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Assessment of the Acceptability of Oregano Leaves (Origanum Vulgare)

and Natural Honey combination as an
Herbal Hand Soap Alternative

In Partial Fulfillment for the

Requirement in Practical Research 2
A.Y. 2024 – 2025

Cadallo, Myth Japhet M.

Pueblos, Achilles Daniel R.
Gunayan, Bryan F.
Lambit, Shaun Michael G.
Libo-on, John Harvey J.
Laurente, Yexel R.

Grade 12 - STEM

October 16, 2024

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Chapter 1
Introduction

The research about Oregano Leaves and Natural Honey into alternative herbal

soap for hands can open opportunities to the same with growing global concerns over

health issues and demand in hygienic products. Current consumer demands for organic

and environmentally friendly products may provide the needed boost to oregano's

antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, as well as honey's antibacterial and moisturizing

effects, which make them promising components in natural soaps.

As Sharma & Rahat (2021) has shown that a sanitisant made by combining

oregano with baobab extract was seriously antibacterial, yet gentle enough not to cause

damage to the skin. Besides this, studies refer to the fact that oregano can also be used as

an antibacterial agent against resistant antibiotic forms (Tabrejee) and honey's healing

purposes dating back into history as documented by Jenna Fletcher, 2020; thus the end.

The paper underlines the requirement of proper hand hygiene, quoting Rachel

Lamb (2020) as it mentions the importance of frequent handwashing. It also discusses the

adverse consequences of the traditional chemical-based soaps, and therefore a milder and

environment-friendly option is needed. Mixing honey and oregano brings forth a solution

at minimal costs from the community side, which helps promote health along with

environmental sustainability.

Even though such significant research has been done on the ingredients, there is

still very little about how those influences, as such within a topical hygiene product, work
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together. This project aims to help fill this gap by assessing the antimicrobial efficacy and

sensory acceptability of this oregano-honey hand soap, suggesting that it may be a

cleaner, healthier alternative to the commonly used soaps. Implications can be placed

across consumer preference, making more natural skincare products more appealing.

This study claims that hand soap produced as the primary ingredient using honey

and oregano can be a substitute for traditional hand hygiene, as they have natural

antibacterial properties. By these cost-effective ingredients, this hand soap not only forms

an eco-friendly alternative to others but also develops as the healthier choice to people

who look for the reduction of synthetic chemical components in it. The addition of

oregano in honey also increases the soap's capacity to kill germs and moisturize

properties for skin application, which attracted many people who want to maintain

healthy skins while maintaining their cleanliness.

Background of the Study

The current global pandemic has indeed brought hygiene practices to the fore of

public health concerns. Whereas hand washing with soap is a cornerstone of infection

prevention, access to effective and safe hand hygiene products can be limited, especially

in resource-constrained settings. An interest in exploring natural and cost-effective

alternatives to commercial hand soaps thereby arises. Most promising areas of research

lie in the use of natural ingredients that have intrinsic properties of being antimicrobial in
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nature. This study will be centered around the acceptability of oregano, or Origanum

Vulgare, and natural honey against commercial hand soap.

Oregano has been used since ancient times for its medicinal value, including its

antimicrobial activity against a wide range of bacteria and fungi. Indeed, studies have

demonstrated that extracts from oregano contain strong compounds such as Carvacrol

and Thymol, which exhibit high antibacterial and antifungal effects. This places oregano

in a prime position for use in the development of hand hygiene products.

Because natural honey has even otherwise been known to possess antibacterial

and wound-healing properties, its high sugar content provides an environment non-

conducive to bacterial growth. Besides, honey contains enzymes and hydrogen peroxide,

which give it an added antimicrobial action. Honey also possesses humectant properties-

meaning, it can attract and retain moisture.

The combination of oregano's antimicrobial action with honey's moisturizing and

healing properties would be a very reasonable intervention in formulating an effective

alternative to hand soaps. This project aims to evaluate the above-mentioned formulation

for effectiveness fomenting the hope it will offer a safe, inexpensive, and accessible

means of maintaining hand hygiene.

This becomes highly relevant in view of the increased demand for natural and

sustainable personal care products. Conventional hand soaps normally contain a great

deal of synthetic chemicals and hard detergents that can disrupt the skin's microbiome

and may lead to irritations. An alternative, the proposed natural hand soap with oregano
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and honey, would become gentler and more holistic toward hygiene of the hands,

attending not only to health but also to environmental concerns.

The results of this study will add to the literature reporting the potential of

oregano and honey as active ingredients in hand hygiene products, hence opening a wide

avenue for new developments toward innovative, effective, and sustainable product

solutions in the personal care industry.

Theoretical Framework

The study is anchored from the theoretical supports of the acceptability of

oregano leaves and natural honey as a alternative hand soap by AI-Saeed et.al. ( 2024) a

antimicrobial agent. This was challenge tested against a commercial antimicrobial soap in

hand washing trials using natural flora. Soap with O.E.O. was as effective as the

commercial antimicrobial soap at reducing aerobic plate count on the hands, and more

effective than plain soap with no additives. Cloths wetted with soap with O.E.O. were

used to clean three different surfaces contaminated with four bacterial pathogens.

According to Al-Saeed et al. (2024) The essential oil and extract of Greek

oregano revealed visibly stronger antibacterial activity (expressed as MIC and MBC)

than common oregano, whereas the antioxidant potential (determined by DPPH, ABTS

and FRAP) of these extracts was almost equal for both subspecies, in a study done by

Kosakowska et al. (2021b). The acceptance of oregano leaves and natural honey has
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been seen a potential to become a alternative liquid hand soap to prevent and avoid

bacteria in any public places

Conceptual Framework

Figure 1:

Figure one shows the conceptual framework using IPO(input, process, output)

method. For input the researchers have the ingredients such as the oregano leaves and

natural honey as a main ingredient, and soap making products and other materials that are

needed for making a soap as our sub materials. In process the researchers are to dry the

oregano leaves then chop them into bits. Squeeze the bits of dried oregano to get the

extract. Add the extract to the soap making product and add some honey. Put it in a clean

container. And the output, Testing the oregano and natural honey hand soap for its

efficacy by having a survey to grade 12 Stem students. Having their opinion on hand soap

over other commercial hand soap.

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Statement of the Problem

Assessment of the Acceptability of Oregano Leaves (Origanum vulgare) and

Natural Honey Combination as an Herbal Hand Soap Alternative Statement of the

Problem. This research aims to evaluate the acceptability of a hand soap alternative made

from a combination of oregano leaves (Origanum vulgare) and natural honey among

students at Good Shepherd of Taguig College. The study seeks to answer the following

questions

1. What is the level of effectiveness of the oregano leaves and natural honey combination

as a hand soap alternative?

1.1 Cleaning Efficiency

1.2 Lathering Quality

1.3 Rinsing Ease

2. What is the level of user satisfaction with the oregano leaves and natural honey hand

soap?

2.1 Fragrance

2.2 Skin Feel

2.3 Overall Satisfaction

3. What are the perceived advantages of using the oregano leaves and natural honey

combination as a hand soap alternative?

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4. What are the challenges or limitations faced by users when using the oregano leaves

and natural honey hand soap?

5. How does the acceptance of the oregano leaves and natural honey hand soap compare

to conventional hand soaps

Hypothesis

A hypothesis, proposed explanation, is a subject to be further investigated upon;

generally based on prior knowledge, observation or existing research. On thereby

formulating a clear and concise hypothesis, researchers can focus their studies on

determining whether the prediction they make holds true under specific conditions.A

hypothesis is a testable explanation for a phenomenon based on prior knowledge or

observations. It explains and guides research, indicating how scientists can confirm or

refute certain assumptions and, consequently, add to the general understanding of a

subject.

Null Hypothesis:

The Origanum Vulgare Leaves and Natural Honey Hand soap alternative will fail

in satisfying the users and will have no significant effects in school hand washing.

Alternative Hypothesis:

The Origanum Vulgare Leaves and Natural Honey Hand soap alternative will

satisfy the users and will have significant effects will have significant effects for hand

washing.
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Scope and Delimitations

The research will focus on investigating the assessment of the acceptability and cost

efficiency of a hand soap alternative made from a combination of Origanum Vulgare

(oregano) leaves and natural honey (Apis). The study's scope may be limited by the

availability of resources and timeliness of the study. The main purpose of this study is to

provide a new alternative for hand washing soaps for a lower cost.

Definition of Terms

For a much better understanding of the study here are a few definitions of words that are

written throughout the study.

Carvacol

A monoterpenoid phenol. It has a characteristic pungent, warm odor of oregano.

Hygiene

Refers to behaviors that can improve cleanliness and lead to good

health.

Organic

product produced in accordance with particular agricultural standards

that support environmental sustainability and minimize chemical exposure.

Thymol

is an essential oil found in various over-the-counter antibacterial and

antifungal products.
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Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature and Studies

Study About Benefits of Oregano

This chapter presents a review of both foreign and local literatures, as well as

studies that are related to the subject being investigated upon which includes the

synthesis and application of oregano in making hand soap. There is considerable

evidence from different studies regarding the antimicrobial potential of oregano and its

use on natural hygiene products. The sources not only contribute to the extent of this

study but also they substantiate that more natural alternatives are needed in light of

increasing fears about chemical sopped commercial products.

According to (Rachel Lamb. 2020), hand hygiene has always been important in

every single day that can reduce the spread of disease in every public places. Even in

Schools, its particularly important in every student. Now, with the covid 19 passed by.

The importance of handwashing has been recognized across the globe. It was also noticed

that when pandemic passed by many students even teachers and faculties staff, without

washing their hands they can easily infected by many viruses ( Fran C.2021) Based on

Service, C. 2021, March. We use soap for various reasons, we use it to clean our body

regardless of the color, the scent, texture depending usually on the composition of the

ingredient.

A study by Sharma & Rahat (2021b) focuses on developing a herbal sanitizer that

combines oregano, known for its antibacterial properties, with baobab extract, which
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offers anti-inflammatory benefits. The formulation includes ethanol and glycerin, where

glycerin acts as a humectant and emulsifying agent, while carbomer serves as a gelling

agent. Characterization studies of the sanitizer assessed pH, viscosity, antimicrobial

activity, antibacterial efficacy, antioxidant capacity, stability, and spreadability. Results

indicated effective inhibition of pathogenic bacterial growth without harming the skin.

Oregano (Origanum vulgare), rich in active compounds like carvacrol and thymol, is

gaining attention as a natural alternative to harsh chemical-based soaps, providing an eco-

friendly and effective means of cleanliness. The ongoing discovery of new antimicrobial

agents from plants may offer solutions to the growing issue of antibiotic resistance.

In one study done by Tabrejee, S. (2018, April 1) states that Oregano and Black

Sesame were tested for their antibacterial properties against Salmonella isolates.

Different extracts—methanolic, ethanolic, and aqueous—were used to assess their

antimicrobial activity. The methanolic extract of Oregano proved to have the most potent

affect with an inhibition zone of 23. 6mm, and then the ethanolic extract with an

inhibition zone of 17. 6mm. And the least effective was the water extract of Sesame with

an inhibition zone of 10. Some compounds found in Oregano could potentially be used to

create new drugs to combat antibiotic resistant bacteria.

One such study, by Martin, A. (2020) looked into the antimicrobial nature of

oregano extracts on opportunistic pathogenic bacteria, Escherichia coli and

Staphylococcus aureus, generally found in most rivers and streams. Findings

demonstrated that oregano-based hand soap considerably diminished bacterial loads

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compared to commercial soaps but without synthetic chemicals known to cause irritation

to the skin or exacerbate environmental pollution. natural extracts of oregano can be

gentle to the skin. Unlike commercial soaps, oregano soaps can nurture and care for the

skin. They would best be used, therefore, in people with sensitive skin conditions or

eczema. Benefits of Soap from Oregano Compared to Commercial Soap Natural

Antibacterial Action. Oregano contains natural components that formulate antibacterial

protection without artificial chemicals. Skin-friendly oregano-based soap is relatively less

harsh to the skin, hence less likely to dry up or irritate the skin.

Kosakowska et al. (2021) demonstrated that Greek oregano essential oil and

extract exhibit significantly greater antibacterial activity than common oregano, although

both subspecies showed similar antioxidant capacities. To effectively utilize oregano

essential oils and extracts as antimicrobial and antioxidant agents in the food industry, it's

crucial to identify subspecies and recognize their chemotypes based on terpene and

phenolic composition. Oregano also possesses strong anti-inflammatory properties that

may reduce inflammation and support a healthy immune system, while potentially aiding

in wound healing and treating conditions like athlete's foot and toenail fungus.

Environmentally, oregano is a biodegradable and sustainable option for soap production,

making it a favorable alternative to commercial soaps that often contain harmful

chemicals. Its low cost and easy cultivation further enhance its appeal, as more people

seek natural, eco-friendly hygiene solutions. Oregano soap not only offers effective han
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hygiene but also promotes environmental sustainability, aligning with growing consumer

awareness of the impact of synthetic chemicals.

Local Study

Chakrabarti, S., & Samanta, M. (2019) Demonstrated that the antibacterial

activity and chemical composition of essential oils obtained from the leaves of ten

aromatic plants growing in the Philippines. Essential oils were extracted using steam

distillation and tested against different gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria using

disc diffusion and broth micro-dilution methods. The yields were generally low, except

for Curcuma longa that attained a maximum of 0.77%. However, four plants showed very

good antibacterial activity with zones of inhibition greater than 15 mm: Lippia

micromera, Plectranthus amboinicus, Cymbopogon citratus, and Ocimum tenuiflorum.

The chemical content was mainly concerned with the major components and γ-terpinene,

carvacrol, citral, and m-eugenol dominated in most of the oils. The current study found

that these essential oils may also serve as promising candidates, mainly due to their high

content of terpenoids and phenolic compounds, to be used effectively as antibacterial

agents.

This study done by Khan, M. I., & Kralj, M. (2006) evaluates the cytokine-

mimetic properties of 45 indigenous Philippine plant extracts and tests their stability and

sensitivity to changes in temperature and pH. Their ability to stimulate proliferation in

mouse spleen cells and bone marrow cells was tested; 24 induced proliferation in mouse

bone marrow cells and 14 in spleen cells. What is astounding is that yam (Dioscorea
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alata) extracts, taro (Colocasia esculenta) extracts, and buyo (Piper betle) extracts all

elicit very strong responses in both cell types. The assay revealed that boiling the extracts

to above 40°C and also changing the pH value out of the preferred range of 4.0 to 8.0

significantly decreased their proliferative potential. Three protein-mimetics weighing 26

kDa, 35 kDa, and 50 kDa were also isolated from the extracts of buyo leaf, yam root, and

taro root, respectively. These compounds have biological activity and elicit a dose-

dependent proliferative response.

Study Regarding the Benefits of Honey

On the other hand, Honey as its own has great capabilities tested and proven by

numerous studies, an example to which is a study about honey as according to (Saad

Almasaudi) honey of all origins is composed mainly of the sugar glucose sucrose, and

fructose, which has anti-inflammatory, healing, antioxidant, and antineoplastic effect that

has been used in the treatment of bacterial infections, colds, and cough, and various

infectious diseases. The effectiveness and potency of honey against microorganisms

depends on the type of the honey produced, which is contingent on its botanical origin,

the health of the bee, its origin, and processing method. The use of honey will clean

wounds or burn areas from free radicals and reduces scarring and contractures. The anti-

inflammatory and antibacterial potential of honey will keep the injured area moist and as

such prevents it from deterioration and fibrosis. Honey can promote fast healing and

reduce scarring and is very convenient for plastic surgery. Skin maceration is protected
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by honey due to its high osmolarity and because it keeps the injury moist. In non-infected

areas, honey still reduced pain and inflammation.

Jenna Fletcher's research talks about the antibiotic properties of honey and how

that makes a huge difference in the health of the skin. Honey is also an anti-bacterial and

antiseptic, it not only kills the bacteria that causes various skin infections, but also helps

to fight acne and decrease inflammation. Which makes honey a great natural cure for

irritated skin. Not only that but it can also form a barrier, which would help the wound

heal faster, so it would be good for injuries and would prevent infection. Honey's

abundance of enzymes and antioxidants also help to feed the skin, keeping it vibrant and

healthy. Throughout history honey has held a place among natural substances being used

for centuries to treat infections and ailments. In skincare honey is widely regarded and

respected for its healing properties.

Kumari et al. (2021) high light the healing benefits of honey, attributing its

effectiveness to its sugars (glucose and fructose) and its rich content of minerals such as

magnesium, calcium, potassium, iron, and phosphorus, along with vitamins B1, B2, B3,

B5, B6, and C. These properties contribute to honey’s ability to promote skin health,

leading to its incorporation in various cosmetic and skincare products. Honey offers

multiple advantages for the skin, including antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-

inflammatory effects, which help soothe the skin, combat acne-causing bacteria, and aid

in skin healing. Additionally, it acts as a moisturizer, locking in hydration to keep the

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skin smooth and radiant, thereby reinforcing its reputation as one of nature’s best skin

remedies.

Kumar, et al. (2024) points out that honey is a natural and healthy food with a

broad spectrum of effects due to the varieties of flowers from which nectar is gathered

and factors such as weather and soil. It can be found a useful addition to any diet,

regardless of age: it is both for toddlers and the elderly. Honey contains medicinal

properties such as anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antiparasitic, antibacterial, antioxidants,

and anti-cancer results. Honey has low water content that does not allow many unfriendly

bacteria to multiply within it; hence, it is healthy and resistant to infection. The natural

occurring antioxidants in honey contribute towards disease prevention, support heart

health, and boost immunity, and due to its long time of use across the globe, honey is

very versatile and could serve as a remedy for so many sicknesses.

A study made by (Maruhashi, 2020) states that the medical world has commonly

accepted the term "medical grade honey" to refer to honey and its application in wound

healing, despite the absence of a precise definition. This has become an unofficial honey

statute, requiring the fulfillment of several stringent requirements prior to its application

on a patient. Because of the presence of gluconic acid, honey has an acidic pH that ranges

from 3.2 to 4.5, which produces an environment that hinders the growth of many

microbes. Honey is a unique material that possesses the mechanisms of action of several

different wound healing agents. By alone, it can change the wound bed by encouraging a

moist environment that is favorable to healing and favor autolytic.

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According to Scepankova et al. (2021), honey is considered one of the best

natural products by its high content of phenols, enzymes, and sugars, which endows it

with strong antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties.

There is recent research into using medicinal treatments in the form of clinical and

medicinal studies, especially in wound healing. Honey-based adhesives have been shown

to speed healing as it stimulates the repair of skin and also new cells with skin,

encourages the development of new blood vessels that deliver nutrients to the healing

site, and further boosts the immune system for improved body efficiencies in fighting

infections once healing is underway.

Additionally, (Roberta Angioi) says honey is a sweet food product made from

plants, either one kind or many kinds of them, collected from different places. It is this

diversity in plant habitat and source that make honey special by giving it different smells,

tastes, colors and textures for its different forms. Apart from these sensory characteristics

honey has also been shown to have some medicinal value especially when it comes to

skin regeneration. The wound healing process which is intricate and takes place through

several stages can get distorted sometimes due to some factors leading to situations like

undesired hypertrophic scars or incomplete tissue formation.

Synthesis

According to (Rachel Lamb 2020), Hand hygiene is critical to reducing the

spread of disease in public places, especially schools. The post Handwashing Across
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Cultures: Normal or Weird? appeared first on Global Healthcare. Science has shown us

that if you fail to wash your hands you can pick up viruses, and then go on to spread them

easily throughout a school rolls of students, teachers & support staff. In a 2021 article by

Fran C., the importance of soap is highlighted. Regardless of its color, scent, or texture,

soap is essential for cleaning our bodies. Its effectiveness is usually determined by the

composition of its ingredients.

In this study by (Sharma & Rahat ,2021) considers the development of an herbal

sanitizer containing oregano and baobab blended with ethanol, and glycerin which was

found to be significantly bactericidal while being relatively safe for skin. With

antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds present, oregano shows a promising potential

as an alternative to chemical-based soaps that may also be another way of keeping our

communities cleaner but on a natural basis. The research identifies the value of plant-

based antimicrobials in countering antibiotic resistance. (Tabrejee, S. 2018, April 1)

conducted a study on the antibacterial properties of Oregano and Black Sesame against

Salmonella isolates. Different extracts were tested, and the methanolic extract of Oregano

exhibited the highest potency with an inhibition zone of 23.6mm, followed by the

ethanolic extract with 17.6mm. The water extract of Sesame was the least effective with

an inhibition zone of 10mm. The study suggests that compounds in Oregano could be

used to develop new drugs combating antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

The study by (Martin, A. ,2020) explored the antimicrobial properties of oregano

extracts on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, commonly found in rivers and
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streams. Oregano-based hand soap was found to reduce bacterial levels without synthetic

chemicals that can irritate the skin or harm the environment. Oregano soaps are gentle

and suitable for people with sensitive skin or eczema due to their natural antibacterial

action and skin-friendly properties. (Kosakowska et al. ,2021) found that Greek oregano

essential oil and extract have higher antibacterial activity than common oregano, while

their antioxidant capacity is similar. They emphasized the importance of subspecies

identification and chemotype recognition for Origanum plants before using essential oils

and extracts as antimicrobial and antioxidant agents in the food sector.

According to Almasaudi, S. (2021). Honey, with its glucose as sucrose and

fructose, has been researched for having anti-inflammatory property, healing effects and

antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. It is helpful in antibiotic, catarrh and other

infectious diseases. Honey health benefits are dependent on the botanical origin, the bio-

processing method used in production and bee & hive health. He also notes it as a wound

cleaner, an anti-scar reducer and healing promoter. It is appropriate for plastic surgery,

and maintains that the injured region will not dry out again and does not degenerate or

spend fibrosis. Honey also decreases pain as well as swelling in the uninfected areas.

In her research, (Jenna Fletcher ,2020, April 3) reveals honey properties as an

antibiotic which makes it useful for the skin. For centuries, honey has been used as a

natural antibacterial and antiseptic agent preventing various infections, skin acne, and

inflammation. Speedy cure of wounds as well as checks infestations. Honey meant for

consumption by humans, contains enzymes and antioxidants that nurture the skin helping
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to keep it alive and healthy. Honey has a long history of being used for its healing

properties; especially in skincare, as it is considered quite precious.

(Kumari, I. et. al. ,2021) a study was also produced on the positive healing

properties that honey consumption can have for restoring the health of skin. Honey

provides its beneficial skin properties primarily from its sugars, minerals and vitamins.

Honey is full of antioxidants, antibacterial agents and anti-inflammatory properties which

makes it a great natural ingredient to treat facial acne. It additionally doubles as a

moisturizer, restoring and maintaining moisture for supple and hydrated skin. Therefore,

there are a lot of products that use honey in cosmetics and skin care. According to a study

made by Maruhashi, E. ,2020) Honey has an acidic PH as well as its specific properties

that suppresses Microbial growth and on the healing side aids in healing by providing a

favorable moist environment. Various studies have demonstrated antioxidant, anti-cancer,

anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of the compound suggesting that it could

be utilized as one of The Wound Healing Agents. The biodegradable base of honey is

great for skin repair, increasing the growth of new cells, and increases blood circulation

to make your immune system strong enough to fight infections.

Additionally according to (Scepankova et.al. , 2021) Honey is a potent natural

antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial substance. Now its new

research according to which it can be used for different medical treatment and significant

for wound healing. Honey: Honey helps skin maintenance, which makes new cells

growth and repair and promotes vascularization, especially where we need to bring
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nutrients to restore. It also aids in the strengthening of the immune system so one can

fight against any infection.

Lastly, (Roberta Angioi ,2021) explains that honey is a sweet food product made

from plants, collected from different places, which gives it diverse smells, tastes, colors,

and textures. In addition to its sensory characteristics, honey has shown medicinal value,

particularly in skin regeneration and wound healing processes.

The researchers *Assessment of the Acceptability of Oregano Leaves (Origanum

Vulgare) and Natural Honey Combination as an Herbal Hand Soap Alternative* believe

that this study is highly connected to their suggested system. By accomplishing this

critical task, these researchers want to bring out the similarities and differences between

their project and others that revolve around oregano and honey as soap and other hygiene

product additives. Through a critical review of the results of previous studies the

researchers are also interested in illustrating both the commonalities and major

differences in approach, methodology, and results. This comparative study shows them

how to locate their analysis of the current research within the wider context while they

can also find potential gaps or windows of opportunity for the development of oregano

and honey as substitute soap ingredients. The researchers do this study in order to more

clearly see how their work contributes to the existing body of knowledge in this field and

goes farther and longer in this area.

In their publication, Chakrabarti and Samanta (2019) explored the antibacterial

properties and chemical composition of essential oils derived from the leaves of ten
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aromatic plants native to the Philippines. The essential oils underwent steam distillation

and were then subjected to testing against a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative

bacteria using both disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods. The highest quantity,

at 0.77%, was found in Curcuma longa, while most oils contained relatively low levels.

Notably, four plants exhibited significant inhibitory effects with zones over 15 mm:

Lippia micromera, Plectranthus amboinicus, Cymbopogon citratus, and Ocimum

tenuiflorum.

Chapter 3

Research Methodology

In this chapter a detailed discussion of processes and methodologies to be used

throughout the study is addressed. The researchers 'meticulously planned, arranged, and

conducted the multiple levels of their experiments to ensure that every step was

controlled with the highest possible precision. This chapter is an effort to present a

logical framework employed in the study for methodological disclosure, enumerating the

myriad decisions taken meticulously at each stage. This study will also discuss the type

of research, ways in which subjects were chosen, and methods by which data was

collected to provide a clearer idea of the investigative methodology and how it relates to

the purpose of the study.

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Methodology

The researchers used the descriptive method to collect, interpret, and analyze the

data necessary for the study. Descriptive research is one of the most extensively utilized

methodologies of research and focuses on giving a truthful and exhaustive description of

a population, situation, or phenomenon. This type of research does not try to alter the

conditions of the subject under study but only observes and collects information as it

naturally is. The pattern, behaviors, or trends of the chosen subject can be determined

with the help of surveys, observations, and other data collection techniques used by

experts. This will result in showing the complete portrayal of the topic, which may

become clearer through the characteristics and relationships involved. In this specific

study, through the descriptive method, it was possible to analyze the data very thoroughly

and find more important insights about the topic under discussion.

Research Design

This study will adopt a mixed – methods approach whereby the acceptability of

an oregano leaves and natural honey as an herbal hand soap will be assessed. It would

involve a survey tool to a sample random participant in order their preference about the

aroma, texture, and overall satisfaction regarding about the oregano extract and will add

natural honey as an alternative hand soap. Besides that, focus group discussions will be

held to elicit the qualitative perception of participants on their perceptions whether the

soap is effective and if the health benefits would be effective in doing such. Data analysis

includes statistical procedures in the survey data and thematic analysis of the qualitative
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data. This research will find out if oregano leaves mixed with natural honey in hand soap

becomes a better alternative to commercial products, based on user acceptability

Research Environment

This research would be conducted at Good Shepherd of Taguig Colleges

Incorporated, located at Central Bicutan, Taguig City, Metro Manila, Philippines. The

school is a dynamic institution wherein different students of various backgrounds are

accepted. Thus, it becomes an excellent place for the experiment of the herbal hand soap.

Respondents would be randomly picked from the stream of students who have been

allowed by the research adviser to participate in the study who hail from the STEM

fields: Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics. These students would be

better informed since their backgrounds are of a scientific nature, and could therefore

have an influence on their perception and judgment about herbal products. Taguig

Colleges is known to have a high population of students; therefore, it has been a perfect

location to collect the various sample group for the research. The study will also take into

consideration cross-feeding and feedback from different age groups, genders, and

personal hygiene habits to ensure a balanced assessment of the acceptability of the herbal

soap.

Research Respondents and Sampling Procedures

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The researchers selected 30 Grade 12 students who had been exposed to the

STEM curriculum and had an equal mix of boys and girls as their respondents. Given that

the population size was about 70 students under the STEM curriculum, the researchers

established that a sample size of this magnitude was manageable as well as statistically

significant to draw conclusions for their research. Cluster random sampling was

employed in the process for the adequate amount of data within the sample to ensure that

the results would be reliable and valid based on the study without tainting the integrity of

the study. The method of selection also reduced bias in selection and ensured diversity

within the group. Cluster random sampling or area sampling was chosen as the most

adequate sampling method to be used as it gives an equal amount of responses from a

cluster of male and female STEM students, this approach is substantiated with an article

stating that Cluster sampling is widely used as a technique in statistical surveying. It is in

itself a rather realistic and adequate approach for studying very large populations if

simple random sampling or systematic sampling would prove to be impractical or too

costly. (Stewart, 2024)

Research Instrument

This study utilized ready-made questionnaires as their main data collecting

material as the researchers proceeded to conduct the survey to participants from Grade 12

STEM students in Good Shepherd of Taguig Colleges about the "assessment of the

acceptability of oregano leaves (Oreganum vulgare) and natural honey combination as an

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herbal hand soap alternative." The questionnaire was developed based on the study

objectives. The questionnaire consisted of six (6) question items. The first part of the

questionnaire consisted of (4) questions about the ratings of level of satisfaction while

using the herbal hand soap namely the foaming level, skin satisfaction, cleaning

effectiveness, and fragrance satisfactory while the second part consisted of (2) questions

regarding the advantage and the disadvantage of using the herbal hand soap respectively.

Procedures of Data Gathering

Before the actual conduct of the study, the researchers already had a plan in data

gathering which, for the most part, used a questionnaire as the primary tool of gathering

information. Questionnaires on this study were anticipated to be developed so that data

gathering could be done in a systematic manner concerning direct information coming

from the study problem in a scientific way. It aims to represent data that is reliable and

relevant. The first step consisted of developing questions grounded on the research

objectives.

A combination of multiple-choice questions, Likert scale, and open-ended

questions were devised in order to collect both quantitative and qualitative data. The

heterogeneity of the respondents ensured that a comprehensive view of the research

question was obtained.

After preparing the questionnaire, the data collection started through room-to-

room distribution of the questionnaires. This approach directly helped increase the
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possibility of getting a high response rate since questionnaires were given to every

respondent directly. Moreover, the researchers ensured giving well-defined instructions

for students to make them well conversant with the survey being carried out, thus

increasing the accuracy of the responses obtained. They waited in the wings to answer

any questions or concerns that participants might have been having while filling out their

surveys so that they may be clear and complete.

After gathering the questionnaires, the researchers categorized the responses by

gender and then split them into two categories: boys and girls. This was required for

comparing the responses of males versus females. The data was sorted and arranged in

tables on Microsoft Excel. The Excel function enabled grouping and comparison of data

for more significant analysis.

The final step was the application of analytical testing procedures which aims to

compare the means of the two sets of results and see whether those differences are

significant.

Data Analysis Procedure

For the statistical treatment and analytical procedure zof the gathered data the researchers

decided to use Frequency, percentage, weighted mean, and Pearson correlation to code

and tabulate the collected data for analysis and interpretation.

A. Frequency.
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Formula used:

f = 1/T

Where: f = frequency

T = period

B. Percentage.

- Used to find out the part of the whole respondents based on the frequency

Formula used:

%= (F / n) 100

Where: N = number of cases

F = frequency

% = percentage

C. Weighted Mean

- Used to calculate the average value of the data

Formula used:

m = Σni (xi* wi)

Where:

m = weighted mean
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x = the value

w = weights

Σ = Denote the sum

D. Pearson Correlation

- used to measure a linear correlation of the variables in the study

Formula:

R = n(Σxy)-(Σx)(Σy) / √[nΣx^2-(Σx)^2][nΣy^2-(Σy)^2]

Where:

r = Pearson Coefficient

n = number of pairs of the stock

References

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Biological Sciences_, _28_(4), 2188–2196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.10.017

Angioi, R., Morrin, A., & White, B. (2021). The rediscovery of honey for skin
repair: Recent advances in mechanisms for Honey-Mediated Wound Healing and
scaffolded application techniques. Applied Sciences, _11_(11), 5192.
https://doi.org/10.3390/app11115192

Fletcher, J. (2020, April 3). Honey for skin: How to use and side effects.
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/honey-for-skin#benefits

(Fran,C .2021, September 20). Benefits of natural soap - Why choose organic,
handmade soap? EarthBits. https://earthbits.com/blogs/earthbits/benefits-of-natural-
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soap-why-choose-organic-handmade-soap?
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Kumari, I., Sharma, A., Diksha, N., Sharma, P., Hajam, Y. A., & Kumar, R.
(2021). Composition of honey, its therapeutic properties and role in cosmetic industry. In
CRC Press eBooks (pp. 157–178). https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003175964-6

Kumar, R., Kumari, I., & Hajam, Y. A. (2024). Honey Beyond Medicine. In
honey beyond medicine (pp. 229–253). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-3565-5_10

Maruhashi, E. (2020). Honey in Wound Healing. Honey in Wound Healing, 235–

254. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119433316.ch11

Rachel Lamb.(2020) Your World Healthcare. (n.d.). The importance of hand

hygiene - your world. Your World. https://www.yourworld.com/uk/news/the-
importance-of-hand-hygiene

Scepankova, H., Combarros-Fuertes, P., Fresno, J. M., Tornadijo, M. E., Dias, M.

S., Pinto, C. A., Saraiva, J. A., & Estevinho, L. M. (2021). Role of honey in advanced
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Sharma, S. K., & Rahat, I. (2021). Oregano Derived Anti-Bacterial Hand

Sanitizer: Formulation and Characterization. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
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Appendices

Appendix A: Research Instrument

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Appendix C: Location Map