PEOPLE AND EARTH’S ECOSYSTEM

LESSON 4: PEOPLE AND THE POPULATION

QUIÑOLA, JHASMINE P. – BSABE 1-A
WHAT IS POPULATION? No . of deathsrecorded
POPULATION ¿
No . of people∈the population
 population is a group of organisms of the 3. IMMIGRATION
same species that live in a specific  The number of organisms moving into an
geographical area and interbreed. area occupied by the population
 is a reproductive group because  Refers to the influx of new individuals
organisms usually breed with members of from other areas
their own populations.
 the word population refers to the group in
general and also to the size of the 4. EMIGRATION
population or the number of individuals it  The number of organisms moving out of
contains the area occupied by the population
POPULATION ECOLOGY CHARACTERISTIC OF POPULATION
- is the study of populations in relation to (POPULATION SIZE)
the environment
- It includes environmental influences on
population density and distribution, age
structure, and variations in population
size.

CHARACTERISTIC OF POPULATION
A. POPULATION SIZE
B. POPULATION DENSITY
C. POPULATION DISPERSION
D. POPULATION GROWTH
A. POPULATION SIZE
- usually denoted by N
- refers to the number of individual
organisms in a population.
FACTORS AFFECTING POPULATION SIZE: Population Change
1. CRUDE BIRTH RATE (CBR) = (births + immigration) – (deaths +
 Birthrate emigration)
- is the ratio of total live births to the total
population in a particular area over a
specified period.
 Natality rate
- is the ratio between births and
individuals in a specified population and
time
FORMULA:
CBR=¿
2. CRUDE DEATH RATE (CDR)
 Death rate
- the ratio of the total number of deaths to
the total population
 Mortality rate
-usually refers to a number of deaths that
occur in a year, per one thousand people.
FORMULA:
Mortality rate
PEOPLE AND EARTH’S ECOSYSTEM
LESSON 4: PEOPLE AND THE POPULATION
QUIÑOLA, JHASMINE P. – BSABE 1-A
Total Area
Total population= Average no . of quadrant x
Area of qudra
B. POPULATION DENSITY C. POPULATION DISPERSION
- is a measurement of the number of - The dispersion of a population is a pattern
people in an area of spacing among individuals within the
- It is usually shown as the number of geographic boundaries
people per square kilometer of land area
FORMULA:
population
Density=
square meter
Why do we need to measure population
density?
1. Used to quantify the demographic information
2. Assess relationships with ecosystems, human
health and infrastructure
FACTORS AFFECTING POPULATION
DENSITY
1. IMMIGRATION
 movement of individuals into a population

2. EMIGRATION
 movement of individuals out of a PATTERNS OF POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
population
1. CLUMPED PATTERN
3. DENSITY-DEPENDENT FACTORS  Individuals that are grouped into patches
 Biotic factors in the environment that have a clumped distribution, or
have an increasing effect as aggregated distribution.
population size increases (disease,  Most frequent pattern of distribution in a
competition, parasites) population.
4. DENSITY-INDEPENDENT FACTORS  Resources are distributed unequally
 Abiotic factors in the environment that Ex. pipevine swallowtail caterpillars would
affect populations regardless of their be clumped in areas with their host plant,
density (temperature, weather) California
HOW DO WE MEASURE POPULATION pipevine.
DENSITY  Locations of
1. TOTAL COUNT METHOD suitable
 the method of direct counting of microhabitats,
populations which can be possible only such as an
for few animals. herbaceous (non-
 Scientist can be photographed and then woody) plant
later counted. species that only
 Examples: grows in the
-Population census shade clustering under trees. Plants that
-Trees in a given area drop their seeds straight to the ground,
2. SAMPLING METHOD such as oak trees, may also have this
 Depends on the type of organism and its distribution.
natural abundance and distribution.  Social behavior in animals results in a
 Widely used in plant studies clumped distribution, such as wolves
 2 CATEGORIES: hunting in a pack, a herd of elephants, or
-Plot-based(quadrant) a school of fish traveling together for
-Capture-based methodS safety.
FORMULA:
PEOPLE AND EARTH’S ECOSYSTEM
LESSON 4: PEOPLE AND THE POPULATION
QUIÑOLA, JHASMINE P. – BSABE 1-A
population.
 Primary Sex Ratio
2. RANDOM PATTERN  Secondary Sex Ratio
 Populations are not arranged in any  Tertiary Sex Ratio
particular pattern. 2. AGE STRUCTURE
 Some individuals may be close together  age structure describes the number of
while others may be far apart. individuals in each age class as a ratio
 Least common of one class to another.
pattern of Population Pyramid
distribution - Age structure diagram
 Ex. occurs with - Graphical illustration that shows the
dandelion and distribution of various age groups & sex
other plants that ratio in a population
have wind- ❑ Age Cateregories
dispersed seeds  Prepreproductive (0-14)
that germinate  Reproductive (15-44)
wherever they happen to fall in favorable  Postrerproductive (45 and up)
environments. 3. LIFE TABLE
3. UNIFORM PATTERN  is a table which shows, for a person at
 Individuals are each age, what the probability is that
equally spaced they die before their next birthday.
in the  Included in the table:
environment  the probability of surviving any
 refers to the particular year of age
evenly spaced  the remaining life expectancy for
distributions, in people at different ages
which members  the proportion of the original birth
of the population maintain a  cohort still alive.
minimum distance from one another. 4. SURVIVORSHIP CURVE
 Ex. in plants, due to the competition for  A graph showing the number of
proportion of individuals surviving at
water, sunlight or available nutrients
each age for a given species of group.
 Saguaro cacti are evenly spaced due to
SURVIVORSHIP CURVE: TYPE I
limited resources in the desert. (There is
 characterized by high survival in early and
not sufficient water to support two large
middle life, followed a rapid decline in
 cacti side-by-side.)
survivorship in later life
POPULATION DISPERSION: FACTORS  The heavy parental investment improves
DENSITY- DENSITY- competitive ability and makes it more
INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT likely that individuals will survive to
 Flood  Competition for reproduction
 Hurricane Resources SURVIVORSHIP CURVE: TYPE II
 Unpredictable  Predation  survivorship curves are intermediate
weather  Parasitism between Type I and Type III
 Fire  Infectious  roughly constant mortality rate is
 Pesticide Disease experienced regardless os age.
Spraying  The mortality of an individual does not
DEMOGRAPHY depend on its age
- is the study of the statistics of a
population and how they change over  The mortality of an individual does not
time (usually refers to human population) depend on its age
IMPORTANT STATISTICS SURVIVORSHIP CURVE: TYPE III
 has the greatest mortality
1. SEX RATIO
 relatively low rates of death for those
 refers to the ratio of males to females in a
surviving this bottleneck.
PEOPLE AND EARTH’S ECOSYSTEM
LESSON 4: PEOPLE AND THE POPULATION
QUIÑOLA, JHASMINE P. – BSABE 1-A
 Type III survivorship produce many 2. LOGISTICS POPULATION GROWTH
thousands of individuals, most of whom  will occur when population numbers begin
die right away to approach a finite carrying capacity
 Once this initial period is over, ❑ Carrying capacity (K)
survivorship is relatively constant. - the maximum number of a species that
can be sustainably supported by the
environment
 As a population approaches the
carrying
capacity,
environmental
resistance
occurs, slowing
the rate of
growth
 This results in a
sigmoidal (S-
shaped) growth
curve that
plateaus at the
carrying capacity (denoted by κ)
D. POPULATION GROWTH  will eventually be seen in any stable
- Refers to how the number of individuals in population occupying a fixed geographic
a population increases (or decreases) space
with time
- Controlled by the rate at which new
individuals are added to the
population (birth rate) and the rate at POPULATION GROWTH: LIMITING FACTORS
which individuals leave the population Limiting Factors
(death rate). - are environmental conditions that control
TWO TYPES OF POPULATION GROWTH the rate at which a process (e.g.
population growth) can occur
1. EXPONENTIAL
POPULATION GROWTH Density-Dependent Environmental Factors
 will occur in an ideal - are influenced by the relative size of a
environment where population
resources are - it includes:
unlimited  predator numbers
 there will be no  availability of food and other
competition to place resources
limits on a geometric  spread of pathogenic disease
rate of growth Density-Independent Environmental Factors
 population growth will be slow as there is - are not influenced by the relative size of a
a shortage of reproducing individuals that population
may be widely dispersed - it includes:
 As population numbers increase the rate  weather
of growth similarly increases, resulting in  climate conditions
an exponential (J-shaped) curve  occurrence of natural disasters
 can be seen in populations that are very POPULATION GROWTH: REPRODUCTIVE
small or in regions that are newly STRATEGIES
colonised by a species  Letter r, represents the slope of the line
❑ Biotic Potential representing exponential growth
- This maximal growth rate for a given  Letter K, represents the carrying capacity
populations of a habitat for members of a given sort
of organism
PEOPLE AND EARTH’S ECOSYSTEM
LESSON 4: PEOPLE AND THE POPULATION
QUIÑOLA, JHASMINE P. – BSABE 1-A
 r-selection and K-selection will decrease until the resource rebounds
-used by ecologists to describe the -Our planet
growth and reproductive strategies of only has
various organisms. enough
resources
for each of
us to
consume
1.8 “global
hectares”
annually-a standardized unit that
measures resource use and waste.
HUMAN POPULATION: ECOLOGICAL
FOOTPRINT
Ecological Footprint (EF)
 is an accounting tool that measures the
supply and demand on nature by
humans.
 EF can be calculated for individuals or
populations, cities, regions, countries, or
the entire plant (global ecological
footprint)

HUMAN POPULATION: CARBON FOOTPRINT

Carbon Footprint
 measures the
total amount
of greenhouse
gas emissions
caused by an
individual,
HUMAN POPULATION: EARTH’S CARRYING organization,
CAPACITY or activity
Carrying Capacity  measured in
 defined as a species’ average population units of
size in a particular habitat carbon dioxide equivalents, which
 The species population size is limited by quantifies how much a certain amount of
environmental factors: a greenhouse gas would impact global
 adequate food warming in reference to carbon dioxide
 shelter  concentrates on activities that would
 water be related to greenhouse gas emissions
 mates rather than considering an entire lifestyle
 If these needs are not met, the population as might be the case for calculating an
PEOPLE AND EARTH’S ECOSYSTEM
LESSON 4: PEOPLE AND THE POPULATION
QUIÑOLA, JHASMINE P. – BSABE 1-A
ecological footprint.
 A carbon footprint would be used, for
example, to determine the impact that
burning fossil fuels or consuming
electricity would have on the environment

HUMAN POPULATION: EFFECTS TO

BIODIVERSITY
 There are several human activities that
influence the extinction and
endangerment of species.These human
activities may be:
a.) unsustainable hunting and harvesting,
mostly of commercial species or
endangered species
b.) land use practices like deforestation,
urban and suburban development,
agricultural cultivation, and water
management projects destroy natural
habitats of several important species
c.) intentional or unintentional introduction
of destructive diseases, parasites, and
predators (invasive species which
sometimes deprive those native species
in the area of resources)
d.) ecological damage caused by water,
air, and soil pollution; and
e.) anthropogenic (human-caused) global
climate change.