The survey was
carried out on November 18, 2023, aiming to collect comprehensive information. Local
commuters within the vicinity are the respondents providing data regarding the gender.

Analysis of the collected data reveals that the commuter demographics show a
clear trend of 70% for commuters identifying as female. Following behind, male
commuters represent 26.7% of the total, forming a notably smaller portion compared to
females. The remaining 3.3% includes individuals who identify with other genders or
categories.

The highest data point in the analysis indicates that the largest group of
commuters, comprising 70% of the total are female. In contrast, the lowest data point
represents the smallest group, accounting for 3.3% of the total, which includes
individuals identifying with other genders or categories.
4.4 Average Gender among Drivers in Tabunok, Talisay City, Cebu

Figure 4: Gender Distribution Among Drivers in Tabunok, Talisay City, Cebu

The data were gathered through surveys conducted with drivers in Tabunok, Talisay City,
Cebu, who served as respondents; the survey took place on November 18, 2023. All
collected data indicates that all drivers in Tabunok, Talisay City, Cebu, are male.

4.5 Occupational Profile of Commuters in Tabunok, Talisay City, Cebu

Figure 5: Common Occupation of Commuters in Tabunok, Talisay City, Cebu

This dataset stems from a recent survey conducted via a structured

questionnaire, gathering insights from local commuters in Talisay City. The survey was
carried out on November 18, 2023, aiming to collect comprehensive information. Local
commuters within the vicinity are the respondents providing data regarding the
occupation of the respondents.

Analysis of the collected data reveals a significant 60% majority comprises

students, indicating that a considerable number of those utilizing transportation services
are enrolled in educational institutions and commute for academic purposes. Following
closely, about 26.7% of commuters are employed, encompassing various professions or
jobs. A 10% of commuters identify as unemployed, reflecting individuals currently
seeking employment or not involved in formal work. An existent group of 3.3% consists
of retired individuals who still commute, whereas no self-employed individuals were
identified among the respondents.

The highest data point from the analysis illustrates that the most significant
proportion, at 60%, comprises students among the surveyed commuters. In contrast, the
lowest data point indicates that no self-employed individuals were identified among the
respondents.

4.6 Commuters Duration of Residency in Tabunok, Talisay City, Cebu

Figure 6: Years of Residency of Commuters in Tabunok, Talisay City, Cebu

This dataset stems from a recent survey conducted via a structured

questionnaire, gathering insights from local commuters in Talisay City. The survey was
carried out on November 18, 2023, aiming to collect comprehensive information. Local
commuters within the vicinity are the respondents providing data regarding the duration
of residency.
 The collected data shows over half of the commuters, at 53.3%, are staying in
Tabunok Talisay City for more than 10 years. About a quarter, 26.7%, have been there
for 1-5 years, while 10% fall into both the 6-10 years and less than 1 year residency.

The highest data point in the analysis indicates that over half of the commuters,
at 53.3%, have been residing in Tabunok, Talisay City, for more than 10 years.
Conversely, the lowest data point represents a tie between two groups, with both the
6-10 years and less than 1 year residency categories each accounting for 10% of the
surveyed commuters.

4.7 Duration of Driving Experience in Tabunok, Talisay City, Cebu

Figure 7: Average Duration of Driving Experience Among Tabunok Drivers

The data were gathered through surveys conducted with drivers in Tabunok, Talisay City,
Cebu, who served as respondents; the survey took place on November 18, 2023. Upon
analyzing the collected data, it is evident that the majority of drivers in Tabunok, Talisay
City, Cebu, have amassed more than 10 years of driving experience, constituting 42.9%
of the population. Following this group, there is a smaller contingent of drivers with 1 to 5
years of experience, including those with less than a year of experience, both accounting
for 21.4% of the population. Notably, the number of drivers in the 6 to 10 years of driving
range is even smaller, comprising only 14.3% of the population.

The highest level of driving experience among drivers in Tabunok is reflected in those
with more than 10 years of experience. Conversely, the lowest representation is
observed in the category of drivers with 6 to 10 years of driving experience.
4.8 Varieties of vehicles operated by drivers in Tabunok, Talisay City, Cebu.

Figure 8: common vehicles operated by drivers in tabunok

The data were gathered through surveys conducted with drivers in Tabunok,
Talisay City, Cebu, who served as respondents; the survey took place on November 18,
2023. Upon analysis of the collected data, it is evident that the majority of drivers in
Tabunok, Talisay City, are tricycle operators, constituting 57.1% of the population. This is
followed by habal-habal and jeepney operators, each comprising 21.4% of the
population. Notably, the designated terminal in Tabunok, Talisay City, lacks the presence
of taxi, bus, and trisikad drivers.

It is noteworthy that the highest representation among drivers in Tabunok, Talisay

City, is observed in the category of tricycle operators. On the other end of the spectrum,
the lowest representation is found in both habal-habal and jeepney operators.

4.9 Efficiency and Convenience Rating of Tabunok, Talisay City, Cebu's

Transportation System
Figure 9: Current Transportation System Ratings of Commuters in Tabunok, Talisay City,
Cebu

This dataset stems from a recent survey conducted via a structured

questionnaire, gathering insights from local commuters in Talisay City. The survey was
carried out on November 18, 2023, aiming to collect comprehensive information. Local
commuters within the vicinity are the respondents providing data regarding the rating of
efficiency and convenience of Tabunok Talisay City, Cebu’s transportation system.

The data reveals that a substantial majority, accounting for 70%, viewed the
system as average, implying a neutral stance (Rating 3) on its efficiency and
convenience. Around 16.7% rated it below average (Rating 4), indicating dissatisfaction
or a perception of inefficiency. A smaller but noticeable 6.7% regarded the system as
above average in terms of efficiency and convenience. Interestingly, an equal 3.3% held
extreme opinions: some considered it very poor (Rating 1), while others saw it as
excellent (Rating 5).

The highest data point in the analysis indicates that the most significant
proportion, at 70%, viewed the transportation system as average. On the other hand, the
lowest data point represents two extremes, with both the very poor (Rating 1) and
excellent (Rating 5) categories each accounting for 3.3% of the respondents.

4.10 Rating of Road conditions in Tabunok, Talisay City, Cebu

Figure 10: Perceptions of Drivers Regarding the Road Conditions in Tabunok

The data were gathered through surveys conducted with drivers in Tabunok, Talisay City,
Cebu, who served as respondents; the survey took place on November 18, 2023. A
significant majority of drivers in Tabunok, Talisay City, Cebu, express the opinion that the
current road conditions are satisfactory, comprising 71.4% of the population. Conversely,
a minority of drivers believe the road conditions are inadequate, accounting for 21.4% of
the population, while a smaller percentage, 7.1%, hold the belief that the road conditions
are adequate.

It is evident that the highest sentiment regarding road conditions among drivers in
Tabunok, Talisay City, Cebu, is the perception of satisfaction. a minority of drivers
perceive the road conditions as adequate.

4.11 Availability and condition of parking facilities in Tabunok

Figure 11: Drivers' Perspectives on Parking Facilities in Tabunok

The data were gathered through surveys conducted with drivers in Tabunok, Talisay City,
Cebu, who served as respondents; the survey took place on November 18, 2023.
Analysis of the collected data indicates that more than half of the drivers (57.1%) in
Tabunok believe that the availability and condition of parking facilities in the area are
satisfactory. However, the remaining portion of the population (42.9%) holds the view
that the existing conditions of the parking facilities are inadequate.
4.12 Commuters Experience Inefficiencies in the Tabunok, Talisay City
Transportation System

Figure 12: Commuters' Challenges with Tabunok's Transport System in Talisay City,
Cebu

This dataset stems from a recent survey conducted via a structured

questionnaire, gathering insights from local commuters in Talisay City. The survey was
carried out on November 18, 2023, aiming to collect comprehensive information. Local
commuters within the vicinity are the respondents providing data concerning the
experience of inefficiencies in the Tabunok, Talisay City Transportation System.

The data indicates that safety is the primary concern, with more than half of the
respondents (56.7%) expressing apprehensions about safety within the transportation
system. Equally notable are issues related to insufficient loading and unloading areas, as
well as a lack of schedule information, both mentioned by 53.3% of participants.
Approximately 50% of commuters expressed discontent with waiting areas. Limited
connectivity between various transportation modes seems to be a concern for a smaller
fraction, with 23.3% of respondents highlighting this issue.

The highest data point in the analysis indicates that the primary concern, voiced
by 56.7% of respondents, revolves around safety within the transportation system. In
contrast, the lowest data point represents limited connectivity between various
transportation modes, highlighted by 23.3% of participants.
4.13 Challenges Encountered in the Driving Experience of Tabunok Drivers

Figure 13: common problems driver's in Tabunok face

The data were gathered through surveys conducted with drivers in Tabunok,
Talisay City, Cebu, who served as respondents; the survey took place on November 18,
2023. The analysis of the collected data reveals that all drivers in Tabunok are facing
challenges in their driving experience, with traffic congestion emerging as the foremost
issue, affecting 100% of the population. Following closely is the concern over inadequate
road maintenance, affecting 50% of the population. A minority of drivers have expressed
frustration with issues such as insufficient passengers, limited routes, and inadequate
parking spaces, all comprising 14.3% of the population. Finally, a smaller number of
drivers have raised concerns about the absence of proper road signage and the
presence of muddy roads, affecting only 7.1% of the population.

Upon closer examination of the collected data, the highest reported challenge
among drivers in Tabunok is traffic congestion, affecting the entire population. In
contrast, the lowest reported challenge is related to concerns about the absence of
proper road signage and the presence of muddy roads.
4.14 Factors Influencing the Operation of the Transportation System in Tabunok in
the Absence of Dedicated Transportation Facilities

Figure 14: Variables Influencing the Functioning of the Transport System in Tabunok,
Talisay City, Cebu

This dataset stems from a recent survey conducted via a structured

questionnaire, gathering insights from local commuters in Talisay City. The survey was
carried out on November 18, 2023, aiming to collect comprehensive information. Local
commuters within the vicinity are the respondents that contribute data on factors
impacting Tabunok, Talisay City's transportation system's operation.

The data collected shows the foremost issue, highlighted by a vast 83.3%
majority, is the persistent delays in commuting. Following closely, 73.3% of respondents
expressed concerns about the escalating traffic congestion. Accessibility issues for
individuals with disabilities emerged as a significant worry for 56.7% of respondents.
Nearly half of the respondents, at 46.7%, highlighted difficulties transferring between
different modes of transport. Approximately 43.3% stressed the need for centralized
information catering to travelers. Exactly 40% for underlining the need for clearer
guidance and comprehensive transportation details. While other factors like increased
emissions, safety concerns, limited alternative options, inadequate parking. Around
33.3% face environmental impact and network inefficiencies. And the negative effects on
local businesses were mentioned, they were noted by smaller percentages of 26.7%.

The highest data point in the analysis indicates that persistent delays in
commuting were the foremost issue, highlighted by an extensive majority of 83.3% of
respondents. Conversely, the lowest data point represents negative effects on local
businesses, noted by 26.7% of participants.

4.15 Prioritized Factors Impact Transportation Improvement in Tabunok

Figure 15: Strategic Priorities for Transforming Transportation in Tabunok, Talisay City,
Cebu

This dataset stems from a recent survey conducted via a structured

questionnaire, gathering insights from local commuters in Talisay City. The survey was
carried out on November 18, 2023, aiming to collect comprehensive information. Local
commuters within the vicinity are the respondents that contribute data on prioritized
factors impacting transportation improvement in Tabunok, Talisay City.

The data indicates that the top priority that was chosen by 80% of respondents, is
better traffic management. 50% of the participants emphasized the importance of both
increasing public transport options and establishing a multimodal terminal hub for
seamless travel between different modes. Enhanced parking facilities were also deemed
important by 40% of respondents.

The highest data point in the analysis indicates that better traffic management
was the top priority, chosen by 80% of respondents. Conversely, the lowest data point
represents enhanced parking facilities, prioritized by 40% of participants.
4.16 Anticipated Improvements in Transportation Efficiency via Proposed Terminal
Hub in Tabunok's System

Figure 16: Commuters’ Expected Improvements of the Proposed Terminal Hub

in Tabunok, Talisay City, Cebu

This dataset stems from a recent survey conducted via a structured

questionnaire, gathering insights from local commuters in Talisay City. The survey was
carried out on November 18, 2023, aiming to collect comprehensive information. Local
commuters within the vicinity are the respondents that contribute data about the
Expected Transportation Enhancements via the Proposed Terminal Hub in Tabunok's
System.

The data indicates that the foremost among their anticipated improvements is a
desire for less crowded vehicles, with a significant 76.7% for comfortable travel
experiences. Following closely, 66.7% are eager for reduced waiting times, reflecting a
collective wish for quicker and more efficient travel. Over half of the respondents, at
53.3%, anticipate more reliable schedules, highlighting the importance of predictable and
well-maintained timetables. And 46.7% seek better information dissemination,
underscoring the need for clearer and more accessible travel-related information.

The highest data point in the analysis reveals a significant desire for less
crowded vehicles, emphasized by 76.7% of respondents. In contrast, the lowest data
point represents the anticipation for better information dissemination, highlighted by
46.7% of participants.
4.17 Anticipated Positive Impacts of Proposed Terminal Hub Enhancements on
Tabunok's Transportation Experience

Figure 17: Commuters Desired Enhancements in Tabunok's Transportation System,

Talisay City, Cebu

This dataset stems from a recent survey conducted via a structured

questionnaire, gathering insights from local commuters in Talisay City. The survey was
carried out on November 18, 2023, aiming to collect comprehensive information. Local
commuters within the vicinity are the respondents providing data regarding the expected
positive effects of proposed terminal hub enhancements on Tabunok's transportation
experience.

The data shows that 83.3% of commuters strongly want happier travelers,
emphasizing a desire for content passengers. Following closely, 73.3% emphasize the
need for enhanced overall efficiency, highlighting a collective aspiration for an effective
transportation network. 60% of respondents prioritize faster travel times, signifying a
strong inclination towards quicker and more efficient commuting experiences. And 53.3%
stress the importance of improved adherence to schedules within the transportation
system.

The highest data point in the analysis highlights the strong desire for happier
travelers, indicated by 83.3% of respondents. On the contrary, the lowest data point
represents the importance of improved adherence to schedules within the transportation
system, emphasized by 53.3% of participants.
4.18 Anticipated Benefits of the Proposed Tabunok Transportation Terminal: A
Stakeholder Perspective

Figure 18: Commuters’ Concerns about the Proposed Terminal Hub in Tabunok, Talisay
City, Cebu

This dataset stems from a recent survey conducted via a structured

questionnaire, gathering insights from local commuters in Talisay City. The survey was
carried out on November 18, 2023, aiming to collect comprehensive information. Local
commuters within the vicinity are the respondents providing data regarding expected
gains from the proposed Tabunok Transport Terminal.

The data shown highlights a unanimous 116.7% worry about poor cleanliness
and maintenance, emphasizing the critical need for a hygienic and well-kept terminal
environment. Nearly unanimous, at 100%, are concerns regarding sanitary conditions
within and around the terminal, stressing the importance of maintaining a clean
surrounding. Safety apprehensions follow at 73.3%, highlighting the significance of
ensuring a secure terminal environment. Moreover, worries about inadequate facilities
for passengers with children and persons with disabilities stand at 56.7%, underscoring
the necessity for inclusive amenities. A predominant issue, noted by 53.3%, involves
inadequate seating and waiting areas, signaling the necessity for better arrangements in
these zones. Concurrently, worries about heightened traffic congestion around the
terminal area, also at 53.3%, highlight concerns regarding increased traffic flow.
Additionally, 50% express a need for clearer signs and improved guidance within the
terminal, emphasizing the necessity for enhanced information provision. Further
concerns include limited accessibility for people with disabilities (46.7%), worries about
environmental impact and sustainability measures (43.3%), insufficient lighting (40%),
noise pollution (40%), and inefficiencies in terminal layout and design (33.3%). Safety
concerns regarding inadequate security measures (30%) and, to a lesser extent,
inconveniences related to the terminal's location (23.3%), also surface among
commuters' apprehensions.

The data analysis presents the highest concern with a unanimous 116.7% worry
about poor cleanliness and maintenance, exceeding the total count of respondents,
possibly indicating multiple mentions by some participants. On the contrary, the lowest
data point reveals inconveniences related to the terminal's location, noted by 23.3% of
respondents.

4.19 Identifying Commuters' Suggestions for Addressing Concerns in the

Proposed Tabunok Transportation Terminal

Figure 19: Commuters' Preferred Attributes and Amenities for the New Tabunok Terminal
in Talisay City, Cebu

This dataset stems from a recent survey conducted via a structured

questionnaire, gathering insights from local commuters in Talisay City. The survey was
carried out on November 18, 2023, aiming to collect comprehensive information. Local
commuters within the vicinity are the respondents providing data regarding the
suggestions for addressing concerns in the proposed Tabunok Transportation Terminal.
 The data highlights that commuters prioritize ample seating and waiting areas at
80%, emphasizing a strong need for comfortable and spacious zones. Following closely,
73.3% prioritize enhanced security measures, indicating a significant concern for safety
within the terminal premises. Moreover, 66.7% emphasize the importance of regular
cleaning and maintenance, emphasizing a desire for a clean and well-kept terminal
environment. Lastly, 63.3% stress the significance of clear signs and information
displays, highlighting the necessity for easily accessible and comprehensive guidance
for travelers within the terminal.

The highest data point in the analysis indicates that ample seating and waiting
areas were the top priority, marked by 80% of respondents. In contrast, the lowest data
point represents clear signs and information displays, emphasized by 63.3% of
participants.

4.20 Commuter Perspectives on Essential Features for the Proposed Terminal Hub
in Tabunok

Figure 20: Commuters' View on the Most Essential Feature or Service for the New
Terminal in Tabunok, Talisay City, Cebu

This dataset stems from a recent survey conducted via a structured

questionnaire, gathering insights from local commuters in Talisay City. The survey was
carried out on November 18, 2023, aiming to collect comprehensive information. Local
commuters within the vicinity are the respondents providing data concerning preferred
essential features for the Terminal Hub in Tabunok, Talisay City.
 The data indicates that commuters prioritize ample seating and waiting areas at
56.7%, emphasizing the necessity for comfortable and spacious zones. Following
closely, enhanced security measures at 63.3% signify a paramount concern for safety
within the terminal premises. 60% emphasize the significance of clear signage and
information displays, highlighting the need for easily accessible and comprehensive
guidance for terminal travelers. Lastly, regular cleaning and maintenance, though slightly
lower at 46.7%, still reflect the commuters' desire for a clean and well-maintained
terminal environment.

The highest data point in the analysis indicates enhanced security measures,
prioritized by 63.3% of commuters, showcasing safety as the paramount concern within
the terminal premises. Conversely, the lowest data point represents regular cleaning and
maintenance, noted by 46.7% of participants, reflecting a slightly lower but still significant
priority among commuters.

4.21 Enhancements Desired by Drivers in Tabunok for the Transportation System

Figure 21: improvements drivers want at the terminal

The data were gathered through surveys conducted with drivers in Tabunok, Talisay City,
Cebu, who served as respondents; the survey took place on November 18,
2023.Analysis of the gathered data reveals that a substantial majority of drivers express
a desire for improved road maintenance and enhanced traffic conditions, both
comprising 85.7% of the population. Following closely is their wish for upgraded parking
facilities, constituting 57.1% of the population. Additionally, a minority of drivers seek the
provision of a proper comfort room in the terminal which constitutes 21.3% of the
respondents. Alongside these concerns, there is a shared aspiration for designated
paths for passenger safety, improved road signage and the implementation of cemented
roads, each consisting of 7.1% of the population.

It is evident that the highest expressed desire among drivers in Tabunok is for improved
road maintenance and enhanced traffic conditions. In contrast, the lowest reported
desires pertain to improved road signage, designated paths for passenger safety, and
the implementation of cemented roads.

4.22 Drivers views on a proposed Multimodal Terminal

Figure 22: drivers opinion regarding the construction of a multimodal terminal

The data were gathered through surveys conducted with drivers in Tabunok, Talisay City,
Cebu, who served as respondents; the survey took place on November 18, 2023. Based
on the gathered data, it is evident that all drivers in Tabunok share the belief that the
construction of a multimodal terminal would positively impact traffic flow.

Commuter Perspectives and Suggestions

The majority of responses lacked substantive additional input or commentary for

the pre-redevelopment planning phase. Nonetheless, notable recommendations
centered around prioritizing well-constructed terminals with appropriate waiting areas
and designated destinations. Another significant concern pertained to traffic
management, particularly its adverse effects on the punctuality of students due to
traffic-related issues.
4.23 Existing condition of Entry and Exit point of the Terminal

Figure 23: Photo of main vehicle/passenger entry/exit and Habal-Habal parking

Figure 23 was taken through an observation supported by documentation

conducted last November 18, 2023, at the Terminal of Tabunok, Talisay City,
utilizing a phone to capture the scene. This documentation provides valuable
insights into the conditions observed.

Figure 23 offers a visual representation of the current conditions at the

primary entry and exit point for both vehicles and passengers. Notably, the
integration of vehicle entry and exit lacks a designated pedestrian pathway,
potentially impeding the efficient flow within the terminal. Additionally, a safety
concern arises from the positioning of Habal-Habal motorcycle parking directly at
the main terminal entry.
4.24 Existing condition of Loading and Unloading area of the Terminal

Figure 24: Image depicting tricycle and jeepney idle, loading and unloading area,
as well as passenger queuing

Figure 24 was taken through an observation supported by documentation

conducted last November 18, 2023, at the Terminal of Tabunok, Talisay City,
utilizing a phone to capture the scene. This documentation provides valuable
insights into the conditions observed. With the figure documented, it observes the
area where jeepneys and tricycles load and unload passengers. The road
conditions reveal a notable presence of mud, hinting at potential accessibility
challenges and a need for improved upkeep. What becomes apparent is the
absence of clearly marked zones for specific activities such as idle parking,
loading, and unloading for both jeepneys and tricycles.

A significant aspect to note is the convergence of the passenger queuing

area with these functional zones, suggesting a lack of distinct separation. This
merging of activities could lead to confusion and operational inefficiencies.
Additionally, the absence of a designated waiting area for passengers
emphasizes the necessity for thoughtful infrastructural enhancements.
4.25 Existing condition of parking area in the Terminal

Figure 25: Another perspective of the parking area

Figure 25 was taken through an observation supported by documentation

conducted last November 18, 2023, at the Terminal of Tabunok, Talisay City,
utilizing a phone to capture the scene. Presents an additional viewpoint of the
designated idle parking area for jeepneys, where they await their turn to load
passengers. A conspicuous characteristic is the lack of a systematic
organizational structure, as evidenced by the irregular positioning of the jeepneys
within the space. The absence of clear delineation or designated slots for
individual vehicles contributes to the unorganized appearance of this section
within the terminal.

Furthermore, upon closer observation, it becomes evident that the area lacks
essential facilities intended to accommodate the diverse needs of passengers,
drivers, and other individuals utilizing the terminal. It is also evident in the image
that there is a deficiency in amenities, such as seating areas, information
boards, Comfort rooms and other provisions, suggesting a potential limitation in
creating a conducive environment for the terminal's users.
4.26 Existing condition of the unused Space of the Terminal

Figure 26: Showing unused space in the site

Figure 26 was taken through an observation supported by documentation

conducted last November 18, 2023, at the Terminal of Tabunok, Talisay City,
utilizing a phone to capture the scene. In Figure 26, it is apparent that there
exists a considerable unused space within the current terminal. The visual
observation underscores the fact that the site is not yet fully developed, with
ample areas remaining unutilized.

The unoccupied space depicted in the image raises questions about the
optimization of resources and the potential for further infrastructural
enhancement. Moreover, the evident underdevelopment of the site prompts
considerations for future planning and utilization of the available space to
maximize its functionality and contribute to a more comprehensive and efficient
terminal layout.
 CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter presents the conclusion of the study conducted within Tabunok,
Talisay City, Cebu, focusing on insights gathered from both drivers and commuters in the
area. The study examines and analyzes data pertaining to commuting patterns and
experiences. Compiling conclusive findings from collected data, this chapter offers
valuable insights into Tabunok's transportation system. This chapter also has the
recommendations based on the findings and conclusions.

5.1 SUMMARY

The collected data from the surveys conducted in Tabunok, Talisay City, Cebu,
reveals critical insights into the commuter demographics, drivers' characteristics, and the
existing transportation infrastructure. Among commuters, the highest representation is
found in the age group of 18 to 22 years old, constituting 73.3% of the total respondents,
whereas the lowest representation is observed in the age group of 55 to 64 years old,
accounting for only 3.3%. Regarding gender distribution among commuters, females
comprise the majority at 70%, while other gender identities make up the smallest group
at 3.3%. Notably, 60% of commuters are students, forming the most significant
occupational category, and there are no self-employed individuals among the
respondents. In terms of residency, over half of the commuters have been residing in
Tabunok for more than 10 years, making up 53.3% of the surveyed population, with 6-10
years and less than 1 year residency categories tying as the lowest at 10% each. For
drivers, the highest population falls within the 35 to 44-year-old age range at 85.7%,
while the smallest representation is among drivers aged 55 to 64 years old, accounting
for 7.1%. All drivers in Tabunok are male, and tricycle operators dominate at 57.1%
among the types of vehicles operated. Commuters largely view the transportation
system as average (70%), while the drivers express satisfaction with road conditions
(71.4%). Challenges identified include safety concerns among commuters (56.7%) and
traffic congestion faced by all drivers (100%). Furthermore, persistent delays in
commuting are highlighted as the foremost issue (83.3%) impacting the transportation
system. The proposed multimodal terminal receives overwhelming support from drivers
for potentially improving traffic flow (100%). Commuters envision improved safety,
efficiency, and reduced waiting times among the anticipated benefits of the proposed
terminal enhancements, with significant consensus on creating happier travelers
(83.3%). The data also revealed concerns about the current conditions within the
terminal, particularly cleanliness (116.7%) and parking facilities (57.1%).

The existing Tabunok, Talisay City terminals serve as the research environment
for the study aiming to collect data for the proposed new terminal hub. This study has
found multiple shortcomings present in the terminal, particularly concerning entry/exit
points, loading/unloading areas, parking facilities, and unused spaces.

5.2 CONCLUSION

The survey data collected from local commuters and drivers in Talisay City,
particularly in the Tabunok area, offers a nuanced understanding of the transportation
landscape and the diverse needs of the community. Commuters, predominantly
students, express concerns about road conditions, signaling a significant impact on their
daily experiences. The desire for improved transportation efficiency among commuters
reflects a shared aspiration for a smoother and more reliable commuting experience.

On the other hand, drivers, primarily within the 35 to 44-year-old age range,
highlight specific challenges such as traffic congestion and road maintenance issues.
The unanimous belief among drivers that the construction of a multimodal terminal would
positively impact traffic flow suggests a collective optimism about potential infrastructural
improvements.

The age segmentation among both commuters and drivers provides valuable
demographic insights, emphasizing the importance of tailoring transportation solutions to
the specific needs and preferences of different age groups. The prevalence of younger
individuals among commuters may underscore the role of educational institutions in
shaping commuting patterns.

Furthermore, the shared concern for safety and comfort, evident in both
commuter and driver responses, emphasizes the need for holistic improvements in the
transportation infrastructure. Commuters prioritize features such as cleanliness, safety,
and clear signage in the proposed terminal, while drivers highlight road maintenance and
enhanced traffic conditions.
 In conclusion, the survey data underscores the interconnectedness of commuter
and driver experiences, revealing a comprehensive picture of the challenges and
expectations within Talisay City's transportation system. The findings suggest that a
well-rounded approach, considering the preferences and concerns of both commuters
and drivers, will be crucial for planning and implementing effective and
community-centric improvements in the Tabunok area. Addressing these insights can
contribute to a more sustainable, efficient, and user-friendly transportation ecosystem in
Talisay City.

5.3 RECOMMENDATION

Recommendations for Further Study:

● The researchers recommend that future studies prioritize urban planning

initiatives to address the existing traffic flow concerns in the Tabunok area. These
initiatives may include comprehensive traffic management strategies, optimized
road layouts, and innovative solutions to enhance overall transportation
efficiency.
● Conducting an in-depth infrastructure impact assessment is crucial for
understanding the potential effects of proposed changes on the existing urban
landscape. This assessment should consider factors such as environmental
impact, land use, and the overall urban ecosystem to create sustainable and
harmonious transportation solutions.
● For the proposed multimodal transportation hub, the researchers recommend an
expansion of data collection efforts. This expansion should include in-depth
interviews with local government officials responsible for transportation planning.
Insights from these interviews can provide a better understanding of the
challenges, regulatory considerations, and potential opportunities for optimizing
the proposed hub.
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 APPENDIX A QUESTIONNAIRE
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE FOR LOCAL RESPONDENTS
Thank you for participating in this survey. Your input is crucial for our research on the redevelopment of
the transportation system in Tabunok, Talisay City, Cebu. Please choose the option that best
represents your views.

Demographic Information:
Age:
Under 18
18-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65 or older
Gender:
Male
Female
Other
Occupation:
Student
Employed
Unemployed
Self-employed
Retired
Driver. (Please Specify.______
How long have you been
residing in Tabunok, Talisay City, Cebu?
Less than 1 year
1-5 years
6-10 years
More than 10 years

Transportation System Challenges:

1. On a scale of 1 to 5, how would you rate the current transportation system in Tabunok,
Talisay City, Cebu in terms of efficiency and convenience? (1 being very poor, 5 being
excellent)
1
2
3
4
5
2. What specific inefficiencies have you personally experienced as a commuter or user of the
Tabunok, Talisay City transportation system?
Limited connectivity between modes
Inadequate Waiting area
Inadequate Loading and Unloading Area
Lack of information on schedules
Safety concerns
Other (please specify): _______________
3. Without a dedicated transportation facility, what factors do you believe affect the operation of
the transportation system in Tabunok? Choose all that apply.
Increases traffic congestion
Inconvenience for passengers
Delays in commuting
Difficulty in transferring between modes
Higher environmental impact
Reduced accessibility for people with disabilities
Lack of centralized information for travelers
Increased vehicle emissions
Safety concerns for commuters
Limited options for alternative transportation
Negative impact on local businesses
Inefficiency in the transportation network
Inadequate parking facilities
Other (please specify)
4. Which priority do you believe will have the most significant impact on improving transportation
in Tabunok?
More public transport options
 Better traffic management
Enhanced parking facilities
Having a multimodal terminal
Other (please specify).__________

Commuter Expectations:
a. Considering the current transportation system's inefficiencies, what improvements do you
expect from the proposed Terminal Hub?
Reduced waiting times
Less crowded vehicles
More reliable schedules
Better information dissemination
Other (please specify)______________
b. How do you think these improvements will positively impact the overall transportation
experience in Tabunok?
Faster travel times
Increased commuter satisfaction
Improved adherence to schedules
Enhanced overall efficiency
Other (please specify)______________
Community Preferences for the Proposed Terminal Hub:
a. What concerns do you have about the proposed transportation terminal in Tabunok?
Choose all that apply.
Inadequate seating/waiting areas
Safety concerns
Lack of clear signs or information
Poor cleanliness and maintenance
Increased traffic in the area
Sanitary concerns in and around the terminal
Poor cleanliness and maintenance
Sanitary concerns in and around the terminal
Insufficient lighting
Limited accessibility for people with disabilities
Inefficient layout or design
Noise pollution
 Environmental impact
Inadequate security measures
Lack of facilities for passengers with children and PWD
Inconvenient location
Other (please specify)______________
b. In your opinion, what features or services should be incorporated into the new terminal to
address these concerns?
Ample seating/waiting areas
Enhanced security measures
Clear signs and information displays
Regular cleaning and maintenance
Other (please specify)______________

c. Which feature or service do you think is most crucial for the success of the proposed
terminal hub?
Ample seating/waiting areas
Enhanced security measures
Clear signs and information displays
Regular cleaning and maintenance
Other (please specify)._____________

Suggestions for Pre Planning:

Are there any additional suggestions or comments you would like to share for the pre-redevelopment
planning phase?

Thank you for taking the time to complete this survey. Your input is essential for our efforts to enhance
the driving experience in Tabunok.
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE FOR DRIVERS IN TABUNOK, TALISAY CITY

Thank you for participating in this survey. Your insights as a driver in Tabunok, Talisay City, Cebu, are
crucial for our research on transportation improvements. Please choose the option that best represents
your views.

Demographic Information:

Age:
Under 18
18-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65 or older
Gender:
Male
Female
Other
Occupation:
Taxi
Jeepney
Bus
Tricycle
Habal’2
Trisikad

How long have you been driving in Tabunok, Talisay City, Cebu?
Less than 1 year
1-5 years
6-10 years
More than 10 years

Current Driving Experience:

 On a scale of 1 to 5, how would you rate the current road conditions in Tabunok,
Talisay City, Cebu? (1 being very poor, 5 being excellent)
1
2
3
4
5
What are the main challenges you face as a driver in Tabunok? Choose all that apply.
Traffic congestion
Lack of proper road signage
Limited parking spaces
Poor road maintenance
Other (please specify)
How would you rate the availability and condition of parking facilities in Tabunok?
Inadequate
Adequate
Good
Excellent

Transportation Improvements:
Do you believe the construction of a multimodal terminal hub in Tabunok would positively
impact traffic flow?
Yes
No
Not sure
What specific improvements would you like to see in the transportation system to enhance
your driving experience? Choose all that apply.
Better road maintenance
Improved traffic management
Enhanced parking facilities
Clearer road signage
Other (please specify:______________

11. Is there anything else you would like to add or highlight regarding your experience as a driver in
Tabunok, Talisay City, Cebu, and your thoughts on transportation improvements?
Thank you for taking the time to complete this survey. Your input is essential for our efforts to enhance
the driving experience in Tabunok.
 CURRICULUM VITAE

KYLA CASEY MARIE F. CUIZON

Escario ext, Camputhaw, Cebu City
09565095557
[email protected]

EDUCATION HISTORY
Cebu Institute of Technology - University (CIT-U) S.Y. 2020-present
St. Joseph School of Mactan S.Y 2018-2020
Grelina Osmena Christian College S.Y 2009 - 2018
Saint Teresa School of Hilongos S.Y 2008 - 2009

EXTRACURRICULAR AWARDS
RELEVANT SKILLS
● With honors St. Joseph School
of Mactan (2018 - 2020) ● Proficient in sketchup and
autocad
● Computer literate
● Can work well in collaborative
projects
 ROSE BERRY A. HERAMIL
Tunghaan, Minglanilla, Cebu
09277325980
[email protected]

EDUCATION HISTORY
Cebu Institute of Technology - University (CIT-U) S.Y. 2018-present
Mary Help Of Christians School, Cebu (MHCS) S.Y. 2013-2018
BD Child Care and Learning Center (BD CCLC) S.Y. 2009-2013
Minglanilla Special Science Elementary School S.Y. 2008-2009
Minglanilla Christian Development Center, INC. (MCDC) S.Y. 2006-2008
Lighthouse Christian Learning School S.Y. 2005-2006

EXTRACURRICULAR AWARDS
RELEVANT SKILLS
● Outstanding Arts Club
Leader 2016-2018 ● Time management
● Organizational Skills
● Computer Literate
● Can use Microsoft Office
Programs efficiently
● Can function in group settings
● Able to work independently and
with initiative
 SHENLY MHARROU S. TABERA
TIAGO, SAN ISIDRO, TALISAY CITY, CEBU
0960 313 7114
[email protected]

EDUCATION HISTORY
Cebu Institute of Technology - University (CIT-U) S.Y. 2018-present
Saint Scholastica’s Academy (SSA-T) S.Y. 2014-2018
San Nicolas Elementary School S.Y. 2008-2014

EXTRACURRICULAR AWARDS
RELEVANT SKILLS
● Service Awardee - 2020
Cebu Institute of ● Has good communication
Technology – University skills both in oral and
written
● Can work under pressure
● Computer and software
usage literate
● Flexible in any means of
changes