

DESIGN OF STEEL AND TIMBER

STRUCTURES
[CEng4206]

CHAPTER - VI: DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL

CONNECTIONS
By: T K.
Feb 2025

2/2/2025 ASTU - Civil Engineering Department

 VI. DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL CONNECTIONS


Content
 Introduction
 Bolted Connection
 Welded Connection

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 4.1. Introduction


 Connections are the glue that holds a steel structure together.

 Historically, most major structural failures have been due to some form of connection
failure.

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 4.1. Introduction: Classification of Joints


 On the basis of connecting medium

 According to the type of members joined
 According to the type of internal forces
 According to the type of structural elements

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 4.1. Introduction: Classification of Joints

Connecting medium
1. Riveted Connection

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 4.1. Introduction: Classification of Joints

Connecting medium
Riveted Connection Cont…
 Used for very long time
 Made up of: Round ductile steel bar called
shank. A head at one end
 The length of the rivet should be sufficient to
form the second head
 Design- very similar to bearing type of bolted
connection

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 4.1. Introduction: Classification of Joints

Connecting medium
2. Bolted Connection
 Fastened together primarily by bolts
 Bolts may be loaded in
 Tension
 Shear
 Both tension & shear

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 4.1. Introduction: Classification of Joints

Connecting medium
3. Welded Connection

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 VI. CONNECTION

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 VI. CONNECTION
Simple Beam-to-Beam Connections Moment Resisting Beam-to-Beam
Connections

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Simple Beam-to-Column Connections Moment Resisting Beam-to-Column
Connections

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Column Bases

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Column Splices

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Horizontal Bracing Connections

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Connection Types
Vertical Bracing Connections

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 4.2. Bolted Connection


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4.2. Bolted Connection: Resistance of Bolted Connection

 Design of connections is generally based on simplified models that require in
many cases only hand written calculations.
 The distribution of forces in the connection may, hence, be arbitrarily
determined in whatever rational way is best, provided that:
the assumed internal forces are balanced with the applied design forces
and moments;
each part of the connection is able to resist the applied forces and
moments;
the deformations imposed by the chosen distribution are within the
deformation capacity of the fasteners, welds and the other key parts of
the connection

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4.2. Bolted Connection: Resistance of Bolted Connection

 Connections can be classified on the basis of the acting loads as follows

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 4.2. Bolted Connection: Resistance of Bolted Connection


Connections in Shear

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4.2. Bolted Connection: Resistance of Bolted Connection

Connections in Shear – Bearing Connections

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4.2. Bolted Connection: Resistance of Bolted Connection


 Tensile stress area for bolts as determined by ISO Standards shank and tensile areas
area tabulated below.

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4.2. Bolted Connection: Resistance of Bolted Connection


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4.2. Bolted Connection: Resistance of Bolted Connection


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4.2. Bolted Connection: Resistance of Bolted Connection

Connections in Shear – Slip Resistant Connection or Connection
with Pre-loaded Joints
• Bolts are tightened such that a high
tension, usually above yield strength, is
developed in the bolts, these are called
preloaded bolts.
• The plates of the connection are thus
clamped together and shear transfer Benefits of using of Preloaded Bolts are:
• rigidity of joints (no slip in service)
between the plates is achieved through • no loosening of bolts due to vibrations
friction. • better fatigue performance
• etc.
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4.2. Bolted Connection: Resistance of Bolted Connection


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4.2. Bolted Connection: Resistance of Bolted Connection


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 4.2. Bolted Connection: Resistance of Bolted Connection
Stress Distribution

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4.2. Bolted Connection: Resistance of Bolted Connection

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4.2. Bolted Connection: Resistance of Bolted Connection
F

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4.2. Bolted Connection: Resistance of Bolted Connection
Connections in Tension

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4.2. Bolted Connection: Resistance of Bolted Connection

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4.2. Bolted Connection: Design in Accordance with European Practice:

Introduction to – European Practice for Fastener Assemblages

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4.2. Bolted Connection: Design in Accordance with European Practice:

 The grade of the bolt is given by two figures separated by a point. The first figure is 1% of the minimum
ultimate strength in N/mm2 and the second is 1/10th of the percentage ratio of the minimum yield
strength.

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4.2. Bolted Connection: Design in Accordance with European Practice:
Introduction to EN:1993-1-8– Structural Verifications – Clearances for Bolts and Pins

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4.2. Bolted Connection: Design in Accordance with European Practice:

(a) Standard (b) Oversized

(c )Short Slot (d) Long slot

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 VI. CONNECTION
Introduction to EN:1993-1-8– Structural Verifications – Category of Bolt Connections

Preloaded 8.8 or 10.9 bolts should be used.

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 VI. CONNECTION
Introduction to EN:1993-1-8– Structural Verifications – Partial Material Factors

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 VI. CONNECTION
Introduction to EN:1993-1-8– Structural Verifications – Position of Holes
Bolted Joints – Position of Holes
Table 3.3 of EN 1993-1-8 gives
the maximum and minimum
spacing, end and edge distances

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Introduction to EN:1993-1-8– Structural Verifications – Design Resistance

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Shot and GRIT Blasting

Surface Roughness
Specimen
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Introduction to EN:1993-1-8– Structural Verifications – Design Resistance

Summary

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 VI. CONNECTION
Introduction to EN:1993-1-8– Structural Verifications – Design Resistance

Summary

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 VI. CONNECTION
Introduction to EN:1993-1-8– Structural Verifications – Design Resistance

Summary

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Example

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 VI. CONNECTION
Bolted Connection cont….
Example Nr 2.
Check that the secondary girder to primary girder connection by means of angles shown
in the figure below is adequate. All data required are provided in the figure.

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Bolted Connection cont….

Solution:
Diameter of holes, 𝒅𝒐 = 𝑑 + 2 = 22 + 2 = 𝟐𝟒𝒎𝒎
 Assuming the structure is made from steel conforming to EN 10025-5
Minimum Edge distance, 𝒆𝟏 = 1.2𝑑 = 1.2 × 24 = 𝟐𝟖. 𝟖𝒎𝒎 < 40𝑚𝑚 … . 𝑂𝑘!
Minimum hole distance, 𝒑𝟏 = 2.2𝑑 = 2.2 × 24 = 𝟓𝟐. 𝟖𝒎𝒎 < 60𝑚𝑚 … . 𝑂𝑘!
8𝑡 = 8 × 9 = 𝟕𝟐𝒎𝒎
Maximum edge distance, 𝒆𝟏 ≤ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 > 40𝑚𝑚 … . 𝑂𝑘!
𝟏𝟐𝟓𝒎𝒎
14𝑡 = 14 × 9 = 𝟏𝟐𝟔𝒎𝒎
Maximum hole distance, 𝒑𝟏 ≤ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 > 60𝑚𝑚 … . 𝑂𝑘!
𝟏𝟕𝟓𝒎𝒎

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 VI. CONNECTION
Bolted Connection cont….
Shear Capacity of Bolts:
Assumptions: - one shear area per bolt
- threads area in the shear plane

Shear capacity of a bolt:

𝐴
𝐹 , =𝛼 𝑓
𝛾

= 0.6 × 800 × × 10 = 𝟏𝟒𝟓. 𝟒𝟒𝒌𝑵 > = 49.4𝑘𝑁 …… Ok!

. ×

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 VI. CONNECTION
Bolted Connection cont….
Capacity of connection main girder and connection angle.
Bearing capacity of bolts.
Since the web thickness of the beam 𝒕𝒘 = 18.5 𝑚𝑚 is grater than the angle leg
thickness 𝒕𝒂 = 9 𝑚𝑚, the angle is the critical member.
×
𝟎.𝟓𝟓 𝟎.𝟓𝟖
×
For end bolts, 𝛼 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝟏.𝟖𝟔 For inner bolts, 𝛼 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝟏.𝟖𝟔
1.0 1.0
Hence, 𝛼 may be conservatively taken as 0.55
2.8 − 1.7 = 2.8 × − 1.7 = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟕
For end bolts, 𝑘 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝟐. 𝟓
Hence, take 𝑘 = 2.5
For inner bolts, 𝑘 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 1.4 − 1.7 = 1.4 × − 1.7 = 5.0
𝟐. 𝟓
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 VI. CONNECTION
Bolted Connection cont….

• the design bearing resistance of one shear plane, 𝐹 , ,

𝒅𝒕
𝑭𝒃,𝑹𝒅 = 𝒌𝟏 𝜶𝒃 𝒇𝒖
𝜸𝑴𝟐
×
= 2.5 × 0.55 × 430 × × 10 = 𝟔𝟐. 𝟒𝟑𝟔𝒌𝑵 > 49.4𝑘𝑁 … … . 𝑂𝑘!
.

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 VI. CONNECTION
Bolted Connection cont….

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 VI. CONNECTION
Bolted Connection cont….

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 VI. CONNECTION
Bolted Connection cont….

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 VI. CONNECTION
Welded Connection
Structural welding is a process by
which the parts that are to be connected
are heated and fused, with
supplementary molten metal at the
joint.
A relatively small depth of material will
become molten, and upon cooling, the
structural steel and weld metal will act
as one continuous part where they are
joined.
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Welded Connection cont…
Electric-arc welding is the most widespread method of connecting the
elements of steel members. The welding process is shown in the
following figure.

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 VI. CONNECTION
Welded Connection cont…
Weld Classification
Weds can be classified
1) According to the weld process
SMAW, SAW, FCAW, GMAW, MCAW
2) According to weld position
Flat, Horizontal, vertical or overhead weld
3) According to type of joint
Butt, lap, tee, edge or corner
4) According to type of weld
fillet weld, butt weld, plug welds and flare groove welds

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 VI. CONNECTION
Welded Connection cont…
Weld Classification cont…
1) According to the weld process

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 VI. CONNECTION
Welded Connection cont…
Weld Classification cont…
i. SMAW Welding
•Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) is
also known as manual, stick, or hand
welding
•An electric arc is produced between the end
of a coated metal electrode and the steel
components to be welded
•The electrode is a filler metal covered with a coating
•The electrode’s coating has two purposes:
•It forms a gas shield to prevent impurities in the atmosphere from getting into the weld
•It contains a flux that purifies the molten metal
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 VI. CONNECTION
Welded Connection cont…
Weld Classification cont…
ii. GMAW Welding
•Gas Metal Arc Welding
(GMAW) is also known
as MIG welding
•It is fast and economical
•A continuous wire is fed
into the welding gun
•The wire melts and combines with the base metal to form the weld
•The molten metal is protected from the atmosphere by a gas shield which is fed through a
conduit at the tip of the welding gun
•This process may be automated
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 VI. CONNECTION
Welded Connection cont…
Weld Classification cont…
iii. FCAW Welding
• Flux Cored Arc
Welding (FCAW) is
similar to the GMAW
process
• The difference is that
the filler wire has a
center core which
contains flux
• With this process it is possible to weld with or without a shielding gas
• This makes it useful for exposed conditions where a shielding gas may be affected by
the wind
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 VI. CONNECTION
Welded Connection cont…
Weld Classification cont…
iv. MCAW Welding
• Metal-Cored Arc Welding (MCAW)
is a semi-automatic process that uses a
wire with an alloy core. These alloying
elements in the core give better
properties to the weld filler material and
produce a strong, deep penetrating weld,
with a good appearance and clean
presentation.

• Here the arc is struck between a continuously fed consumable filler wire and the work
piece, melting both the filler wire and the work piece in the immediate vicinity.

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 VI. CONNECTION
Welded Connection cont…
Weld Classification cont…
v. SAW Welding
• Submerged Arc Welding
(SAW) is only performed
by automatic or
semiautomatic methods
• Uses a continuously fed
filler metal electrode

• The weld pool is protected from the surrounding atmosphere by a blanket of granular
flux fed at the welding gun
• Results in a deeper weld penetration than the other process
• Only flat or horizontal positions may be used
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 VI. CONNECTION
Welded Connection cont…
Weld Classification cont…
2) According to weld position
• There are four recognized welding positions:
 Flat – The face of the weld is
approximately horizontal and welding is
performed from above the joint
 Horizontal – The axis of the weld is
horizontal
 Vertical – The axis is approximately
vertical or in the upright position
 Overhead – Welding is performed from
below the joint
 The flat position is preferred because it is easier
and more efficient to weld in this position
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 VI. CONNECTION
Welded Connection cont…
Weld Classification cont…
3) According to type of joint

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 VI. CONNECTION
Welded Connection cont…
Weld Classification cont…
4) According to types of Weld

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 VI. CONNECTION
Welded Connection cont…
Types of Weld cont…

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 VI. CONNECTION
Welded Connection cont…
Types of Weld cont…
Butt welds

Fillet welds
 A fillet weld is of approximately triangular
cross-section applied to the surface profile of
the plates.

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 VI. CONNECTION
Welded Connection cont…
Types of Weld cont…
Plug and Slot Welds
 Slot and plug welds, are seldom used in
building structures.
 They may be used
 to transmit shear,
 to prevent buckling or separation of
lapped parts, and
 to inter-connect the components of
built-up members
Flare Groove Welds
 Mostly used for welding a round, tubular, or
curved piece of metal to a flat piece of metal.

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Welded Connection cont…
 In welded construction for building approximately 80% of the welds are fillet welds
and 15% are butt welds. The remaining 5% are plug. Slot and spot welds.

Advantages of Welding
 No hole is required for welding, hence no reduction of area. Therefore, structural
members are more effective in resisting loads.
 In welding filler plates, gusset plates, connecting angles etc. are not used, which
leads to reduced overall weight of the structure.
 Welding joints are more economical as less labor and less material is required.
 Complete rigid joints can be produced with welding process.
 Any shape of joint can be made easily

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Welded Connection cont…
Disadvantages of Welding
 Welded joints are more brittle and therefore their fatigue strength is less than the
members joined.
 Due to uneven heating and cooling of the members during welding, the members
may distort resulting in additional stresses.
 Skilled labor is required for welding
 The inspection of welded work is more difficult and costlier than bolted work.
 Defects like internal air pocket, slag inclusion and incomplete penetration are
difficult to detect.

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Welded Connection cont…
Where there are favorable working condition, welding is the most
economical way to make strong connections. Therefore, workshop
connection are usually welded.
Where site connection are necessary (erection) they are usually bolted.

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Welded Connection cont…
Design of Welded Joint
 For design, two geometrical weld parameters are used:
i. The throat thickness, a, is the minimum distance from the root to the weld face
ignoring the convex zone.
ii. The length, L, is the longitudinal weld dimension in the direction of the
welding arc displacement.

Throat = a x cos45o
a = 0.707 a

L – length of the weld

a – size of the weld
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Welded Connection cont…
Design cont…

Failure Plane

 As it is observed in the figure, the tensions that appear in the welding chord are of
shear, being the points of the ends (A and B) the most loaded for what reach the
yield point first. Then the interior points go reaching the yield point gradually and in
the moment of the failure, all the points of the welding chord will be working
contributing the maximum resistance evenly.
 Numerous research works show that the failure really happens for the half plane of
the cord, that which defines the effective area as the product of multiplying the
effective width of the throat of the cord (a) for the longitude of the chord.
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Welded Connection cont…
Design …
Fillet Welds (sec. 4.3.2)
 Fillet welds may be used for connecting parts where the fusion faces form an angle
of between 600 and 1200. Smaller angles are also permitted. However, in such a cases
the weld shall be considered to be partial penetration butt weld.

 For angles greater than 120° the resistance of fillet welds should be determined by
testing in accordance with EN 1990 Annex D: Design by testing

 Fillet welds finishing at the ends or sides of parts should be returned continuously,
full size, around the corner for a distance of at least twice the leg length of the weld,
unless access or the configuration of the joint renders this impracticable

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 VI. CONNECTION
Welded Connection cont…
Design cont. …
Fillet Welds cont…

 In a normal type of weld, so-called "end down-slopes" are

formed. They result in weakening of the section at the weld's
beginning and end.

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 VI. CONNECTION
Welded Connection cont…
Design cont. …
Fillet Welds cont…
Effective throat thickness
 The effective throat thickness, a, of a fillet weld should be taken as the height of the largest
triangle (with equal or unequal legs) that can be inscribed within the fusion faces and the weld
surface, measured perpendicular to the outer side of this triangle, see figure a.
 The effective throat thickness of a fillet weld should not be less than 3mm
 For deep penetration fillet weld, account may be taken of its additional throat thickness, see
Figure b, provided that preliminary tests show that the required penetration can consistently be
achieved.

figure a. figure b.
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Welded Connection cont…
Design cont. …
Fillet Welds cont…

Long joints
 In lap joints the design resistance of a fillet weld shall be reduced by multiplying it by a
reduction factor 𝜷𝑳𝒘 to allow for the effects of non-uniform distribution of the stresses
along its length.
 This provision do not apply when the stress distribution along the weld corresponds
to the stress distribution in the adjacent base metal, as for example, in the case of
weld connecting the flange and the web of a plate girder.
 Generally in lap joints longer than 150a reduction factor 𝜷𝑳𝒘 should be taken as 𝜷𝑳𝒘,𝟏
given by:

where 𝑳𝒋 is the overall length of the lap in the direction of the force transfer.
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 VI. CONNECTION
Welded Connection cont…
Design cont. …
Fillet Welds cont…

Long joints cont…

 For fillet welds longer than 1.7 meters connecting transverse stiffeners in plated
members, the reduction factor 𝜷𝑳𝒘 may be taken as 𝜷𝑳𝒘,𝟐 given by:

Where 𝑳𝒘 is the length of the weld in meter.

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 VI. CONNECTION
Welded Connection cont…
Design …
Butt welds
 This type is used mostly to weld steel plates of same or similar thickness. You can
use it also in welding of beams with sections I or C.
 Their disadvantage consists in to achieve complete penetration. For foils thickness
bigger than 10 mm it is necessary to prepare the borders appropriately, that which
requires of special cares and appropriate facilities. This work is carried out in shops
where the welding process can be controlled with quality.

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Design cont. …
Butt welds cont. ..

Then, the tensile stress due to the axial force P on the welding section 1 – 1 is:

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Welded Connection cont…
Design cont. …
Butt welds cont. ..
Design resistance of butt welds
Full penetration butt welds
 The design resistance of a full penetration butt weld should be taken as equal to the
design resistance of the weaker of the parts connected, provided that the weld is made
with a suitable consumable which will produce all-weld tensile specimens having both a
minimum yield strength and a minimum tensile strength not less than those specified for
the parent metal.
Partial penetration butt welds
 The design resistance of a partial penetration butt weld should be determined using the
method for deep penetration fillet weld
 The throat thickness of a partial penetration butt weld should not be greater than the
depth of penetration that can be consistently achieved.

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Types of electrodes
 For a common structural steel, the AWS (American Welding Society) recommends
electrodes types E 60 XX and E70 XX.
 E – denotes electrode, the first 2 numbers represent the tensile strength of the
electrode in Ksi (kilo pound per square inches); then for the electrodes above the
tensile strengths are 60 Ksi (414 Mpa) and 70 Ksi ( 483 Mpa) respectively.

Classification
 The American Welding Society’s classification number series for welding electrodes
has been adopted by the welding industry. The electrode identification system for
steel arc welding is set up as follows:

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1) E indicates electrode for arc welding.

2) The first two (or three) digits indicate tensile strength (the resistance of the material to
forces trying to pull it apart) in thousands of pounds per square inch of the deposited
metal.
3) The third (or fourth) digit indicates the position of the weld. 0 indicates the
classification is not used; 1 is for all positions; 2 is for flat and horizontal positions only; 3
is for flat position only.
4) The fourth (or fifth) digit indicates the type of electrode coating and the type of power
supply used; alternating or direct current, straight or reverse polarity.
5) The types of coating, welding current, and polarity position designated by the fourth (or
fifth) identifying digit of the electrode classification are as listed in table below.
6) E.g. The number E6010 indicates an arc welding electrode with a minimum stress relieved
tensile strength of 60,000 psi; is used in all positions; and reverse polarity direct current is
required.

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• Coating, Current and Polarity Types Designated By the Fourth Digit in the
Electrode Classification Number
• When the fourth (or last) digit is 0, the type
of coating and current to be used are
determined by the third digit.

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Welded Connection cont…

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Solution

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Example Nr 4. (Checking problem).
In the beam to column connection shown in the figure, the steel plate is supporting a
support factored reaction of 𝟓𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝑵 from the beam. If the size of the weld is 𝟖𝒎𝒎 and
steel Grade 𝐒𝟐𝟑𝟓, check if the connection is adequate.

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𝛽 = 0.8 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑆235 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒

360⁄ 3
⟹ 𝑭𝑾,𝑹𝒅 = × 5.66 = 𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟔. 𝟒𝟏𝑵/𝒎𝒎
0.8 × 1.25

And the total resistance force 𝐹 = 1176.41𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚 × 818𝑚𝑚 × 10

= 962.3kN > 525 kN ….. ok!

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Example Nr 5. (Design problem).
Special case (Eccentrically loaded joint. Unsymmetrical section).
When securing an unsymmetrical section, for example two angles to a plate, attention is
paid to uneven distribution of the load between the welds transmitting the force field
from the angles to the plate.

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• The Force F is decomposed into F1 and F2

• Taking moment with respect to point 𝒐.

• Therefore; 𝑭𝟏 is taken by two chord (filled weld) length 𝑳𝟏 each and 𝑭𝟐 is taken by
the lower two fillet weld length 𝑳𝟐 each.
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Example Nr. 6
Compute the welds required for connecting two angles 𝟕𝟓𝒙𝟕𝟓𝒙𝟖 𝒎𝒎 to a gusset plate
with a thickness 𝟏𝟎𝒎𝒎. The factored tensile force in the angles is 𝟒𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝑵. Steel
grade 𝑺𝟐𝟕𝟓 is used.
Geometry, Materials.
Plate and angles Grade S275 steel, 𝑓 = 275 𝑁/𝑚𝑚 ; 𝑓 = 430 𝑁/𝑚𝑚
Size of the welds ≤ 8 𝑚𝑚; take 𝑠 = 6 𝑚𝑚.
Throat thickness 𝑎 = 0.707 𝑥 6 = 4.24 𝑚𝑚.

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2) Design strength per unit length. (Suppose the weaker part is the base steel
430⁄ 3
𝑭𝑾,𝑹𝒅 = × 4.24 = 𝟗𝟗𝟎. 𝟕𝑵/𝒎𝒎
0.85 × 1.25
3) Length of fillets:
𝐹 300 × 10 𝑁
𝑳𝟏 = = = 𝟏𝟓𝟏. 𝟒𝟏𝒎𝒎
2( )𝐹 , 2 × 990.7𝑁/𝑚𝑚
 Actual length if no round a corner
𝐿 = 151.41 + 2𝑎 = 151.41 + 2 ∗ 4.24 = 159.89𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝒎𝒎 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒. 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝐿 = 0.5 ∗ 151.41 + 2 ∗ 4.24 = 84.185𝑚𝑚 (𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝟖𝟓𝒎𝒎)
4) Check the dimension of the fillets
6 × 4.24 = 25.44 < 85𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 160𝑚𝑚 < 150 × 4.24 = 636𝑚𝑚
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Example Nr. 7
- Joints in beams under the action of bending moment and shear force.
Suppose a beam such that:

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Principle: The flanges take the acting bending moment and the web takes shear force.

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𝛾 × 532 × 10 1 × 532 × 10
𝐴 = 180𝑡 , = = = 𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟒. 𝟓𝟒𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝑓 275
1934.54𝑚𝑚
𝑡 , = = 10.74𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 11𝑚𝑚
180𝑚𝑚

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Assume - size of the weld 8𝑚𝑚 < 12𝑚𝑚
- throat thickness 𝑎 = 0.707 × 8𝑚𝑚 = 5.66𝑚𝑚
⁄
∴ Strength per unit length 𝐹 , = × 5.66 = 𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝑵/𝒎𝒎
. × .

The length of the fillet weld; 𝐿 =

( ) ,

×
=
× . /

= 201𝑚𝑚 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 + (2 × 5.66)

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⁄
 Strength per unit length 𝐹 , = × 4.24 = 𝟗𝟗𝟎. 𝟕𝑵/𝒎𝒎
. × .

 The total resistance force = 990.7𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚 × 350𝑚𝑚 × 10

= 𝟑𝟒𝟔. 𝟕𝟓𝒌𝑵 > 142𝑘𝑁 ……. 𝑂𝑘!

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Example Nr. 8
‘Rigid’ column bracket. Determine the size of the components required to connect the
bracket to the column shown in Fig. using Grade S355 steel. The forces shown are
applied to one gusset plate at ultimate load.

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Class work

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