Digestive System of Animals

 Animal is complex organism so it has complex cavity called Alimentary canal or gut.
 Animal canal extends from mouth to anus. (Igestion is taking food inside)
 Alimentary canal and digestive gland work together.
Alimentary Canal.
 It is a very long (abt. 22 ft) high canal, highly-coiled, muscular, tube - like structure that start as mouth and terminates
as anus.
 It has eight parts.
(i) Mouth: (2)
 The alimentary canal opens at the upper end as a wide space
 It is bounded by soft movable lips.
Function of lips: (5)
 Closing of mouth
 Sucking & Sipping of fluids
 Speaking
 Perceiving certain sensation especially those touch & Heat.
 Preventing loss of food during mastication or chewing of food.
(ii) Buccal cavity (Oral cavity) (5)
 It is a large spacious cavity present in head region.
 It bounded on the upper side by plat palate.
 Lower side is bounded by throat.
 Side walls are formed by Jaws.
 Most space is covered with large, muscular, protusible tongue.
Function of Tongue
 (i) Manipulating food while mastication
 (ii) Help in swallowing food.
 (iii) Helps in making meaningful sound.
 (iv) Help in cleaning the teeth.
 (v) Acts as spoon while drinking liquids.
 (vi) It bears taste bud and helps in tasting.
Teeth:
 Present on the upper and lower jaw, whitish in colour, shining, hard structure.
 (i) Incisors - chisel shaped - for cutting and biting
 (ii) Canines - pointed - for tearing
 (iii) Pre- molars - broad - for grinding the food
 (iv) Molar - broad.
Function of Teeth:
 It helps in mastication of food.
 They help in swallowing of food.
 They increase the surface of food to increase the action of enzymes.
Pharynx:
 The buccal cavity leads into a vertical chamber.
 It measures about 12 to 14 cm.
 Part of Alimentary canal: both food and air passes through.
 The food then continues to oesophagus (food pipe).
 Air passes through larynx and trachea (wind pipe).
 The opening of larynx is called glottis.
 The opening of oesophagus is called gullet.
 The opening of glottis is guarded by flap-like epiglottis.
 Epiglottis closes glottis while swallowing.
Oesophagus:
 It is narrow, muscular, collapsible tube 25 cm long.
 It passes from neck, thorax and pierces through diaphragm.
 It takes a sharp bend and enters the stomach.
 It helps the food to come from buccal cavity to stomach.
Stomach
 Stomach in man is very large 'J' shaped.
 It high muscular and thick walled, highly destensible bag like present in the anterior part of abdominal cavity slightly
towards left.
 Enter of esophagus is guarded by ring-like structure
 Cardiac sphincter prevents regurgitation, backward flow of food.
 At the posterior end stomach opens in small intestine.
 It is also guarded by pyloric sphincter sphincter.
 The inner lining of stomach has many gastric glands.
Function of Stomach
 Storage of food for sufficient time
 The muscular wall of stomach for churning
 Gastric juices help in partial digestion.
Small Intestine
 It is a large part of alimentary canal measuring 5-6 m.
 It is a very narrow, highly coiled tube.
 It has three differentiated parts:
Duodenum
 The stomach opens into small C-shaped narrow duodenum measuring about 25 cm in length.
 In the duodenum, open the bile duct and pancreatic duct through a common passage called common bile duct or
hepatopancreatic duct.
Jejunum
 It is the middle part of small intestine that measures about 200 meters in length.
Ileum
 It is the last part of small intestine that measures about 3-3.5 meters.

Internal Lining
 The internal lining of Jejunum and Ileum are produced into large number of prominent longitudinal folds called villi.
 Villi increases the absorptive surface area of small intestine.
 In between the villi are present glandular pits having numerous unicellular glands called intestinal intestinal gland.

Function of Small Intestine

Large Intestine
 Ileum enters into wider tube called Large Intestine
 It measures 1.5 m in length
 It is differentiated into two parts
Caecum
 It is a small, almost rounded blind sac measuring 6 cm in length.
 From Caecum arises a worm-blind sac measuring about 6 cm in length called wrmiform appendin which measures
about 3-8 cm. It isnestical organ in the man.
 Inflammation is of appendix is called appendixitis.
Colon
 It is largest part of large intestine and is sacculated in appearence
 Its main function is absorption of water, preparation and storage of faeces faeces.
Rectum
 It is about 12 cm long 's' shaped tube that opens to outside as anus.
 It is meant for accumalation and evacuation of facceat faceal matter.