DEBREMARKOS UNIVERSITY BURIE CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTUTE
FECT OF STAKING METHODS ON YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF TOMATO
(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)
BY; ID
Gatasew
ASENIOR RESEARCH PROPOSAL
SUBMITTED TO DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE IN PARTIAL
FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR SINIOR RESEARCH
PROPOSAL (HORTI3153).
ADVISOR: Mr. Melkamu Workine (MSc.)
January, 2018
Burie, Ethiopia
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents page
List Of Contents........................,.........................................................................................i
List of Abbreviation............................................................................................................................... ii
LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................................iii
ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................................iv
1. INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................1
1.1. Background.......................................................................................................................................1
1.2. Statement of the problem................................................................................................................2
1.3. Objectives.........................................................................................................................................3
1.3.1. General Objectives.....................................................................................................................3
1.3.2. Specific objectives......................................................................................................................3
2. LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................................4
2.1. Tomato Cultivation...........................................................................................................................4
2.2. Factors Affecting Tomato Growth and Yield.....................................................................................4
2.2.1. Climatic conditions....................................................................................................................5
2.2.2. Cultural practices.......................................................................................................................5
2.2.3. Disease incidence.......................................................................................................................5
2.3. Staking of Tomato............................................................................................................................6
3. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY.................................................................................8
3.1. Description of Experimental site......................................................................................................8
3.2. Experimental Materials.....................................................................................................................8
3.3. Experimental Design and Treatments...............................................................................................8
3.4. Experimental Procedures..................................................................................................................8
3.5. Data collected...................................................................................................................................9
3.5.1 Growth components....................................................................................................................9
3.5.2. Yield components......................................................................................................................9
3.6. Method of data collection...............................................................................................................10
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3.7. Methods of data analysis.................................................................................................................10
4.Work(Action) plan..........................................................................................................................
4.Logistics..........................................................................................................................................
4.1. Personal cost.......................................................................................................................
4.2. Equipments and Supplies..................................................................................................
4.3. Stationary............................................................................................................................
4.4. Budget Summary................................................................................................................
4. Acknowledgement...........................................................................................................................12
5. References..........................,.............................................................................................................13
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LIST OF ABBREVIATION
EIP Ethiopian Investment Policy
MARC Melkassa Agricultural Research Center
DAP Diammonium Phosphate
ANOVA Analysis of Variance
LSD Least Significant Difference
CV Coefficient of Variance
SAS The Statistical Analysis Software
RCBD Randomized Complete Block Design
Masl Meters Above Sea Level
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LIST OF TABLES
Table1. Effect of staking on the plant height, number of primary branch, number of
leaves.........................................
Table2. Effect of staking on the number of fruit set per cluster, fruit set percentage, and average
number of fruit per plant..................................................................l
Table3. Activities that will be undertaken (February-June,2018)................
Table 4.Personal cost.....................................................................................
Table5.Equipments and Supplies cost (February-June)..............................
Table6.Stationary cost (February-June).......................................................
Table7.Budget Summary (February-June)..................................................
5
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ABSTRACT
Tomato, an important fruit vegetable used in almost every meal in all homes, chops
bars and restaurants to create appetite and taste. The experiment was conducted to
evaluate yield and yield component of tomato at gubre cheha district in gurage
zone. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD),
with four staking methods in three replication. The result showed that double string
stalking method shows significant difference at (p<0.05) with respect to plant
height and number of primary branch. But, there is no significant difference
among treatments on Leaf number, number of fruit set per cluster, fruit set
percentage and average number of fruit per plant. The study demonstrated that
growth and yield of tomato can be manipulated by staking methods.
Key words; Tomato, Staking methods
1. INTRODUCTION
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1.1. Background
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) belongs to the family Solanaceae, genus Lycopersicon,
sub family Solanoideae and tribe Solaneae believed to be originated from Andean region of
South America. It is one of the world's major vegetables with a total production of more than 150
million tons of fresh fruit, produced on 3.7 million hectares, exceeds all other crops, with the
exception of the potato and sweet potato (FAOSTAT, 2010). Common names for the tomato are:
tomate (Spain, France), tomat (Indonesia), faan ke’e (China), tomati (West Africa), tomatl
(Nahuatl), jitomate (Mexico), pomodoro (Italy), nyanya (Swahili) (Shankara et al., 2005).
Tomato is annual or short lived perennial and grows as a serious of branching stems; with a
terminal bud at the tip that does the actual growing. The stem growth habit ranges between erect
and prostrate. It grows to a height of 2-4 m. The stem is solid, coarse, hairy and glandular. It has
vigorous tap root system that grows to a depth of 50 cm or more. The main root produces dense
lateral and adventitious roots. Leaves arespirally arranged, 15-50 cm long and 10-30 cm wide.
Leaflets are ovate to oblong, covered with glandular hairs. Small pinnates appear between larger
leaflets. Inflorescence is clustered and produces 6-12 flowers. Petiole is 3-6 cm. Flowers are
bisexual, regular and 1.5-2 cm in diameter. They grow opposite or between leaves. Calyx tube is
short and hairy, sepals are persistent. Usually 6 petals up to 1 cm in length yellow and reflexed
when mature. 6 stamens, anthers are bright yellow in color surrounding the style with an
elongated sterile tip. Ovary is superior and with 2-9 compartments. Mostly self-pollinated but
partly also cross-pollinated. Bees and bumblebees are the most important pollinators. Fruits are
fleshy berry, globular to oblate in shape and 2-15 cm in diameter. The immature fruit is green
and hairy. Ripe fruits range from yellow, orange to red. It is usually round, smooth or furrowed.
Seeds are numerous, kidney or pear shaped. They are hairy, light brown 3-5 mm long and 2-4
mm wide. The embryo is coiled up in the endosperm (Shankara et al., 2005).Tomatoes are
grouped into two major categories (the determinate or bush and the indeterminate or tall groups).
Determinate or bush type tomatoes grow and bear fruits at once and top off at a specific height.
They stop growing, because the main stem forms a flower bud at the top that produces fruit.
Indeterminate or tall varieties develop into vines that never stop growing and continue producing
until killed by frost. Determinate tomatoes, including both processing and fresh market types, are
smaller and more compact than indeterminate varieties(Atherton and Ruddick, 1986).
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It is a very attractive fruit with its bright red color, making it even more appetizing to the
consumer. It is consumed in a variety of ways: fresh in salads and sandwiches, cooked, or
processed in ketchup, sauces, juices or dried powder. The tomato plays an important role in
human nutrition by providing essential amino acids, vitamins, minerals, sugars and dietary fibers
(Sainju et al., 2003). It contains vitamin B and C, iron and phosphorus. Its vitamin C content is
particularly high (Kanyomeka and Shivute, 2005). It also contains lycopene, a very potent
antioxidant that may be an important contributor to the prevention of cancers (Agarwal and Rao,
2000). Yellow tomatoes have higher vitamin A content than red tomatoes, but red tomatoes
contain lycopene, an anti-oxidant that may contribute to protection against carcinogen substances
(Shankara et al.,2005).
Tomatoes are usually staked and supported off the ground, in an effort to minimize losses from
rots when the fruit is in contact with the soil. Diver et al., (1999) defined staking as training
system used in tomato culture; the training is from wire cage, trellis or wood staking. Pruning
involves the selective removal of side shoots to limit plant growth and to divert nutrients to the
flower clusters of the main stem (Chen and Lal, 1999). Staking or trellising is the use of
bamboowood metal poles or other materials to support the plant and keep the fruit and foliage off
the ground. Ahmad and Singh (2005) demonstrated that yield increases can be obtained in
tomatoes with the use of staking.Chen and Lal (1999) demonstrated that staking allowed for
better coverage of chemical sprays and prevented fruit clusters from touching the soil, resulting
in a reduction of rots and soil-borne diseases.
1.2. Statement of the problem
Previous works on staking methods in Ethiopia and elsewhere seen to have been on the
comparison of staking and pruning in the rainy season to examine fruit quality, for increasing
yield and continuous income to the producers. However, the studies are not yet to be performed
on the effects of different staking methods on yield under Wolkite condition. High yield
combined with high quality are common requirement for tomato growers. Growing tomato is not
an easy task since the plant is exposed to many conditions such as methods of staking problems,
diseases, climate, nutrition , takes time and effort to stake, train and prune plants, tomatoes may
9
be more susceptible to cracking and sunscald because they are pruned and exposed, plant yield
will be low if plants that are not staked, that’s because prune away side shoots and branches to
support the plant with a stake that could produce fruit, and less leaf surface means smaller food
supply for the plant and lesser total yield, Staked plants usually need mulching to cover the soil
near them, Staked plants may use more water than unstaked plants because they are held up and
exposed to the sun and drying winds. as well as genetic factors.
1.3. Objectives
1.3.1. General Objectives
To improve the productivity of tomato through the use of appropriate staking method under
Cheha District, Ethiopia
1.3.2. Specific objectives
To determine the effect of staking methods on yield and yield components of tomato
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Tomato Cultivation
Tomato is the most widely grown vegetable in the world (Ariyarathne, 1989). The tomato is
cultivated in both temperate and tropical regions of the world. It is a warm season crop, which
can grow under a wide range of climate and soil conditions. It can be successfully grown on most
soils, but preferably a well drained sandy loam, loam or clay loam soils with a P H of 6.0 to 7.0
that may likely reduce blossom end rot attacks on fruit (Kemble et al., 2000).
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Tomato varieties are available from seed companies, however, adapted only to specific areas
(Gaus et al., 2004). According to Abdullah et al. (2009), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill)
is thought to be a direct ancestor of cultivated tomato based on its wide presence in Central
America and shortened style length in the flower..
In Ethiopia, Marglobe was one of the varieties released to farmers by Melkassa Agricultural
Research Centre (MARC). However other varieties like Serio, Red, Pear, Royall ball and
Nova70 were found to be superior in marketable and total yield across locations (Lemma, 2002).
A field experiment was conducted on Vertissoils at Ambo, Ethiopia, during 2003/04 and 2004/05
cropping seasons; to investigate the response of tomato cultivarsvarying in growth habit to rates
of Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) fertilizers and plant spacing. The result showed that cultivar
Marglobe had significantly higher mean plant height (72.8cm) than a determinate cultivar Melka
shola (64.9cm), however, other varieties like Miya (Floralou) and Metadel (Caraibo) were
released for production in 2007 and 2005 as new varieties, respectively (MoARD, 2005;
MoARD, 2007).
2.2. Factors Affecting Tomato Growth and Yield
Growing tomato is not an easy task since the plant is exposed to many conditions such as
diseases, climate, nutrition as well as genetic factors. High yield combined with high quality are
common requirement of tomato growers. These could be achieved if the above mentioned
conditions are maintained (Dorais et al., 2004).
2.2.1. Climatic conditions
Tomato is a warm season vegetable and grown extensively in cool seasons. At high and low
temperature, there is low germination of seeds, poor plant growth, flower drop, poor seed set and
ripening. At high temperature, there is high incidence of sunscald. Under extreme high and low
temperature, the yield is reduced. Mild winter condition is ideal for seed germination, plant
growth, fruit set, fruit development and ripening (Cadha, 2006). Humidity played a great role in
tomato production. At fruit growth stage, rain increased fruit cracking. An excessive rain
adversely affects fruit setting, flower drop and fruit rotting (Cadha, 2006).
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2.2.2. Cultural practices
The growth performance and yield of tomato varies for the numbers of reason including the
cultural practice. Good land preparation (ploughing, leveling, harrowing, etc.) is important for
better seedling establishment and field managements especially for even distribution of irrigation
water in field. Early and timely ploughing is necessary to expose the soil to solar treatments that
are useful to reduce disease and insect pest incidence (Gould, 1992).
Tomato can be grown throughout the year provide disease control measures and irrigation waters
are available. It has been demonstrate that rain free, clean dry worm conditions and moderately
uniform temperatures are favorable for high fruit set, clean fruit, less disease, incidence and for
high quality fruit production. However heavy rain fall is detrimental to the plant and can result in
poor fruit set and low fruit yield and quality. One of management practice that greatly influences
tomato growth and fruit yield is plant population and spacing. The distance between rows and
between plants depends on the methods and purpose of production, soil fertility, plant structure
and vine types, the farm equipments and methods of production intended to use. Tomato
cultivars are spaced 65cm between row and 30cm between plants (MoARD, 2009).
2.2.3. Disease incidence
Disease is one of the major constraints affecting tomato plant at different growth stages, which
can reduce yield and yield components of tomato. It can cause complete loss of crops in the area
where there are suitable temperature and moisture, high relative humidity and less sunlight. High
night temperature increases the disease incidence. The most common diseases in tomato
production in the field are septoria leaf spot (Septoria lycopersici), late blight (Phytophthora
infestans), early blight (Alternaria solani), powdery mildew (Leveillula taorica) and viruses as
well as root-knot nematodes (Shankara et al., 2005).
According to Fry (1998), late blight (Phytophthora infestans) is a disease of tomato and potato
that is encouraged by rain or humid weather, damaging the leaves, branches and causes brown,
dark spots on the fruits, where as early blight (Alternaria solani) defoliates the leaves and
exposes the fruits to sunburn which affects the marketable yield of fruits (Lemma, 2002).
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2.3. Staking of Tomato
Staking or trellising is the use of bamboo, wood metal poles or other materials to support the
plant and keep the fruit and foliage off the ground. Staking increases fruit yield and size, reduces
the proportion of unmarketable fruits, and facilitates chemical spraying and harvesting (Kader
and Morris, 1976). In addition, many tomato varieties need staking to produce high quality fruits
and to avoid rotting of fruits when they are in contact with the soil. Staking allows better
aeration, reduces attacks of fungus disease and ensures better exposure of the foliage to for better
photosynthesis (FAO, 1988).
According to Ariyarathne (1998), countries like Philippines, Taiwan and Mexico, usually grow
tomato with supports to obtain earlier, clean and larger fruits. Spraying and harvesting are made
easier when tomatoes are supported. The author listed some methods of staking tomato plants in
the above countries that include single staking methods, triangle staking methods bench staking
methods, single and horizontal staking methods, and fence and wire staking methods. The
methods of staking tomato also vary according to the plant type, the availability of staking
materials and individual requirement. He compared the yield and quality obtained from mulching
and staking methods which was used with wood and fence wire. The result showed that, the
bench and triangle methods gave significantly higher yield higher return, while the fence and
wire method resulted to big economic loss of its labor and material cost.
Akoroda et al., (1990) and Trenbath (1976) supported the idea of staking because it facilitates
harvesting of the leaves and pods and exposes the leaves for effective light reception; String
staking is better for producing much branch in rainy seasons ,as light is one of the factors needed
by leafy vegetables. Staking also reduced the incidence of blossom end rot and fruit crack in
tomato
Lemma (2002), described string staking as an important production practice used by tomato
growers mainly in the rainy seasons. He further confirmed that, staking of tomato plants for fresh
fruit market increased growth and yield components.
Hanson et al., (2001) stated that, indeterminate tomato varieties should be staked to facilitate
pruning, pinching, harvesting and other cultural practices. Staking provides better growth of
13
branches, increased fruit bearing, and improved quality of fruits. It aids cultural operations like
fruit picking, spraying, weeding, fertilizer applications and earthening up. They added that,
staking can be done by two methods. First method is that the sticks of 1.5-2 meter length and 2.5
cm thickness are staked to the tomato plant as it grows. In the second method, a network of wire
and bamboo is formed with the help of sutali (small rope) branches.
3. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
3.1. Description of Experimental site
The experiment was conducted at Wolkite University College of Agriculture Horticultural
research field in year 2016/17 in under irrigation. Wolkite University is 171.5 km geographically
located from Addis Abeba, to south west direction. It is also located at about 8°11’60.0’’ latitude
and 37°47’60.0’’ longitude and also elevation of 1900 to 3000 meter above sea level. The mean
annual temprature ranges from 14 to 24 °C. The rainfall patter in gurage zone is bimodal in
which 80% of rainfall in the kiremt period of june to august where as 20% in the belg period of
February to May( GZADD,2011).
3.2. Experimental Materials
Materials for different purpose such as meter for measuring, shovel for leveling the beds, hoe for
digging, rope for plot separation, watering cane for watering, rake (fork) for soil firming. Urea
and DAP used Fertilizer, rope, Eucalyptus pole.
3.3. Experimental Design and Treatments
The field experiment was conducted in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), consisted
of single factor (staking methods) with three replications. The treatments include: treatment one,
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single-post staking (S1); treatment two, single-string staking (S2); treatment three, Double string
staking (S3) and treatment four, control or non staking (S4). The staking methods were randomly
assigned in the experimental plots. The total area of the experimental boundary (7.9m*7.1m) is
56.09m2.The area (size) of the plot was 2.21m 2 (1.3mx1.7m), 0.5 m and 1.0m spacing between
plots and between blocks respectively. A plot was consisted of four rows with six plants each,
which made up a total of 24 plants per plot.
3.4. Experimental Procedures
The experimental field was selected and prepared properly and level of the surface was softened
with water. After a week 50 gram of seed of Metadel variety of tomato will be sown. Then, it
was watered two times a day (This activity was continue up to maturity). After one day all the
quantity of DAP (650g) and 50% (250g) of UREA was applied, and the left 50% of UREA was
applied at one month after sowing within the area of 56.09 meter square. The staking poles
(locally made) of Eucalyptus tree were fixed for all plots except controlled after the seedlings
height was 30 cm above the ground. Data was taken starting from week after the seedlings are
staked. The data on growth and yield response variables were collected from the two rows of
each plot. The four plants from each row (eight plants from one plot) were randomly selected
and tagged. From these plant data was collected. Finally, the collected data was analyzed by
using analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistics to establish the least significant difference (LSD)
and the coefficient of variance (CV) on the effect of staking methods on yield and yield
components of tomato. The Statistical Analysis Software (SAS), version 9.1 was used.
3.5. Data collected
3.5.1 Growth components
Average plant height (cm): The average plant height of the eight randomly selected sample
plants from each plot was measured using a meter tape from the ground level to the terminal end
after fruiting.
Number of primary branches: Branches developed from the main stem were counted from the
eight sample plants and the average was taken as the number of primary branches.
15
Leaf number (No): Was obtained by counting the total number of leaves of randomly selected
eight plants per plot and averaging them.
3.5.2. Yield components
Number of fruit set per cluster: The number of fruit set per cluster was counted and recorded
following the same procedure above at immature green stage.
Fruit set percentage: The fruit set parentage was calculated as the ratio of the total number of
fruits set and was divided by the total number of flowers and times by hundred.
Average number of fruit per plant: The total number of fruits was divided by the number of
sample plants to get the average number of fruits per plant .
3.6. Method of data collection
Eight plants were randomly sampled from the two middle rows of each plot and the total height
of plant was measured and recorded weekly from the ground level, to the most growth point.
Similarly, all other growth parameters was measured.
3.7. Methods of data analysis
The raw data of each parameter from each plot and replication was collected and analyzed by
analysis of their variance (using ANOVA). The Statistical Analysis Software (SAS), version 9.1
was used to compute the calculations. Significance difference were declared when p<0.05.
16
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4. WORK(ACTION) PLAN
The experiment will be progressed for five consecutive months start from the beginning of
January up to the end ofJune. Major activities that are going to be done in this duration of
experiment time are illustrated in the table(table 3).
Table3. Activities that will be undertaken (February- June,2018).
Numbers Activities February March April May June
1 Literature X X X
search
2 Develop X X
proposal
3 Research X X
designing
4 Land X
preparation
5 Sowing,we X X X
eding and
other
agronomic
practices
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6 Data X X X
collection
7 Data X X
analysis
8 Manuscript X X
writing
9 Report X X
circulation
for
comments
10 Report X
submission
11 Report X
presentatio
n
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5. Logistics
5.1.personal cost
Table 4. Personal cost (February-JunSupplies).
Qualification Quantity Duration (month) Payment rate Total cost
Daily laborers 2 2 20/day 1200.00
Guard 1 3 30/month 900.00
Sub total 2100.00
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5.2. Equipments and Supplies.
Table 5. Equipments and supplies cost (February-JStationery).
Item Unit Quantity Unit cost(Birr) Total cost(Birr)
21
5.3. Stationery
Table 6. Stationery cost (February-June,2017)
Item Unit Quantity Unit cost(Birr) Total cost (Birr)
22
5.4. Budget Summary
Table 7. Budget Summary (February- June)
Item Sub total
Source of budget : Debremarkos university Buried Campus College of Agriculture and
Department of Horticulture.
4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all we would like to thanks the Department of Horticulture for their
designing of such kinds of course and giving us a chance to attend. We are great
23
full to our advisor Mr. Melkamu Working(MSc.) for his advice, comments and
proof of reading.
5. REFERENCE
Abdullah, M., S, Kim and C, Bitrus, 2009. The Origin and Benefits of Tomato as Home Garden
and Commercial Vegetable. Federal College of Education, Kontagora. Nigeria. EJEAF,
8(11):1156-1169
Agarwal, S. and Rao, A., 2000. Tomato lycopene and its role in human health and chronic
diseases. CMAJ, 163(6):739-44.
24
Ahmad, A. and Singh, A., 2005. Effects of staking and row-spacing on the yield of tomato
(Lycopersicon lycopersicum Mill.) cultivar “Roma VF” in the Sokoto Fadama, Nigeria.
Nigerian Journal of Horticultural ScienceVol. 10pp. 94-98.
Akoroda, M.O., N.I. Ogbechie-Odiaka, M.L. Adebayo, O.E. Ugwo and B. Fuwa, 1990.
Flowering, pollination and fruiting in fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis). Scientia
Hortic. 43: 197-206.
Ariyarathne, H.M., 1989. Effect of staking methods and mulching on tomato production Sri
Lanka. ARC Training, Sri Lanka.
Atherton J, Rudich J, 1986. The Tomato Crop. Chapman and Hall, London, UK. pp. 167-200.
AVRDC, UK. pp: 490.
BPEDORS, 2000. Physical and socio economical profile of 180 districts of Oromia region.
Bureau of Planning and Economic Development of Oromia Regional State.
Chadha, K.L., 2006. Handbook of Horticulture. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New
Delhi, India, Pages: 1031.
Chen, J.T. and Lal, G., 1999. Pruning and Staking Tomatoes. International Cooperator's Guide,
Diver, S., G. Kuepper and H. Born, 1999. Organic Tomato Production. NCAT Agriculture
Specialists
Dorais, M., A.P. Dopoulos and W. Van Lepren, 2004. Green house tomato fruit cuticle cracking.
Hort. Review, 30:163-184
EARO, 2004. Directory of released crop varieties and their recommended cultural practices.
Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization, Addis Abeba, Ethiopia.
Environment, vol.1(2), 176-183.
Ethiopia Investment Agency, 2008.Investment Opportunity Profile for the production of Fruits
and Vegetables in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa.
FAO, 1998. Vegetable production under arid and semi-arid conditions in Tropical Africa. FAO
of United Nations.
FAO, 2004. The role of postharvest management in assuring the quality and safety of
horticultural produce by Kader, A.A. and Rolle, S.R., Food and Agricultural Organization
of the United Nations. Rome.
25
FAO, 2007. Green beans integrated pest management. An Ecological Guide Training. Resource
Text on Crop Development, Major Agronom. Fresh2, Market Tomato. Department of
Horticulture, Agriculture Building, University of Missouri, Columbia MO 6:5211-7140
Gould, W.A., 1992. Tomato production, processing and technology, 3rd ed.
Hanson, P., J.T. Chen, C.G. Kuo, R. Morris and R.T. Opena, 2001. Suggested cultural practices
for tomato. International cooperators Guide, Asian Vegetable Research and Development.
Kanyomeka, L. and Shuvite B., 2005. Influence of pruning on tomato production under
controlled environments. Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica Vol. 32,2, 79-81
Kembele, J.M., L.M. Curtis and T.W. Tyson, 2000. Gide to Commercial Stacked Tomato
Production in Alabama. Auburn University Extension Publication. ANR-1156.
Lemma, D., 2002. Tomatoes Research Experiences and Production Prospects. Research Report,
No
MoARD 2009. Rural capacity building project. Course for training of trainers on Improved
Horticulture crops technologies. Addis Abeba, Ethiopia
Shankara N., Marja de Goffau,and Martin H., 2005. Tomato cultivation; production,processing
and marketing. Wageningen, Netherlands.
Kader, A.A. and L.L. Morris, 1976. Appearance factors other than color and their contribution to
quality. Proceedings of the second Tomato Quality Workshop,July 12-14, 1976, University of
California, Davis, USA.pp: 8-14.
9. APPENDIX
Appendix1. Analysis of Variance for plant height
Source of Degree of SS MS Fcal Ftab
variable freedom(df) 5% 1%
Treatment 3 8.72 2.90 5.37* 4.76 9.78
Replication 2 7.09 3.54
26
Exp.error 6 3.24 0.54
Total 11 19.05
CV=2.33
Appendix2. Analysis of Variance for number of primary branch
Source of Degree of SS MS Fcal Ftab
variable freedom(df) 5% 1%
Treatment 3 13.75 4.58 7.76* 4.76 9.78
Replication 2 0.17 0.08
Exp.error 6 3.57 0.59
Total 11 17.49
CV=8.75
Appendix3. Analysis of Variance for the number of leaves
Source of Degree of SS MS Fcal Ftab
variable freedom(df) 5% 1%
Treatment 3 734.23 244.74 1.01ns 4.76 9.78
Replication 2 388.96 194.48
Exp.error 6 722 120.33
Total 11 1845.19
CV=15.68
Appendix4. Analysis of Variance for the number of fruit set per cluster
Source of Degree of SS MS Fcal Ftab
variable freedom(df) 5% 1%
Treatment 3 3.24 1.08 4.15ns 4.76 9.78
Replication 2 1.08 0.54
Exp.error 6 1.57 0.26
Total 11 5.89
CV=21.18
Appendix5. Analysis of Variance for the fruit set percentage
Source of Degree of SS MS Fcal Ftab
variable freedom(df) 5% 1%
Treatment 3 322.59 107.53 1.33ns 4.76 9.78
Replication 2 33.62 16.81
Exp.error 6 481.14 80.32
27
Total 11 838.14
CV=25.55
Appendix6. Analysis of Variance for the average number of fruit per plant
Source of Degree of SS MS Fcal Ftab
variable freedom(df) 5% 1%
Treatment 3 6.45 2.15 3.83ns 4.76 9.78
Replication 2 3.17 1.585
Exp.error 6 3.39 0.56
Total 11 13.01
CV=27.46
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