Geography

Course outlook
Book name
Environment of Pakistan
Syllabus code
GCE-2059/02 and IGCSE 0448/02
Marks
75
Time
1h 30min

Paper Pattern
Questions
3 out of 5 questions have to be attempted.
Weightage
50%
 Syllabus Content

CH # 0: INTRODUCTION: THE LAND OF PAKISTAN

CH # 1: THE NATURAL TOPOGRAPHY INCLUDING DRAINAGE
CH # 2: THE CLIMATE OF PAKISTAN
CH # 3: NATURAL RESOURCES- WATER RESOURCES
CH # 4: FORESTS
CH # 5: FISHING INDUSTRIES
CH # 6 MINERAL RESOURCES
CH # 7: AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT
CH # 8: POWER RESOURCES
CH # 9: INDUSTRIES (SECONDARY AND TERTIARY)
CH # 10: TRADE
CH # 11: TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION
CH # 12: POPULATION AND EMPLOYMENT
Chapter # 1: POPULATION AND EMPLOYMENT
Learning objectives:
Structure and growth of the population
Movement of population (migration)
Population and density
Employment

STATS FROM THE 6th Population CENSUS of Pakistan:

What was the population of Pakistan in 2017?
207 million
What was the percentage of males and females in Pakistan as of 2017?
51% males
48.76 % females
0.24% Transgenders
What is the percentage of people living in the urban and rural areas of Pakistan in 2017?
Urban – 37.85%
Rural – 62.15%
What is the exact population growth rate in Pakistan in 2017?
2.4%
What is the life expectancy of people in 2017?
Men – 65.8 years
Women – 69.8 years
Both – 66.95 years
Introduction
A) POPULATION GROWTH

Population growth comprises of birth rates, death rates and migration in a country

B) RATE OF NATURAL INCREASE

RNI= Birth rate - Death rate

Structure of growth and population

● Population is always expressed as a numeric value
● Pakistan currently has a population of approximately 210 million
Note: EEQ stands for Expected Examination Question:
(EEQ) Why does population growth occur? (3)
● Increase in birth date
● Decrease in death rate
● Increase in net-migration (i.e. influx of people in a country)

C) DEFINING DEATH RATE

It is the number of deaths per 1000 people

🏱 FACTS: Death rate is based on life expectancy (the avg. period/number of years a
person may expect to live)
● Death rate is based on natural disasters
● Death rate is based on political conflicts e.g. wars
● Death rate is based on the infant mortality rate

D) INFANT MORTALITY RATE

The rate of which a new-born is expected to die per 1000 births.

Remember#1: This is done for infants who die before reaching the age of 1 years
Remember#2: Mortal/Mortality refers to Death. So you are basically finding out the
number of Infants dying before the age of 1 years

Recap:

Structure of Pakistan’s population

● Almost 38% of the people reside in urban areas
● Almost 62% of the people reside in rural areas
● Total population is about 210 million
● Annual population growth rate is 2.4%
● 51% are men, 48.76% are women and 0.24% are trans-genders
(EEQ) Between the 1950s and 1970s, Pakistan had a low life expectancy but after
the mid-1980s, the life expectancy began to increase”. Describe and explain how the
life expectancy increased? [5]
● Between the 1950s and 1970s, Pakistan experienced major wars with India but
after the 1980s, political conflicts decreased.
● Expansion of medical facilities, including setup of basic health units and rural
health units have made medical facilities more accessible to rural areas, thus
leading to an increase in life expectancy.
● Development of antibiotics and their increased availability in rural areas.
● An increase in doctors and nursing staff
● Introduction of life saving drugs
● Development of old age homes and nursing centres for the elderly people
● Better nutrition and constant food supply
● Awareness regarding the benefits of good hygiene
Does birth rate affect the population growth rate?
Birth rate has the highest effect on the rate of population growth in a country

🏱 FACT: It directly effects the population growth.

🏱 Despite the efforts by the government of Pakistan, birth rate has remained high.

🏱 These efforts include the establishment of NGO’s for Birth control, Family
planning programs & government + Internationally sponsored birth control
programs such as: ‘Bachay dou he Achay’.
(FAQ) What are the reasons for the high birth rate in Pakistan? [6]
● Early marriages increase the span of reproductivity
● In rural areas, females are not allowed to receive formal education, therefore,
they are married off at a younger age.
● Desire for more sons to increase family income, through child labour to assist in
subsistence farming. This normally increases the family size.
● Due to illiteracy, there is no awareness regarding the benefits of usage of
contraceptives. (Birth control methods)
● Majority of the ulemas consider the usage of contraceptives as un-Islamic, thus
keeping a large family is considered a source of pride.
● Inconsistent government policies regarding birth control campaigns,
furthermore, local landlords resist the NGOs, creating a hurdle in their campaigns
regarding birth control. NGO: Non-government organization

E) PROBLEMS CREATED BY HIGH BIRTH RATES

a) Child labour
b) Increasing illiteracy: children are forced to earn, not to learn
c) Child labour does not generate taxes
d) Increased burden on economy
e) High rates of unemployment
f) Poverty rate will increase
g) Families will be unable to afford medical facilities; thus, probability of diseases will
increase
h) Low or no savings leading to low investment
i) People will have poor standard of living.
(EEQ) What are the solutions to the problems created by high birth rate? (4)
● Introduction of effective legislations (laws) to limit the high birth rate. E.g.
one child policy in China.
● Consistency in government’s policies along with assistance to NGOs in order
to create awareness regarding birth rate
● Provision of free contraceptives along with the awareness regarding their
usage
● Convincing ulemas to not declare the usage of birth control methods as un-
Islamic
● Banning of child labour and levying a huge fine on those institutions that hire
or employ child below the age of 16 years.
● Making education free or compulsory till secondary level for all
● Educating females from all backgrounds and from all societies.
● An educated female will tend to have less children and at a later stage of her
life, furthermore, she will also ensure higher standards of living for her
family.
F) FACTS ABOUT PAKISTAN

● Pakistan has a higher percentage of males to females

● A higher percentage of young people (18 years and below) & a comparatively smaller
middle-aged section (18-50).
● Also has a less percentage of elderly (55+ years)

🏱 IMPORTANT: Pakistan has a higher birth rate and a decreasing death rate.
Therefore, the population growth rate or rate of natural increase is high.

🏱 POPULATION PYRAMID/STRUCTURE: IT IS THE PERCENTAGE OF MALES AND FEMALES IN

DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS. A POPULATION STRUCTURE IS SHOWN BY A POPULATION PYRAMID.

% age groups

Male % Female %
65 – 70
55 – 60
45 – 50
40 – 45
35– 40
30 – 35
25 – 30
20 – 25

15 – 20
10 – 15
5 – 10
0–5

Fact: The wide base of this pyramid represents high birth rates
(PPQ) What is a population pyramid? /2
● It shows the percentage of males and females in a country,
● In the total population category
● Under various age groups
● Or it is the distribution of population in a country into various groups
(PPQ) Describe the shape of Pakistan’s population pyramid.
(In the questions of ‘Describe’ you need to Mention what you see and write only the
visible features) /2
● It has a triangular shape.
● It has a pyramidal shape i.e. it has a wide base and narrow top.

🏱 FACT: A population pyramid with broad base and narrow top represents a developing
country.
(PPQ) What does a broad base of the population pyramid represent? /3-4
● It shows a high dependency ratio, children below the age of 18 are a burden on
the earning class as they are unable to sustain themselves and earn a livelihood.
● Low infant mortality rates, i.e more babies are surviving the age of infancy.
● It represents poor family planning
● It shows the economic conditions of a country. E.g. a poor country with less
resources cannot spend well and cannot afford to lose money
● It shows a low literacy rate. Families are poor. Hence, they cannot spend well and
cannot afford to lose income by sending their children to school. As a result, it
increases the illiteracy rate.
● It shows a high rate of illiteracy as a majority of population resides in rural areas,
these people have low earnings and desire more sons to work on farms or to
participate in child labour.
● It shows the low standard of living due to poverty
● It represents a high birth rate.
(EEQ) What does the narrow top of the population pyramid represent? /3
● Lower life expectancy
● Poor hygienic facilities
● Unawareness regarding disease control
● Expensive and unaffordable health care
● Lower pension for the retired

Changing population Trends (Represented by Population Pyramids)

G) URBAN AREAS/ DEVELOPED COUNTRY

● It has controlled birth rates.

● Better education and gainful employment results in higher standards of living and
high income therefore people tend to have smaller families.
● Proper medication, improved health facilities and usage of life saving drugs has
reduced the infant mortality rate while increasing the life expectancy rate hence
more people survive beyond the age of 50.

H) RURAL AREAS/ DEVELOPING COUNTRY

● High birth rates

● Illiteracy rate is high coupled with child labour and lack of contraceptives resulting in
larger families
● Poor medical facilities, in rural areas, coupled with a smaller number of doctors’
results in higher infant mortality rate and low life expectancy
Shape of population pyramid
I) URBAN AREAS

● Relatively narrow base

● Larger/wider middle section
● Broad/wide top

J) RURAL AREAS

● Wider/broad base
● Narrow middle section (as people migrate to urban areas looking for jobs)
● Narrow top
(PPQ) What is the importance of population pyramid? [3]
● It indicates the birth rate by representing the number of males and females by
percentage in age groups of 0- 4 years
● It indicates the life expectancy by representing the percentage of people in age
groups above 60 years
● It represents the sex (gender) ratio, it is the percentage of males to the females
in the country
● It provides an understanding of the population structure by representing the
percentage of population in various age groups
● Makes statistical study of population easy.
(PPQ) Despite controlling the birth rate, the rate of natural increase is high, why? [6]
● Unsuccessful family planning
● Early marriages increase the span of reproductively
● Child labour
● Poverty resulting due to less income or unemployment
 ● Increasing illiteracy rate due to substandard education of the public sector of
Pakistan
● Government allows an increase in inflation (increase in prices).[Child Labour]
● Lack of awareness due to religious factors. E.g. rejection of usage of
contraceptives by the ulemas.

Employment
(FAQ) What is employment?
● It is a mean of seeking income
● It means to work for a certain period of time in exchange for capital/money
EXAM TIP: In geography instead of mentioning cash/money, use the term ‘capital’.

🏱 FACT: Pakistan has 54.4 million employed people

K) DEFINITION OF EMPLOYMENT

Any person working from the age of 10 and above for minimum of 1 hr, being paid by
an institution or earning through his own work.
Types of Employment

Paid Employment Self-Employment

Categories of Employment

Formal Employment Informal Employment

L) CATEGORIES OF EMPLOYMENT

Formal employment Informal employment

● These are institutionally paid jobs ● Mostly self-employed, self-paid

● Workers have fixed hours ● Working hours are not fixed

● Fixed wages/income ● Variable income

● Institutions are recognized, ● Usually un-registered with

registered with the government Government

● The income of the workers is ● Taxes are not paid

taxable
● These companies follow efficient ● Labour may or may not be hired
quality control checks

● Labour is extensively hired

M) SECTORS OF EMPLOYMENT

1. Primary sector
2. Secondary sector
3. Tertiary sector (service sector)

Primary sector

● It employs 45% of the total workforce

● It is concerned with the extraction of raw materials from the surface of the earth
● It includes agriculture, mining, forestry and fishing
● Labour required in this sector is unskilled and semi-skilled

Secondary sector

● It employs 14% of the local workforce

● This sector is concerned with the processing of raw materials and converting
them into semi-finished or manufactured/finished goods
● This sector includes cotton textiles, sugarcane, brick kilns and fertilizer industry
● Labour required is skilled

Tertiary sector

● It employs 41% of the total workforce

● This sector is concerned with provision of services.
● It includes health care, education, transport, banking sectors. Insurance sectors
and entertainment sectors.
FAQ: State what is meant by labour?
Someone who is gainfully employed.
 EEQ: Why is there a high percentage of workforce employed in the primary sector?

● Majority of Pakistan resides in rural areas where primary sector is practiced

● Lack of educational institutes leads to high number of unskilled labour

● Illiterate population can only find work in the primary sector because of this sector’s
easy requirements

● Due to extreme poverty people desperately require a job or employment which is

easily available in this sector

● Primary sector is a large one in Pakistan. Therefore employment opportunities are

widely available here

EEQ: ’Nearly 45% of the workforce is employed in primary sector’

How do you think it is beneficial to the economy and the people of Pakistan, of this
number keeps on increasing? Explain

L3: Support the statement.

● Primary sector provides a source of income to larger population.

● Being gainfully employed, the standard of living increases. This creates awareness
regarding better hygienic conditions, importance of child education and
affordability of better medication.

● It prevents rural-urban migration.

On the contrary (L4 Disagree with statement)

● Employment in agricultural sector provides low earnings therefore a large

percentage of workforce does not pay taxes.

● Seasonal employment results moreover the females are not encouraged to

therefore this employment does not resolve the problem of poverty.

● Primary sector is dependent upon natural factors hence natural disasters for e.g.
flooding results in large population/work force becoming unemployed.

L5: Conclusion/Evaluation

● Economic activities are based on taxes and merely half of the Pakistan’s human
resource is engaged in activities that does not allow them to pay taxes. Hence
resulting in the inability of the government to develop infrastructure, provide better
education, health and employment.
 EEQ: Why is there low percentage of workforce employed in tertiary sector as
compared to primary sector?
● Majority of Pakistan’s population resides in rural areas while most activities of
tertiary sector takes place in urban area. As a result there is a higher percentage
employed in primary sector.
● Lack of specialized educational institutes or low standards of education. This leads
to specialized labour which are only suitable for working in the primary sector.
● Increasing inflation and other constraints results in low savings thus making
investments in private sector difficult.
● Lack of government attention towards the expansion of the tertiary sector.

EEQ: ‘41% of Pakistan’s workforce is employed in tertiary sector’

How far do you think is the Pakistan’s economy affected by such a small work force
employed in this sector?
L3 (Disadvantage):
● Low generation of taxes as small work force is employed in the tertiary sector.
● Lack of attention by the government for e.g less foreign investment is attracted into
Pakistan. This is because tertiary sector hosts a smaller work force as compared
sector.
● The services sector is the driving force behind a countries economy. This sector
includes the banking and finance industry which provides the loans to people to set
up their business. Thus since Pakistan’s tertiary sector is small. This leads to less
economic and commercial activities in the country.
L4 (On the contrary):
● Expanding the tertiary sector would result in better services being provided such as
health and education. Thus with the growth of this sector foreign investment will
enter into Pakistan.
● Improving health services increases the life expectancy while better education
facilities increases the literacy rate thus the new, healthy and skilled labour will be
able to work more efficiently hence helping to improve the economy
● Tertiary sector jobs are highly paid therefore more income will be generated which
will improve the living standard of the people.
L5 (Conclusion):
● By expanding the tertiary sector, revenue generation in the form of taxes increases
and government can carry out more development projects.

Sample Conclusion

🏱 EXAM TIP: the conclusions/evaluations given in geography as company to the

ones in history.
 In my justified opinion: by expanding the tertiary sector, the revenue generation in
the form of taxes, increases and the government can carry out more development
projects, giving benefit to both the people and the economy.

🏱 REMEMBER: Revenue is the income for the government (in the form of taxes)

Unemployment
It is the state of being unable to find a job or generate income, in order to sustain life.

🏱 FACTS:
1. Pakistan has around 3.4 million unemployed people as of 2011
2. If the economic conditions remain stable/constant, unemployment will increase per
annum (year)
Concept: What is disguised unemployment?
It occurs when the number of workers are more than what is are actually needed.

N) REASONS OF UNEMPLOYMENT

1. High birth rate, population increases at a high rate each year whilst the number of
employment opportunities remain insufficient.
2. In this era of modernization, the use of computers has reduced the need of intensive
labour
3. Mechanisation in farming has led to a less number of people being required to operate
a farm
4. Pakistan has a high consumption-oriented society. People tend to spend more on
festivals and functions that lead to low savings
5. Illiteracy rate is increasing; therefore, many people do not possess the necessary skills
thus leading to their unemployment
6. Poverty results in many parents sending their kids to work rather than to receive
education. (child labour is not known as employment)
7. People migrate from rural areas to urban areas, and if they are unsuccessful in finding
employment, then they add to the un-employed workforce.
8. There is mismatch in demand and supply of labour
9. Females are not allowed to work
(EEQ) How does unemployment affect the economic development?
● A high rate of unemployment means that human resources are not properly
utilized. Whilst generation of income from people is low leading to less GDP (gross
domestic product).
● Increasing competition for jobs and wide availability of labour results in rapidly
decreasing wages.
● Low salary/wage results in lower tax payment and decreasing revenue generation.
 ● Decreased revenue generation results in increasing tax rates. Government is
forced to take foreign loans which results in depreciation of the currency’s value.
● Decreased revenue generation results in the inability of the government to invest
in the industrial sector which decreases the rate of industrialization.
● Unemployment creates physical and mental stress, resulting in an increase in
crime rate and unrest.

O) SOLUTIONS TO UNEMPLOYMENT

a) Manpower planning (human labour planning)

● Launching extensive literacy training programmes that aim at increasing the
literacy rate, which reduces pressure on lands as people will choose those jobs
that require basic educational skills
● Literate and educated labour in primary sector is obtained by the establishment
of training institutions where agriculture is taught as a basic subject.
● To enhance productivity, labour force in the agricultural sector is trained using
model farms. These are workshops that aim at training labour to use machinery
to operate farms.
● Specialized training of labour to use industrial machinery.
● Training the semi-skilled labour about the operations of the industrial plants.
b) Attracting foreign investment to the industrial sector
c) Providing incentives such as cheap land, tax holidays, and decreasing import duties to
attract investment in the private sector.
d) Developing infrastructure in order to provide employment.

🏱 EXAM TIPS:
● Infrastructure e.g. roads, gas supply, water supply, electricity, railways etc.
● In an exam whenever you mention infrastructure, always write these examples
with it.
● Duty is a form of tax which is imposed on goods that are entering the country.

P) DISGUISED UNEMPLOYMENT

It occurs when the number of workers is more than what are actually needed. Example:
 Both the farms have a
capacity of 6 workers;
however, farm B has
hired 15 workers.

Population density
It is the number of people per square kilometres.

🏱 EXAM TIP:
How to calculate population density:
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑃. 𝐷 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
210 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑃. 𝐷 =
796096 𝑘𝑚2
𝑃. 𝐷 = 263.78 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑚2

🏱 FACT: the population density of Pakistan is approximately 263.78 people per km2
(PPQ) Why is the value of 263.78 people per km2 unreliable? /2
● The value is an average total of the people living in a country.
● Population density varies with geographical factors i.e. urban areas might have a
higher value whilst rural areas such as those of Baluchistan may remain uninhabited
(PPQ) Describe the population density of the areas shown

A B

● Area B has a low density or is sparsely populated

● Area A has a high population density or is densely populated
Natural Factors
(PPQ) What are the factors affecting population density?
Favourable (high population density) Unfavourable (low population density
1. Lands: flat, undulating land e.g. 1. Lands: steep or rugged e.g. northern
Punjab and Sindh. Areas with doab mountains i.e. Karakorum ranges and
(area between two rivers) e.g. Himalayas
Sargodha 2. Soil: thin soil with bare rocks and
2. Soil: deep + fertile which is rich in barren in nature e.g. desert area of
alluvium e.g. upper and lower Indus Kharan, Baluchistan and Chaghi hills
plain 3. Climate: extreme temperatures e.g.
3. Climate: sufficient rainfall supporting kharan desert (extremely hot) and
agriculture. Moderate temperature mountains areas above 4000 metre
round the year e.g. Rawalpindi, (extremely cold)
Lahore, Peshawar, Karachi, northern 4. Areas with less than rain 125mm of
areas of Pakistan and KPK rain fall e.g Kharan and Nara Desert.
4. Availability of water: sufficient water 5. Availability of water: non-availability
should be available from lakes, rivers of water e.g. kharan, thal, thar and
canals, and other irrigation systems cholistan desert
e.g. the Indus river system, Mangla 6. Absence of natural routes: mountain
and Terbela dams and Haleji lake barriers e.g. Karakorum ranges, the
(close to Karachi) Himalayas, the Hindu Kush, and safaid
5. Presence of natural routes: gaps koh ranges
through mountains or natural 7. Absence of natural vegetation and
harbours, favouring trade or minerals, e.g. absence of mangrove
settlements e.g. Khyber Pass (near forests and areas of Baluchistan
Peshawar and Bolan pass (near
Quetta)
 Q) FACTORS IMPACTING POPULATION DENSITY

🏱 REMEMBER: There are 2 factors that affect population density

1. Natural factors
2. Human/economic factors

Human factors

1) Presence of better and standardised educational institutions e.g. high in Karachi,

Lahore, Islamabad. Low in rural areas of all the provinces and Baluchistan
2) Presence of infrastructural facilities such as roads, rail tracks, air routes, water
supply, telecommunication, food supply, gas and electricity supply and presence
of markets e.g. high in Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad etc. Low in kharan desert,
Baluchistan coast, FATA areas, rural areas of KPK and rural areas of lower Sindh.
3) Presence of tourist attractions and resorts e.g. high in Murree, Kaghan valley and
Swat. Low in FATA areas, Waziristan hills
4) Presence of the areas where reclamation of the land has taken place e.g. high in
Bahawalpur e (parts of cholistan desert, and thal desert. Low in parts of rural Sindh
(Lower Sindh)
5) Presence of industrial states and industrial zones where incentives are provided to
establish businesses e.g. high in Karachi, areas around industrial estates of Lahore,
and Islamabad motorway. Low in kharan desert, Sibi district and Khuzdar
6) Efficient and rapid transport network such as highways and motorways e.g. high
in Karachi, Hyderabad, Faisalabad, Islamabad. Low in rural parts of Baluchistan,
desert areas and western KPK
7) Presence of job opportunities. High in Urban Areas and Low in Rural areas.
8) Areas with high security e.g. high in northern Punjab and low in western KPK,
Baluchistan etc
9) Availability of health services and medical facilities e.g. high in Karachi, Lahore,
Islamabad etc. low in rural areas of Baluchistan
10)Presence of recreational facilities i.e. cinemas and parks
PPQ: What are the human/economic factors effecting the population density?
(Above factors)

Migration
● Migration is the movement of people from one place to another
● It is dependent upon environmental and non-environmental (human/economic factors)
factors

R) TYPES OF MIGRATION

Migration is mainly of 4 types:

1) Rural to urban migration
2) Emigration: exiting or leaving the country (E = EXIT)
3)Immigration: entering the country
4) Transhumance: it is the seasonal migration or semi-nomadic movement of people
from highlands (mountain) to lowlands (city/villages) areas in winters and vice versa
in summers

Rural to Urban migration

It is the movement of people from rural areas to urban areas upon various pull and
push factors
● Push factors: It enables an individual to leave the rural areas
● Pull factors: Enables an individual/attracts an individual to urban areas
● Urban pull factors
● Better recreational facilities e.g. cinemas, hotels, parks, malls, and bright lights
● Better infrastructural facilities and civic services e.g. roads, electricity, water, gas
etc.
● Better educational facilities
● Better housing and accommodation
● More reliable sources of food
● Developed transport system
● Higher levels of security
● Availability of job opportunities
● Glamourous lifestyle
● Better sanitation and hygiene facilities
● Rural push factors
● Influence of local landlords
● Tribal disputes and feuds within single villages
● Mechanization in farming resulting in much of the labour becoming unemployed
● Due to water logging and salinity much of the cultivate land has become useless
and other employment opportunities are not available
● Low level of security
● Frequent natural disasters such as floods and thunderstorms that destroy crops
and villages
● Over population due to high birth-rate and poor quality of life
(EEQ) What happens when under limited resources people tend to migrate towards
urban areas
Concept → “Urban sprawl”
Urban decay occurs. Urban areas cannot develop properly due to
overcrowding and therefore mismanagement of resources occurs.
(EEQ) What are the problems created by rural to urban migration?
a) Problems resulting in urban areas
1. When people migrate from rural to urban areas, they are unable to find a
proper job in the urban areas. This is due to their lack of educational skills,
lack of jobs and poverty which results in increasing crime rate
2. Social stress increases which results in more numbers of suicides
3. Overcrowding results in lack of housing facilities whereas the existing ones
are overburdened
4. Burden on the already limited resources i.e. infrastructural facilities e.g.
water, gas, roads, electricity shortage
5. Deteriorating conditions of sanitation and increasing population
b) Problems resulting in rural areas
1. The sex ratio changes. The males migrate to urban areas, leaving the
females behind as a result reducing the labour force in rural areas as
women are not allowed to work
2. Reduced workforce for the primary labour due to reduction in the earning
hands and reduced labour
3. Development of rural areas is neglected which eventually increase
unemployment
4. People who migrate to urban areas have difficulties in finding jobs hence
unemployment increases which affects the families that are left behind in
the rural areas
(EEQ) What is the solution to problems resulting from rural to urban migration?
Rural areas solutions:
● Creating employment opportunities by setting up of cottage craft
industries
● Establishment of more fishing and mining projects by the government to
employ unskilled labour
● Setting up of technical training institutes to train semi-skilled and unskilled
labour in order for them to gain better employment opportunities
● Land reforms to enhance agricultural outputs. ZTBL (zarat tarakkiyati bank
limited) to give out loans to farmers so that they can purchase fertilizers,
HYV’s (High yielding varieties), & machinery to enhance agricultural output
● Provision of better infrastructural facilities e.g. roads, railways, electricity,
gas, etc.
● Better educational institutions to be established in rural areas

Urban areas solutions:

● Provision of separate accommodation facilities for immigrants
 ● Reserved jobs for migrants
● Enhanced security to keep check on migrant activities
● Expansion of urban centres
(FAQ) What are the reasons for people leaving a country?
OR
Why do people emigrate from Pakistan?
1. For better or higher education
2. Development that took place in the middle eastern countries such as UAE
attracted many ambitious youth as it provided employment opportunities with
better incomes/high jobs abroad
3. Favourable policies of many western countries such as controlled inflation and
incentives for investors
4. Better living standards/glamorous lifestyle
5. Better security conditions as people wanted to escape the rising risk of
terrorism in Pakistan
(FAQ) What are the benefits to Pakistan when people emigrate?
1. Overseas Pakistani citizens send capital to their families in the form of foreign
remittances that help the government to generate revenue
2. Emigration reduces the burden on the already limited resources
3. Exchange of culture takes place
4. Flow of information takes place
5. Overseas Pakistanis invest back in Pakistan
(FAQ) What are the problems that result due to Emigration?
1. The country gets deprived of its intellectual population. (Brain drain)
2. Decline in the number of specialized labour.
3. Declining tertiary sector.

🏱 REMEMBER:
What is international migration?
It is the movement of people in and out of the country.

Housing problems
(FAQ) What is the self-help scheme?
● It is usually a government sponsored scheme under which members of the
community are taught to improve their lifestyles by creating self-employment,
growing their own food, arranging for the clean water supply and making their own
shelter
● The members of the community contribute labour and materials whilst the
government provides infrastructure, finances and land
(FAQ) State the term used for squatter settlements in urban areas
 Kachi Abadi
(EEQ) What are the advantages of the self-help scheme?
1. It provides shelter to the low income families
2. A healthier environment is established. As the members of the community take the
responsibility of cleaning the settlements and providing clean water supply thus
results in decreased spreading of diseases
3. A self-help scheme provides motivation for the people to improve their living
standards by working hard
4. Provides an opportunity for people to receive loans in order to start up their business
activities. The loans provided are repaid through easy instalment plans
5. As people take care of their own areas, they keep an eye on unwanted people. This
helps to reduce crime rate
6. The young group is normally employed as guards in the settlement
7. The govt. vows to supply electricity, road lights etc. Which are absent elsewhere
8. Empty lands can be utilized to construct parks & other recreational facilities.
Furthermore; NGO’s and other private organizations help to establish educational
institutions that play a role in improving the literacy rate

🏱 FACT: In Pakistan, ‘Khuda ki Basti’ and ‘Korangi pilot’ project in Karachi are 2 self-help
underway to resolve the housing problems
(EEQ) What are the disadvantages of the self-help schemes?
1. Construction material is very expensive and such projects cannot be completed due
to high costs
2. Low income groups have low savings and hardly any finances left to contribute
3. Corruption in the management and provision of funds is very common
4. Such projects take time to complete due to administrative delays and financial
constraints
5. Strong leadership is required to engage people in developmental works which is not
always available
6. If housing facilities are provided, it attracts more people from rural areas which
creates pressure on existing facilities
7. Change of government and political instability negatively affects the development of
such projects
8. These projects are to be developed by skilled labour, thus issues of mismanagement
may arise which halts the progress of these developmental projects
(PPQ) What is meant by underemployment?
People who work less than full time although would prefer to work longer hours
OR
People who accept jobs that do not fully utilize their skills or abilities
Sustainability:
 It is the utilisation of a resource in such a way that only the current but the future
generations gets access to equal resources.