MODULE- 2
LIST
DICTIONARIES AND STRUCTURING DATA
LISTS DATA TYPE
Lists can contain multiple values in an ordered sequence
They can also contain other lists
List values are written within [ ]
List values are comma-delimited
List contains different data types
GETTING INDIVIDUAL VALUES IN A LIST WITH
INDEXES
List indexes are used to access values within a list
The first index is a zero
GETTING INDIVIDUAL VALUES IN A LIST WITH
INDEXES
Indexes can be only integer values, not floats.
Otherwise, a Type Error is caused
GETTING INDIVIDUAL VALUES IN A LIST WITH
INDEXES
Lists can also contain other list values.
GETTING INDIVIDUAL VALUES IN A LIST WITH
INDEXES
Lists can have negative indexes
GETTING A LIST FROM ANOTHER LIST
WITH SLICES
An index can get a single value from a list, a slice
can get several values from a list
A slice is typed between square brackets
It has two integers separated by a colon
The first integer is where the slice starts
The second integer is where the slice ends(not
included)
GETTING A LIST FROM ANOTHER LIST
WITH SLICES
GETTING A LIST FROM ANOTHER LIST
WITH SLICES
Slicing can be done
using negative
indexing
The order in which
the indexes are
specified is important
Getting a List’s
Length with len()
CHANGING VALUES IN A LIST WITH
INDEXES
CHANGING VALUES IN A LIST WITH
INDEXES
LIST CONCATENATION AND LIST
REPLICATION
LIST CONCATENATION AND LIST
REPLICATION
REMOVING VALUES FROM LISTS WITH DEL
STATEMENTS
The del statement will delete values at an index in a
list
All of the values in the list after the deleted value will
be moved up one index
WORKING WITH LISTS
TO CREATE LIST
catNames = [ ]
while True:
print('Enter the name of cat ' + str(len(catNames) + 1) +
' (Or enter nothing to stop.):')
name = input()
if name == “:
break
catNames = catNames + [name] # list concatenation
print('The cat names are:')
for name in catNames:
print(' ' + name)
USING FOR LOOP WITH LISTS
The for loops execute a block of code a certain
number of times
A for loop repeats the code block once for each
item in a list value
A common Python technique is to use
range(len(someList)) with a for loop to iterate
over the indexes of a list.
EXAMPLE 1.PY
Write a Python program to sum all the items in a
list.
1.PY
def sum_list(items):
sum_numbers = 0
for x in items:
sum_numbers += x
return sum_numbers
print(sum_list([1,2,-8]))
ADDING ELEMENTS TO AN EMPTY LIST
USING FOR LOOP WITH LISTS
THE IN AND NOT IN OPERATORS
in and not in
operators determine
whether a value is
or isn’t in a list
The expressions
with in and not will
evaluate to a
Boolean value
THE IN AND NOT IN OPERATORS
THE MULTIPLE ASSIGNMENT TRICK
To assign multiple
variables with the
values in a list in one
line of code
The number of
variables and the
length of the list must
be exactly equal
Else it will result in
value error
USING THE ENUMERATE() FUNCTION
WITH LISTS
Instead of using the range(len(someList))
technique with a for loop to obtain the integer
index of the items in the list
On each iteration of the loop, enumerate() will
return
two values:
the index of the item in the list,
the item in the list itself
USING THE ENUMERATE() FUNCTION
WITH LISTS
Using range(len(listname)
Using enumerate(listname)
USING THE RANDOM.CHOICE() AND
RANDOM.SHUFFLE() FUNCTIONS WITH LISTS
The random module has a couple functions that
accept lists for arguments
The random.choice() function will return a
randomly selected item from the list
The random.shuffle() function will reorder the
items in a list.
The random module has to be imported for using
these functions
Using the random.choice() and
random.shuffle() functions with Lists
AUGMENTED ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS
AUGMENTED ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS
METHODS
A method is the same thing as a function, except it
is “called on” a value. For example, if a list value
were stored in spam, you would call the index() list
method on that list like so: spam.index('hello’).
The method part comes after the value, separated
by a period. Each data type has its own set of
methods.
LIST METHODS
index()
append()
insert()
remove()
sort()
reverse()
INDEX() METHOD
If a value exists in the list, the index of the value
is returned
If the value isn’t in the list, then Python produces
a ValueError error
When there are duplicates of the value in the list,
the index of its first appearance is returned
INDEX() METHOD
APPEND() AND INSERT() METHOD
The append() method call adds the argument to
the end of the list.
The insert() method can insert a value at any
index in the list.
The first argument to insert() is the index for
the new value
The second argument is the new value to be
inserted.
APPEND() AND INSERT() METHOD
APPEND() AND INSERT() METHOD
Methods belong to a single data type. The append() and
insert() methods are list methods and can be called only
on list values, not on other values such as strings or
integers.
REMOVE() METHOD
The remove() method is passed the value to be removed from
the list
If the value does not exist in the list, it will result in a
ValueError
If the value appears multiple times in the list, only the first
instance of the value will be removed
SORT() METHOD
Lists of number values or lists of strings can be
sorted with the sort() method
Sorting lists that have both number values and
string values in them cannot be done
sort() uses “ASCIIbetical order” rather than
actual alphabetical order for sorting strings
SORT() METHOD
• To sort in alphabetical order pass str.lower for the
key keyword argument in the sort() method call
• Pass True for the reverse keyword argument to have
sort() sort the values in reverse order
>>> spam = ['ants', 'cats', 'dogs', 'badgers',
'elephants']
>>> spam.sort()
>>> spam
['ants', 'badgers', 'cats', 'dogs', 'elephants’]
>>> spam.sort(reverse=True)
>>> spam
['elephants', 'dogs', 'cats', 'badgers', 'ants']
EXAMPLE PROGRAM: MAGIC 8 BALL WITH
A LIST
Output:
EXAMPLE PROGRAM: MAGIC 8 BALL WITH
A LIST
Instead of several lines of nearly identical elif statements, you
can create a single list that the code works with.
Output:
SEQUENCE DATA TYPES
Sequence data types represent ordered sequences
of values
Python sequence data types include
Lists
Strings
Tuples
Range objects returned by range()
LIST-LIKE TYPES: STRINGS AND
TUPLES
Lists aren’t the only data types that represent ordered
sequences of values. For example, strings and lists are
actually similar, if you consider a string to be a “list” of
single text characters.
Many of the things you can do with lists can also be done
with strings: indexing; slicing; and using them with for
loops, with len(), and with the in and not in operators.
MUTABLE AND IMMUTABLE DATA TYPES
A list value is a mutable data type: It can have values
added, removed, or changed. However, a string is
immutable: It cannot be changed.
Mutable data Immutable data
types types
int
List
float
Dictionary
string
Set
tuples
STRING IS IMMUTABLE: IT CANNOT BE CHANGED. TRYING
TO REASSIGN A SINGLE CHARACTER IN A STRING RESULTS
IN A TYPEERROR ERROR,
The proper way to “mutate” a string is to use slicing and
concatenation to build a new string by copying from parts of
the old string.
>>> name = 'Zophie a cat’
>>> newName = name[0:7] + 'the' + name[8:12]
>>> name
'Zophie a cat'
>>> newName
'Zophie the cat'
LIST VALUE IS MUTABLE
TUPLE DATA TYPE
Tuples are typed with parentheses, ( and ), instead of
square brackets, [ and ]
Tuples are immutable
Tuples cannot have their values modified, appended,
or removed
If you have only one value in your tuple, you can
indicate this by placing a trailing comma after the
value inside the parentheses
TUPLE DATA TYPE
CONVERTING TYPES WITH THE LIST() AND TUPLE()
FUNCTIONS
Converting a tuple to a list is handy if you need a
mutable version of a tuple value.
REFERENCES
Variables are storing references to the computer
memory locations where the values are stored.
When a variable is assigned to another variable,
the reference is copied.
Reference
Variable
List
CONTD ….
spam = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5] spam = cheese copies
stores a reference to a the reference, not the
list, not the actual list. list.
CONTD ….
cheese[1] = 'Hello!' modifies the list that
both variables refer to.
PASSING REFERENCES
References are particularly important for
understanding how arguments get passed to functions.
When a function is called, the values of the arguments
are copied to the parameter variables.
Output:
[1, 2, 3, 'Hello']
THE COPY MODULE’S COPY() AND DEEPCOPY() FUNCTIONS
copy.copy(), can be used to make a duplicate copy of
a mutable value like a list or dictionary, not just a
copy of a reference.
THE COPY MODULE’S COPY() AND DEEPCOPY() FUNCTIONS
Figure : cheese = copy.copy(spam) creates a second
list that can be modified independently of the first.
The copy Module’s copy() and deepcopy() Functions
If the list you need to copy contains lists, then
use the copy.deepcopy() function instead of
copy.copy(). The deepcopy() function will
copy these inner lists as well.
CONTD ….
COPYING A LIST USING SHALLOW COPY
ADDING [4, 4, 4] TO OLD_LIST, USING
SHALLOW COPY
ADDING NEW NESTED OBJECT USING
SHALLOW COPY
COPYING A LIST USING SHALLOW COPY
ADDING A NEW NESTED OBJECT IN THE LIST USING
DEEP COPY
IDENTITY AND THE ID( ) FUNCTION
All data types are objects in Python
The objects in Python have a unique identity
The identity of an object is obtained using id()
function
It returns the memory address where the object is
stored
The memory address is the free memory on a
computer at a given time
IDENTITY AND THE ID() FUNCTION -
EXAMPLES
DICTIONARIES
Dictionaries are collection of elements like lists
Dictionaries have indexes to access the elements
Dictionary indexes are called keys and its
elements are called values
DICTIONARIES
In lists the indexes must be integers only
But, in dictionaries keys can be of any data type
CREATING A DICTIONARY
CREATING A DICTIONARY
Syntax: dictionary_name = {‘key’ : ’value’}
Elements of dictionary should be enclosed within
{}
Every key is mapped to a value
CREATING A DICTIONARY
The association of a key and a value is called key
– value pair
CREATING A DICTIONARY
An example of creating a dictionary is as given in
the following slide
The keys and in a dictionary should be enclosed
within ‘ ‘ if they are non-integers
The key-value pairs should be separated by a :
(colon) while creating a dictionary
CREATING A DICTIONARY - EXAMPLE
Values
Keys
CREATING AN EMPTY
DICTIONARY
An empty dictionaryUSING DICT
can be created () dict()
using
fucntion
Elements can be added to an empty dictionary
CREATING AN EMPTY DICTIONARY
USING DICT()
ADDING ELEMENTS TO A DICTIONARY
ADDING ELEMENTS TO A
DICTIONARY
Elements can be added to an empty dictionary or
to an existing dictionary
Syntax:
dictionaryName[Key]
Keys and values should = if
be enclosed in quotes
they are non integers value
ADDING ELEMENTS TO AN EMPTY
DICTIONARY
Note: The order of key – value pair will differ from the order in
which these were created
DICTIONARIES VS. LISTS
Unlike lists, items in dictionaries are unordered.
The first item in a listbnamed spam would be
spam[0]. But there is no “first” item in a
dictionary.
While the order of items matters for determining
whether two lists are the same, it does not
matter in what order the key-value pairs are
typed in a dictionary
CONTD ….
CONTD ….
Dictionaries are not
ordered, they can’t be
sliced like lists.
Trying to access a key
that does not exist in
a dictionary will result
in a KeyError error
message, much like a
list’s “out-of-range”
IndexError error
message.
CONTD ….
THE KEYS(), VALUES(), AND ITEMS()
METHODS
keys(), values(), and items() the spam = {'color': 'red', 'age':
values returned by these methods 42}
are not true lists. >>> for v in spam.values():
print(v)
They cannot be modified and do not red
have an append() method.
42
But these data types (dict_keys,
dict_values, and dict_items, >>> for k in spam.keys():
respectively) can be used in for loops. print(k)
>>> for i in
color
spam.items():
age
print(i)
('color', 'red')
('age', 42)
CONTD . . . .
>>> spam = {'color': 'red', 'age':
list(spam.keys()) 42}
>>> for k, v in spam.items():
['color', 'age'] print('Key: ' + k + ' Value: ' +
str(v))
Key: age Value: 42
Key: color Value: red
CHECKING WHETHER A KEY OR VALUE EXISTS
IN A DICTIONARY
>>> spam = {'name': 'Zophie', 'age': 7}
>>> 'name' in spam.keys()
False
True >>> 'color' not in
>>> 'Zophie' in spam.values() spam.keys()
True
True
>>> 'color' in spam
THE GET() METHOD
It’s tedious to check whether a key exists in a
dictionary before accessing that key’s value.
Fortunately, dictionaries have a get() method that
takes two arguments: the key of the value to retrieve
and a fallback value to return if that key does not
exist.
WITHOUT USING GET(), THE CODE
WOULD HAVE CAUSED AN ERROR
MESSAGE
ACCESSING DICTIONARIES
ACCESSING DICTIONARIES
Dictionaries are accessed using the keys as indexes
UPDATING VALUES IN A DICTIONARY
MODIFYING VALUES IN A DICTIONARY
The values of any key in a dictionary can be
modified
Before:
After:
THE SETDEFAULT() METHOD
• The first time setdefault() is called, the dictionary in
spam changes to {'color': 'black', 'age': 5, 'name': 'Pooka’}.
• The method returns the value 'black' because this is now
the value set for the key 'color’.
• When spam.setdefault('color', 'white') is called next, the
value for that key is not changed to 'white' because spam
already has a key named 'color’.
• The setdefault() method is a nice shortcut to ensure that
a key exists.
Program to count the number of
occurrences of each letter in a string.
Output:
Pretty
Printing
• If you import the pprint module into your
programs, you’ll have access to the pprint() and
pformat() functions that will “pretty print” a
dictionary’s values.
• This is helpful when you want a cleaner display
of the items in a dictionary than what print()
provides.
Pretty Printing
Output:
The pprint.pprint() function is especially helpful
when the dictionary itself contains nested lists or
dictionaries.
Program to count the number of
occurrences of each letter in a string
without function.
The sample output would be:
Enter a string: Hello World
{'H': 1, 'e': 1, 'l': 3, 'o': 2, ' ': 1, 'W': 1, 'r': 1, 'd': 1}
USING DATA STRUCTURES TO MODEL
REAL WORLD THINGS
DATA STRUCTURES TO MODEL REAL
WORLD
DATA STRUCTURES TO MODEL REAL
WORLD
DATA STRUCTURES TO MODEL REAL
WORLD
DATA STRUCTURES TO MODEL REAL
WORLD
DATA STRUCTURES TO MODEL REAL
WORLD
NESTED LIST AND DICTIONARIES
NESTED LIST AND DICTIONARIES
NESTED LIST AND DICTIONARIES
