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Framing in Data Link Layer

The document discusses the framing process in the data link layer of computer networks, detailing how bits are encapsulated into frames for efficient transmission. It outlines the components of a frame, including the header, payload, trailer, and flags, as well as the two types of framing: fixed-sized and variable-sized. Additionally, it explains methods for defining frame delimiters in variable-sized framing, such as length fields and end delimiters, along with techniques like byte and bit stuffing to avoid delimiter conflicts.

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118 views3 pages

Framing in Data Link Layer

The document discusses the framing process in the data link layer of computer networks, detailing how bits are encapsulated into frames for efficient transmission. It outlines the components of a frame, including the header, payload, trailer, and flags, as well as the two types of framing: fixed-sized and variable-sized. Additionally, it explains methods for defining frame delimiters in variable-sized framing, such as length fields and end delimiters, along with techniques like byte and bit stuffing to avoid delimiter conflicts.

Uploaded by

wooeuwiwieh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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Framing in Data Link Layer


Computer Engineering Computer Network MCA

In the physical layer, data transmission involves synchronised transmission of bits from
the source to the destination. The data link layer packs these bits into frames.

Data-link layer takes the packets from the Network Layer and encapsulates them into
frames. If the frame size becomes too large, then the packet may be divided into small
sized frames. Smaller sized frames makes flow control and error control more efficient.

Then, it sends each frame bit-by-bit on the hardware. At receiver's end, data link layer
picks up signals from hardware and assembles them into frames.

Parts of a Frame
A frame has the following parts −

Frame Header − It contains the source and the destination addresses of the
frame.

Payload field − It contains the message to be delivered.

Trailer − It contains the error detection and error correction bits.

Flag − It marks the beginning and end of the frame.

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Types of Framing
Framing can be of two types, fixed sized framing and variable sized framing.

Fixed-sized Framing

Here the size of the frame is fixed and so the frame length acts as delimiter of the frame.
Consequently, it does not require additional boundary bits to identify the start and end of
the frame.

Example − ATM cells.

Variable – Sized Framing

Here, the size of each frame to be transmitted may be different. So additional mechanisms
are kept to mark the end of one frame and the beginning of the next frame.

It is used in local area networks.

Two ways to define frame delimiters in variable sized framing are −

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Length Field − Here, a length field is used that determines the size of the frame.
It is used in Ethernet (IEEE 802.3).

End Delimiter − Here, a pattern is used as a delimiter to determine the size of


frame. It is used in Token Rings. If the pattern occurs in the message, then two
approaches are used to avoid the situation −

Byte – Stuffing − A byte is stuffed in the message to differentiate from


the delimiter. This is also called character-oriented framing.

Bit – Stuffing − A pattern of bits of arbitrary length is stuffed in the


message to differentiate from the delimiter. This is also called bit – oriented
framing.

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