Exercise 1

Time (h) Cx (g/L) Cs (g/L) ln (Cx)

0 0.2 9.23 -1.609
2 0.211 9.21 -1.556
4 0.305 9.07 -1.187
8 0.98 8.03 -0.020
10 1.77 6.8 0.571
12 3.2 4.6 1.163
14 5.6 0.92 1.723
16 6.15 0.077 1.816
18 6.2 0 1.825

μmax (h-1) 0.279 0.273

Cx - Cxo Cso - Cs
0 0
0.011 0.02
0.105 0.16
0.78 1.2
1.57 2.43
3 4.63 2.000
5.4 8.31
1.500 f(x) = 0.279365226103088 x − 2.21248461770336
5.95 9.153 R² = 0.997480025762972
6 9.23 1.000

0.500
ln (Cx)

0.000 Plot of ln (Cx) vs t in

Yx/s 0.650 ponential phase
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
-0.500 Linear (Plot of ln (Cx
the exponential pha
-1.000
td = ln2/μmax 2.48
-1.500

-2.000
time (h)

6
f(x) = 0.65007760344
5 R² = 0.999997426286

4
-Cxo

3
 7

6
f(x) = 0.65007760344
5 R² = 0.999997426286

Cx -Cxo
3

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Cso-C
 2.500

1248461770336 2.000
1.500
1.000
0.500
ln (Cx)

Plot of ln (Cx) vs t in the ex-

16 ponential phase 0.000
Linear (Plot of ln (Cx) vs t in Plot of ln (Cx) vs t
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
the exponential phase) -0.500
-1.000
-1.500
-2.000
time (h)

6
f(x) = 0.650077603441714 x − 0.00257516019086035
5 R² = 0.999997426286758

4
-Cxo

3 Plot of Cx-Cxo versus Cso-Cs

 7

6
f(x) = 0.650077603441714 x − 0.00257516019086035
5 R² = 0.999997426286758

4
Cx -Cxo

3 Plot of Cx-Cxo versus Cso-Cs

Linear (Plot of Cx-Cxo versus
2 Cso-Cs)

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Cso-Cs
Plot of ln (Cx) vs t
 Exercise 2

Dilution Rate (h-1) Cs (mg/L) Cx (mg/L) 1/D 1/Cs Yx/s

0.1 16.7 366 10.000 0.0599 0.4673
0.2 33.5 407 5.000 0.0299 0.5310
0.3 59.4 408 3.333 0.0168 0.5509
0.4 101 404 2.500 0.0099 0.5780
0.5 169 371 2.000 0.0059 0.5880
0.6 298 299 1.667 0.0034 0.5956
0.7 702 59 1.429 0.0014 0.6020

T (°C) 35
pH 5.5
Cso (mg/L) 800
Cxo (mg/L) 0
μmax 0.806
Ks 83.0169
Ymax x/s 0.6266
Kd 0.0348
ms 0.0555

μ = μmax [Cs/(Ks+Cs)] - Kd
1/Y = m/μ + 1/Ymax
1/u = Ks/μmax (1/Cs) + 1/μmax

2.500

2.000 f(x) = 0.0554961520231286 x + 1.59580997351217

R² = 0.989876966780718
1.500
1/Y

1.000 Plot of 1/Y versus 1/μ

Linear (Plot of 1/Y
0.500 versus 1/μ)

0.000
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
00 00 00 00 00 .0
0
.0
0
0. 2. 4. 6. 8. 10 12
1/μ
 0.0700

0.0600
f(x) = 0.00971441539434755 x − 0.0120457433014198
0.0500 R² = 0.999776355341649

0.0400
Plot of 1/Cs versus
1/Cs

0.0300 1/(Kd+D)
0.0200 Linear (Plot of 1/Cs
versus 1/(Kd+D))
0.0100

0.0000
0.0000 2.0000 4.0000 6.0000 8.0000
1/(kd+D)
1/Yx/s 1/(D + Kd)
2.140 7.4184
1.883 4.2589
1.815 2.9869
1.730 2.2999
1.701 1.8699
1.679 1.5753
1.661 1.3609
 Exercise 3

C6H12O6 1 Gum 731.155

O2 0.23 0.000
NH3 0.01 Reqd C6H12O6 974.873
Gum 0.75 Reqd NH3 9.749
Cells 0.09
CO2 0.27
H 2O 0.13 kmol O2 excess 57.497
kmol O2 theo 224.221
V H2O (L) 20000
Off Gas (kg) 1250 % Excess O2 25.643
Cp final (%) 3.5
% Excess O2 = % Excess Air

Reaction Equation:
1g C6H12O6 + 0.23 g O2 + 0.01 g NH3 --> 0.75g Gum + 0.09g Cells + 0.27g CO 2 + 0.13g H2O
O 2 + 0.13g H2O
 Exercise 4

Time (d) Cell Conc (106 cells mL-1) ln (Cx)

4.50
0.00 0.45 -0.799
4.00
0.20 0.52 -0.654

Cell Conc (106 cell per mL)

3.50
0.50 0.65 -0.431
1.00 0.81 -0.211 3.00
1.50 1.22 0.199 2.50
2.00 1.77 0.571 2.00
2.50 2.13 0.756 1.50
3.00 3.55 1.267 1.00
3.50 4.02 1.391 0.50
4.00 3.77 1.327 0.00
4.50 2.20 0.788 0.00 1.00 2
tim

1.500 2.000

f(x) = 0.665148028547331 x − 0.802265253493677 1.500

1.000
R² = 0.993275798969772
1.000
0.500
lnc (Cx)

ln (Cx)
Plot of ln (Cx) versus 0.500
time on the expo-
0.000 nential growth phase
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 0.000
0.00 1.00
-0.500 Linear (Plot of ln (Cx) -0.500
versus time on the
exponential growth
-1.000 phase) -1.000

time (day) tim

μgrowth phase (day-1) 0.6651

doubling time 1.0421

Based on Growth Profile

Lag Phase None
Exponential Phase 0 to 3 days
Stationary Phase 3 to 3.5 days
Death Phase 3.5 days onwards
 4.50
4.00
Cell Conc (106 cell per mL)

3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
Hybridoma Cell
1.50 Growth Profile
1.00
0.50
0.00
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00
time (day)

2.000

1.500

1.000
ln (Cx)

0.500
Hybridoma Cell
0.000
Growth Profile
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00
-0.500

-1.000
time (day)
Exercise 5

Time (min) Number of Spores (x 109) @ Different Temperatures (°C)

85°C 90°C 110°C 120°C
0.0 2.40E+09 2.40E+09 2.40E+09 2.40E+09
0.5 2.39E+09 2.38E+09 1.08E+09 2.05E+07
1.0 2.37E+09 2.30E+09 4.80E+08 1.75E+05
1.5 2.29E+09 2.20E+08 1.30E+03
2.0 2.33E+09 2.21E+09 9.85E+07
3.0 2.32E+09 2.17E+09 2.01E+07
4.0 2.28E+09 2.12E+09 4.41E+06
6.0 2.20E+09 1.95E+09 1.62E+05
8.0 2.19E+09 1.87E+09 6.88E+03
9.0 2.16E+09 1.79E+09

At 85°C At 110°C
Time (min) ln (N) Time (min) ln (N)
0.0 21.60 0.0 21.60
0.5 21.59 0.5 20.80
1.0 21.59 1.0 19.99
2.0 21.57 1.5 19.21
3.0 21.56 2.0 18.41
4.0 21.55 3.0 16.82
6.0 21.51 4.0 15.30
8.0 21.51 6.0 12.00
9.0 21.49 8.0 8.84

25.00

9.60984785675101x x+ 21.5971665361427
1.59495770444817
f(x) ==−−0.0119813794689834
f(x) 0.0320602254885665 21.6267185962543
+x21.6021338673283
+ 21.5953915622163
R² ==0.977808794950179
R² 0.999949483046152
0.99994693806887
0.992174059428594
20.00
ln (Number of Spores)

15.00

10.00
 15.00

ln (Number of Spore
10.00

5.00

0.00
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9

Time (min)

kd (85°C) 0.012 min-1

kd (90°C) 0.032 min-1
kd (110°C) 1.595 min-1
kd (120°C) 9.610 min-1

Using Arrhenius Equation:

ln (kd) = ln (A) - Ea/RT
Ln(Kd) 1/T (K-1)
-4.42 0.00279
-3.44 0.00275
0.47 0.00261
2.26 0.00254

- Ea/R (K) -26982

Ea (J/mol) 224342
kd (100°C) 0.240

3.00

2.00 f(x) = − 26982.3831582984 x + 70.8895048844206

R² = 0.999952372303477
1.00
 3.00

2.00 f(x) = − 26982.3831582984 x + 70.8895048844206

R² = 0.999952372303477
1.00

ln (kd) 0.00

-1.00
Plot of ln (Kd) versus 1/T
-2.00 Linear (Plot of ln (Kd) vers

-3.00

-4.00

-5.00
0.00250 0.00255 0.00260 0.00265 0.00270 0.00275 0.00280 0.00285
1/T (K-1)
 At 90°C
Time (min) ln (N)
0.0 21.60
0.5 21.59
1.0 21.56
1.5 21.55
2.0 21.52
3.0 21.50
4.0 21.47
6.0 21.39
8.0 21.35
9.0 21.31

At 120°C
Time (min) ln (N)
0.0 21.60
0.5 16.84
1.0 12.07
1.5 7.17

85 Degree Celsius
Linear (85 Degree Celsius)
90 Degree Celsius
Linear (90 Degree Celsius)
110 Degree Celsius
Linear (110 Degree Celsius)
120 Degree Celsius
Linear (120 Degree Celsius)
 85 Degree Celsius
Linear (85 Degree Celsius)
90 Degree Celsius
Linear (90 Degree Celsius)
110 Degree Celsius
Linear (110 Degree Celsius)
120 Degree Celsius
Linear (120 Degree Celsius)

7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0

 t= - ln (N/No)/kd
time (min) for 99% 19.16763
death @ 100°C

lot of ln (Kd) versus 1/T

near (Plot of ln (Kd) versus 1/T)