IELTS

MAXIMISER

EDUCATIONAL BOOK

SPEAKING
Sam ple

Interview
Questions
WITH ANSWERS & TEACHER'S GUIDE

IELTS Maximiser Speaking Book chu yeu dddc thiet ke cho cac thi sinh muon
dat dddc band diem 6 hoac 7 trong phan thi Speaking cua ky thi IELTS.

Mac du cac dng vien dd dinh dat dddc diem 5 cung se dddc hddng Idi td cuon
sach, nhdng cuon sach bao gom nhieu khia canh cua cuoc phong van vdi cac
mau phong phu va cung cap mot so y tddng tap trung cao do dang ke de cai
thien hieu suat cua dng vien.

^ | DOWNLOAD
INTRODUCTION:
• Aims of IELTS MAXI MISER Educational Book.
IELTS MAXIMISER Educational Book has been primarily designed for candidates
aiming to achieve a band score of 6 or 7 on the Speaking Test of the IELTS exam,
although candidates intending to achieve a band score of 5 will also benefit from the
book, it covers many aspects of the interview with ample samples and provides a
considerable number of highly- focused ideas to improve candidates' performance.
• Content of the book:
- This topic-based book consists of three parts, each of which concentrates on
various lELTS-type questions.
- Part 1 presents a range of questions with sample answers mainly connected to
home life, education, job, interests, hometown and future plans. The suggested
answers present a range of functions that students may need during the speaking
test.
- Part 2 contains 100 topic cards with 20 sample answers.
- Part 3 is divided into 100 A-Z topics. Each comprising a number of key words in
which the target key words and ideas are contextualized. In part 3, there is a section
entitled 'Discussion Questions' at the end of each topic to activate the students'
production of the themes in a discussion.
- contains interview extension activities for further practice or homework. These
revision activities specifically designed to consolidate the answers presented.
- includes 'Speaking Test Tips' to help students increase their band scores.
- has a Teacher's Guide, giving many invaluable hints.
• Special features of the book:
- designed to be appropriate for all candidates of the IELTS Speaking test.
- provides a rich source of information and language that allows for a great amount
of candidate personalisation and response in each topic.
- offers systematic vocabulary development and presents key words in conceptual
ideas mainly provided in the format of 'Pros and Cons', 'For and Against' and 'Cause
and Effect'.
- contains a large number of controversial issues followed with thought-provoking
discussion questions. The aim has been to encourage critical thinking and
discussion in IELTS preparation classes.
- provides a rich source of information and language input for IELTS Writing (Task 2).
- can be used in any order, depending on the student's needs, level, aims and
available time.
- is suitable for both independent study and classroom use.
- is highly recommended for all candidates preparing for TOEFL, FCE and CAE
examinations.
I hope you enjoy studying IELTS ThdDang and have success with the book!
Your comments on this book are welcomed at: http://ielts-thudang.com/
An Overview of IELTS Speaking
Module format:
IELTS Speaking is a one-to-one interaction between the candidate and an examiner. The
three parts give the candidate the opportunity to use a range of different speaking skills.
IELTS Speaking is recorded.
Timing:

11-14 minutes
SPEAKING TEST FORMAT
PartTask types Timing
Introduction and interview:
4-5
1 You answer questions about yourself, your home, family, job,
minutes
studies, interests and other familiar topics.
Independent long turn:
You are given a topic verbally and on a card. You have a minute to
prepare a talk. 3-4
2
You speak for 1-2 minutes on the topic, e.g. a person, place, object minutes
or event.
You answer one or two follow-uo auestions.
Discussion:
4-5
3 You answer verbal questions, discussing more abstract ideas minutes
linked to the topic of Part 2.
Assessment criteria:

The aim of the test is to assess your ability to communicate effectively. The interviewer
considers this ability in four different ways:
• Fluency and coherence
• Lexical Resources
• Grammatical Range and Accuracy
• Pronunciation

All criteria have equal weighting.

Functions:
The speech functions which occur regularly in the test are:
• Providing personal and non-personal information
• Expressing opinions & Justifying opinions
• Expressing likes and dislikes
• Giving reasons
• Explaining & Describing in details
• Pointing out both the positive and negative aspects
• Suggesting
• Discussing situations as they were in the past
• Speculating (Imaging the situation as they might be in the future)
• Expressing a preference
• Comparing &Contrasting
• Summarising
• Narrating and paraphrasing
• Analysing
• Repairing a conversation

Notice: (1st July 2007)

The Writing and Speaking modules are reported in whole or half-band in the same way
as the Reading and Listening modules.
Contents:
Parti
Tips of part I
General (Interview)
General (Questions)
Daily routines (Interview)
Daily routines (Questions)
Family (Interview)
Family (Questions)
Friends (Interview)
Friends (Questions)
Flome (Interview)
Flome (Questions)
Neighbourhood (Interview)
Neighbourhood (Questions)
Holiday (Interview)
Holiday (Questions)
Flobbies, like and dislikes (Interview)
Flobbies, like and dislikes (Questions)
Flometown (Interview)
Flometown (Questions)
Country (Interview)
Country (Questions)
Health (Interview)
Health (Questions)
Food (Interview)
Food (Questions)
Shopping (Interview)
Shopping (Questions)
Colours and seasons (Questions)

Volunteer (Interview)

Volunteer (Questions)
Edueation (Interview)
Education (Questions)
Languages (Interview)
Languages (Questions)
Job (Interview)
Job (Questions)
Personality (Interview)
Personality (Questions)
100 MY questions

Part 2
Tips of part 2
100 Topic cards
Topic cards
1. Describe howto use a piece of equipment.
2. Describe a member of your family who are very close to.
3. Describe someone that you admire.
4. Describe a situation when someone didn't like you.
5. Describe a useful website that you have visited.
6 . Describe a gift you have received that was important to you.
7. Describe a room that you like.
8 . Describe an exam experience you had.
9. Describe a popular person who lives in your neighbourhood.
10. Talk about your favourite free time activity.
11. Describe a dish that you know how to make.
12. Talk about the best city/country that you have been to.
13. Describe your favourite piece of clothing.
14. Talk about one of your friends.
15. Describe the process of getting a job in your country.
16. Describe a serious problem in your hometown/city
17. Talk about your favourite actor/actress.
18. Talk about a festival or national holiday in your country.
19. Describe an occasion when you had an enjoyable meal.
20. Describe a place where you go shopping for clothes.
Linking words and phrases

Part 3
Tips of part 3

1. Accidents 26. Crime 51. GM food 76. Obesity

2. Acid rain 27. Cultural 52. Happiness 77. Over
3. Addiction 28. Culture 53. High rise buildings 7 3 Parenting

4. Adoption 29. Culture shock 54. History 79. Personality

5. Advertising 30. Diet 55. Hobbies 80. Pets

6 . Aging 31. Disability 56. Holiday 81. Poverty

7. Agriculture 32. Distance 57. Home schooling 82. Public
learning transport

8 . Aids 33. Divorce 58. Homelessness 83. Recycling

9. Air pollution 34. Doping 59. Housing 84. Satellites

10. Animal testing 35. Education 60. Illiteracy 85. School
11. Art 36. Energy 61. Industrial relations: 8 6 . Smoking

12. Astrology 37. Environment 62. (The) internet 87. Space

13. Automation 38. Fame 63. Jobs 8 8 . Sport

14. Brain drain 39. Family 64. Juvenile 89. Sporting

15. Bribery 40. Family ties 65. Language 90. Sportsmanship
16. Charity 41. Famine 6 6 . Law 91. Stress
4 2 Fashion,
17. Childcare 67. Life expectancy 92. Success
' clothing
18. Child labour 43. Fear 6 8 . Marriage 93. Tourism
19. Childhood 44. Festivals 69. Mass media 94. Traffic
20.Children's
45. Field trips 70. Memory 95. TV
education
21. City life 46. Film 71. Migration 96. Unemployment
 22. Climate 47. Friendship 72. Modern life 97. Urban sprawl
23. Computer games 48. Generation gap 73. Music 98. Violence

24. Computerisation 49. Global warming 74. Natural disasters 99. Water pollution

25. Country life 50. Globalisation 75. Noise pollution 100. Zoos

Critical thinking
General Tips
Self Assessment
Teacher's Guide
PARTI
INTRODUCTION AND INTERVIEW
TIPS OF PART I
Speaking test

Part 1:
Introduction and Interview (4-5 minutes)
The examiner will introduce himself or herself and confirm your identity. You answer
general questions about yourself, your home, your job, your interests and a range of
similar topic areas.

DOSANDDONTS
• Be aware of question types; the areas covered are fairly predictable so practise at
home recording ideas onto a tape recorder.

• Keep in mind that examiners can assess what they hear. They will expect you to speak
up so don't give one or two word answers.

• Make sure to relate your answer to the interviewer's question. First, answer the
question then give 'Added Information'.

Examiner: Do you have any plans for going to university?

Candidate: That's for sure. I'd like to major in chemical engineering.

Examiner: Do you like swimming?

Candidate: Yes, / but I don't get much time to go swimming these days.

• In general, good answers have 'main and supporting ideas'.

- 1love swimming because it's so relaxing. Besides, it helps me be in shape.

Main idea Supporting idea 1 Supporting idea 2

• Use appropriate linking words. e,g. Because, Besides.

- 1love swimming because it's so relaxing. Besides, it helps me be in shape.

Linking word 1 Linking words 2

If you can't think of a word, simply paraphrase it.

He's a reliable person.

He's the sort of person you can always trust /depend on.
She's so punctual.
She's never late; always on time.
• Reply by offering a full and appropriate response in each case. Always add some extra
information to your answer; you are unlikely to get a second chance to answer them,
but don't anticipate related questions. For example, if you are asked what your job
is, a suitable answer would be:

- 1work for a market research company. We do market research for companies that are
planning to develop new products.
- NOT / work fora market research company. We do market research for companies that
are planning to develop new products. My job is very demanding. It requires strong
communication and interpersonal skills to get the right results. The best thing about
my job is the team that I work with. My work starts at 9 am and finishes at 7 pm.
As this sounds like a 'learned answer' and the examiner's next question might be:
- How do you like your job? OR
- Tell me about your working hours.
• In order to present yourself in the best way possible, you should try to sound positive
about your past, present and future.
• Listen to the questions carefully and make sure you answer the question; answer the
questions directly and to the point.
• It is important to relax and speak confidently.
• There are a number of expressions used to express your feelings.

- I'm very interested in ...

- ... seems fantastic
- I'm fond of...
- I am keen on...
- That sounds like fun
-... would be really rewarding/ a lot of fun
- ... sounds more interesting than...
- ...is so absorbing
- 1 find it really helpful

- ... seems pretty difficult

- ... is rather complicated
- ... was rather difficult
-... was much more difficult in compared with...
- ... sounds kind of boring
-.... doesn't interest me
- To be honest, I don't enjoy...
- I’ve lost interest in ...
 [GOLDEN IDEAS]

There is no right or wrong answer for this kind of test.

Check the most appropriate answer, underline the key words, and try to keep the ideas in
your mind.

GENERAL

Interview

Examiner: I'm [...]; your examiner. Could you tell me your name please?
Candidate: Well, my (full) name is [...].
Alternative answers:
0 My first name is [...]. It is a very common name in my country and my family name is [...].
My first name is [...] ...er...which means [...] and my surname is [...]. I would appreciate if
you called me [...].
Your answer:...........................................................................................................................

Examiner: What would you like me to call you?

Candidate: Please call me [...].
Alternative answers:
[...] please.
Your answer:

Examiner: Could you give me your identification please?

Candidate: Oh, sure, here it is.
Alternative answers:
Here you are.
Yep! Here you go.
Your answer:.....................................................................................................................
Examiner: How did you get your name? /
Candidate: Um...l was named after my grandfather.
Alternative answers:
Well. I was named by my mother, you know, [...] is my mother's favourite name.
Your answer:....................................................................................................................
Examiner: Does your name have a special meaning?z
Candidate: Yes, it does. The English equivalent of my first name would be something like [...]
and also my family name means [...].

Alternative answers:
No, I don't think so. It's just a name of a (an Iranian) poet/writer/etc.
Your answer:.........................................................................................
Examiner: Is your name important to you? ( Why?) •
Candidate: Yes, it is. Names can make unconscious impression on people.
Alternative answers:
No, I don't think it can do anything for me. I believe that I myself should determine my
future irrespective of what my name is. Actually, I try to do this by acquiring more
qualifications and working hard.
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: How old are you?

Candidate: I am [...] years old. In other words, I was born in 1980. On the third of March 1980,
to be exact.
Alternative answers:
I’m [...] years of age. I was born in 1980.
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: Could you tell me where you are from? (Where do you come from?)z
Candidate: I was born in [...] city, you know, one of the largest cities in my country. I moved
to [...] city just five years ago.
Alternative answers:
I was born in [...]; a small town in the south of my country, but I grew up in [...] city.
I hail from a coastal city with lovely weather in the north of my country; called [...].
I come from [...] city. You know, a beautiful city with a great climate. My parents have been
living there for the past twenty years or so. I grew up there.
[...] city. You know...a busy city with a population of over one million people. But actually, I
live about twenty kilometres out of town on a small farm.
I am from a small village in the mountains; a long way from the capital city of my country.
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: How long have you lived in [...]?.

Candidate: Since I was ten.
Alternative answers:
When I was a child; at the age of 10, my parents moved to [...] because of my father's job.
We have been living here since 1990.
Ten years in total.
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: What is/are your goal(s)/ambition(s) for the future?

Candidate: I hope I'll have made a career move and taken a management position by the
time I'm thirty live. I think, at present, studying management is the right thing to do.
Alternative answers:
Saving enough money to buy an apartment. Most of my income is spent on rent.
The future is always uncertain, yet I know what I want to do. My goal is to run a company
of my own someday.
Well, I would like to improve my career prospects by obtaining a university degree.
One goal I'd like to have reached by next year is to have my own business. In fact, I intend
to use my university education practically.
If possible, I'd like to continue my education in one of the English-speaking countries.
My ambition is being able to speak Spanish fluently. I'm really interested in Spanish
language. I'm bound to learn it.
Improving my computer skills. In my job, being familiar with office programmes is a must.
Well, in the next three months, I hope 111 have completed my university degree, and
hopefully working as an accountant.
Travelling around the world. I certainly need a lot of money to do that. Seemingly, the
chances are pretty slim.
Your answer:
Examiner: Tell me about your military service, s
Candidate: I completed my military service in the Air Force just five years ago.
Alternative answers:
Actually, I was exempted from military service because of my poor eyesight.
I am doing my military service as an officer in [...].
Your answer:..............................................................................................................

Examiner: What was your military service like?z

Candidate: Pretty hard. I served in a remote area far from my hometown.
Alternative answers:
I should admit that I was very lucky to serve in my own hometown...urn...it wasn't very
hard.
Your answer:..............................................................................................................

Examiner: Do you think your military service helped you become more mature?
Candidate: Oh, very much so. Although it was hard, it helped me develop my character and
discipline.
Alternative answers:
Yes, to a great extent. It really helped me discover my hidden talents.
Your answer:..............................................................................................................
 GENERAL

Questions

1. Have you got or had any nicknames?

2. How do you like your name?

3. If you could change your name, what would it be? Why?

4. What is the most common name in your country?

5. Why have you chosen to live overseas?

6 . What country do you want to live in?

7. What were the best years of your life?

8 . What were the worst years of your life?

9. If you had three wishes, what would they be, and why?

10. What are your short-term goals?

11. How do you intend to achieve your goals?

12. What important goals have you set in the past, and how successful have you been in

achieving them?

13. What do you hope to accomplish within the next ten years? How do you seek to fulfil

these goals?

14. What personal factors do you consider most important in evaluating yourself or your

success?

15. How have your dreams and goals changed through your life?

16. If you could re-live your last 10 years, what changes would you make?

17. As you look back on your life, what accomplishments do you take the most pride in?

18. How would you compare yourself today and yourself with five years ago, in what ways

are you the same or different?

19. How would you feel if you failed to achieve any of your goals?

20. Tell me about some of your recent goals, and what you did to achieve them?

21. Describe the most significant success that you had in the last two years.

Tell me about something you did that now you wish you had not done.
DAILY ROUTINES

Interview

Examiner: Tell me about a typical day in your life.

Candidate: I have a hectic lifestyle. During the week I usually get up at 6:30 a.m, you know, I
am an early bird. I go jogging for about 30 minutes then I usually get dressed and
have breakfast around 7:30. Of course, I sometimes skip breakfast. I leave home
at about 8 a.m and get to work by 9 a.m. I take a lunch break about 1:00 p.m.
Er.Jor lunch, I usually heat up a frozen meal or order a takeaway. I leave work
around 7:00 p.m and get home by 8:00 p.m. Most nights I go to bed at about 11:30
p.m. I think the best way to get the most out of a day is to use your time efficiently.
Alternative answers:
I have a very free and easy lifestyle. I usually get up late, around 10:00. Er.,.1 have lunch
about 2 : 0 0 pm. in most the evenings, I go walking with my friends. I usually have dinner
around 11:30 and go to bed at about 2:00 am. Maybe I should change my lifestyle and
break the habit of staying up too late.
I get up around 7:00 a.m and work from 8:00 a.m to 9:00 p.m. I get home fairly late; about
9:30 and I'm usually in bed by 11:30 p.m. Perhaps my life isn't very exciting, but I like it.
Your answer:
Examiner: What do you usually do at weekends?
Candidate: Since I live alone, at weekends, I usually stay at home and do the household
chores...er... things like doing the laundry, ironing and vacuuming.
Alternative answers:
At weekends, I usually stay at home and relax. After a busy week, I feel I deserve some
restand relaxation.
I usually go out with friends. Sometimes, I have my friends over for dinner.
Your answer:.................................................................................................................
DAILY ROUTINES

Interview

1. What is your daily routine like? How do you feel and react when this routine is interrupted

for some reason? Would you like to change anything in your daily routine?

2. If you could, what would you like to change in your daily routine?

3. I low do you usually schedule your time?

4. How many hours per day do you usually sleep?

FAMILY
Interview

Examiner: Can you tell me a little about your family?

Candidate: Well, I have a brother and a sister. I am the eldest, my brother is the youngest
and my sister is the second child.
Alternative answers:
I have a large family. I have three brothers and two sisters. I am the youngest. One of my
brothers still lives with my parents. My other siblings have all married and moved to their
own homes.
I come from a big family of six children. I have three brothers and two sisters. I'm the
youngest.
I come from a relatively large family. I have an elder brother and three younger sisters.
Well, there are five of us altogether including my grandparents.
I have one brother and one sister. I'm the middle child.
I'm an only child. I live with my parents.
Your answer:................................................................................................................

Examiner: Where are your parents from?

Candidate: Urn... they were both born and raised in [...] city...er...well, a city in the west of my
country.
Alternative answers:
My mother is from a city called [...], and my father is originally from [...] city.
They are from [...]; a city located in the east of my country.
Your answer:................................................................................................................
Examiner: Do you live with your parents?
Candidate: Yes, I do. I live with my parents.
Alternative answers:
I used to live with my parents until two years ago, but now, I live on my own.
At present, I live with my parents. Of course, I am going to live independently in no time.
Your answer:................................................................................................................

Examiner: Are you married?

Candidate: Yes, I am. I married three years ago.
Alternative answers:
Yes, I am. Next month, I will have been married for ten years.
Well, I got engaged three months ago and I'm getting married next month.
Your answer:..................................................................................................

Examiner: Do you have any children?

Candidate: Yes, I do. I have a daughter. She is three years old.
Alternative answers:
No, I don't. But we are planning to start a family as soon as we have our own house.
Your answer:

Examiner: Tell me about your grandparents.

Candidate: Actually, my grandparents passed away when was a child.
Alternative answers:
My grandmother is about eighty years of age, fortunately still hale and hearty, and young
at heart. Wow! She used to tell me lots of heart-warming stories when I was a child, but
unfortunately I did not have the privilege of seeing my grandfather.
Your answer:

Examiner: Do your grandparents live with you?

Candidate: Yes, my maternal grandmother does. She's been living with us for ten years. She
is such a blessing in our family.
Alternative answers:
My grandmother used to live with US, but now, she lives alone.
Your answer:.............................................................................................................

Examiner: How would you describe your father's character?

Candidate: He is so thoughtful and open-minded. As a matter of fact, he has many good
qualities and has been always a model of behaviour for me. I think his life has
been an inspiration to me on many occasions.
Alternative answers:
He has a magnetic personality, very dignified ...urn... assertive and so sympathetic.
To describe him, I should say he is so hardworking and serious, and I think...urn... a little
disciplined at times.

Your answer:
Examiner: What is your mother like?
Candidate: It's really difficult to describe her in words, but the only thing I can say now is
that she has a heart of gold; extremely kind-hearted and devoted to family. She
has done incredible things over the years for all members of my family.
Alternative answers:
She is very patient, understanding and so kind. She is my nearest and dearest.
Your answer:.............................................................................................................

Examiner: Which one do you resemble more your mother or your father?
Candidate: I look more like my father, mainly in my eyes and facial features. Of course, my

hair is darker and curlier, but in character, I take after my mother more, I suppose.

Alternative answers:
In terms of appearance, I look more like my mother, but in character, I'm more similar to
my father.
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: Who are you closer to, your mother or your father?
Candidate: Urn... It's a difficult question, in fact, I adore both of them. Er... but maybe I'm
more compatible with my mother. We are mentally very close.
Alternative answers:
Er... both. Despite the fact that we are from different generations, and age gap exists
between us, I get on with them very well. So I can't say which one I am closer to, as I love
both of them.
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: Do you often argue with your mother or father?

Candidate: To tell the truth, sometimes I do. Of course, after arguing, I ask them to make up
with me.
Alternative answers:
Not really. My parents are so understanding and I have the greatest regard for them. Our
parents love US, that's what...er...called 'unconditional love' and we should always
respect them.
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: Are you going to bring up your children any differently to the way your parents
did? Why?
Candidate: Yes and no. Let me explain, I believe my parents raised me well, and gave me a
 good education. If I could do the same for my children I would be happy. Maybe I
would be a little more flexible. For example, I believe my parents were
unreasonably strict at times. I would try to keep a balance between discipline
and flexibility.
Alternative answers:
I intend to raise my children in the same way I was brought up.
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: Do you get on with your brother/sister well?

Candidate: Oh, that's for sure. My brother/sister and I get along so well. We are mentally
very much alike. I usually share my secrets with my brother/sister.
Alternative answers:
Although my brother/sister and I are characteristically kind of different, we get along very
well.
Oh, yes, totally. My brother/sister and I are so like-minded. We have a lot of things in
common.
Yes, so well. Although there is a ten year age gap between me and my brother/sister, we get

along very well. We spend most of our time together...urn... we share the same interests and

have lots of fun together.

Alternative answers:
In terms of appearance, I look more like my mother, but in character. I'm more similar to
my father.
Your answer:................................................................................................................

Examiner: Who are you closer to, your mother or your father?
Candidate: Urn... It's a difficult question, in fact, I adore both of them. Er... but maybe I'm
more compatible with my mother. We are mentally very close.
Alternative answers:
Er... both. Despite the fact that we are from different generations, and age gap exists
between us, I get on with them very well. So I can’t say which one I am closer to, as I love
both of them.
Your answer:................................................................................................................

Examiner: Do you often argue with your mother or father?

Candidate: To tell the truth, sometimes I do. Of course, after arguing, I ask them to make up
with me.
Alternative answers:
Not really. My parents are so understanding and I have the greatest regard for them. Our
parents love us, that’s what...er...called 'unconditional love’ and we should always
respect them.
 Your answer:

Examiner: Arc you going to bring up your children any differently to the way your parents
did? Why?
Candidate: Yes and no. Let me explain, I believe my parents raised me well, and gave me a
good education. If I could do the same for my children I would be happy. Maybe I
would be a little more flexible. For example, I believe my parents were
unreasonably strict at times. I would try to keep a balance between discipline
and flexibility.
Alternative answers:
I intend to raise my children in the same way I was brought up.
Your answer:................................................................................................................

Examiner: Do you get on with your brother/sister well?

Candidate: Oh. that's for sure. My brother/sister and I get along so well. We are mentally
very much alike. I usually share my secrets with my brother/sister.
Alternative answers:
Although my brother/sister and I are characteristically kind of different, we get along very
well.
Oh, yes, totally. My brother/sister and I are so like-minded. We have a lot of things in
common.
Yes, so well. Although there is a ten year age gap between me and my brother/sister, we
get along very well. We spend most of our time together. ..urn... we share the same
interest; and have lots of fun together.

Yes, very much. We are very close and....urn...have the same tastes. For instance, we both
like documentaries, and neither of US ever watches chat shows.
Oh, yes, of course. In spite of our age difference, we do get along well.
Your answer:..............................................................................................................

Examiner: Do you spend a lot of time with your siblings?

Candidate: Yes, exactly so. I come from a very close-knit family. We're so dependent on
each other, and spend lots of time together.
Alternative answers:
Unfortunately not very much. Urn...I wish I could. Actually, we don't live in the same city.
Your answer:.............................................................................................................

Examiner: What is the most important quality of your brother/sister?

Candidate: The most remarkable quality of my brother/sister is having a sense of humour.
 He/she is really fun to be with. I think he/she has a great talent for making people
laugh; always ready to crack jokes.
Alternative answers:
His/her determination for sure. He/she is so decisive and hardworking. His/ her lifestyle
has instilled a lot of confidence in me.
Your answ er:..............................................................................................................

Examiner: In what ways are you similar to your brother/sister?

Candidate: In fact, we are very similar in character, for example, we are both outgoing.
Alternative answers:
We are very similar in personality, and have lots of things in common. For instance, we
enjoy the same sort of sports and music.
Your answer:..............................................................................................................

Examiner: In what ways are you different from your brother/ sister?
Candidate: We are totally different in character, for example I'm outgoing whereas he/she
tends to be more reserved.
Alternative answers:
Urn...we are rather different in appearance... urn..., for example I have dark skin while
he/she has fair skin, and also he/she is slightly taller than me.
We are so unlike that no one would think we are brothers/sisters. For example, my
brother/sister is very tall and athletic, but I am average-height.
Your answer:..............................................................................................................

Examiner: What does your brother/sister look like?

Candidate: Well, he/she is about my height, sort of thin, he/she has a full head of hair
and...er... wears his/her hair up. Urn...he/she still has a very youthful appearance
for someone who is over fifty. Er... he/she has inherited my mother's good looks.
Alternative answers:
My brother/sister is nearly as tall as I am, but a bit slimmer. He/she is so nice-looking,
and has fine delicate features; round and smiling face. He/she is a carbon copy of my
mother!

My brother/sister and I look very similar...er... there's a striking resemblance. I le/she is

medium height...er... has straight black hair and brown eyes. We are so alike that people
often get us muddled up; like two peas in a pod!
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: How do you usually help your family members with housework? (How is
housework usually shared in your family?)
Candidate: I usually help my wife with the housework and the children with their school
assignments.
Alternative answers:
To help my parents, I usually do the shopping and ...er... household errands.
I do the cooking ...urn... ironing and so on.
I usually take care of the household affairs by doing the shopping.
Although responsibilities have been relatively divided in our home. We willingly help one
another. I mean there is great sense of cooperation in my family. For example, everyone
helps with the washing up.
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: Who does most of the shopping in your family?

Candidate: Er...my mother, she usually docs most of the shopping, but my father and I do
some shopping from time to time.
Alternative answers:
I usually do the shopping myself.
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: Do you like being an only child?

Candidate: Urn... not really, I think I would be happier if I had brothers or sisters, you know,
sometimes I feel lonely.
Alternative answers:
Yes, why not! Perhaps the reason is that I get all my parents' attention. When you're an
only child, you'll be the apple of your parents' eyes!
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: What would you like best about living in an extended family?
Candidate: Well, the best thing that I like about living in a large family is enjoying family
gatherings, urn... you never feel lonely at all because there is always lots of
interaction.
Alternative answers:
I would say feeling secure, being supported and sympathised.
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: How often do you see your family?

Candidate: If you mean my immediate family, pretty frequently; three or four times a week.
But if you mean my extended family, not very often; maybe once or twice a month.

Alternative answers:
Urn...roughly once a month. It's a matter of distance.
Actually, I live with them. Being with my family gives me a wonderful sense of well-being.
 Your answer:

Examiner: How often do you have a family get-together?

Candidate: Mainly on holidays.
Alternative answers:
Fairly regularly; at weekends.
Your answ er:...............................................................

Examiner: Are you happy with you married life?

Candidate: Yes, very much. I have a good partner and feel truly blessed with my family life.
Alternative answers:
Yes, indeed. I have a good life and owe it all to my wife/ husband.
Your answer:..............................................................................................................

Examiner: Do you think you are compatible with your wife/husband? (Why do you think so?
Candidate: Yes, absolutely. We have a lol of things in common; a well-matched couple. We
enjoy the same things and have the same ideas, and generally were just made for each
other.
Alternative answers:
Urn...like most married couples, we have had our own ups and downs, but now...urn... we
usually have the same perspectives and interests. Successful marriages don't occur,
they are created. From my point of view, the real secret of any successful marriages is to
'forgive and forget'.
Yes. I'm happy with my life in spite of the fact we sometimes get into trouble. In my view,
'give and take 1 is an important clement of any successful marriages.
Your answ er:..............................................................................................................

Examiner: Would you like to live with your parents after you get married?
Candidate: Urn... I don't think so...er... I prefer to stand on my own feet.
Alternative answers:
No. I'd prefer to be independent...er.... you know, in my own self-contained place.
Your answer:............................................................................................................

FAMILY
Interview

1. Do you live in a nuclear family or an extended family?

2. Do you have any siblings?
3. Have you got any twins brothers/ sisters?
4. How close and warm is your family?
5. How much do you remember from your grandparents?
6 . How many aunts and uncles do you have? How many first cousins do you have?
7. Is there anyone in your family who is not related but considered part of the family any
way?
8 . Have you got any members of the family living with you?
9. How many children do you have/want to have? What hope or fears do you have for them?
10. Do you have any 'black sheep' in your family? (A person who is strongly disapproved)
11. What do you like best about your family?
12. How would you describe your relationship with your parents?
13. Do you think your parents understand you?
14. How was your relationship with your parents while you were growing up?
15. Did your mother or father ever tell you what their childhood was like?
16. How is your relationship with your siblings?
17. Do you share your personal secrets with your family?
18. Who do you usually speak to when you have a problem?
19. How much influence do you have on your family?
20. Who is the breadwinner in your family?
21. Who takes the greatest responsibility for bringing up the children in your family?
22. Who does most of the household chores in your family?
23. What job do you least enjoy doing in the house?
24. Do you have any particular rules in your family?
25. Do you enjoy spending time with your family?
26. How much time do you usually spend with the members of your family?
27. How often do you have a family get together?
28. Have you ever had a big family reunion? On what occasions does your family get
together?
29. Which of your relatives do you spend the most time with?
30. Do you have much contact with your distant relatives? If so, when?
31. Arc there any special times in the year that you spend with your relatives? Do you
socialise with them at other times?
32. Tell me about one of your family's important traditions.
33. In what ways arc you proud of your ancestry?
34. Do you have any in-laws? Do you get along well with them?
35. How did you meet your spouse and what attracted you?
36. What kind of person do you want to get married to?

FRIENDS
Interview

Examiner: Who is your best friend? (How would you describe him/her?)
Candidate: My best friend's name is [...]. We've known each other for about ten years. To
describe him/her I should say he/she is so understanding and confidant...urn...
he/she also has a great sense of humour...er... so lively and full of fun; always
running around and laughing.
Alternative answers:
The name of my best friend is [...]. In fa c t, he/she's a distant cousin of mine. He/she is a
true friend in all senses of the word. He/she is such a supportive person that I can always
count on. You know, when a problem occurs, he/she is always ready to back me up.
Your answer:......................................................................................................................

Examiner: Why do you call this person your best friend?

Candidate: Because of his/her unique qualities. 'A friend in need is a friend indeed.' He/she
is really supportive and always willing to help me out when a problem comes
up...urn... he/she is such a caring person. I always treasure his/her friendship.
Alternative answers:
I regard him/her as my best friend because he/she is the kind of person you can always
rely on. He/she is really and truly encouraging and helpful. I think very highly of him/her.
Your answer:....................................................................................................................

Examiner: Name three words that can be best used to describe your best friend.
Candidate: I would say 'inspiring', 'conscientious' and 'understanding1.
Alternative answers:
I would say 'outgoing', 'trustworthy' and 'thoughtful'.
Urn... let me think, 'articulate', 'supportive' and 'cheerful'.
Well, I would think 'dignified', 'tactful1 and 'perceptive'.
I think the best words would be 'loyal',' 'bright'; and 'genuine'.
Maybe I should think for a few seconds. Er... 'energetic', 'lively' and ' full of life'.
It's an interesting question. Words like ''motivation', "perseverance' and 'creativity' would
best describe his /her personality.
 Your answer:

Examiner: Do you have a lot friend?

Candidate: Yes, quite a few. I have friends from all walks of life. Of course, some of them are
only casual friends like my friends at work, but I also have some intimate friends.
Alternative answers:
Yes. You could say a load of friends! In general, I prefer to socialise with all people who are
around me, that's why I have so many friends.
Er.. .not a lot, only a few friends. I prefer having a few close friends to having many causal
friends. Perhaps, it is because of my personality type.
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: In your free time, would you prefer to be alone or to be with friends?
Candidate: I tend to be with my friends. At work, I spend most of my time alone in my office,
so after work, I enjoy the company of my friends. I often invite my friends over,
we chat the whole evening. I wish I had a larger circle of friends.
Alternative answers:
It depends, for example, sometimes I prefer to be with my friends and sometimes I just
want to relax without anyone disturbing me.
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: What does friendship mean to you?

Candidate: In a word, "trust'.
Alternative answers:
Friendship means a lot to me. I feel a good friendship is a blessing and a gift from God.
Truly good friends are hard to find, harder to leave, and impossible to forget.
I can hardly define the word 'friendship' as it goes further than a simple sentence, but the
only thing that I can say is that it is the source of inspiration, affection and
encouragement.
A good friendship is priceless. It is a lifelong, and worthwhile job. It is truly the basis of
any good relationship. It can be defined as a harmonious relationship between two
people.
To me, friendship is a sweet responsibility; never an opportunity.
True friends are like diamonds, precious and rare. False friends are like autumn leaves
found everywhere.
A mutual relationship. Within a good friendship, we feel totally free. There is no need to
pretend anything because we know we are accepted as we are.
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: If you had to choose three words to describe your roommate, what would you
say?
Candidate: Well, it is a difficult question...er...I would say 'sociable', 'considerate' and
'helpful'.
Alternative answers:
I would think ''diligent', ''agreeable' and a little ''bookish'!
Let me think 'independent-minded', 'introspective' and has a 'competitive spirit'.
Your answer:............................................................................................................... 1

FRIENDS
Interview

1. In general, what are friends for?

2. Talk about your best friend. How long have you known him/her?
3. How did you get acquainted with each other?
4. What makes this friend closer than your other friends?
5. What do you like best about your friendship?
6 . What are some of the ways your best friend has influenced your life in a positive way?
7. What are your expectations of your friend?
8 . What qualities help you to have good relationships with your friends?
9. In what ways are your friends important to you?
10. What influence do you have over your friends?
11. How do you choose your friends?
12. What kind of people do you make friends with?
13. Are your friends mostly your age or from different ages? (Why?)
14. Have you got many friends? Are they casual acquaintances or close friends?
15. Is the time you spend with your friends as much as the time you spend with your
family?
16. Do you usually see your friends during the week or at the weekends?
17. What kind of things do you and your friends like to do together?
 18. Did your friends ever get you in trouble when you were younger?
19. Have you remained friends with people from your childhood?
20. What is your longest friendship that you have had?
21. What do you do to maintain a friendship?
22. Talk about a friend you used to have, but now you have lost touch with.
23. Do you think it is better to have a large group of friends or a few close friends?
24. Do you have any English speaking friends?
25. Have you got any long distance friends? How do you keep in touch with your pen pals?

HOME
Interview

Examiner: Can you describe your home?

Candidate: I live on the top floor of a building, it's quite small; about sixty square metres. It
has one bed room and a small living room. Everyone says it's too small but I
think it's just the right size for me.
Alternative answers:
Well, we have a two-roomed flat... urn... two bedrooms and a small sitting room
overlooking the yard. In spite of being small, I think it is very cosy and convenient.
Our flat is medium-sized. Urn... we have two bedrooms, a study and a living room.
We live in a flat in the old section of the city. It was once a three-story house that was
converted into several flats. Now ten families live in our building. We live on the third
floor. We have three bedrooms...urn...the spare bedroom also serves as a study. There is
a large living room and a kitchen with a small balcony overlooking a street.
Our flat is kind of small for four people. Its about sixty meters. Of course, we are used to it.
We share a garden with other residents in the block.
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: What is your favourite room?

Candidate: My favourite room would have to be our sitting room. Since it is north-facing, it
is brighter than the other rooms. Secondly, the balcony of our living room
overlooking a beautiful flower bed full of climbing roses.
Alternative answers:
It would have to be our living room...urn... because I have tried to create an inviting
atmosphere by using different combination of colours. It is so lively, and tastefully-
decorated. I always try to keep it neat and tidy.
 Probably our living room. Because we often gather together there, after we come home
from work.
Our family room. It's a comfortable and well-lit room with a pleasing decor. It's traditional-
looking with lots of antique furniture. There is a rocking chair in the corner of the room.
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: Describe your sitting room.

Candidate: Well, It's L-shaped, quite spacious and airy. It is so bright and we get a lot of
sunlight; there arc windows on two sides of the room. There is a fireplace in the
corner of the room and wallpaper is matched with the furnishings. We have a TV,
sofa ...urn...and bookcase in our sitting room.
Alternative answers:
We have a rug, a set of chairs and a dinner table and a TV set there. Er...the floor of our
sitting room covered with fitted carpet. It's not very large, I like it though.
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: Where do you live?

Candidate: Well, that is not so easy to answer...er...during the weekdays I live in the
dormitory of my university, but over the weekends, I live with my parents in a
small town called [...]. At present, I really do not know which one to call my home.
Alternative answers:
At present, I am sharing an apartment with a couple of friends. It is in a city called [...].
Er...it has three rooms; one of the rooms is mine.
I live on the outskirts of [...], a city close to [...] city...er... it's just 30 kilometres west of [...]
city.
I live in an area called [...]; a densely populated area of the town.
Your answer:..............................................................................................................

Examiner: What do you like best about the place you are living?
Candidate: Er.Jts location. Our Hat is very well-located. We have easy access to most major
motorways.
Alternative answers:
Its green space for sure. I live in a house overlooking a large garden. It has made our
home so beautiful.
Its location. It's perfectly situated between two main streets called [...] and [...] so there
are lots of stylish shops and boutiques close to our home.
Your answer:..............................................................................................................

Examiner: How far is your home from your workplace?

Candidate: We live in one of the suburbs of the city. My workplace is about ten kilometres
away from my home. It usually takes me about half an hour or so to get to my
 work.
Alternative answers:
My home is quite close to my workplace. I can walk there in about ten minutes.
Your answer:.........................................................................................................

Examiner: What would you like to change in your home?

Candidate: Well, I would like to do up our sitting room. I think the walls need painting...er...
and if I can afford. I'll refit the kitchen, change the cabinets and have the floor
tiled. Now it's in poor condition.
Alternative answers:
I would like to redecorate our guestroom and use livelier colours.
I think I should rearrange the furniture in the sitting room, 'variety is the spice of life.'
I would certainly enlarge our sitting room. That's kind of small.
Adding an extension to our living room to remodel my home, I guess. Fortunately, there is
room for that.
Your answer:..............................................................................................................

Examiner: Would you prefer living in a house or a flat?

Candidate: On balance, living in a flat is more convenient and secure. On the other hand, the
maintenance costs of having a house are usually higher.

Alternative answers:
Although most apartments in big cities enjoy modern facilities, I still prefer living in a
house. In my opinion, house-living provides more comfort and independence. Secondly,
one of the common problems of flat-living is that not all residents of flats consider the
rights of other neighbours.
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: What is the most important feature that you consider when you choose a house
or apartment?
Candidate: Well, a house should basically meet the personal needs of the owner. To me, its
facilities arc the most important of all.
Alternative answers:
Well, personally speaking, price is the most important aspect, however I consider the
things like age, size...urn... style and location.
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: Do you live with your parents?

Candidate: Actually. I used to, but now, I'm living on my own.
Alternative answers:
 Yes, I do. I live with my parents.
Your answer:............................

Examiner: Describe your dream house.

Candidate: Er.Jet me think, the only thing that comes to my mind is that it would be
somewhere on a hillside overlooking a beautiful lake with lots of rooms. The
window of the sitting room would be like a framed painting.
Alternative answers:
Urn... If I could choose my dream home, I would say somewhere out of town with a good
climate. It would be quite roomy, with a large yard and the view of mountains; a place
remote from the noisy cities where you can experience the beauty of nature. Er... I can't
think of anything else now.
Well, it should be a rambling, well-decorated and stylish penthouse with good facilities in
a quiet residential area.
Of course, I believe home is where the heart is. Er...to describe my dream house, I should
say a country house in an elevated position, overlooking a lake.
Your answer:................................................................................................................. 1
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2

HOME
Interview

1. How many rooms arc there in your apartment/house?

2. What do you consider to be the most important room in your home?
3. Does your home have a yard? If yes, what is it like?
4. Which room do you spend most of your time in?
5. Do you like the place where you live?
6. How long have you lived there?
7. How long do you expect to continue living there?
8. Where do you think you will be living five years from now?
9. Describe a (an imaginary) room that you would like to spend time in.
NEIGHBOURHOOD

Interview

Examiner: Describe your neighbourhood.

Candidate: I live in a quiet neighbourhood in the north of [...] city. Fortunately, there are
plenty of public facilities in our neighbourhood, such as parks...er...cultural
centres and libraries.
Alternative answers:
I live in [...] city. Even though it is a very large city, we live in a part that is like a small
village. We know everyone there. There is a very large park just in front our
home...urn...there is a bus stop so we can easily go anywhere in the city.
I live in a neighbourhood which is quite close to the city centre. It's so convenient for
shopping. There are many shops, restaurants and a variety of businesses.
Your answer:..............................................................................................................

Examiner: How long have you lived there?

Candidate: I have lived there since I was ten...urn... for about eighteen years.
Alternative answers:
I have lived there since 2003.
Your answer:.................................................................................................

Examiner: Have you noticed a lot of changes during that time?

Candidate: Yes, I have witnessed lots of changes; beyond recognition. It's a much nicer
place to live now than it used to be. Also, over the last few years, the municipality
of our city has planted trees everywhere. It's much greener now. Above all, the
transport facilities of our area have been considerably developed.
Alternative answers:
Not really, unfortunately, our neighbourhood has been kind of overlooked.
0 Your answer:...............................................................................................................

Examiner: Do you like the place where you live?

Candidate: Absolutely, the main reason is that it is right in the heart of the city and whatever
I need is just outside the door.

Alternative answers:
Oh, sure. We live in a quiet neighbourhood, there is no noise at all, more importantly,
neighbours arc very nice and friendly.
Urn...not very much, the reason is that, unfortunately some of our neighbours arc
inconsiderate and noisy.
 Your answer:

Examiner: What do you think your neighbourhood/area is missing?

Candidate: Urn... a community centre, I think.
Alternative answers:
Er...a medical centre, unfortunately, there's no hospital in the immediate vicinity.
Your answer:.............................................................................................................

Examiner: What are your neighbours like?

Candidate: We have good neighbours. Most of them look out for each other and are always
willing to help. In other words, there is a sense of belonging in our
neighbourhood.
Alternative answers:
Generally speaking, the people who are living in our building are warm and friendly.
Noisy, gossipy and selfish. With neighbours like that who needs enemies!
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: How would you describe a good neighbour?

Candidate: In my opinion, a good neighbour respects the rights of other neighbours and
possibly makes contributions to the development of the neighbourhood.
Alternative answers:
To my view, a good neighbour is helpful, considerate and caring.
Your answer:................................................................................................................. 1
6
5
4
3
2

NEIGHBOURHOOD

Questions

1. What do you like best about your neighbourhood?

2. How do you think your neighbourhood could be improved?
3. How safe is your neighbourhood compared with other areas?
4. What do you like best about your neighbourhood?
5. Is there anything that you don't like about your neighbourhood?
6. How do you think your neighbourhood could be improved?
7. Can you describe the neighbourhood you grew up in?

HOLIDAY
Interview

Examiner: Describe a tourist attraction/holiday resort/ landmark/ traditional market/

park/street/ stadium/ climbing trail in your country. (What is it famous for?
Explain.)
Candidate: Mashad, a holy city in the north east of Iran. Its name literally means 'place of
martyrdom'. The city is blessed and...er... notably known as the resting place of
Imam Reza (Peace be upon him). Every year, millions of people come from near
and far to go on a pilgrimage to Imam Reza's shrine. You can absolutely
experience a great spiritual journey.
Alternative answers:
I would like to talk about Esfahan (city); one the most important tourist centres in Iran. It is
famous for its unique architecture and considered as the home of traditional arts. There
are many absolutely wonderful examples of Iranian handicrafts; the best silverware and
embroidery are made there. Er... there are many tourist attractions in this city. Visitors
come from quite long distances to do sightseeing. You can hardly save time to rest while
you arc there!...er... there are so many places of interest. One of the most famous
picturesque places of this city is called 'Siyoseh-pol', you know, it is a bridge, made of a
scries of 33 arches. It’s definitely a sightseer's paradise.
Shriraz. It is certainly one the most attractive cities in my country. You know, a delightful
city in the south west of Iran. It's also known as the city of poetry; Shiraz is the birthplace
and resting place of the great Persian poets, Saadi and Hafez. In a word, it is a city full of
culture and history.
Persepolis; a historical site from the Achacmenid period, situated near Shiraz (city). You
can see many splendid monuments, amazing columns and breathtaking stone carvings.
It's absolutely a great place to visit.
Bam city, an ancient mud-walled citadel in Kerman province; a major tourist attraction in
Iran. Unfortunately the tragic earthquake which broke out in 2003 destroyed many parts
of this mud structure. Now. it's is being rebuilt and restored. Visiting Bam isn't just about
looking at a mud brick city; it is also about observing history, culture and ancient lifestyle
of a city. It's definitely worth visiting.
All Sadr Cave, an amazing natural water cave. As far as I know, it's located about hundred
kilometres north of Hamedan (city). The cave has a river flowing through it. The water is
crystal clear. Most of the trip is done by boat. Er...only some parts of the cave corridors
have been discovered, it's stunningly beautiful.
Of course, I think every city has a lot to offer, but if I had only one choice I would choose
Yazd (city); an ancient city in the centre of Iran. It's called the city of ’wind catchers' or
'wind towers'; a structure built to create natural ventilation in buildings. They are usually
seen in various designs, such as square and octagon and other shapes....er...impressively
beautiful. Well, the people of this city arc so hospitable and welcoming. Yazd is a beautiful
city that no visitor should miss.
That's the mausoleum of Ebn Sina (Avicenna) in Hamedan (city), a genius Iranian scholar,
philosopher, physician, astronomer and mathematician. It attracts numerous visitors
each year. This monumental towering structure has great architecture; so impressive and
unique. There is an exhibition and a library with a number of manuscripts about his life
and his works in the building. I'm sure you'll have an unforgettable memory.

I'd like to talk about the Traditional Bazaar of Tehran (city); the focal point of the city. It's a
great place to stroll through and shop around; there are lots of shopping opportunities in
that market. The best way to explore the Bazaar of Tehran is simply to wander its
labyrinth of streets and alleys. Its architecture rooted in Iranian lifestyle. You know, it's
more like a maze...urn...you should be careful not to get lost. It is said that if you wait long
enough there, you'll meet everyone you've ever known!
Yes. The bazaar of Tabriz (city) located in the city centre and considered as an important
place for commerce. It consists of some sub-bazaars or traditional markets in various
fields including the bazaar for gold and jewellery, shoe bazaar...cr...carpets and many
other businesses for other goods.
'Azadi sport complex'. It is located in the west part of Tehran (city) and has a seating
capacity of 100,000 spectators. Most of the top matches of Iranian leagues are held
there.
Well, 'Azadi square1. Let me explain, it is in the west of Tehran ...er...and is the first
landmark that visitors come across when arriving from the Mehrabad airport. This
structure has a beautiful exterior; made of white marble and....urn... is very tall, maybe
forty metres high or so. Its architecture has become an icon for Tehran (city).
'Milad Tower'... urn... it is situated in the north west of Tehran and can be easily seen from
anywhere in the city. It's strikingly beautiful especially at nights. As far as I know, it is the
world's fourth tallest free standing structure.
There is a very large forest park located just outside Tehran called 'Chitgar'. It has hiking
and cycling facilities. ...urn... It has a purifying effect on the air quality of Tehran (city) too.
I'd like to talk about 'Valiasre Avenue'; the longest street in the Middle-East as far as I
know. It is a tree-lined street which runs from south to north and divides Tehran (city)
into western and eastern parts. It's the hub of many business activities. There are
numerous shops, cool restaurants, parks and cultural centres situated along this avenue.
There is a very popular climbing path in Tehran (city) called 'Tochal'. The trail is divided
into seven stations. On Fridays, you see lots of people walking, mountain climbing or
using the cabin car. What I like most about 'TochaF is the panoramic views of Tehran
(city). The views are absolutely spectacular. Er... you can enjoy the mountain air and the
scenery. As far as I know Tochal is the closest ski resort to Tehran. I'd recommend
anyone to go to there.
Darband is a great mountain resort. The trail is usually crowded at weekends. The path is
lined with cafes, tea houses, drink stalls selling things...er... goodies like, tamarind, dried
fruit, fresh raspberries, cranberries, mulberries and so on. You can enjoy its fresh and
unspoiled air in all four seasons.
 Your answer:

Examiner: What do you like most about traveling?

Candidate: Visiting new places. Traveling to different places is one thing, exploring these
places is quite another. It's always thrilling to get to know new and exotic places.
Alternative answers:
I would say visiting different places and meeting new people. These are the things I'd
definitely be fascinated by.
What I like most about traveling is visiting new places and trying new foods. It can be both
exciting and pleasurable.
Architecture is something I'd be enthusiastic about. Looking at buildings is one of my
favourite things to do in a new city. Its relaxation. I have a busy life. The only time I can
really switch off is when I'm on vacation.
Exploring new places, especially on foot and poking around in museums, stores and
restaurants.
To me, the most interesting thing about traveling is learning how people in other cultures
live and think. Traveling to other places is always a priceless opportunity which promotes
cross-cultural understanding.
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: What kind of holiday do you like best? (Why?)

Candidate: I like sightseeing a lot because it gives me an opportunity to get acquainted with
the history and culture of other cities and countries.
Alternative answers:
I like camping a lot. To my view, camping is a great way to get close to nature.
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: Which would you prefer, traveling alone or traveling in a group?

Candidate: Traveling alone appeals to me more. Actually, I usually travel to get away from
my daily routine ...er... you know, to get peace and quiet.
Alternative answers:
The more the merrier. I much prefer traveling in a group, especially with good
conversationalists where I can enjoy my journey and simply share the tasks.
Traveling in a group sounds to be more fun. you know...er... with entertaining travelling
companions.
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: What method of travel do you enjoy most? (Why?)

Candidate: I'd prefer traveling by train because in my country, trains are more comfortable
 to get some sleep at night, besides, traveling by train allows US to visit more
places.
Alternative answers:
Traveling by air. What I like most about traveling by air is getting to different places fast. I
like sensing the sudden changes in social atmosphere and climate.
By airplane, because it is the fastest and safest mode of transport.
I adore traveling by ship. The reason is that it gives me a great feeling of serenity and
peace of mind.
Traveling by car can be a good choice provided that you travel with family members or
close friends. One more point is that you can simply stop by to take rest or...er...enjoy the
scenery.
Your answer:.............................................................................................................

Examiner: In your opinion how can we cope with culture shock? (What would you do to
overcome culture shock?)
Candidate: A good way to deal with culture shock or clash of cultures is to avoid having
negative stereotypes about other cultures.

Alternative answers:
That's an interesting question. In my opinion, the best way to avoid culture shock is not to
think about the cultural behaviour of your country as 'right' and other people's as
'wrong'.

HOLIDAY
Questions1
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2

1. Have you ever been abroad? If yes, how many countries have you been to?

2. If you could take a holiday anywhere in the world and money weren't a consideration,

where would you go?

3. How often do you go on holidays? How long do you usually spend on holiday?

4. What is something you would never travel without?

5. Who is the person you would most like to go abroad with/ go on holiday with?

6. How would you overcome your homesickness if you lived abroad?

7. If you lived abroad, what would you be most nervous about?

8. Who is the first person you would call or e-mail after arriving somewhere new?

9. What do you find difficult about travelling?

10. Where did you spend your last holiday?

11. Would you feel insecure about travelling alone?

12. How many foreign countries, (if any) have you been to?

13. Describe your family's favourite holiday destination.

14. Describe your best/worst holiday.

15. Have you ever been in a difficult situation while travelling?

16. Would you rather visit foreign countries or travel within your own country?

17. Talk about the most beautiful place that you have ever been to.

18. Would you prefer to go to a place where there are a lot of people or to a place where

there are few people?

19. Talk about your favourite holiday resort or picnic spot.

20. What do you usually do when you are on journey/ picnic?

21. Have you ever gone backpacking?

22. Do you prefer summer holidays or winter holidays?

23. Would you prefer to stay at a hotel or camp while on holiday? Why?

24. Which one would you prefer, one long holiday or several short holidays in a year?

25. How do you like taking a self-catering holiday?

26. Do like tours organised by travel agencies? Have you ever taken a package holiday?

27. What is the most interesting gift or souvenir you bought while you were on a journey?

HOBBIES
Likes, Dislikes
Interview

Examiner: What do you usually do in your free time? (What is your favourite pastime/
hobby?) (Why?)
Candidate: I'm so busy that I can hardly make any free time. If I ever had free time, I would
probably do many different things to fill my spare time, including playing sports,
listening to music and going out with my friends.
Alternative answers:
Well. I have lots of interests, but I'm mainly interested in reading books.
Well. I do a lot of things in my spare time, but mostly, I listen to music; classical music.
It puts me in a good mood.
I'm an avid reader. I spend my free time catching up on studying my university books. In
my view, it's important to spend time productively.
Well. I am fond of photography, especially landscape photos. It's great fun.
My favourite hobby is painting. I love colours and I do some oil and watercolors in my free
time. It's a hobby that I get absolutely engrossed in. I usually lose track of time and paint
for hours. I particularly like to do landscape. It's great to be able to capture a scenery on
your canvas.
I usually do crossword puzzles in my free time. Mental activities help sharpen memory.
I do various things in my spare time, but cooking is my passion. I took a cooking class just
two months ago.
To be honest, all my friends say that I’m a real 'mouse potato', perhaps I am. But you can
call me a 'movie buff too. I spend lots of time surfing the internet looking for film reviews.
I love hiking. I belong to a hiking group we go to different places almost every weekend.
It’s not an expensive leisure activity, and you don't need much equipment for i t , all you
need is a pair of hiking boots and strong legs for walking. It's a great way to keep fit and
healthy in this way.
I go rock climbing for fun. I love its challenge. If s thrilling.
I have itchy feet; just want to travel to different places. You can always learn a lot when
travelling.
I usually go camping with my friends if the spirit moves me. My favourite camping
destination is an area which is amazingly lush and green, you know, camping allows me
to get away from stress and preoccupations.
I love anything that involves being active and being outdoors. I usually go walking in my
spare time. I think walking is a great way to decrease daily stress.
I'm a bird of passage! a real outdoor type. I never ever stay indoors. I usually spend my
free time outside enjoying the nature. Sometimes, I do need R&R (Rest &Recreation) to let
my hair down!
I have a fondness in gardening. Maybe you'd like to know why. To me, gardening is a great
way to spend quality time...urn... develop patience and relieve stress. It also gives me
physical exercise, and I feel rejuvenated while gardening.
I'm a real fitness freak. I go to the gym to work out almost every day. I do different kinds of
exercise. It refreshes my body and mind.

I'm a fitness fanatic! I work out everyday for a couple of hours to keep fit and...er... keep
my spirits up.
I go running with friends on alternate days. In a job that is largely sedentary, it's important
to stay physically healthy.
Well, in winter, I usually go skiing, and in summer, I tend to go outdoor swimming, such
leisure activities help US cope with mechanical life.
I'm a keen swimmer. I love swimming and lazing by the pool. It's so relaxing.
 I'm crazy about skiing! In fact. I'm a ski instructor and give lessons. I first went with my
father when I was ten years old and I've been skiing ever since. I'd recommend anyone to
go for it.
Well, I'm very’ sporty, but my most favourite sport is table tennis. I would play everyday if I
could, but...well...I usually end up playing about once or twice a week.
In my spare time, I participate in community service activities. It helps me meet people
from all walks of life, thereby help to develop my interpersonal skills.
I'd rather indoor hobbies like doing crosswords, playing chess and so on. You know, doing
such things help me concentrate better.
I am keen on DIY activities (Do it yourself). I love repairing, decorating and things of the
same kind. I think it is a very good hobby for those who want to make the best use of their
time.
I love playing the piano. I really do. I'm pretty good at it. I can pick up a tune instantly on
the piano. Playing the piano gives me a sense of peace.
There is no hard and fast rule on how I spend my leisure time or weekends. I do things as
they come. Sometime I go out with my friends, and sometimes I just flip through
magazines to fill my free time.
I'm into collecting antique furniture in a big way. In fact, my collection is my most
treasured possession. I'm even thinking of turning it into my job. It would be quite a
lucrative business.
I collect coins for pleasure. To me, coin collecting is a great way to learn about history and
culture of other countries.
I really take pleasure in collecting stamps. You know, I took up this hobby when I was a
school student. Urn...in a word, my stamp collection is my pride and joy. For me, it brings
back lots of good memories.
I'm a philatelist. I've been collecting stamps for five years. I also collect postcards and
coins from all over the world. I've made load of new friends through this hobby.
Your answer:......................................................................................................................

Examiner: Why have you chosen stamp collecting as your hobby?

Candidate: Stamp collecting is a hobby which provides enjoyment and education. When
you collect stamps, you can learn more about the world, one more point is that
you can meet new friends through your hobby. It also helps me have a common
interest with others. Most importantly, this hobby teaches me some sort of self-
discipline....er... and how to be organised.
Alternative answers:
I consider stamps as works of art; colourful, well-printed and well-designed. Stamp
collecting is a good way to increase general information about other countries.
Your answer:......................................................................................................................

Examiner: Do you belong to a health club?

Candidate: Yes, I do. I am a member of a health club. I go there every other day.
Alternative answers:

Not at present, actually...urn... my health club membership is up. I should renew my

subscription.
Your answer:.....................................................................................................................
Examiner: What was your childhood hobby?
Candidate: Well, I used to paint. Actually, I still do. I have some paintings in a gallery right
now.
Alternative answers:

I used to collect stamps when I was a kid.

Your answer:.....................................................................................................................

Examiner: Did you have a favourite game when you were a child?
Candidate: Sure, I did. My favourite game was chess. My grandfather taught me how to play.
In my view, childhood is the most formative period of life.
Alternative answers:

Oh, sure. I was very naughty when I was a kid; a ball of fire, really. I was fond of playing
hide and seek. It was always a lot of fun. My friends and I used to play almost every day.
Yes. I have vivid memories from my childhood. I used to play...er... board games, yo- yo
and...er.... kite-flying.

Your answer:...................................................................................................................
Examiner: Do you like visiting art galleries? (Why/ not?)
Candidate: Yes, to a great extent. I'm a real art lover. From my perspective, museums have
an important role in preserving our historical heritage.
Alternative answers:

Yes, especially painting exhibitions. 'A picture is worth a thousand words.'

Yes, a lot. They are certainly of cultural value. But I rarely go to such places these days. I'm
more involved with university exams.
Your answer:....................................................................................................................
Examiner: How often do you go to an amusement park?
Candidate: I'm not sure. Urn...once in six months or so.
Alternative answers:

Almost never. Unfortunately, I'm too busy with my work.

Your answer:
Examiner: Do you like going to amusement parks? (Why /not?)
Candidate: Yes, a lot. In my opinion, theme parks provide fun and thrills for all members of
family. Moreover, such places promote family outings.
Alternative answers:

Very occasionally. Once a year, maybe.

No, I don't. You know, such places arc usually crowded. I’d much prefer natural
places...er... where I can enjoy the scenic beauty.
Your answer:......................................................................................................................
Examiner: How often do you go to the cinema?
Candidate: I'm a real cinema-goer. Maybe six times in a month. I usually follow the latest
films.
Alternative answers:
Not very often. Only when my favourite actors play lead roles.
Pretty often. Four times or so in a month.
I go to the cinema whenever I can. It depends whether there's something worth watching
or not. I'm quite picky about what to see.
Your answer:......................................................................................................................

Examiner: When did you last go to the cinema?

Candidate: Pretty recently; just a few days ago.
Alternative answers:
Three months ago, I guess.
Your answer:.....................................................................................................................

Examiner: Do you like watching films? (Why /not?)

Candidate: Yes, I do, especially, romance films.
Alternative answers:
Urn... It usually depends on the type of the film.
Your answer:.....................................................................................................................

Examiner: What kinds of films do you like?

Candidate: I am very keen on comedy films. Most of them are amusing and hilarious.
Alternative answers:
I particularly like action films because most of them are dramatic and gripping. You know,
action-packed films arc full of adventure and exciting events.
I tend to go for horror films, especially the films directed by [...]; you know, a director of
considerable merit.
 I am very much fascinated by comedies. First of all, most comedies are great fun.
Secondly, they seldom have violent scenes, above all, comedies often contain brilliant
acting by famous actors.
Your answer:.....................................................................................................................

Examiner: Do you like science fiction films? (Why /not?)

Candidate: Not really, because of the excessive special effects which are usually used in
such films and also the plots are usually overdramatic.
Alternative answers:
Oh. of course, such films usually increase imagination power.
Your answer:.....................................................................................................................

Examiner: What sort of television programmes do you like watching? (Why?)

Candidate: I like sitcoms a lot because they are usually humorous and entertaining.
Alternative answers:
I like soaps. Most of them are good fun.
I tend to watch documentary programmes. The reason is that, most documentaries arc
educational and often have items about nature. In other words, there is always
something new to be learned.
My favourite type of TV programme is documentaries because I usually learn a great deal
about different subjects. For example, when you watch a programme related to animals,
you can learn about their habitats, survival and that sort of thing. I don't usually miss
them.
Almost all types of TV programmes, but mainly news. I usually keep up with world affairs
by watching news.
Reality TV shows. They aren't scenario-based. You can see natural scenes and behaviour.
My favourite programme is [...]; a top-rated TV show.
I usually follow the news. I also enjoy round-table talks.
Your answer:......................................................................................................................

Examiner: Do you like listening to music?

Candidate: Yes, music means a lot to me. I enjoy almost all types of music. I can't imagine
what my life would be like without music. Music always brings comfort and pleasure to us.
Alternative answers:
It depends on the type of the music. I particularly like classical music. I have a large
collection of classical CDs.
Yes, I do. In fact, a love of music runs in our family.
Yeah, it helps me unwind after a busy day.
Your answer:.....................................................................................................................
Examiner: What kind of music do you enjoy most?
Candidate: Well, I usually listen to traditional music. I don't think there is any other type of
music that has such soothing melodies. The lyrics are usually deep and meaningful.
Alternative answers:
I like pop music very much. The reason is that pop music is usually lively and makes me
feel more energetic.
Well. I like almost all types of music, but I don't care for traditional music. It makes me feel
bored or something. I guess classical music is my favourite.
Oh. sure, I am really into music, particularly classical music. To my mind, classical music
is the most expressive type of music in terms of the range of feelings that it can convey;
classical music usually has slow rhythm and pleasant melodies.
In fact, I enjoy almost all kinds of music except loud and obnoxious music. These songs
aren't really to my taste.
Almost all types, except electronic music. To be frank, this type of music is not my cup of
tea!
I have very eclectic tastes in music; there isn't really one music style that I like. I tend to
choose what to listen to, according to my mood. Sometime classical...er... and
sometimes popular music.
Your answer:..........................................................................................................................

Examiner: Has your taste in music changed?

Candidate: Yes, to a great extent. I used to listen to folk music, now I'm more attracted to
classical music. I have quite a few DVDs at home.
Alternative answers:
No, I don't think so. Classical music has always been my favourite type of music.
Your answer:....................................................................................................................

Examiner: Who is your favourite singer? (Why?)

Candidate: I'm a real admirer of [...]; a man of many talents. He is gifted with a superb
singing voice. In my opinion, he is the most perfect singer in all aspects...urn... music
knowledge, voice flexibility, style of singing and ...urn... stage performance. You know, his
last album had huge success. I believe he deserves his reputation.
Alternative answers:
I am a big fan of [...]. He's blessed with a wonderful singing voice. I think he is perfectly
able to convey all the emotions that are necessary in a performance of a song. His best-
know song is [...]; a massive hit which was released last year in [...] album. He is regarded
as a representative of the youth of his generation.
My favourite singer is [...]• a great singer with velvety voice. I love the texture of his voice.
From my point of view, his style of singing is really emotional. His music has wide appeal.
He has kept his fans enthralled with his voice for many years. All these years, the quality
of his voice has never wavered; always sweet, always divine.
[...]. Although his music is sort of individualistic and may not appeal to everyone. I adore
his style. I believe his music is an integration of tradition and new technology. One more
 point is that his knowledge of music is impressively extensive.
Your answer:...............................................................................

Examiner: Do you like reading? (Why /not?). (What kinds of books do you enjoy reading?)
Candidate: Oh, certainly. Reading is the best way to enhance our knowledge. It's very
important from that point of view. I usually read [...] magazine, you know, a scientific
magazine with a weekly circulation of over 10,000.
Alternative answers:
I enjoy reading quite a range of books, but mainly autobiography, the reason is that I just
enjoy reading about famous people's lives, and the adventures they've got into. In fact,
you get to know these people, their works and what they have done from another
perspective, and sometimes it can be quite different from what you might hear about
them by the media.
Yes, I do. I believe that all of US should devote enough time to reading. When you read
books, you acquire new knowledge which in turn broadens your views on important
matters.
Your answer:.....................................................................................................................

Examiner: Do you enjoy reading novels? (Why /not?)

Candidate: Yes, I do. The main reason is that I can usually get away from my daily grind by
following the plot of the novel and getting involved in the characters and their dreams.
Alternative answers:
No, really. You know, most of them have too many characters and are very complicated to
follow.
Your answer:.....................................................................................................................

Examiner: Do you like reading fiction? (Why /not?)

Candidate: Yes, I do, especially poetry fiction. You can always find pithy and enlightening
points in such books. They also enhance imagination.
Alternative answers:
Urn...On a case by case basis. For example. I like the books written by [...]. He/she is
simply a writer of great imagination and originality. His/her works arc very highly regarded,
and appeal to every taste.
Your answer:......................................................................................................................
 HOBBIES
Likes, Dislikes
Questions

1. What activities do you like doing in your free time? (What are your interests outside your

studies?)

2. How did you start doing this activity at first? How did you become interested in?

3. How'often do you do this hobby?

4. Do you need any special equipment for it?

5. Do you belong to a club or an interest group related to this hobby/activity?

6. Who do you usually spend your spare time with?

7. What hobby would you take up if you had more time?

8. Would you prefer indoor hobbies or outdoor activities?

9. Is there any kind of entertainment you don't like?

10. Do you like leisure activities that require teamwork?

11. Have you given up anything you used to do in your free time?

12. What kind of hobbies and talents have you developed, either as a child or as an adult?

13. What kind of things did you enjoy doing as a kid?

14. Do you play any games? What games are you good at?

15. Who are your favourite sporting personalities?

16. What type of art do you appreciate most?

17. Do you enjoy watching films?

18. What is your all-time favourite film?

19. What is the latest film you have seen?

20. What are some of the good films you have recently seen?

21. Are there any kinds of films you dislike?

22. What is the scariest film you have ever seen?

23. What is the funniest film you have ever seen?

24. Do you like thrillers/ science fiction films/ horror films/ romance films?

25. Do you usually watch films at home or at the cinema?

26. Have you ever seen a stage play in a theatre?

27. What kind of TV programmes do you like watching? Think of documentaries, news,

roundtable programmes, reality shows, chat shows, celebrity shows, game shows, soap

opera and sitcoms. Why?

28. Who are your favourite TV personalities?

29. Give the name of your favourite novel, novelist/ book, author/ film, director/ drama,

dramatist/ musical composition, composer/ painting, painter? Why?

30. Do you follow the latest entertainment news and gossips?

31. What kind of music do you enjoy most/ least?

32. Do you like country/ pop/ classical/ traditional music?

33. What is your all time favourite song?

34. When do you usually listen to music?

35. Can you play a musical instrument? If so, what and how well do you play?

36. What is your favourite musical instrument?

37. What arc some good books that you have read?

38. What sort of things do you like reading? Think of scientific books, textbooks,

historical books, novels, myths and legends, cookbooks, romance, news, magazines,

tabloids, science fiction, horror and short stories.

39. What is the best book you have ever read?

40. What was the last book you read?

41. Which do you find more interesting, fiction books or non-fiction books?

42. Do you read newspapers? If so, which sections and how often? Think of sport news,

foreign news, home news, reader's letter, editorial, classified ads, business and money

news, reviews and advice columns.

43. Are you computer literate?

44. What do you usually use your computer for?

45. Do you like browsing the internet?

 HOMETOWN

Interview

Examiner: Can you tell me something about your hometown? (What's it like? Explain.)
Candidate: I live in a small town located in the centre of my country. It is called [...]; a town
full of colour and attractions. Although it is not very famous, it has many advantages that
make it a great place to live in. There are plenty of things to do, for example, it has many
cultural and recreational centres. [...] is a really lively place ...er... in all four seasons, the
weather is pleasantly mild. July and August tend to be the busiest months. It's absolutely an
amazing city to visit.

Alternative answers:
I come from a fairly large city which is called [...]. It's quite multicultural. It is located
hundred kilometres south of [...]. ..urn... about two-hour journey by car or bus from the
capital. Urn...it is located in [...] province and has about live hundred thousand inhabitants.
[...] is a modem manufacturing city. It has many machine, chemical and textile industries.
Generally speaking, most people who live in my hometown enjoy a high standard of living.
I love the city life of [...], it's full of bustle and variety; you never feel bored. About its climate,
I should say it's quite cool in winter, but very warm in summer. Try to avoid taking your
holiday during the busy peak tourist season. It's more crowded and expensive. If possible,
come in the quieter off-peak period. Anyway, be sure to have plenty of time to explore and
see the sights.
Your answer:....................................................................................................................

Examiner: What do you like best about your city/town/village?

Candidate: What I like most about my hometown is its efficient freeway network. There are
a lot of motorways, flyovers, underpasses which make my city different from other cities.
Alternative answers:
Its sense of space, my hometown is located in a delightful area, and is so
spacious...urn...the land is virgin, and everywhere is green. There is a great deal of natural
beauty and a huge variety of plants and animals.
There are so many things that I can mention, but the most important of all is its cultural
sites. There are tons of cultural places and museums in the city where I live in...urn...lots of
things for people to do and be interested in. It's a lovely place; big enough to have
everything and small enough to visit the whole city.
What I like most about my hometown is its people. You know, there's a strong sense of
community in our area. Everyone knows everyone else and that makes you feel very safe
and comfortable.
I love my hometown. It's my birthplace after all. I love its simplicity of life, the pace of life
is pleasantly slow. No stress, no tension.
Its lovely weather, especially in spring.
Simply, the beauty of the countryside and friendliness of people.
Examiner: How would you describe the climate of your hometown?
Candidate: Broadly speaking, my hometown has moderate winters and hot summers.

Alternative answers:
My hometown is warm in summer and cold and rainy in autumn and winter. The best
time to visit my hometown is spring. You know, in spring, the weather is pleasant and the
flowers are in full bloom all over the city. Urn... it's neither warm nor cold.
Generally speaking, [...] is depicted as a cold city. In winter, it usually goes below zero.
My hometown has changeable weather. For example, in winter, temperature usually
reaches 15 degrees, but at nights it falls as low as minus 5 degrees. Of course, we are used
to this kind of climate.
My hometown has a mild climate with a temperature of about 20 c in the hottest months
and about IOC in the coldest months. [...] never gets extremely hot or cold.
Your answer:.....................................................................................................................

Examiner: What are the main crops in your region? Tell me about some of its agricultural
products.
Candidate: In fact, in our region, many crops are grown. For example, one would find all
kinds of vegetables in the fields of that area. In addition, almost all farmers have orchards.
They grow different kinds of fruit, such as apples, pears and peaches.
Alternative answers:
The people living in my hometown mainly cultivate rice and beans.
Your answer:....................................................................................................................

Examiner: What are the people like in your hometown?

Candidate: The people of my hometown have reputation for being warm-hearted and
helpful.
Alternative answers:
It's really difficult to generalise, broadly speaking, they are warm and friendly.
Well, the people of my hometown are often perceived as being very hospitable and
welcoming.
Your answer:....................................................................................................................

Examiner: What is the most important problem in your hometown/city?

Candidate: Air pollution. You know, most large cities have high levels of pollution, and my
city is no exception. Unfortunately, it has been getting worse over the last decade.
Alternative answers:
Traffic is the most critical problem in my hometown. The volume of traffic has increased
in recent years and the incessant roar of vehicles makes the city centre an extremely noisy
place. My city suffers from serious air pollution too. In view of the seriousness of these
problems, effective measures must be taken before things get worse.
Heavy traffic jams. Since my hometown is very spread out. It can sometimes take hours
to go from one part of the city to another, especially, in rush hours, traffic is chaotic; the
roads usually become congested and people get held up in traffic jams...urn... [...] is one the
most car-dependent cities in the world.
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: Is there anything special that you don't like about your hometown/city?
Candidate: Yes, there is; its air pollution. It has caused many health problems in recent
years, rd feel like a fish out of water! To put it in a nutshell. I'm not really a city person!

Alternative answers:
Urn...its fickle climate. Sometimes it's so changeable that I don't know what to wear.
No, not really...urn..., but many people don't like its heat and humidity in the summer.
Yes. Air pollution, it's a serious health hazard.
Your answer:...................................................................................................................

Examiner: Can you tell me a little about the transport in your hometown?
Candidate: Although my hometown relies heavily on private cars, it is fairly easy to get
around. Public transport system is available at reasonable prices.
Alternative answers:
Public transport in my hometown mainly consists of private cars, trolley buses and
taxis.
In my hometown, public transport is safe, reasonably-priced and relatively efficient.
There are all means of transport in my hometown, but people usually choose to travel
by subway. Although the subway routes arc limited, it is still known as the most
convenient way of intercity travel. The subway fares are quite low-priced and
environmentally-friendly compared with other modes of transportation.
In my hometown, the most significant mode of transportation in terms of the number of
people carried is bus transport. There are four bus terminals which provide connections
at low fares; however buses are usually crowded during rush hour.
Although all modes of transport exist in my hometown, transport is mainly road-based.
Buses...er... and taxis arc readily available. My hometown benefits from many highways.
Your answer:...................................................................................................................

Examiner: Is your hometown changing? (How has it changed over the last ten years?)/ (Is it
a change for the better?)
Candidate: Yes. in many ways. It is greatly spreading and the population of my hometown is
growing at an incredible speed.
Alternative answers:

Yes, in recent years, the population of my hometown has increased dramatically; my

hometown has become much more congested and polluted.
Yes. Now, you can see many modern buildings which have made my hometown
different from other cities.
 Your answer:

HOMETOWN
Questions

1. Would you say your hometown is a good place to live in?

2. How long have you lived there?

3. What is the population of your hometown?

4. Is your hometown well-known for something? For example a building or a type of food.

5. What are the main economic resources in your hometown?

6. What is the average temperature in your hometown in the summer/ winter?

7. Docs it much rain in your hometown?

8. What is the high season (the most popular with tourists) / low season (the least popular

with tourists) in your hometown?

9. Can you describe the main geographical features of your hometown?

10. What are some things in your hometown that are part of history?

11. Describe a well-known building in your hometown.

12. What recreational facilities are available in your hometown?

13. Tell me about a popular form of public entertainment in your hometown.

14. Talk about the most crowded area in your city/ town.

15. Are there any local festivals/ traditions in your hometown?

16. What is people's favourite food in the region where you live?

17. How easy is it to travel around in your city?

18. What problems, if any, are there with public transport where you live?

19. Do traffic jams occur in your hometown or the city that you live?

20. If you could, how would you improve the public transport system of your city?

21. Is there any environmcntally-friendly transport in your country?

22. Is there anything special that you don't like about your hometown?
23. What are the major social problems in your hometown?

24. What environmental problems do you think are most serious in your city?

25. What would be the best way for a visitor to get to know your city?

26. If you could change one important thing about your hometown, what would it be?

COUNTRY
Interview

Examiner: What is the population of your country?

Candidate: According to the latest census, approximately seventy million.
Alternative answers:

About seventy million.

Your answer:.............................................................................................

Examiner: How would you describe the climate of your country?

Candidate: The climate of my country is very varied due to its geographical location and the
differences in altitude. Generally speaking, there are usually four distinct seasons in all
areas.
The climate of my country varies considerably depending on the area. You can sec
almost all types of climates in my country; hot, warm, dry, temperate....er... wet and cold.
Your answer:.....................................................................................................................

Examiner: What is the most popular sport in your country? (Why?)

Candidate: Well, various kinds of sports are practised in my country, but I think football is
the most popular of all. For one thing, it has numerous enthusiasts.
Alternative answers:
Wresting is certainly the most popular sport in my country and often considered as the
national sport...urn... it's rooted in Iranian culture. In my country, wrestling is the symbol of
power, bravery and sportsmanship.
Your answer:......................................................................................................................

Examiner: Who do you consider as the most influential writer or poet in your country?
(Why?).
Candidate: I think the most prominent poet in the history of Iran's literature is Ferdowsi; an
Iranian epic poet who has composed a brilliant masterpiece called 'Shahnameh', an
enormous opus written in pure Persian. It includes numerous heroic and historical poems.
In fact, it is known as the national identity of Persian language.
Alternative answers:
In my opinion, 'Hafez' has been the most eminent poet in the history of Persian
literature. He is the creator of artwork named 'Divanc Ghazaliat'. He is known as the greatest
master of Persian lyrical poetry. His poems arc impressively deep and pithy.
Saadi, a genius Iranian poet. He's recognised not only for the quality of his writing, but
also for the depth of his social thoughts. His best known works are Bustan (The orchard)
and Gulestan (The rose garden), containing numerous sweet and invaluable points. His
elegantly phrased verses are still commonly used in conversation. His tomb has become
something of a pilgrimage site.
Your answer:......................................................................................................................

Examiner: Can you describe a national festival of your country? Are there any traditions
associated with it? Explain.
Candidate: The last night of the Persian month 'Azar' which is the longest night of year is
called 'Yalda' and celebrated by Iranians. On this occasion, people usually stay awake until
midnight and read poems. Different kinds of dried nuts and winter fruits are usually served.
In Iranian culture, Yalda represents the victory of light over darkness.
Alternative answers:
The 13th of the Persian month, 'Harvard in'-the last day of 'Norooz' holidays; you know,
holidays celebrated for the coming of spring and new year, is celebrated by Iranians and
called 'Sizdahbedar' which literally means 'avoid bad luck associated with the number 13'.
On this day, Iranian families leave their homes and head for the countryside to have a family
picnic. You know, 'Sizdahbedar' is one of the world's largest family outings and in Iranian
calendar has been named 'the day of nature'; a day to respect the environment.
Your answer:................................................................................................................

Examiner: Talk about an important/ some handicrafts of your country. (Talk about the most
important handicraft in your country.)
Candidate: The most important handicraft of my country which has a worldwide reputation
is the industry of weaving carpets. In fact, the art of carpet weaving is deeply rooted in the
culture and the customs of Iranians.
Alternative answers:
In fact, there are many handicrafts which are made in my country, such as hand-woven
textiles, embroidery and...er...mat-making.
Well, there are a number of traditional arts which are created in my country, such as
engraving, miniature painting and enamel work.
Your answer:.....................................................................................................................
 COUNTRY

Questions

1. Which part of your country do most people live in?

2. Are there any areas in your country w here very few people live?
3. What is the largest city in your country? What is it famous for?
4. How has the countryside changed in recent years in your country?
5. What are popular tourist destinations in your country?
6. Which area of your country attracts the most number of tourists?
7. If you had the choice, where would you choose to live in your country?
8. What difficulties would a foreigner have when he learns your native language?
9. How would you describe the economy of your country?
10. What are the main industries in your country?
11. What currency is used in your country?
12. What do you think of the health service in your country?
13. In terms of character, how would you describe the people of your country?
14. Are there any customs in your culture that you particularly like?
15. Are there any traditions in your culture that you don't agree with?
16. Describe a national garment from your country.
17. Do you have a large number of public holidays in your country?
18. What is the most popular holiday in your country?
19. What hobbies and interests are popular in your country?
20. In your country, what is the most popular hobby amongst people of your generation?
21. What kinds of music do most people listen in your country?
22. Is it easy to travel around your country?
23. How do people in your country usually travel on long journeys?
24. How have the methods of transport been improved in your country?
25. What are some problems with the transport system in your country?
26. When people from other countries think about your culture, what do they usually think
of?
27. A friend wants to get to know your country and is planning a tour. What advice would you
give about sightseeing, accommodation, travelling, eating out, shopping, things to bring
and souvenirs to buy?

28. What is the most important thing your culture has given to the world?
29. If you were asked to send one thing representing your country to an international
exhibition, what would you choose? Why?
30. Who arc some famous artists in your country?
31. Who are some famous scientists in your country?
32. Describe how people entertain guests in your country.
33. What kinds of social events are most popular in your country?
34. In there any traditional food from your country that you would recommend to eat?
35. How does the etiquette of eating together in your country differ from other countries?
36. Has your country changed much since you were a child?

HEALTH
Interview

Examiner: Do you have any specific diet?

Candidate: Yes, I think I do. I'm kind of vegetarian. My diet includes plenty of fruits and
vegetables. And...urn...I never eat junk foods. Unhealthy foods cause many health problems.
To me, the healthiness of food is much more important than its taste.

Alternative answers:
Urn... sort of, since I am a bit overweight. I have to watch my weight and consume less
red meat. I eat a lot more fish and vegetables. It's easy to make a plan for losing weight,
but it's always much harder to carry it out!
More or less. Although I like greasy food a lot, I usually cat plain and organic food. To stay
healthy, we should take care of our eating habits.
Yes, to a great extent. Let me explain, I suffer from high blood pressure that's why I
should cut down on cholesterol, so I have stopped eating deep-fried foods and cut salt
out of diet. A good diet is beneficial to health.
Yes, pretty much. Since I'm trying to put on weight, I have started eating more meat dairy
products. Sticking to a diet isn't always very easy.
Your answer:..............................................................................................................

Examiner: How often do you go for medical check-ups?

Candidate: On a regular basis., .er... once every six months.
Alternative answers:
Every six months. Health is God's gift.
Twice a year.
Your answer:

Examiner: Do you like playing sport?

Candidate: Urn... it depends on the type of sport. But generally, I am interested in outdoor
sports.
Alternative answers:
Oh, certainly. I like almost all sports except [...] and [...].
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: How often do you exercise or play a sport?

Candidate: Three times a week. I usually either go walking or do aerobics.

Alternative answers:
Almost everyday. I usually go to the gym of my university to work out. It's well-
equipped...er... has a treadmill, rowing machine and...er...other things.
Well, I've tried to make exercise a part of my daily routine. I go jogging everyday.
Your answer:................................................................................................................

Examiner: What is your favourite sport? (Why?)

Candidate: My favourite sport is mountain climbing. In my opinion, mountain climbing is a
great way to increase overall concentration. Another reason is that it gives me an amazing
feeling of accomplishment.

Alternative answers:
I like swimming very much. Swimming is very relaxing, besides, it keeps me in shape. I
am pretty good at it.
Well, my favourite sport is karate. I have been doing it since I was ten.
Well, I'm fond of football. First of all, it's so exciting. I mean the result of the match is
almost always unpredictable, and secondly this sport demands speed, strength and
teamwork.
Cycling. I go cycling everyday. It's a good way to burn up body fat and calories.
I am good at volleyball, basketball, tennis...er... running. I'm a bit of an all-rounder.
Your answer:...........................................................................................................
 HEALTH

Questions

1. How healthy is your lifestyle? What do you do to stay healthy?

2. What kind of exercise do you do to keep fit?

3. How much do you weigh?

4. Do you think you need to put on weight/lose weight? What do you want to do gain

weight/lose weight?

5. Have you ever tried to lose/ gain weight? If so, what motivated you to start a diet or

physical activity? In what ways is your diet different from when you were a young child?

6. How many portions of fruit and vegetables do you eat everyday?

7. What is your favourite (summer/ winter) sport? What arc the rules?

8. What sports are you good at?

9. Do you ever read articles which are about sport and health?

10. Do you take an active part in sports?

11. Talk about a sport you would like to learn.

12. What sports and games did you most enjoy playing when you were a child?

13. What sports do you enjoy watching?

14. What do you like about watching sports?

15. Arc there any sports you don't like?

FOOD
Interview

Examiner: What is your favourite food? Tell me about its main ingredients.
Candidate: My favourite food is called 'Ghormehsabzi'; an Iranian slew which is served
with rice. In Persian language, the word 'Ghormeh' is used to refer to diced meat and
'Saabzi1means vegetable. The main ingredients are a mixture of diced meat, beans, certain
types of vegetables...er...dried lime, spice and salt.

Alternative answers:
 My favourite food is 'Baghali polo'; rice mixed with broad beans and vegetables served
with meat.
Well, my favourite food is called 'Fesenjoon'. You know, a stew of chicken or beef with
ground walnut and pomegranate paste.
Your answer:.......................................................................................................................

Examiner: Arc you good at cooking?

Candidate: I think I am. Actually, I took a cooking class just three weeks ago. I do the
cooking almost every day.

Alternative answers:
Pretty good. I enjoy trying out new recipes, and no one has complained yet!
Not good. I've tried hard but it's no use. I have a pile of cookery books. I follow1the
instructions, but the result is almost always terrible!
Not really, I don't have the time or the talent for cooking.
Your answer: .....................................................................................................................

Examiner: When/ how often do you eat out?

Candidate: Well, mostly, at weekends when I don't feel like cooking.
Alternative answers:
Once in a while. I much prefer home-made food, but not convenience food.
Your answer: .....................................................................................................................

Examiner: Where do you usually eat out? (Why?)

Candidate: To dine, we usually go to [...]; it's a small restaurant with a homely atmosphere. It
serves a wide variety of ethnic cuisine. Td much prefer sit-down restaurants to fast-food
restaurants.

Alternative answers:
I usually go to [...]; a restaurant in downtown. It's a cheap and cheerful restaurant with
great food. I don't like grand restaurants. M's not the expense, it's just that I don't feel at
ease in them. The menus are so complicated that you don't know what to choose!
I usually go to a specialty restaurant called [...]; an elegant restaurant in the city centre.
The reason why I go to this place is that it offers quality foods at reasonable prices. It
has an excellent atmosphere too.
Your answer: ....................................................................................................................

FOOD
Question

1. What kind of food do you like to eat?

2. What are some foods that you know are healthy for your body?
3. Are there any types of food which you should not eat too much of?
4. What is your favourite drink?
5. What type of snacks do you usually cat between meals?
6. What is your favourite starter?
7. What is your favourite dessert?
8. Do you like trying new foods?
9. What food today brings back your childhood memories?
10. Do you like ethnic foods? What country's food do you like most?
11. Do you like trying exotic foods?
12. What is the strangest food you have ever eaten/seen?
13. What are some kinds of food you never cat?
14. Do you ever eat unhealthy food? How do you feel about it?
15. Is there any food that you really dislike to eat?
16. Have you ever eaten something you didn't like? What was it?
17. Talk about a food or drink you used to dislike, but now you like.
18. Who do you usually have lunch /dinner with?
19. Is cooking a pleasure for you?
20. Do you usually cook your own meals?
21. How often do you eat takeaway food?
22. Do you prefer home-made food or food from restaurants? Why?
23. What kind of foods do you like to eat in restaurants?
24. What is the best restaurant you have ever been to?
25. How do you choose which restaurant to go?
26. What is your favourite fast food restaurant?
27. Do you worry about calories and fat content when you eat out?
28. If you lived abroad, what food would you miss from your home?
29. Do you think people's diets in your country are getting better or worse?
 SHOPPING

Interview

Examiner: Where do you usually go to do your household shopping?

Candidate: I usually buy my household goods from a convenience store which is near my
home. You could buy almost anything at reasonable prices. I don't have lots of money to
bum!
Alternative answers:
There is a small shop called [...] just near my home, in fact, it's a corner shop. You can
find lots of locally-produced goods there.
I usually do my shopping from a department store called [...]. It is so time-saving and
convenient for shopping. Besides, the prices are usually lower in compared with other
places; a lot cheaper. 'A penny saved is a penny earned.'
Your answer:.........................................................................................................................

Examiner: Do you enjoy shopping for clothes?

Candidate: Oh. sure. To be perfectly honest, I'm a compulsive shopper! I love hanging out at
the malls and seeing what they have to offer ...urn... I usually pick up good bargains.
Alternative answers:
Actually, shopping is one of my favourite pastimes. I think I'm a smart shopper. I know
where to do my shopping to save money and time.
Urn...not really, because it usually takes me a lot of time to shop around, compare prices
and make choices.
No, I don't...urn... I'm not much of a shopper! I find shopping a real chore. When I think of
shopping, I think of all the crowds, all the difficult choices, and all the money that I have to
spend.
Yes, very much. I like buying expensive things. Sometimes, it's a good idea to let your
heart rule your head.
Your answer:.........................................................................................................................

Examiner: When you go shopping for clothes what influences your decision?
Candidate: Well, I would say style. I usually follow the latest trends. You know, in my job,
being smartly-dressed is very important ...um...l am not a price-conscious shopper.

Alternative answers:
Good question! I'd certainly say quality. It's always worthwhile to buy quality products.
I would think brand. To me, 'money is no object'. Although famous brands tend to be
more expensive, they are usually of higher quality; more durable and stylish...er... they are
usually worth every penny!
Price. I'm not a big spender! To me. we all need to save money for a rainy day.
Your answer:.........................................................................................................................
 SHOPPING

Questions

1. Are you a brand conscious shopper?

2. What are some the household things that you buy everyday?

3. Where do you usually go to do your household shopping?

4. What kind of small shops are there near where you are living?

5. Do you like shopping in the sales?

6. What kinds of shopping do you like most? Think of shopping at discount stores,

shopping at department stores, television shopping, catalogue shopping, online shopping

and shopping at a mall. Do you enjoy window-shopping and browsing around shops?

7. Do you know any one who is a shopaholic?

8. Have you ever bought anything from a catalogue or shopping website?

9. Have you ever bought something on impulse and then regretted it? If so, what was it?

What made you buy it?

10. What is the best bargain that you have ever got?

COLOUR & SEASONS

Interview

Examiner: What is you favourite colour? (Why?)

Candidate: Well, my all-time favourite colour is yellow. You know, it symbolises the sun, I
mean to say is that it reminds me of energy and warmth.
Alternative answers:
Well, green is my favourite colour. It is the symbol of nature, renewal of vegetation
and...urn... promise of new life.
The colour that I like very much is light blue. The reason is that it makes me feel livelier. I
think it suits me too.
My favourite colour is red. It's a vibrant colour which symbolises affection. I often choose
red clothes because wearing red lightens and brightens my mood.
Well, my much-loved colour is while. Let me explain, 'w' for will, 'h1 for hope, Y for
initiative ,T for thought and 'e' for enthusiasm.
 Red is a great colour. To me, the colour red stands for resistance, efficiency and
diligence.
Your answer:.........................................................................................................................

Examiner: Is there a colour that you don't like?

Candidate: Er... yes, personally, I don't like dull colours, for example, grey makes me feel
depressed or something.
Alternative answers:
Urn... I can't say I don't like a particular colour, as each of them has its own features and
beauty. But I can say my least favourite colour is purple.
Your answer:........................................................................................................................

Examiner: Do colours have some symbolic meaning in your country?

Candidate: Yes, they do. Some of them symbolise different concepts. For example, the
colour black has a special meaning to us. To be more specific, at times of
sadness and mourning, we use this colour to express our feelings.

Alternative answers:
Yes, they do. For example, in Iranian culture, the colour white conveys simplicity, purity
and peace.
Yes, some of them do. For instance, the colour green signifies vitality, growth and
freshness.
Your answer:................................................................................................................

Examiner: Which of four seasons of the year appeals to you most?

Candidate: I adore the greenness and freshness of spring. I would like to call it 'the season
of blossom'. In my opinion, spring is the loveliest season.

Alternative answers:
My favourite season is summer. What I like about this season is traveling, family holidays
and different outdoor activities.
I would say summer. It's a time to regroup, relax and...er... catch up on all the things
you've been putting off all the year.
I'm quite fascinated by autumn. I love the crisp mornings of this season. Autumn
reminds me of red and gold leaves.
To my mind, winter is the most beautiful season. It usually reminds me of cleanliness,
purity and of course, winter holidays.
Your answer:.........................................................................................................................

Examiner: Do seasons represent symbolic messages in your country?

Candidate: In Iranian culture, spring symbolises new life and awakening, summer signifies
cultivation and fruitfulness, autumn represents the celebration of harvest, and winter is the
season of purity and whiteness.
Alternative answers:
Yes, they do. For instance, in my country spring conveys vitality and rebirth.
Your answer:..........................................................................................................

COLOUR & SEASONS

Questions

1. What do you like best about spring/ summer/ autumn/ winter?

2. What does spring/ summer/ autumn/ winter remind you? What season do you like least?
3. Are there any special traditions associated with different seasons in your country?
4. Describe the clothes that you usually wear. How important are clothes and fashion to
you?
5. What kind of clothes do you feel most/least comfortable in?
6. What are some of the clothing styles that you used to wear when you were a child?

VOLUNTEER
Interview

Examiner: Have you ever done any volunteer work? (Why?)

Candidate: Yes. I have. Once I volunteered to help the victims of the earthquake broke out in
Bam city; a historic city in Iran. I also contributed some money to the earthquake
fund. It is always fulfilling to assist people who are in urgent need of help. You
know, volunteer work gives me a sense of purpose.

Alternative answers:
Actually, I belong to a non-profit organisation which assists the elderly that do not have
the financial means to afford private hospitals. In my opinion, helping people is such
rewarding work. You know, it gives me a sense of self-worth.
 Yes. I work in a charity which is run on a purely voluntary basis. Its mission is to raise
money for the needy.
Your answer:........................................................................................................................

VOLUNTEER
Questions

1. Have you ever volunteered to help victims of a natural disaster? What did you do to help /

contribute?

2. What do you like best about doing volunteer work?

3. What is the most difficult aspect of your volunteer work?

EDUCATION
Interview

Examiner: Can you tell me a little about your education?

Candidate: I have a BA in history. I graduated in 2001 from [...] University.
Alternative answers:
I graduated from [...] University with a degree in law.
I graduated in electrical engineering at [...] University.
I majored in business management with a minor in insurance management. I received
my BA just two months ago.
I have a BA and graduated from [...] University in the major of English translation.
I was accepted to [...] University two years ago. Al present. I'm a university student and
studying sociology.
I'm currently studying at the University of [...] and will graduate with a degree in
Economic.
I hold a BSc degree in mechanical engineering from (...) University. I have recently
applied for the University of [...].
BA in English literature. I got my degree through a distance learning programme.
Last year. I won a scholarship to study chemistry. Now, I am doing an undergraduate
course in [...] University.
I am an undergraduate student at [...] University.
I attended the University of (...) from 2002 to 2006. I graduated with a degree in
industrial management.
I'm a third-year student at (...) University. I'm studying economics.
I'm a postgraduate student and writing my master's thesis on Persian literature. By next
month, I will have completed it.
I have an MA in contemporary history. I'm studying for my doctorate.
I have a high school diploma and hoping to go to university next year.
Your answer:.........................................................................................................................

Examiner: What led you to choose your field of study?

Candidate: I think it suits my personality and strengths, for example, it has made me be
more methodical.
Alternative answers:
Well, I have always dreamed of becoming a graphic designer as I have always been
good at designing. Now I feel my desire has been fulfilled.
To tell the truth, when I chose this major I didn't have much information, I was more
encouraged by my brother to major in psychology, now after six years. I'm quite convinced
that I have made the right choice. That decision was a turning point in my life.
I chose lo study this major on one of my high school teachers' recommendation...urn...
a lifesaver in my academic life.
My father pushed me into majoring in electrical engineering. Now, I find it a very practical

major with lots of job opportunities.

to that area of study because I always enjoyed dealing with numbers and people and
felt that business would be best for me.
Information technology was my major in university. The reason for selecting this was
due to the considerable increase in the number of IT segments. It was also because I'have
always had a passion for computers since I was a child and that simply led me to this field.
Your answer:.........................................................................................................................

Examiner: Do you like your major/studies? (Why?)

Candidate: Yes, very much. I really like the challenges of my studies and I'm really thrilled by
what I've learned. It's great to know that I'm able to do something I never
thought I was capable of. Learning new things is always fulfilling.
Alternative answers:
Oh, sure. It's absolutely glamorous. I feel it has given me a new vision to life. Another
reason is that it is so practical.
Your answer:.........................................................................................................................

Examiner: What course(s) do/did you find most interesting? (What were your favourite I
 subjects at school?)
Candidate: I'm very interested in the courses which are related to maths. ... er... such
courses are so practical and help US be able to think more analytically.
Alternative answers:

The course that I really enjoyed was research method. II provided me with a broad
overview of my field of study. It also helped me develop my ability to work as a team
member.
I found the course management principles very useful and interesting. I think it has
helped me sharpen my analytical skills. It also helped me develop my confidence to come
up with new ideas. As a result of this course, I feel more confident about tackling unfamiliar
problems.
My favourite courses have been the ones pertaining to my major; that is marketing.
These classes have laid the groundwork for my career in marketing. They have also taught
me skills ranging from communication to interacting with others.
Maths and science were my favourite subjects at school. I also enjoyed learning
physics. I passed all these subjects with flying colours!
My favourite subjects were social sciences and history because they deal with the
reality of society. There are always weighty matters to discuss.
Your answer:.........................................................................................................................

Examiner: What subject did you find most difficult to pass? What were your worst subjects
at school? (How did you manage to learn/ pass it?)
Candidate: When I was a university student, I was weak in physics. Of course, with some
help from some classmates and lots of hard work on my own, I was able to pass
the course and became fairly good at it.
Alternative answers:
To me, the most problematic subject was chemistry; it was just like a torture! You know,
to pass the exam I had to memorise just a bunch of formulas without having a solid
understanding of the concepts. With a bit of luck, I could pass the exam!

Biology. It was like a nightmare! To pass the biology exams. I had to burn the midnight
oil, you know, staying awake; studying and studying. I think I am not very good at
memorising. When I was a senior at high school, I failed this exam twice. And finally, when I
passed it, I felt like a star and was in seventh heaven!
Er...maths. It was always a struggle to get the pass mark. The subject is of no interest to
me at all.
Your answer:.........................................................................................................................

Examiner: Have you ever failed a lesson during your school years?
Candidate: Yep! To be honest, once, when I was in the second grade of high school. I
couldn't get through the chemistry exam. II was all my fault. I didn't crack a book!
Alternative answers:
Er...yes, as far as I remember. Once I couldn't pass the math exam when I was in high
school. Admittedly, It was partly my own fault; I wasn't very prepared , but the exam was
difficult too.
Your answer:.........................................................................................................................

Examiner: Do you think your present subjects are relevant to your major?
Candidate: Yes, most of them are. However, there are some subjects which aren't directly
related to my major.
Alternative answers:
Fortunately, our lecturers and some advisors from the relevant industries have
designed our study material. I mean the people who are going to work for one day have the
opportunity to tell the university what they think they should be taught.
Your answer:.....................................................................................................................

Examiner: Do you think your present subjects arc practical?

Candidate: Yes. they are. Because we often use case studies in our classes and most of our
university professors give us samples from real-life to examine and report on. The fact is
that one can't fully understand a subject through rote learning.
Alternative answers:
Yes. most of them are. However, there are subjects which arc more theory-based.
Your answer:......................................................................................................................

Examiner: Does your university specialise in any particular subject?

Candidate: Yes, it docs. My university is generally recognised for engineering majors.
Alternative answers:
Yes, the university that I am studying at has a reputation for medical majors and is
widely recognised by many medical centres around the world.
Your answer:....................................................................................................................

Examiner: Has your major helped you in your life?

Candidate: Yes. in many ways. Going to university has made a big difference to my life. It
has helped me immensely in my personal life. For example...er... it has helped me a lot to
learn and experience interpersonal and teamwork skills.

Alternative answers:
Yes, it has. I consider it as a turning point in my life. I've learned many individual skills,
for instance, my university major has helped me be able to think more systematically.
Your answer:.........................................................................................................................
Examiner: Why did you choose [...] University?
Candidate: I chose to attend [...] University because I got a scholarship, and...urn... it is
relatively close to my home.

Alternative answers:
I chose [...] because it has a great reputation, people are incredibly impressed when
you say that you study at [...]. This was not the main reason however, in terms of the
academic aspects, our university provides quality education and our teachers are so
encouraging. For example, I have one to one tutorials fortnightly. Lastly, [...] is situated in
one the most exciting cities in the world.
Your answer:.........................................................................................................................

Examiner: How do/did you like your university life?

Candidate: I absolutely love it. I live with three of my best friends, have a brilliant social life,
enjoy my studies and love the city I'm living in. I don't think it can get much better.

Alternative answers:
I've met some wonderful people and I'm really enjoying myself. Coming to [...]
University is not just about studying hard and getting a degree; it's also about developing
and maturing as a person and taking advantage of a vast number of opportunities open to
you.
Marvellous. It was a tremendous experience. Going to college helped me gain lots of
confidence and made me become more independent.
Your answer:.........................................................................................................................

Examiner: What did you like most about your university?

Candidate: I enjoyed many things about my university. It was a new challenge and an
opportunity to expand my horizons both educationally and personally... er... the courses are
varied and interesting and the lecturers genuinely want to help.

Alternative answers:
What I liked most about my university was the opportunity of being involved in
extracurricular activities. It is a small campus that allows students to take responsibility,
organise events and be a part of a planning team.

Your answer:........................................................................................................................

Examiner: Do you have any professional certificates?

Candidate: Yes, I do. I have a certificate in computer programming from [...] University.
Alternative answers:
I have a diploma in nursing. I graduated in 2001 from [...] College. It is a well-known
college which gives excellent training to students and medical staff.
 Your answer:

Examiner: Tell me about your educational goals.

Candidate: One of my educational goals is studying for a master's degree in biology and
eventually pursuing my doctorate. The idea is great on paper, but really hard to do.

Alternative answers:
I'm planning to earn my degree in law. and eventually I would like to become a lawyer.
I want to go to university, and major in architecture, no matter how hard it is.
I'd like to obtain a postgraduate degree in civil engineering. I think such a qualification
can open up many career opportunities for me.
My goal is to become a psychologist, so I'll have to get a doctorate degree. Although I
have a lot of years of study ahead of me I think I'm on the right track.
I want to get my BA in the major of [...]. I believe having a degree at this level will benefit
my future career. Urn... I look forward to this opportunity to broaden my horizons and build
up my skills and confidence.
I'm considering several colleges to attend, but I haven't made up my mind yet.
Your answer:........................................................................................................................

Examiner: Do you intend to continue your education abroad?

Candidate: Most probably, if things go according to plan, next year I'll be studying in [...]
University. It's something that I'm really looking forward to.

Alternative answers:
Of course, if I am lucky enough to get my student visa.
Your answer:........................................................................................................................

Examiner: Are there many graduates with the same expertise in your major?
Candidate: Yes, there are. And the number of them is on the increase...urn... the job market
is too competitive.
Alternative answers:
Not so many, since it has been recently introduced, not many people are studying this
major.
Your answer:........................................................................................................................

Examiner: Do you still remember your schooldays?

Candidate: That's for sure. School days were the best days of my life. I don't think I forget
those memorable days.
Alternative answers:
Yes. I have many memories. Unforgettable, vivid and always sweet.
 Your answer:

Examiner: Do /did you have any teachers of special significance?

Candidate: One of my university teachers who used to teach US maths. I was very fortunate
in having such a good teacher. He/she was so supportive ...er... encouraging and
resourceful. Er... his/her smart appearance and friendly expression made me like him/her
immediately. He/she was really a role model for all the students. I was fascinated by his/her
teaching method. Now, I've come to realise how important maths is, in my field of work.

Alternative answers:
I had an excellent teacher who had an enormous impact on me when I was a university
student. He/she really had all necessary qualities for being a teacher. He/she was so
inspiring, approachable, knowledgeable; a mine of information, and...er... always open to
new ideas. Urn... he/she was both an authority and a good friend, and was always able to
achieve a great balance between humour and seriousness. To my mind, he/she was a
dedicated professional not only for all students, but for the other teachers as well.
Your answer:........................................................................................................................

Examiner: What did you like best about your school days?
Candidate: Urn... carefree days, what I mean is that I had no worries. I was only expected to
get good marks, you know.

Alternative answers:
Urn...I would say my school friends; I'm still in touch with some of them. We have great
memories from schooldays.
Your answer:.......................................................................................................................

Examiner: Can you sum up your study habits in a few points? (What method of learning
works best for you?)
Candidate: Well, I have well-established study habits. For example, I almost always start
promptly at seven in the evenings. I study for two hours, then have a ten-minute break, and I
study for another two hours. I follow this approach for weekdays, but over the weekends I
usually spend more hours. I don't think cramming the night before the exam can ever help.

Alternative answers:
I learn best when I make a list of key words and classify them. You know, read them
several limes or work out the questions. 'A dull pencil is greater than the sharpest memory'.
Your answer:........................................................................................................................

Examiner: Tell me about the schooling system in your country.

Candidate: Well, in the past two decades the education system of my country has been
reformed several times. In my country, primary education is free and compulsory from the
age of six, although private schools do exist and arc permitted to charge tuition fees. In
brief, the education system is comprised of 5 years of primary, 3 years of lower high school,
3 years of high school and one year of pre-university education.

Alternative answers:
Children go to school when they are six years old. It takes them 5 years to finish primary
school, then they enter junior high school which takes 3 years, after that high school which
is 3 years, and in the end, one year for pre-university. The language of instruction is Farsi.
Your answer:........................................................................................................................

Examiner: Are there any private universities in your country?

Candidate: Yes there are. In addition to the public system, my country has a private system
of higher education.

Alternative answers:
Yes, there arc. There are private educational centres which are allowed to offer
university courses.
Your answer:........................................................................................................................

Examiner: What is the best university in your country?

Candidate: Urn...I would say [...], a prestigious university. It benefits from the best university
professors and provides students with high quality education, and is recognised by most
professional bodies. As far as I know, [...] University is amongst the top three in my country.

Alternative answers:
I would think [...] University, because it has usually the highest percentage of university
graduates who pass postgraduate exams.
Your answer:........................................................................................................................

Examiner: How are students evaluated in your country?

Candidate: Mainly based on written exams, of course, there are other criteria which are
usually considered by teachers ...er... such as oral exams and class participation.
Alternative answers:
Students should take written exam: the scores are given out of 20. and the pass mark
fora subject is 10.
Your answer:........................................................................................................................
 EDUCATION

Questions

1. What was your major at university? What degree did you earn at university?
2. What did you find most interesting about your major?
3. Do you have any regrets about your college life?
4. How will your degree help you to succeed?
5. Did you enjoy any particular part of your studies more than the rest'.'
6. Which courses do you consider to be the most beneficial?
7. What parts of your education do you see is most relevant to your job?
8. How will your studies help you with your future career?
9. If you could, what would you change about the curriculum of your major?
10. Were there any courses or subjects that you didn't like at all?
11. In what courses did you get the best/worst marks?
12. Are there any professors that you can learn from more easily than others?
13. How many credits did you pass to complete your education?
14. How many credits are you taking this term?
15. What motivates you to strive for good grades in university?
16. What do you usually do the night before an exam?
17. If you have two exams on the same day, how do you usually prepare?
18. How would you manage your time with a heavy load of classes?
19. Is there anything you have been involved in at college that you are really proud of?
20. What was the most difficult aspect of obtaining your university degree?
21. How do you keep up with new developments in your university field?
22. What impact has attending university had on your relationships with others?
23. What changes would you like to make in your overall campus life?
24. Describe your most rewarding university experience.
25. Have you ever given a lecture at university?
26. Tell me about a research that you did at university? What was it about? Did you do it
alone?
27. What was the most successful team project you worked on? What were your duties?
28. Have you ever given a seminar paper?
29. What are the sporting facilities like in your university?
30. What are the big differences between your university life so far and your high school
days?
31. Do you plan to further your education?
32. Are there any qualifications or certificates you would like to gain?
33. What personal characteristics do you think are necessary for success in your chosen
field?
34. If you could start again, what major would you choose?
35. Have you thought about which university to study at and why?
36. Why have you chosen to study overseas?
37. Can you tell me a good memory from school?
38. What do you remember about your first school, when you were a child?
39. Were you a prize student or did you just barely pass?
40. What is your high school GPA (Grade point average)? How do you feel about it?
41. If a professor were asked to describe you, what would he/she say?
42. How did you feel when you graduated from high school?
43. Are there any professors that you can learn from more easily than others?
44. How do you think your high school has prepared you for university?
45. Apart from classes, what else did you enjoy at school/university?
46. What is the most important thing you've learned in school extracurricular activities?
47. If you could go to high school again, what is something that you would get involved in
that I you haven't yet?
48. What do you enjoy/dislike about studying?

49. What kind of subjects do you enjoy studying?

50. Describe the process of gaining entry to university in your country. How could this
process I be improved?
51. What sort of exams do students have to pass to go to university?
 LANGUAGES

Interview

Examiner: What language do you like most (to learn)?

Candidate: English. It is the most widespread language in the world today, though not the
most widely used language, as far as I know. It is the major language of news, higher
education and business across borders.

Alternative answers:
Spanish language. It makes a lot of sense to me. It's so melodic, and ...er. ..more
important than anything else, it is spoken in many countries. I've recently enrolled on a
Spanish class and made lot of progress.
I find French language really attractive. I'd love to be able to speak French well, you
know. I with good accent. Unfortunately, the language classes are very much based on the
formal I teaching of grammar. To improve my French, I'm going to French to take a crash
course.
Chinese language. Chinese speakers far outnumber the speakers of other languages.
Arabic language. I've signed up for an intensive course to improve my Arabic.
Your answer:........................................................................................................................

Examiner: Are there any other languages that you can speak?
Candidate: Yes, I speak Italian reasonably well. I had a golden opportunity to pick up some
Italian when I was in Italy.
Alternative answers:
Yes, I'm pretty fluent in Turkish, and I speak a little Russian. As we all know, it takes years
to master a language.
I speak Polish, but it's a bit rusty. Maybe I should take a refresher course to improve it.
Your answer:........................................................................................................................

Examiner: Would you say you are good at speaking other languages?
Candidate: Yes, I think I am. I'm pretty good at French, but I think I still need to practise
more.

Alternative answers:
I am fairly good at Arabic language, of course as far as grammar is concerned.
Your answer:........................................................................................................................
Examiner: What do you do to improve your English?
Candidate: To learn more natural English, I'm practising English with a native speaker.

Alternative answers:
I usually watch English films or read English newspapers to brush up on my English.
'Practice makes perfect.'
I try to spend more time and energy... er...to improve my English, but specifically, I try to
use my dictionaries as often as I can. In general, learning languages is just a matter of hard
work and practice.
Your answer:........................................................................................................................

Examiner: How often do you use English?

Candidate: On a regular basis when reading English newspapers, listening to English news
and speaking to friends via the internet.

Alternative answers:
Practically everyday. Since I work in the foreign department of a marketing company, I
usually speak English with our clients and we often write e-mail in English too.
Your answer:........................................................................................................................

Examiner: Why are you trying to improve your English?

Candidate: The fact is that English is known as an international language, and considered
as a necessary requirement for most educational and employment
opportunities.

Alternative answers:
Urn... being able to communicate with people from other countries.
Your answer:........................................................................................................................

Examiner: Why are you taking the IELTS?

Candidate: Well, I am applying for the citizenship in [...]. You know, IELTS is one the
requirements.
Alternative answers:
Basically, I want to evaluate my English knowledge. But I'm sure in the near future, my
band score will help me to obtain my goals, you know, any job or educational opportunities.
Before studying at a good university, you should be proficient in English. I've chosen
I ELTS for this purpose.
 LANGUAGES

Questions

1. Is your language phonetic? (Is it pronounced as it is written?)

2. How could you convince someone to learn your native language?
3. What languages do you like learning?
4. Have you ever tried to learn a language and then gave up?
5. How would you outline some of the main differences between a language you studied
and your native language?
6. At what age foreign language instruction included in the education system of your
country?
7. What do you enjoy about learning languages?
8. Which English skill do you find easiest to leant?
9. In your opinion, what is the most challenging part of learning English?
10. What do you think is the most effective way to learn a language?
11. Give some tips on how to learn a foreign language successfully.
12. How often do you use your dictionary?
13. When did you first start learning English?
14. How did you learn English?
15. Have you ever had an English tutor?
16. In what ways do you practise your English?
17. What do you do to increase your vocabulary range?
18. How important do you think grammar is in learning a new language?
19. What is/arc the most useful English book(s) that you have studied so far?
20. How do you plan to use your English in the future?
21. Which do you think is easier, to speak English or write it?
22. How will a better knowledge of English help you in your present situation?
23. Why have you chosen the IELTS exam?
24. What if you fail the IELTS exam?
25. Are there any other English exams that you are preparing for?
26. How would you compare IELTS with other English courses or skills that you have taken?
In what ways are they the same or different?
 JOB
Interview

Examiner: What is your job? (Tell me about your main responsibilities.)

Candidate: I have a part time job. I work as an aecountant. It involves a variety of activities,
such as keeping financial records, preparing balance sheets and financial
statements.

Alternative answers:
l ama mechanical engineer. I work for an international company called [...].
I am an office holder. I deal with overseas clients. My job involves writing letters and
doing a lot of paper work. The company that I work for is located in [...].
I work as an enrolment manager for a university. My specific job is recruiting new
students into the programme. Of course, at present, I'm on leave.
I am in charge of handling all aspects of sales, customer services, warranties, ordering
supplies and tracking orders. I love my job because I know what's what!
I work in a private company. My job mainly involves organising meetings and events. To
be honest, it's not much of a job but it pays the bills! It's no joke trying to find a job these
days.
For the time being, I work in an insurance company. My job involves many different
things, but basically, I deal with customers' complaints. Actually, I just consider my job
as a stepping stone to a more lucrative career.
I have a part time job. I work in a computer institute which is located in [...]. I am in
charge of their computers. It's mostly a bunch of students there. We have a lot of fiin.
I work in the computer business. I mainly buy and sell computer components. Besides
my job, I accept any kind of computer repair work and that sort of thing. Er.Jt's a so-so
job; neither very good, nor very bad.
I am an electronic engineer. I have two years of experience in supervising a team of
technicians. My parents support me a lot in my choice of career.
I am a civil servant. I work for the department of health in a hospital, and I am
responsible for keeping the patients' records in the emergency ward.
I am a nurse, I do shift work. Being a nurse makes the worries of everyday life seem
unimportant. We're not paid like millionaires, but we're rewarded in other ways. For me,
this is definitely a millionaire job.
Teaching. I tutor high school students in mathematics. There is a lot of job satisfaction,
but I wouldn't want to do it for a living.
l ama freelance website designer. I have designed more than hundred websites.
I'm in the business of antique furniture. I think success in business is the result of
experience.
l ama student but I do have a part time job to help support myself. I work for a business
firm and do marketing. My job involves a lot of online research, looking for stuff all over
 the internet. You know, how difficult it is for a student to hold down a job.
I am a self-employed law consultant. I usually visit three to four clients and help them
with their problems.
I'm a lawyer. ..er... but as a sideline. I sell some of my paintings.
I work for a private school. We run after-school classes for kids. Mainly for maths. I
consider teaching a worthwhile career that requires total commitment.
I work as a sales person in a department store. I work in clothing section.
I'm working as a tour guide in [...]. It involves a lot of traveling. It is kind of fun. I take
people around the city and show them all the places of interest, you know, the old
buildings, museums and places like that. Working as a tour guide has always been my
lifelong ambition.
I am a civil engineer. I work for a large construction company. To be more precise. I
specialise in building of railway bridges. I am in the designing department.
Your answer:..................................................................................................................

Examiner: On a basic level, what skills do you think your job demands?
Candidate: Well, my job requires sharp business analysis and lots of creativity.
Alternative answers:
My job entails lots of physical work.
You know, as a website designer, you should have a solid grasp of the online
marketplace and computer skills.
My job demands a high degree of managerial skills. Urn... this is not a job for someone
who lacks decision.
In my job, experience is an invaluable asset and it's much more important than paper
qualifications.
My job requires high concentration. You need eagle eye to monitor everything. There is
no room for error in my job.
Your answer:..................................................................................................................

Examiner: Why did you choose this job?

Candidate: I'm extremely grateful to my parents. They helped me a lot in my choice of
career.
Alternative answers:
Well, I have always enjoyed accounting and felt that working as an accountant would
offer me this opportunity to expand my skills in this field
Well, I've always enjoyed being with people and thought being a [...] would suit me. More
I importantly, my university major is related to my job. Now, I think I've gained practical
qualifications too.
Purely by accident. I came across an ad looking for a receptionist. Goodness! a lucky
break: a big moment in my life because I was out of work for about two years. I applied,
was interviewed, and started to work in May 2005.1love my job and see a great future.
I have always wanted to have a management position in a business firm and I have
 recently gained a certificate in management. You know, my job has given me this
opportunity to put my skills into practice.
Your answer:..................................................................................................................

Examiner: Tell me about your working hours.

Candidate: I have a nine to five job. I'm a bit single-handed. I sometimes work overtime.

Alternative answers:
I work six hours a day. I should clock in before 8 am and clock out after 2 pm.
I do shift work. I work on odd days.
Well, I get to choose my own hours as long as I work six hours a day. I can come in at any
time from 8 am to 6 pm.
I have a flexitime schedule and usually work on even days.
Your answer:..................................................................................................................

Examiner: Do you ever work overtime?

Candidate: Sometimes. When I'm behind my work, I have to stay more and work overtime.

Alternative answers:
Er...hardly ever. I believe it is important for any family person to spend time with their
family while I always try to get the job done on time. I think I should give my family the time
they deserve. Another point to consider is that it is so important to have time to relax. As we
all know, too much time in work deceases productivity and increases errors.
Your answer:..................................................................................................................

Examiner: What have you gained from your work experiences?

Candidate: Urn... my job has given me a deep insight into interpersonal skills. I think I know
how to interact with people.

Alternative answers:
I have gained new perspectives on how to be efficient and team up to get the best
results.
Your answer:..................................................................................................................

Examiner: Do you like your present job?

Candidate: Yes, of course, I love it. It is so rewarding and gives me a sense of achievement.
There is always chance for personal development. In addition, it matches my qualifications.
Alternative answers:
Yes, so far so goodL.er... I have convenient working hours, besides my salary is good.
Yes, Indeed. The best aspects of my job are ongoing training courses and benefits
 package which are offered by the company that I work for.
Yes, very much. I have always dreamed of having my own business, it's great that I've
achieved my goal.
Oh. yes. You know, my job allows me a lot of opportunities to serve people and gives me
a lot of satisfaction. Meeting new people and helping them has always been something
I found pleasure in.
Yes, really. You know, I get to meet a lot of new and interesting people. Also, I have the
opportunity to travel a lot... urn... I simply love my job.
I think I do. I'm too busy to think about it!
On the whole yes. Although it's kind of stressful, I like its friendly atmosphere. Urn...its
benefits outweigh its drawbacks.
Your answer:..................................................................................................................

Examiner: What is/ are the best aspect(s) of your job?

Candidate: I would think regular promotion, this is to say, there are many prospects for
promotion.

Alternative answers:
Fortunately, the company that I work for is very well-managed. It has clear objectives
and strives for success .There is a friendly teamwork atmosphere...urn... the policy of the
management is to offer many career growth opportunities.
Working as a member of a team. I firmly believe working in a team usually yields greater
results. You certainly come up with better ideas.
Communicating with different people. Let me explain, since I interact with diverse
groups of people every day. I have been able to improve my communication skills. In
addition, my job is so varied that no two days arc ever the same.
Urn... being part of a team. I like it when the team pulls together to achieve a common
goal and everyone can take some credit. The rewards can be enormous.
What I like most about my job is the fact that it incorporates both my education and
practical work skills to be the best I can be.
Helping people, l a mi n a position that I can talk to many people during the day. I can help
them with their concerns.
My colleagues....um... they are helpful to me and to each other and this creates an
encouraging atmosphere in my workplace. It's certainly a privilege to work with them.
Being up-to-date. I'm always challenged to expand my technical knowledge.
Your answer:..................................................................................................................

Examiner: What do you dislike about your job?

Candidate: Well, there is only one thing that annoys me very much ...urn... that's my boss;
he's very impatient and...er...lacks personality.

Alternative answers:
 I would say limited opportunities for advancement. Unfortunately, my job offers very little
scope for promotion, but the other side of the coin is that it is it is high-paid.
I think the most important drawback of my job is the unsocial hours....urn... when I'm
called, I have to be there at any time of day or night.
Actually, I enjoy everything about what I do. I suppose if I had to give up something, it
would have to be paperwork. It is a bit of a problem!
What I like least about my job is the paperwork. It is an important task, but a challenge to
keep up with. I have to document all the letters received and sent carefully.
Lack of structure in the company that I work for. Er...unfortunately, responsibilities, job
descriptions and positions haven't been clearly defined. It allows some of my workmates
to slack off and I often end up having to pick up the extra work.
The only problem is the distance, my workplace is situated out of town, I have to spend
lots I of time commuting between [...] and [...].
Your answer:..................................................................................................................

Examiner: Why do you want to leave your present job?

Candidate: I feel I should experience new work environments, this is to say, I want use my I
capabilities fully by taking on new responsibilities.

Alternative answers:
Lack of attention to the opinions of the staff. The truth of the matter is that new ideas are
not I appreciated there. The management is resistant to change. It causes job
dissatisfaction. I There was no point in staying in that job.
I find that my main interest is in marketing. Unfortunately, my present job doesn't offer I
much scope in that area, you know, it's a tough a decision. Er... I should weight up all the I
options and then come to a decision.
My work has become kind of stagnant, I am looking for more involving tasks where I can I
apply my skills and experience practically.
As a matter of fact, I love my job, I really do but there's hardly any job security in it.
Unfortunately due to the downturn in the market, the company that I work for, is unable
to sustain their workforce.
Actually... I am seeking a position with a company that is more growth-oriented and
where my contributions will be more visible.
I am thinking of giving up my job, because there is no room for growth at my current job. I
am looking for a company with long-term growth opportunities. Job satisfaction is very
important to me.
’Nothing ventured, nothing gained’. To achieve your goals, sometime you need to take
some risks; calculated risks. That's the price of success.
Tobe frank. I really don’t like office work. Now, I have heavy workload every day. It really
bores me and I’m not moving ahead. I'd much prefer to have a more challenging job
where I can improve work skills.
I'm sick and tired of my job. It's so mechanical.
Your answer:..................................................................................................................
Examiner: Why did you leave your previous job?
Candidate: I left my job that's only because I found a better company to work with.
'Opportunity seldom knocks twice'.

Alternative answers:
I was commuting to the city and spending a significant amount of time each day on
travel. I wanted to save my time somewhere closer to my home.
Tobe honest, I was fed up with my job. My previous job was very stressful and kind of
monotonous. It involved lots of paperwork that's why I quit. Of course. I've talked to a
number of people, but it is very difficult to find a job that is the right fit.
I was laid off. Unfortunately, the company that I used to work in, was restructured and my
position along with a number of others were eliminated. Of course, I’ve come across a
few good job opportunities, but honestly speaking, so far, I haven't found a position that
pays what I feel I am worth.
I decided to leave because I wanted to have a job with greater prospects where I could
continue to fulfil my career goals. Now, I have an opportunity to explore the jobs that
better suit my qualifications and interests. However. I looked back on my previous job
with great satisfaction.
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: What are your strengths at work?

Candidate: I'm a quick learner. I have good organisational skills, and willing to learn new
things to get the job done.

Alternative answers:
I think I am good at delivering projects on time...er... even tight schedules. In my
experience, a key element of this ability is my attention to detail. All in all. I think I'm
sufficiently qualified for my job.
I'm good at managing my time. But my greatest strength is my ability to effectively
handle projects and deadlines.
I have a strong determination and ability to get things done. At the same time, I have
strong analytical and problem-solving abilities. These skills have given me a unique
ability to find creative solutions to deal with problems.
My ability to communicate well with others. It is something that I am proud of personally
and professionally.
Listening to criticism and feedback, especially if they arc constructive.
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: What is/are your weakness(s) at work?

Candidate: Er.,.1 think it should be judged by others. At times, I have a tendency to be
impatient when things are not done properly.
Alternative answers:
I certainly admit that I'm not perfect. I occasionally feel impatient with inefficiencies
and...er... colleagues who don't work as quickly as I do. Of course, I try not to let it affect
my work performance.
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: What is /arc your occupational goal(s) for the future?

Candidate: I have a solid plan for my career. Within that plan I am looking for additional
responsibility and more room for growth. I want to upgrade my qualifications. In
fact, I'll do anything to further my career, you know...er... to climb the career
ladder. May be I'm too ambitious!

Alternative answers:
After college, I hope to pursue a career in civil engineering. I'm really determined to do
that at any price.
Well, my career goal is to move into a position with a higher level of responsibility for
marketing. I want to be successful in my career plan, both for my own personal
satisfaction and for the company that I work for.
I want to progress in my career; learn more technical skills, gain more experience, and
save some money to have my own business. Also, within the next 3-5 years I plan to
pursue an MBA. I believe it fits well with these plans.
Although it is difficult to predict things far into the future. I know what direction I want to
go. I would like to take up a job...er... related to my university major; that's interior
designing. It will give me endless opportunities for making money.
Er...within a couple of years...er. ..I would like to have a business of my own. Er...maybe I
should give it more thought.
Obtaining an internship to increase my knowledge and get more experience in my
university field to excel in my job.
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: What are some of your occupational accomplishments from the last five years?
Candidate: I've been able to make an important career move. I was promoted to supervisor.

Alternative answers:
Being selected as the most creative employee of our company. My proudest moment
was the time when I received my award.
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: If you could start again, what career decisions would you make differently?
Candidate: In fact, I'm not the kind of person who looks back with regrets. I prefer to invest
my energy looking forward. Urn...but If I could do that, I would most probably
choose a career in business management.
Alternative answers:
I would take more training courses to increase my technical knowledge.
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: What skills do you think your university major has provided for your job?
Candidate: I think my major has given me a deep insight into interpersonal skills.

Alternative answers:
I feel that the courses I have taken within my field, such as statistics and accounting
have taught me the quantitative skills that can be applied in my job.
Youranswer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: How would you describe your boss?

Candidate: I would say level-headed, well-rounded, and awe-inspiring. He/she is one of the
most colourful characters that I've ever seen.

Alternative answers:
My current boss is very good. I le/she is a person with lots of personality. He/she deals
with his/her staff firmly but fairly and enjoys our respect.
Great. He/she is such a nice a person; a real gentleman in every sense of word. He/she
has a very warm personality. He/she never hurts anyone's feelings; for one thing, he/she
uses tact. I'm fortunate to have such a caring boss.
He/she is so fair and treats all his employees with respect. He/she is so competent in
his/her work. I really like his/her businesslike manner. He/she is very diplomatic in
dealing with the staff. In addition, he/she always encourages any creativity. In some
senses, he/she is my role model.
My boss has strengths and weaknesses. He/she is always there available with a
sympathetic ear. He/she is very good at listening to people, but sometimes, in my view,
doesn't deal with underperformers firmly enough. This affects team morale sometimes.
It is widely agreed that being a good manager is partly innate and partly learned.
Down to earth, cultivated and full of bright ideas.
Very creative. He/she has a pragmatic approach to management problems. He/she is
able to solve problems in a practical and sensible way.
Youranswer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: Describe your worst boss. Why?

Candidate: I had a supervisor who was vague when issuing assignments. I learned how to
ask questions so that I knew what was expected.

Alternative answers:
Last year, when I used to work in [...]. I had a boss who was so moody, temperamental
 and money-minded. He/she was really something! just wanted to boss around. He/ she
wasn't even familiar with the ABC of management. He/she was very hard to predict. Of
course, after a while, I managed to learn how to behave towards him/her.
When I used to work in I had a boss who was kind of disagreeable and...er. self- willed
and had a sharp tongue; so sarcastic. Of course, after some months, I could understand
how to behave towards him/her. And our relationship changed for the better.
I'm not sure I like my current boss. To be honest...er... I've always thought he/she was a
little difficult, but these days, I find him/ her impossible! He/she's so unpredictable;
sometimes cheerful and a few minutes later...er...so angry. I think he/she should have
personal problems or something!
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: How do you think your colleagues/ staff describe you? (What three adjectives
would you choose to describe yourself as an employee/a manager?)
Candidate: That's a rather difficult question. They perceive me as someone who cares
about them personally and have high expectations.

Alternative answers:
Urn...I'm not sure, let me think...urn... "positive', 'approachable' and perhaps 'serious'.
I'd like to think...er... 'supportive', 'responsive' and 'authoritative'.
Er... I'm not quite sure how to answer this question, but perhaps my employees would
describe me as a tough, but fair person who is easy to approach.
They would probably say I'm good at dealing with people and can make a good manager.
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: Name three adjectives that best describe your ideal colleague.
Candidate: My ideal colleague should be 'understanding', 'co-operative' and 'helpful'.

Alternative answers:
It's difficult to think of an ideal colleague. In fact. I work well with most people. If I had to
choose three qualities, I would say 'communicative', 'dutiful' and 'caring'.
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: How do you think your boss would describe you?

Candidate: Well, that's not something I've ever really thought about, but I suppose he/she
would say I have a good sense of business.

Alternative answers:
Well, that's an interesting question. Urn...I suppose he/she would perceive me as a
person who has a good sense of direction.
My boss would say that I have a strong sixth sense for markets and I learn new
 information and procedures quickly. I think these skills have been the main factors
which helped me be promoted in the last two years.
My boss would describe me as a hard-working, loyal and committed person. He/she
would say that I work well on my own initiative and deliver what he/she wants on time
with high standards.
I've never really thought about that. My boss would describe me as a person who has
good head for business.
He/she would say I'm determined, hard-working and goal-oriented. He would also say
I'm so active and efficient that no one in the office can keep up with me.
My boss would say I'm very hard-working and my efforts usually go beyond the call of
duty.
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: What type of people do you work most effectively with?

Candidate: I prefer to work with people who are understanding and helpful.

Alternative answers:
I admire and work best with people who are of good character and have integrity.
I tend to work well with people who are confident and straightforward.
I work well with anyone who delivers what they promise. At the same time, I always try to
keep my word. Er...let's say, a 'win-win' situation.
I like to work for someone who allows me the autonomy to perform my job to the best of
my knowledge and abilities.
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: Do you work best by yourself or as part of a team? (Why?)

Candidate: I prefer to work in teams. I find that better decisions are made when people work
together and share ideas. Of course. I'm happy to work alone when required too.
Alternative answers:
Both. I can work independently and also enjoy working as a part of a team if required.
I work very well by myself because I'm self-motivated and conscientious if not selfish.
I'm comfortable working in teams too.
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: Which one do you usually devote more time, your family or your work?
Candidate: Well, both are important...er... let's put it this way. I have always tried to achieve a
balance between my career and my family life.
Alternative answers:
Well, I tend to spend more time with my family.
Your answer:.................................................................................................................
 JOB
Questions

1. Describe your workplace. What kind of place is it? How long have you been doing this
job?
2. How do you like the environment of your present job?
3. Are you allowed to have some time off whenever you want?
4. How did you become interested in (he type of work you do?
5. How do you feel about your job security1'
6. On holiday, what do you miss most about your work?
7. What are the most important rewards you expect in your career?
8. On a scale of 1-10 how important is your work to you?
9. What are some of your occupational accomplishments from the last five years?
10. What was/ has been a major failure in your career so far?
11. Are there certain aspects of your current job that you feel more confident doing than
others?
12. How do you determine your priorities at work?
13. Did you take any training courses before being employed?
14. How important is English for your work? What is the most important skill in your job?
15. What area of your job skills do you want to improve?
16. How is your work performance usually evaluated?
17. Have you ever had any managerial experience?
18. What is it like to work with you? How would your colleagues describe you?
19. Do you often get together with your colleagues after work?
20. How much time do you spend with your colleagues in a day?
21. At your work, who usually helps you when you get into trouble?
22. Have you had difficulty getting along with a supervisor or co-worker?
23. What kinds of people do you find difficult to work with? Why?
24. If you had the opportunity to change your job, what would you do instead?
25. How do you usually handle work pressure?
26. If you could start again, what career decisions would you make differently?
27. Will any possible future changes affect your job in any way?
28. Would you be happier if you were self-employed?
29. What are your long-term career objectives and what steps have you taken toward
obtaining these goals? What plans do you have to improve your job skills?
30. Do you have any plans to change your job in the future?
31. Tell me about a time when you set specific work goals for yourself.
32. Have you made any plans for your retirement?
33. Have you ever had a part time job? Have you been a full timer? Where?
34. Would you like to take up a job which requires travelling a lot? Why/not?
35. What jobs have you had throughout your life?
36. What job did you do most of your life? What did you like most about it?
37. How would you describe your first job? How old were you when you got your first job?
38. Would you like to have or follow the job of your father/ mother?
39. Have you ever been fired? Why were you made redundant?
40. Have you ever been offered an enticing job? Did you accept it or turn it down?
41. When do you hope to retire? What plans, if any, have you made for your retirement?
42. Are summer jobs taken by students common in your country?
43. What do you like best about having a summer job?

PERSONALITY
Interview

Examiner: What do you perceive as your greatest strength?

Candidate: I would say I am good at managing my time. I suppose I am a good problem
solver too.

Alternative answers:
I think one of my strengths is being able to handle stress. I've tried a lot to learn how to
deal with stress.
I am task-oriented, and a self-starter. I work well in a team and have good leadership
skills.
I have a very positive outlook on life-1 look on the bright side of life; very optimistic. I look
 forward with just as much pleasure as I look back. I have lovely things to look back on,
and I'm sure I'll have lovely things to look forward to.
My perseverance. I believe perseverance and success are closely linked.
I'm more of an extrovert. I enjoy being with people.
I have the ability to read people's thoughts. I think it's a god-given gift.
My memory; I have a very good visual memory.
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: Describe your overall weakness.

Candidate: Well, I'm a bit of a perfectionist and sometimes focus too much on details. Now,
I've come to recognise this weakness, and taken steps to correct it.

Alternative answers:
Being too organised! It helps me do many things I like to do, but surprisingly, it is a
weakness as well. Because I tend to be over-organised and might seem less friendly or
funloving than I actually am.
I had difficulty saying 'no' to people until I learned to set better priorities.
Urn...spending too much time to learn new things! Sometimes I am too curious and want
to know more about things.
Maybe I'm obsessively tidy. Er... I can't help it!
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: How would your friends describe you?

Candidate: They would probably say that I am easy-going, sports-minded and sort of
overactive.
Alternative answers:
They would say I am very determined, goal-oriented, and sociable. They would also say
that I am very excited about my future plans.
Let me think. They would say I'm very free and easy with my money.
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: What three words describe you best?

Candidate: Urn...'confident', 'self-motivated 'and 'methodical'

Alternative answers:
I would say 'creative, and 'sensitive' and a little 'shy'.
It's an interesting question. Urn... words which best describe me would be 'innovative',
'perceptive' and 'decisive'.
Your answer:.................................................................................................................
Examiner: What is your personal mission statement or motto?
Candidate: This is an interesting question. Treat others as you'd like to be treated.'

Alternative answers:
Urn...'Honesty is the best policy.'
'Actions speak louder than words.'
'Where there is a will, there is a way.'
Your answer:...........................................................................................................

Examiner: Tell me about the types of people you have trouble getting along with. (What
three adjectives would you say to describe them?)
Candidate: I find it very difficult or impossible to get along with people who arc self-
opinionated, self-seeking and...er... insensitive.

Alternative answers:
Getting on with people who arc stubborn, overbearing and ...er...self-centred.
I have difficulty getting along with people who are judgmental, sarcastic and...urn
egotistical.
'Selfish', 'self-willed' and 'quick-tempered'.
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: Would you consider yourself a good team player?

Candidate: I think I am. I've had opportunities in both athletic and academic fields to
develop my coordination skills. In academic fields. I've worked on many team
projects, serving as both a member and team leader. I've experienced the value
of working together as a team to achieve a greater goal than anyone could have
achieved individually.
Alternative answers:
Yes, you could say that! 'Many hands make light work.1
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: What people's characteristic(s) do you find most attractive?

Candidate: Urn... honesty. I do admire people who are honest and say what's on their mind.

Alternative answers:
To me, the most important characteristics are willpower, determination and
perseverance.
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: How do you respond to criticism?

Candidate: Honestly speaking, it usually makes me upset, but later on. I try to get over my
 feeling and correct my behaviour.

Alternative answers:
Very well, especially if it's constructive. Accepting constructive criticism is a good way to
learn. We can certainly learn a lot from any piece of advice that we are given.
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: What does usually make you stressed? (How do you usually cope with stress?)
Candidate: Family problems and ...maybe... excessive expectations. Urn... I usually speak
with my cider brother. You know, to get it out of my chest.

Alternative answers:
Traffic. I do a lot of driving to my job and the streets are usually crowded. It really
stresses me out. When I get home, I try to do something fun to relax; curling up with a
good book, listening to music, watching a movie or whatever...er., anything to take my
mind off work.
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: How do you usually relieve stress?

Candidate: By being calm. I'm naturally a very cheerful person. I think the best way to
overcome stress is to maintain humour; even in a disaster!
Alternative answers:
There are certainly lots of dos and don'ts to deal with stress. But personally speaking, I
try to have a positive attitude towards everything. In this way, you never think about what
stress is, let alone finding a way to cope with it.
I usually do meditation and yoga; breathing, stretching and ...er... concentration
exercises to relax, find peace and...er... ease my mind.
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: Would you consider yourself as a creative person?

Candidate: Yes, I would say that I can be very creative when the occasion calls. Er...to
explain, I would like to say 'Necessity is the mother invention.'

Alternative answers:
That's difficult to judge. Er... I think I am. I believe creativity is the secret of uniqueness.
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

Examiner: How do you usually go about solving a problem? Explain.

Candidate: When I need to solve a problem. I usually write down as many ideas as I can
think of. Next, I look for relationships among causes so I can group the causes of
the problem. Usually after I consider them, the real cause becomes readily
 apparent, and I decide how to deal with the problem.

Alternative answers:
I usually consult the elders of my family.
My approach involves a systematic process of gathering relevant information about the
problem, this is to say; clearly identifying the problem, setting a strategy, and then
dealing with it. As long as I have enough information and a deep insight into of what the
problem is, I simply can tackle any problems.
Your answer:.................................................................................................................

PERSONALITY

Questions1
0
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2

1. Do you think the future will be good?

2. Do you have definite plans for your future?

3. Who is your role model in your personal life? Why do you look up to this person?

4. How do you think a professor who knows you well would describe you?

5. Who might a colleague describe you?

6. Can your friends depend on you?

7. Psychologically speaking, what type of personality do you have? (Think of ambitious,

argumentative, sensible, artistic, realistic, optimistic, social, calm, outgoing, dynamic,

etc.)

8. What are your pet hates / pet peeves (things that annoy you a lot)?

9. What roles do you usually take on when working in a team?

10. Do you enjoy the company of other people? Do you keep your feelings to yourself?
11. Arc you a worker bee (team member), team leader, or both?

12. Do you put off until tomorrow what you could do today?

13. On a scale of 1 to 10, how organised are you? What kind of person were you as a
teenager?

14. Are you the type of person who likes to try new things or just stay with regular routines?

15. Are you the type of person who likes to try new things or just stay with regular routines?

16. Do you think you are creative and self-expressive in different areas?

17. Is there anything that you are obsessed with? What are you most frequently criticised

for?

18. Do you enjoy learning new skills?

19. Do you actively seek new skills to master?

20. Do you have special talents that you have developed?

21. Do you think you are more introverted or more extraverted?

22. Do you consider yourself to be thoughtful, analytical or do you usually make up your

mind fast?

23. Do you notice other people's feelings?

24. Do you keep your feelings to yourself?

25. Are you a goal-oriented person?

26. Arc you a self-starter person?

 100

' MY Questions'

To prepare for part 1 of the IELTS speaking test, make notes about yourself; using the key
words below.

100'MY QUESTIONS' PERSONALISED NOTES

1 MY marital status Mfl tried cmd have two sows

2 MY daily activities

3 MY qualifications

4 MY military service

5 MY strengths

6 MY weaknesses

7 MY purpose of taking IELTS

8 MY accomplishments

9 MY short-term plans

10 MY long-term plans

1] MY volunteer work

12 MY diet

13 MY parents

14 MY siblings

15 MY grandparents

16 MY wife/husband

17 MY children

18 MY responsibilities at home
 100'MY QUESTIONS' PERSONALISED NOTES
MY relationship with family
19
nembers
20 MY daily routines

21 MY best friend

22 MY best friend's qualities

23 MY home

24 MY favourite room

25 MY dream house

26 MY neighbourhood

27 MY neighbours

28 MY education

29 MY favourite course

30 MY least favourite course

31 MY studying habits

32 MY extracurricular activities

33 MY favourite teacher

34 MY favourite subject
MY memory from school/
35
diversity
36 MY educational goals

37 MY favourite English skill

MY earliest memory of
38
earning English
MY problems in learning
39
inglish
 100'MY QUESTIONS' PERSONALISED NOTES

40 MY job

41 MY working hours

42 MY workplace

43 MY work experience

44 MY career plans

45 MY responsibilities at work

46 MY last promotion

47 MY boss

48 MY colleagues

49 MY problems at work

50 MY previous job

51 MY retirement plans

52 MY last holiday

53 MY free time activities

54 MY favourite sport

55 MY favourite restaurant

56 MY favourite TV programme

57 MY favourite newspaper

58 MY favourite website

59 MY favourite writer

60 MY favourite books
 100'MY QUESTIONS' PERSONALISED NOTES

61 MY favourite music

62 MY favourite food

63 MY favourite shop

64 MY favourite clothes

65 MY favourite actor

66 MY favourite singer

67 MY favourite athlete

68 MY role model

69 MY favourite colour

70 MY favourite season

71 MY hometown's history

72 MY hometown's population

73 MY hometown's climate
MY hometown's agricultural
74
products
75 MY hometown's fame
MY hometown's tourist
76
attractions
MY hometown's historic
77
monuments
MY hometown's holiday
78
resorts
79 MY favourite method of travel
MY hometown's public
80
transportation
MY hometown's
81
entertainment facilities
 100'MY QUESTIONS' PERSONALISED NOTES

82 MY hometown's problems

83 MY hometown's future

84 MY country's population

85 MY country's climate

86 MY country's language
MY country's tourist
87
attractions
88 MY country's industries

89 MY country's public transport

MY country's customs/
90
traditions
91 MY country's festivals

92 MY country's handicrafts

93 MY country's music
MY country's clothes and
94
costumes
MY country's public
95
entertainment
96 MY country's typical dish

97 MY country's popular sport

98 MY country's national heroes

99 MY country's currency

100 MY country's national holidays

NOTES:
PART 2
INDEPENDENT LONG TURN
 TIPS OF PART 2
Speaking test

Part 2:
Independent Long Turn (3- 4 minutes)
The examiner will give you a topic card, and hand you some paper and a pencil to make
notes.
You have one minute to prepare before speaking for 1-2 minutes. Topic cards are very
general and related to your personal experience. The examiner will remain silent while you
are speaking then will ask one ortwo rounding-off questions.

DOSANDDONTS

• Read the topic card carefully.

• Make the best use of the minute given to organise your answer, and make brief notes
for each key word, such as who, what .when, where, how or why. A common criticism of
some candidates is that they don't plan; you don't impress the examiner if you start
immediately without planning, whatever your level is. Candidates who don't take notes,
tend to describe the general aspect of the question rather than covering the prompts of
the card and giving specific information.
• Don't write on the topic card.
• Write notes not sentences.

• It may be easier to read and use your notes if you write them in a vertical list and in
order.

• It is important to keep talking, but don't talk about things which aren't related to the
topic.
• As you speak, refer to your notes to organise your answer. If your talk is not
organised, you will lose marks.

• Remember that the IELTS test is a communication test; not a memory test. If there
is something you can't remember, simply use other words and explain about it.
- T m not really sure when It happened to me, but I'm sure I was very young. ' is just as
good as giving a date.
 • Don't worry if you decide to change a little of what you have planned to say.
Keeping your talk natural and fluent is much important than sticking rigidly to your notes

• There are some ways to extend your talk. For example, talking about your
preferences, comparing or contrasting with other subjects.

• In IELTS books, you can see a number of topic cards which are thematically the same,
but have different prompts. Make sure to talk about the question you are asked to talk
about NOT the one you have prepared.
• Don’t miss out any questions.

• Don't hesitate for too long when it is time to speak. It’s better to speak about
anything than not to speak at all!
• Some introductory prompts that you may use are:
- I'd like to talk about...
- I'm going to talk about...
- I'd like to begin with...
- What I'd like to talk about is...
- I've chosen to talk about...
- What I'm going to cover is...
- To start with...
- I'm going to describe how...
- There are quite a lot of..., but the one I've chosen is...
- it's quite a long story.
- The aspect/factor/issue I've looked al is...
- Some phrases to talk about background detail.
- I particularly/vividly/distinctly remember (the day we first met).
- To the best of my memory
- What I most remember about him/her is...
- I vividly recall the day I first met him/her
- ...if (my) memory serves me well/correctly,
- The story' goes back to the time when / was in school/ college
- It took placed...
- ... happened to me...
- ...happened when I was a kid; at the age often, I think
- ...is called.../which is called...
- ...is located/situated...
- The town has changed somewhat/ dramatically since I was a child
- ...has been going on...
- I have known him/her since/for...
- I met him/her by chance
- He/she happened to be there
- I suddenly realised...
- I regretted not working harder/l have no regrets about...
- I regretted not doing it earlier
- I wish I'd read more
- I wish I hadn't given it up
- Unfortunately, I didn't keep it up
- ...even now, when I think of that day, I feel nostalgic
- If I had been more ambitious, I would have been more successful
- I should have made more pragmatic decisions
- I was first inspired by...
- what impressed me most was...
- I was very' impressed by...
- ... had a strong influence on me
- What influenced me a lot was...
- ...had a profound impact on me
- ...made an enormous impact on me
- ...made an impression on me
- ... strikes me as a very' efficient/ clever/ hard-working person
- What first attracted me to him/her was...
- ...was a big shock to me
- ...profoundly affected my life
- ...had a lasting effect on me
- ...changed the w ay/look at things
- One of the most interesting thing about him/her was...
- I fin d ... (very/extremely/fantastically) relaxing/exciting
- It was such a great experience
- ...was an unforgettable experience
- ...was truly a memorable occasion
- It was so enjoyable
- It was a pleasurable experience
- It was such a sweet memory
- I was so happy; on the top of the world!
- I was extremely happy and excited; over the moon!
- The interesting point was...
- The thing I liked about ...was...
- The (main) reason why I like/dislike...
- ...that appeals to people of all ages
- One thing I 'd be enthusiastic about is...
- I'm still proud of...
- Of course, ...sounds like a great idea
- ... has been my proudest possession.
- I could not believe my ear /eyes! // could hardly believe my' luck!
- ... was completely unexpected
- It was so surprising
- ...has never appealed to me
- I find it so boring
- ... was/is so tedious
- ...so boring: ...is/was such a pain, drag, chore, nightmare, torture!
- One thing I'd be worried about is...
- ... totally different/slightly different/ very similar/exactly the same
- The (main) reason why I...
- My first reason why I...
- Another reason behind my decision was...
- I had always been attracted by the idea of...
- The best/worst thing about ...was ...because...
- What strikes/ impresses/ delights visitors about the resort most is its unique
surroundings.
- Without doubt, the most interesting thing about [...]. is ...
- In my country, it's the custom to.../ it '.S' customary to...
- First, Next. Then, At this stage, Subsequently, Meanwhile, Later, Then, During this process,
Afterwards, Eventually, Finally
• Use a number of adjectives to describe the situation:
- It was exciting, thrilling, interesting, pleasing, fascinating, amazing, absorbing, enticing,
appealing .amusing, entertaining, relaxing, refreshing, embarrassing, soothing,
breathtaking, astonishing, rewarding, deserving, satisfying, fulfilling, prom is ing,
challenging...
- It was boring, tiring, exhausting, confusing, puzzling, perplexing, worrying, frustrating,
embarrassing, depressing, heartbreaking, frightening, horrifying, shocking, nerve-racking,
soul-destroying, hair-rising, nail-biting, discouraging, disappointing, annoying, disturbing,
irritating, distracting, disgusting, tempting...
• Make your talk as lively as possible.
• Try to relax and tell your interviewer as much interesting information as you can.
Don't be afraid to use humour!
• Don't worry if the examiner doesn't look at you. He or she will be listening and
checking the criteria needed for assessing you.
• To cover all the prompts of the topic card, you need to talk about each question for
about 30 seconds. Practice speaking with a watch and get an idea of how long two
minutes is and approximately how much content you need to cover the task.
 TOPIC CARD 1 TOPIC CARD 2

Describe how to use a piece of equipment. Describe a member of your family who are
You should say: very close to.
• how often you use it You should say:
• what you use it for • who he/she is
• what you can do to be able to use it for a • in what ways you are like him/her
long time • how you differ from him/her
• and explain how to use it/ its • and explain why you are so close to
software/programmes/etc. him/her.

TOPIC CARD 3 TOPIC CARD 4

Describe someone that you admire. Describe a situation where you found
You should say: yourself dealing with someone who didn't like
• who he/she is you. You should say:
• why you admire him/her • who he/she was
• when you first saw him/her • why he/she didn't like you
• and explain how he/she has influenced • how your behaviour was
the way you think. • and explain what his or her reaction was.

TOPIC CARD 5 TOPIC CARD 6

Describe a gift you have received that was

Describe a useful website that you have
important to you.
visited. You should say:
You should say:
• what it was
• who gave it to you
• how you found the address
• on what occasion it was given to you
• what it contains
• how you would describe it.
• and explain why it was /is useful to you.
• and say why it is important to you.

TOPIC CARD 7 TOPIC CARD 8

Describe a room that you like. Describe an exam experience you had.
You should say: You should say:
• which room it is • what the exam was
• what makes this room special • how hard you studied
• what it looks like • how you felt the day of the exam
• and explain how you feel when you are in • and say whether you passed the exam or
that room. not.
TOPIC CARD 9 TOPIC CARD 10
Describe a popular person who lives in your
Talk about your favourite free time activity.
neighbourhood.
You should say:
You should say:
• when you first started it
• who he/she is
• how often you do it
• when you first met him/her
• whether you would like to do it on your
• how you would describe his/her character
own or with others
• and say what the reason of his/her
• and explain what you like about it.
popularity is.

TOPIC CARD 11 TOPIC CARD 12

Talk about the best city/country that you

Describe a dish that you know how to make.
have been to.
You should say:
You should say:
• if it is difficult to prepare
• where it was
• how much time it takes to be prepared
• how long you were there
• what the ingredients are
• what you like or dislike about it
• and explain how it is prepared.
• and say if you would like to travel again.

TOPIC CARD 13 TOPIC CARD 14

Talk about one of your friends.

Describe your favourite piece of clothing.
You should say:
You should say:
• how long you have known each other
• what it is and when you bought it
• how you met
• where you bought it from
• how you spend time together
• why you decided to buy it
• and explain why this person is so special
• and explain why it is your favourite.
to you.

TOPIC CARD 15 TOPIC CARD 16

Describe the process of getting a job in your

country. Describe a serious problem in your
You should say: hometown/city. You should say:
• what options are available to a job seeker • what it is
• what documents are usually required • what has caused this problem
• what stages are involved • what can be done about it
• and explain how this process could be • and explain why you think it is serious.
improved.
 TOPIC CARD 17 TOPIC CARD 18

Talk about your favourite actor/actress. Talk about an important festival or national
You should say: holiday in your country.
• who he/she is You should say:
• what his/her best film is • when it is celebrated
• what he/she looks like • how it is held
• and explain what you like most about • if it symbolises something
him/her. • and explain why it is so special to you.

TOPIC CARD 19 TOPIC CARD 20

Describe a special occasion when you had a

Describe a place where you go shopping for
really enjoyable meal.
clothes.
You should say:
You should say:
• what the occasion was for
• where it is
• who was at the meal
• how often you shop for clothes
• what was served, and you ate
• how you choose what to buy
• and explain why you found the meal so
• and explain why you choose to go there.
enjoyable.

TOPIC CARD 21 TOPIC CARD 22

Describe a TV programme that you have

seen and that interested you. Describe a beautiful work of art that you
You should say: have seen. You should say:
• when and where you saw the programme • what it is
• what happens during the programme • where and when you saw it
• what you felt about the programme • how you would describe it
• and explain why you enjoyed the • and explain what makes it impressive.
programme so much.

TOPIC CARD 23 TOPIC CARD 24

Talk about your hometown.
Describe a game that you have played and You should say:
enjoyed. You should say: • where the most crowded area in your
• what the name of the game is hometown is
• when you last played the game • what your advice is for someone
• how you felt when you played it intending to visit your hometown
• and explain why you found it so • how it could be a better place for
enjoyable. tourists.
• how you see your hometown growing in
 TOPIC CARD 25 TOPIC CARD 26
Describe the happiest person you know. Describe a picture/ photo that you like.
YOU should say You should say:
• how' you know him/her • what the picture/photo depicts
• how he/she looks like • when the picture/photo dates from
• how you would describe his/her • how the picture makes you feel
character • and explain what makes this
• and explain why you consider him/her as picture/photo so special to you.
the happiest person you know.

TOPIC CARD 27 TOPIC CARD 28

Describe the most important thing you Talk about your favourite season.
learned at school /college. You should say:
You should say: • what you like most about this season
• what it was • how it is different from other seasons
• when and where you learned it • if your daily activities are different in this
• how you were taught season
• and explain why you consider it so • and explain what it is like in your country.
important.

TOPIC CARD 29 TOPIC CARD 30

Talk about an important phone call that Describe a school which you went to.
you received. You should say:
You should say: • when you went there, and how long you
• who called you spent there
• where you were at that moment • what the school was like
• what you were told • how many students it had
• and explain why you consider it as an • and explain what you liked or disliked
important call. about it.

TOPIC CARD 31 TOPIC CARD 32

Talk about a time when you had to make a

Describe an important event in your life.
difficult decision.
You should say:
You should say:
• when it happened
• what you had to do
• what happened exactly
• why you consider it as difficult, and what
• how it affected your life
the outcome was
• and explain how you feel about it now.
• if it changed your life
• and explain how you felt about it.
 TOPIC CARD 33 TOPIC CARD 34

Talk about an activity that you do to stay

Describe a time when you lost something.
healthy (diet, some kind of physical
You should say:
exercise, etc.) You should say:
• what it was
• what you do exactly
• where and when you lost it
• when you started this particular activity
• how important it was
• how it has affected your life
• and explain what you did to find it when
• and explain what benefits you get from
you realised it was missing.
this activity.

TOPIC CARD 35 TOPIC CARD 36

Talk about your country. You should say:

Describe a film that had a great impression
• what cities have the most number of
on you. You should say:
tourists
• when and where you saw it
• what your advice is for someone
• what type of film it is
planning to visit your country.
• what happens in the film
• what could be done to attract more
• and explain why you found it so
number of tourists.
impressive.
• and explain what changes you think
your country might see in tourist industry.
TOPIC CARD 37 TOPIC CARD 38

Talk about colours. You should say: Describe a zoo or a wildlife park that you
• If certain colours make you feel happier have visited.
• If your favourite colour changed as you You should say:
have grown older • where it is located
• what colours you think look good on you • when you went there
• and say if there is a colour that you don't • how you felt about it
like. • and explain if you want to visit it again.

TOPIC CARD 39 TOPIC CARD 40

Describe your neigbourhood that you live Describe a happy event in your childhood.
in. You should say:
You should say: • what happened exactly
• how long you have lived there • where it happened
• what it is like • how you liked it
• what you like or dislike about it • and explain if it affected your life.
• and explain how it could be improved.
 TOPIC CARD 41 TOPIC CARD 42

Describe the process of getting a driving

Talk about something that you have
license in your country.
created/ made. You should say:
You should say:
• what it was
• what organisation is responsible
• when you created/ made it
• what qualifications or documents you
• how long it took you to make/create it
need to offer to apply for
• and explain why you decided to create/
• what stages are involved
make it.
• and explain how you are tested.

TOPIC CARD 43 TOPIC CARD 44

Describe a day you spent in the country.

Describe a funny thing which happened to
You should say:
you. You should say:
• where and when you went
• where and when it happened
• who you went with
• what happened exactly
• what you did
• why you consider it as a funny memory
• and say what makes it worth
• and explain how you feel about it now.
remembering.

TOPIC CARD 45 TOPIC CARD 46

Talk about your personality.
Describe a situation in which you were
You should say:
embarrassed.
• what kind of person you were as a
You should say:
teenager
• when it took place
• who has been the most important
• where it took place
person in your self-improvement
• what happened exactly and what you did
• which of your qualities you would like
• and explain why you consider it as an
to pass down to your children
embarrassing memory.
• and explain what you do to improve
TOPIC CARD 47 TOPIC CARD 48

Talk about an important day in your life.

Talk about your favourite
You should say:
sportsman/sportswoman. You should say:
• when it was
• who he/she is
• whether you were alone or with others
• what his/her sport field is
• what happened exactly
• what is special about him/her
• and say why this day was important to
• and say how popular he/she is.
you, and if it changed your life.
 TOPIC CARD 49 TOPIC CARD 50

Describe a wedding you have been to or

Describe a skill you want to learn.
heard from.
You should say:
You should say:
• what it is
• where the party was
• why you think it is important
• whose party it was
• how you want to learn it
• what the wedding was like
• and explain how it will help you in
• and explain how you felt about this
future.
wedding.

TOPIC CARD 51 TOPIC CARD 52

Talk about your favourite/a famous writer.

Talk about a situation in which you laughed
You should say:
a lot. You should say:
• who he/she is
• when it was
• what he/she usually writes about
• where it was
• what he/she is famous for
• who you were with
• and explain what you like most about
• and explain why you laughed so much.
his or her works.

TOPIC CARD 53 TOPIC CARD 54

Describe a traditional garment from your

Describe a tourist attraction that you have
country. You should say:
visited. You should say:
• what it is, and made of
• where it is located
• whether it is worn only on special
• what it is famous for
occasions or not
• what you can see there now
• how you would you describe it
• and explain what you like most about it.
• and explain what you like most about it.

TOPIC CARD 55 TOPIC CARD 56

Describe a celebration you attended and
enjoyed. You should say: Talk about a song or a piece of music that
• where it was celebrated you like. You should say:
• what the purpose of the celebration was • what type of music it is
• who you celebrated with, and describe • where you first heard it
some activities that you did as part of the • who the singer/performer is
celebration • and explain what sort of effect it has on
• and explain why it was so enjoyable for you; why you like it.
you.
 TOPIC CARD 57 TOPIC CARD 58

Talk about a domestic animal/ pet which is

Describe a competition/contest that you
usually kept by the people of your country.
have entered.
You should say:
You should say:
• what it is
• when and where it took place
• what it looks like
• what you were expected to do
• what you like/don't like about it
• if you did it well.
• and explain how people in your country
• and explain how you felt about it.
generally feel about it

TOPIC CARD 59 TOPIC CARD 60

Describe your journey to college or work.

Describe a product that you buy regularly.
You should say:
You should say:
• what forms of transport you usually use
• where you usually buy it from
• how long it usually takes
• how you would describe it
• how you usually spend your time while
• what you do with it
traveling
• and explain what makes it different
• and explain how you would make your
from, other products.
journey more pleasant if you could.

TOPIC CARD 61 TOPIC CARD 62

Describe a place you have visited that

really impressed you Describe a picnic that you had
You should say: You should say:
• where it was • where you went
• what it is used for • who you were with
• what it looks like • how you would describe it
• and explain why you find this place • and explain what you like about it.
particularly impressive.

TOPIC CARD 63 TOPIC CARD 64

Describe a particular situation in which Talk about your personality.

you were successful. You should say:
You should say: • what are you most frequently criticised
• what it was for
• what you did • what your greatest strength is
• how you felt after achieving this • how would a close friend describe you
success • and explain what things about yourself
• and explain if it changed your life. would you most like to improve.
 TOPIC CARD 65 TOPIC CARD 66

Describe how you behaved in a stressful

Talk about one of your future plans.
situation. You should say:
You should say:
• where and when it happened
• what you want to do
• what happened exactly
• how you intend to achieve it
• how you behaved
• when you think you will do it
• and explain how you felt about your
• and explain how it will help you.
reaction afterwards.

TOPIC CARD 67 TOPIC CARD 68

Describe a trip you have taken recently.

Describe a market or shopping centre that
You should say:
you like. You should say:
• where you went
• where it is and what is it like
• who you went with
• how frequently you go there
• what you saw and did on your trip
• what sort of things are sold there
• and explain what makes it worth
• and say what you like most about it
remembering.

TOPIC CARD 69 TOPIC CARD 70

Describe a TV or a billboard advertising Describe a course that you have taken and
that you found effective. found useful.
You should say: You should say:
• where you saw it • what kind of course it was
• what it was advertising • where you did it
• how different it was from other • what aspects of the course you found
advertisements particularly useful
• and explain why you think it was • and explain what makes this course
effective different from the other courses you have

TOPIC CARD 71 TOPIC CARD 72

Describe a transport problem in your
town/city. Talk about something which annoys you.
You should say: You should say:
• what the problem is • what it is
• what the main causes are • how it annoys you
• how it affects you • what you usually do to cope with it
• and explain how you think this problem • and explain why it is so annoying.
can be addressed.
 TOPIC CARD 73 TOPIC CARD 74

Talk about your favourite day of week.

Describe a popular food from your country.
You should say:
You should say:
• what you like about this day
• what it is
• if your daily activities are different
• how often you eat it
• what makes this day different from other
• what the main ingredients are
days.
• and say if it is served only on special
• and say if you have a good memory of
occasions.
this day.

TOPIC CARD 75 TOPIC CARD 76

Talk about a pet that you or someone you
Describe a time when you worked hard and
know once had.
felt a great sense of achievement.
You should say:
You should say:
• what kind of animal it was
• what you did
• what you liked/ didn't like about it, and
• what made you try so much
why.
• if anyone helped you
• how people in your country generally
• and explain why you consider it as an
feel about it.
achievement.
• and explain what kind of animal makes a

TOPIC CARD 77 TOPIC CARD 78

Talk about the emails you write to a

Describe a leisure activity that is popular in
particular person.
your country.
You should say:
You should say:
• who you email or write to
• where it is done
• what you usually write about
• if you do it yourself
• how often you email
• what you like about this activity
• and explain why you send email to this
• and explain why it is so popular.
person.

TOPIC CARD 79 TOPIC CARD 80

Describe a situation where you had to work

Describe a music video or a concert that
with a difficult principal, professor,
you have recently seen.
supervisor, etc.
You should say:
You should say:
• who the singer/performer was
• whohe/shewas
• what kind of music it was or, was
• what he/she was like
performed
• what you had to do
• what the music was like
• and explain what you did to manage the
• and explain how you feel about it.
situation.
 TOPIC CARD 81 TOPIC CARD 82

Describe a memorable sporting event that

Describe the happiest day of your life.
you participated in or watched.
You should say:
You should say:
• when it was
• what the event was
• who was there
• when and where it took place
• what happened exactly
• what makes it memorable
• and explain what made it such a happy
• and explain how you felt about the
day.
event.

TOPIC CARD 83 TOPIC CARD 84

Describe a restaurant you enjoy eating in. Describe the best workplace that you have
You should say: ever had. You should say:
• what the name of the restaurant is , and • where it was
how often you go there • what you were doing there
• what kind of food is served • what you particularly like about this
• what you usually order place
• and explain why you choose to eat there. • and say how you would improve it.

TOPIC CARD 85 TOPIC CARD 86

Describe a personal possession that is

Describe your earliest memory of sport.
important to you.
You should say:
You should say:
• when it was
• what it is
• what you did
• how long you have had it
• whether you still do that kind of sport or
• how you use it
not
• and explain why it is so important for
• and explain how you feel about it now.
you.

TOPIC CARD 87 TOPIC CARD 88

Describe an important book you have read.

Describe the most significant failure you
You should say:
have had in the last five years.
• what the title of the book is. and who it
You should say:
was written/compiled by
• what it was
• when and where you read it
• if it has affected your life
• what it was about, and why you decided
• how you feel about it now
to read it
• and explain why you consider it as
• and say why you consider it as
failure.
important.
 TOPIC CARD 89 TOPIC CARD 90
Describe a museum that you have visited. Describe a newspaper/magazine article
You should say: that you found interesting or useful.
• where it is located and what kind of You should say:
museum it is • where and when you read it
• what specific things you can see there • What it was about
• how you would compare it with other • how it made you feel, or influenced you.
museums you have visited. • and explain why you found it
• and explain what you particularly interesting or useful.
remember about it.

TOPIC CARD 91 TOPIC CARD 92

Talk about your earliest memory of learning Talk about an important news item that
English. you have heard recently.
You should say: You should say:
• when it was • what it was about
• who your teacher was • how you learned about it
• whether you found it easy or difficult • how it made you feel
when learning • and explain why you consider it as
• and explain how you feel about it now. important.

TOPIC CARD 93 TOPIC CARD 94

Talk about shopping. Describe the job you have, or hope to have.
• how much time you spend shopping You should say:
every week • what it is and involves
• what time of the day you prefer to go • What qualifications /experience it
shopping and why requires
• where you usually do your shopping • what led you to choose it
• and say whether you enjoy window • and explain what features make it
shopping or not. different from other jobs.

TOPIC CARD 95
TOPIC CARD 96
Describe an important conversation that
Describe a situation when you had to gain
you have had.
cooperation from a team. (Work, university,
You should say:
etc) You should say
• whom you had the conversation with
• what it was
• where and when the conversation took
• where and when it was
place
• who you worked with
• what it was about, and why it was
• and say if you enjoyed working as the
important to you
part of the team.
• and explain how you feel about it now.
 TOPIC CARD 97 TOPIC CARD 98

Describe the best holiday you have had.

Describe a recent family gathering.
You should say:
You should say:
• where you went
• where and when it was
• if you were alone, if not, who with
• who the host was
• what you did on holiday
• what it was like, and what you did
• and explain why you call it as your best
• and explain what you liked about it.
holiday.

TOPIC CARD 99 TOPIC CARD 100

Describe a building which you find

Describe a film that you found really boring. interesting. You should say:
You should say: • where it is located
• when you saw it • how old it is
• what type of film it was • how you would describe it (In terms of,
• what happens in the film structure, architecture...)
• and explain why you found it so boring. • and explain why you find this building
particularly interesting.

NOTES:
 TOPIC CARD 1

Describe how to use a piece of equipment.

You should say:
• how often you use it
• what you use it for
• what you can do to be able to use it for a
longtime
• and explain howto use it ( its
software/programmes / etc).

PREPARATION TIME: 1 MINUTE

CANDIDATE’S NOTES
Laptop, everyday
T>lctlomary, audlo, video
Recharge, a n ti- v ir u s
Connect, I in s tru c tio n s

LENGTH OF TIME 1 - 2 MINUTES

I'm going to talk about something you may well be familiar with; a laptop. I use my own
laptop everyday. In fact, using my laptop has become part of my everyday life. I have lots of
educational software in my computer system; dictionaries, audio and video programmes.
Well, to make the best use I of a laptop, there are quite a few things to take care of. First of
all, you should always remember to recharge the batteries before they die or have a good
anti-virus to protect your computer from virus and I bugs. As you know, there arE numerous
tasks that a computer can perform, but what I've chosen to talk about is how to download a
programme. Of course, the time spent to download a software or file depends on a number
of things, such as your computer power, connection speed, programme size and other
factors. The first step is quite obvious; to get connected. The second stage is to go to the
website you want to download from. Follow the site's particular download instructions. This
usually varies from site to site, but most sites have some type of'Download Now' button that
you can click on. Instructions I are different, but in general you are asked where you want
the programme saved or installed. Select a location on your computer, then click 'Next1or
'OK'. An installation pop-up box appears; showing files I are being installed. You may be
asked to restart your computer.
 TOPIC CARD 2

Describe a member of your family who are

very close to.
You should say:
• who he/she is
• in what ways you are like him/her
• how you differ from him/her
• and explain why you are so close to
him/her.

PREPARATION TIME: 1 MINUTE

CANDIDATE’S NOTES
My sister, I...2
Personality, flints, m a jo r
Looks; kel0 kt, hair, sk in
Personality

LENGTH OF TIME 1 - 2 MINUTES

I Tobe honest, it's difficult for me to choose just one member of my family as I do feel close
to all of them. But if I had to name one...er. ..I would say my elder sister. Her name is [...].
Although she is 5 years older than me, we get along so well; we are very similar in
personality. We spend most of our time together., .er... share the same interests and have
lots of fun. For example, we follow the latest movies, especially, action movies. Sometimes,
we talk about films for hours ....er... Another common point is our university majors; she has
completed her education in business and I'm studying business too. So we have lots of
things to talk about, you know, having the same major has given US the same outlook on
life...er...by contrast, we're totally different in looks; so unlike that no one would ever think we
are sisters! For instance, I have dark skin whereas she has fair skin. Or her hair is kind of
curly, but my hair is straight. The reason why we are so close to each other is that we simply
have the same personality traits. We understand each other because we grew up doing
things together.
 TOPIC CARD 3

Describe someone that you admire.

You should say:
• who he/she is
• why you admire him/her
• when you first saw him/her
• and explain how he/she has influenced
the way you think.

PREPARATION TIME: 1 MINUTE

CANDIDATE’S NOTES
M y teacher.
Talented, encouraged vue
zio years old
Literature aiA,d new world view

LENGTH OF TIME 1 - 2 MINUTES

Of course, I think very highly of all the teachers that I have had. But the person whom I
particularly admire is one of my ex-teachers from university. Her name is [...]. She's such a
wonderful and talented lady whose values influenced me a lot. Now, she's known as an
authority on Persian language. I had the privilege to meet her when I was twenty years old.
She really encouraged me to write. The reason why she is so special to me is that she
helped me a lot broaden my horizons through literature and taught me how to analyse
contexts and made me love literature- that's something really hard. Because I really didn't
like literature, but she was the person that really encouraged me be interested in Persian
literature. And I think I had the chance to have her as a teacher because she really helped
me see the world in a different way and expand my world view. And I think what she really
brought me was the connection between literature and life, in the way that they are very
similar, and in the way that they can be very different. So we interpreted life in a different
way from that perspective.
 TOPIC CARD 4

Describe a situation where you found

yourself dealing with someone who didn't
like you. You should say:
• whohe/shewas
• why he/she didn't like you
• how your behaviour was
• and say what his or her reaction was

PREPARATION TIME: 1 MINUTE

CANDIDATE’S NOTES
A colleague
Too yow.iA/0, im m a tu re
Cxood lw,pressloiA,, h ig h ly professiov^al
A p o lo g y

LENGTH OF TIME 1 - 2 MINUTES

When I first began working at [...], I was the youngest member of the staff; about 23 years
old, and had just finished my education. On the first day of my work, I met an older woman
who was really familiar with the ins and outs of the place. When I was introduced by the
manager of the department, she barely acknowledged my presence, and through word of
mouth I realised that she thought that I was too young and immature to take up the job and
be able to do my duties successfully because I was so inexperienced. To prove my abilities, I
did my best and took every opportunity to make a good impression. I worked so hard and
behaved in a highly professional manner at all times; so motivated to get the things done
successfully. After about two weeks of silent treatment from her, she came up to me and
told me how well I had worked, and how impressed she had been with my performance. She
apologised to me for ignoring me, shared what she knew with me and took me under her
wing. In spite of the fact that she sometimes may seem unfriendly, she’s so nice at heart.
 TOPIC CARD 5

Describe a useful website that you have

visited. You should say:
• what it was
• how you found the address
• what it contains
• and explain why it was /is useful to you.

PREPARATION TIME: 1 MINUTE

CANDIDATE’S NOTES
L..J
T h ro u g h m y fr ie n d
T>ownloadalole m a te ria ls
In fo rm a tio n , updated, u s e r-frie n d ly , linhzs.

LENGTH OF TIME 1 - 2 MINUTES

The website that I'm really interested in is [...]; one of the most visited educational websites.
I visit it almost everyday as it is the homepage of my computer. I found it through one of my
friends. Once, I saw an offline message, containing a link. When 1 clicked on the link and saw
the website, I really found it beneficial. To describe this English educational website, I
should say, it contains lots of downloadable materials; classified vocabulary, grammar
structures, quizzes, and that sort of thing. There are many features that make this website
different from other websites. Firstly, it provides a learner with lots of useful information,
and...er... is updated with new content at regular intervals; you can always find quality
information in it. Besides, it is very user-friendly and easy to navigate. Another aspect is
that, it has many useful links to other sites. Last but not least, it is visually attractive and
well-designed. In my opinion, it's such a functional website that no English learner should
miss.
 TOPIC CARD 6

Describe a gift you have received that was

important to you.
You should say:
• who gave it to you
• on what occasion it was given to you
• what it looks like and how you use it
• and say why it is important to you.

PREPARATIONTIME: 1 MINUTE

CANDIDATE’S NOTES
M y wife
"Birthday
.silver, rec-ta iA,0u.lar, 6iA,0llsh files
<^lft -from, a fa m ily rn.em.ber, a-p-plled

LENGTH OF TIME 1 - 2 MINUTES

I received a valuable gift from my wife about three years ago; on the occasion of my
birthday. It was a famous brand MP3 player; really of high quality. I was so surprised when I
opened its mapping paper and saw the gift because it was exactly what I needed ... e r... you
know, to improve Illy English in my spare time. I really admire her for the choice of that gift. It
is silver, rectangular and . . . e r... so simple in design. Now, I usually use this MP3 player to
listen to English audio files on the way to my work and it really helps me make the best use
of my time. It is a very useful device and ... e r ... in fact, one of the best gifts that I have ever
received so far.
It's such an important gift for me, for one thing, 1 received it from one of my dearest family
members, for another, it's an applied device that can be used anywhere. Another point is ...
e r . . .receiving that gift I not iced that my wife knows what I need to be able to take full
advantage of my lime to learn more and more.
 TOPIC CARD 7

Describe a room that you like.

You should say:
• which room it is
• what makes this room special
• what it looks like
• and explain how you feel when you are in
that room.

PREPARATIONTIME: 1 MINUTE

CANDIDATE’S NOTES
Kitchen
M e e tly plac-e
F a irly Large, table, oveia,, fridge, board
relighted

LENGTH OF TIME 1 - 2 MINUTES

Well, I'd like to talk about the kitchen of our home. It's particularly important in my family.
Let me explain why. What makes this room special is that it's not only where we cook but
also the main meeting place for family and friends. When we have family gatherings, we all
gravitate to the kitchen. It always ends up the fullest and the noisiest room in the house. Er...
it is connected to our living room. II is quite large; roughly twenty square metres ...er... its
floor is ceramic-tiled, and. ..er... has many cupboards and lots of counter space; there are
many kitchen utensils...er. ..a chopping board, peeler, sieve, grater and other things. We
have a fridge, electric oven and washing machine in it. There is a large dining table ill the
centre which serves a dual purpose, you know, a cupboard and a table. We usually eat at
this table. There is a large bulletin board on the wall used for our daily shopping lists and
new recipes. There are also some pictures and paintings on this board that we have many
good memories of; telling the story1of our lives; past, present and even future! I love the
kitchen of our home and feel delighted when I'm there. Its ambience is bright and so
inviting. Without a doubt, some of the happiest times of my life have been spent in our
kitchen.
 TOPIC CARD 8

Describe an exam experience you had.

You should say:
• what the exam was
• how hard you studied
• how you felt the day of the exam
• and say whether you passed the exam or
not.

PREPARATIONTIME: 1 MINUTE

CANDIDATE’S NOTES
Math
So hard.
CoiA/floteiAE related
pass

LENGTH OF TIME 1 - 2 MINUTES

I'd like to talk about the math exam that I took when I was a university freshman.
Er... to be honest, [ was kind of weak in math subjects, and...er... what made the matter
worse was my job. You know, during my university years, [ had a part time job and it was
always a challenge to leave my work and be present in the classes. I was awfully behind my
lessons.
But for the final exam, I promised myself to do my best and get through the exam at any
price. I spent lots of time going for every detail; studying and working out many activities to
get ready for the exam. You know, building yourself up to a peak performance on the exam
day is so important in any tests, and luck hardly comes into it. By the way, on the day of the
exam, I was so confident, relaxed and motivated; needless to say I had decided to ace the
exam. To make a long story short, I just sat down on the chair and turned the exam paper...
Gosh!... I couldn't believe my eyes! it was all about chemistry not mathematics. I had gotten
the date of the exam mixed up. Anyway, I did pass the math test with ease, but failed the
chemistry test!
 TOPIC CARD 9

Describe someone you know who is popular

in your neighbourhood.
You should say:
• who he/she is
• when you first met him/her
• how you would describe his/her
character
• and say what the reason of his/her
popularity is.
PREPARATIONTIME: 1 MINUTE

CANDIDATE’S NOTES
doctor
s i x years, ago
C o m m itte d, w it t y
c\ood doctor, Ifzli^d, c a rin g

LENGTH OF TIME 1 - 2 MINUTES

Well, the person I am going to tell you about is our local doctor; the heart and soul of our
neighbourhood. In fact, he's...urn... a friend of mine: quite a good friend. I met him in the first
week we moved to the area that we are living in, because we'd been living in the north
before and had to move because of my job, and that was about six years ago. Er... once I had
a bad headache and went to the clinic of our neighbourhood and he happened to be there,
so he introduced himself as the doctor and we started chatting and became good friends
straight away. What really impressed me was his sense of commitment. Er...whenever
people are in trouble, he's ready to help. Er... He strikes me as the happiest person I know.
He is so witty and has a good sense of humour...er.... he can always make people laugh even
when they are not feeling well... so they start to feel better right away. The reason why I think
he is so likable is that he is really a good doctor and appreciated for it in the whole
neighborhood. I think everybody knows he's very kind and a caring person, so we all trust
him and feel lucky to have him as our physician. He's truly a great person to know.
 TOPIC CARD 10

Talk about your favourite free time activity.

You should say:
• when you first started it
• how often you do it
• whether you would like to do it on your
own or with others
• and explain what you like about it.

PREPARATIONTIME: 1 MINUTE

CANDIDATE’S NOTES
T£iA,i/u.s, ±o
Twice, 3 tlm .e s a rn.oiA.tk
w i t h frie n d s
s^ergetlc, strategy, ‘pace

LENGTH OF TIME 1 - 2 MINUTES

Personally, I'm very sporty, but my most favourite sport has to be tennis which I've been
playing for the last fifteen years. I first started it when I was at the age of ten. I can vividly
remember the first time that I went to a tennis club and saw the tennis players. Yes, that was
that! Now, I'm a good tennis player myself. But of course, it's a bit rusty these days.
Unfortunately, I’m very busy with university lessons so I can hardly spare time for it. But
believe me, if I could, I would play every day... er... I usually play twice or three times a month.
I have some friends who are so good at tennis. We usually go to a club called [...]...er... near
our home. It has a great tennis court. Why do I like it so much? Because it's such an
energetic sport which allows us to release tension and take our mind off things when we are
busy-minded. Another point is that I don't consider it only as a sport. To me, it's a game of
strategy and pace. When something isn't working in the first set, you have to change your
strategy for the second set. You also have to save your energy in case you go to the third
set, and constantly watch and read your opponent's reaction...er... and what keeps me
going and playing? That's simply feeling fresher, fitter and healthier.
 TOPIC CARD 11

Describe a dish that you know how to make.

You should say:
• if it is difficult to prepare
• how much time it takes to be prepared
• what the ingredients are
• and explain how it is prepared.

PREPARATIONTIME: 1 MINUTE

CANDIDATE’S NOTES
Joojejek v^ttds. s te lll
A fe w kvaiA,u.tes
cklc-teeiA,,zauce

c,ut u-p, iA/ate, steewer, barbecue

LENGTH OF TIME 1 - 2 MINUTES

Well, I'd like to talk about how to make my favourite food. It's called 'Joojejeh Kabab1. In
English, 'Barbecued Chicken Kebab'; served both on formal and casual occasions. Although
it's seems to be easy to prepare, it really needs skill. You know, cooking from a recipe is
always easy, but the food is hardly ever enjoyable! If everything is prepared, it doesn't take
too much; only a few minutes. As we all know, a good meal shouldn't be hurried. Anyway, in
order to prepare the food, you need some chicken; it depends on the number of your guests
or family members ...er... your favourite sauce, salt and any spice you like. First, put charcoal
in the barbecue and light it. Then cut up some chicken. Marinate the pieces for a couple of
hours in your favourite barbecue sauce. Next, put the pieces and chops on the skewers.
After that put them on the barbecue and turn them over from time to time until it's gold and
crispy. Finally, take the chicken kebabs off the barbecue. It's usually served with barbecued
tomatoes and eaten either with rice or with bread. It's so delicious. You'll love it!
 TOPIC CARD 12

Talk about the best city/country that you

have been to.
You should say:
• where you were
• how long you were there
• what you like or dislike about it
• and say if you would like to travel again

PREPARATIONTIME: 1 MINUTE

CANDIDATE’S NOTES
L—l
3 kVLOiA/ths
c-w.ltu.re, people
i>efliA/lteLy

LENGTH OF TIME 1 - 2 MINUTES

By far the most memorable thing was traveling to [...]. I had never been to [...] before and
always wanted to. Even now, when I think of that, I feel nostalgic. I was there for about three
months. What makes this country different from other countries is its natural beauty; the
scenery of this country is astonishingly beautiful. Much of the land in [...] is still unspoiled;
so pristine, and is not transformed like most big cities which are usually polluted. The cities
of this country are best explored on foot, if you ask me. Another aspect which was so
interesting to me was their lifestyles. I realised how really happy people are there, even
though they have hardly anything in comparison to our lifestyle. You can see the amazing
social culture and wonderful people who live there. They are so welcoming. I have a really
strong passion for [...], and I'm definitely going to be returning for numerous visits
throughout my life.
 TOPIC CARD 13

Describe your favourite piece of clothing.

You should say:
• what it is and when you bought it
• where you bought it from
• why you decided to buy it
• and explain why it is your favourite.

PREPARATIONTIME: 1 MINUTE

CANDIDATE’S NOTES
Leatherjac-leet, Last year,
L.T
Cold weather, w,y friend's. rebowuMei^datioi^
62j/tallty, s ty lis h , feet c o ^ fid e ^ t

LENGTH OF TIME 1 - 2 MINUTES

My favourite piece of clothing is my leather jacket...er...made by a famous design company.

I bought it last year. I wanted to buy a leather jacket because I wanted something to wear
when the weather got colder. I bought it from a shop called [...]. It sells shoes, clothes and
fashion accessories. The store is in the main shopping area of the city where my workplace
was. My friend worked at the shop so I visited him almost everyday there and looked at the
shoes and clothes. He helped me choose the jacket and told me what style looked best on
me. He also said that the company that had made the jacket was very famous and...er...
always makes quality clothes. My leather jacket is my favourite piece of clothing because it
is very stylish and goes with almost everything in my wardrobe. It's very comfortable and I
know it looks good so I feel confident when I wear it.
 TOPIC CARD 14

Talk about one of your friends.

You should say:
• how long you have known each other
• how you met each other
• how you spend time together
• and explain why you like this person.

PREPARATIONTIME: 1 MINUTE

CANDIDATE’S NOTES
8 years aqo
S>cMool
M0u.iA,taliA, cUw,bt.iA,0, c-hess
c^ood au^d bad tlm.es

LENGTH OF TIME 1 - 2 MINUTES

I'd like to talk about one of my friends, actually my best friend; [...]. We've been friends since
high school- for about 8 years, I guess. Er... We were together in school for four years. After
that we chose different majors and so we were separated in college. Yet, we've kept up our
friendship. I think it is good today as it was then. In fact, we share lots of common interests,
we both like outdoor activities, you know, mountain climbing, hiking, picnicking and that
sort of thing. Also, we both have passion for chess. Wow! We spend hours playing chess.
He's a very special person to me; a truly great friend to havener... and is not just another
fair-weather friend, you know; to leave you alone when you are in trouble. We all know that
in times of prosperity friends are plentiful! He's been with me in both good and bad times, a
devoted friend and ...er...so trusty. Urn... both of us are committed to this friendship and
value it.
 TOPIC CARD 15

Describe the process of getting a job in your

country.
You should say:
• what options are available to a job seeker
• what documents are usually required
• what stages are involved
• and explain how this process could be
improved.
PREPARATIONTIME: 1 MINUTE

CANDIDATE’S NOTES
Ads, employ w,eiA,t c*0eiA/cy, iA,etworteiiA,0
Resume, cover letter, copies
Interview
database

LENGTH OF TIME 1 - 2 MINUTES

In order to find a job, there are some options, for example, looking in the classified ads,
going to an employment agency or networking, you know, meeting and talking to people
who can help you. About what documents should be submitted...er...it depends on the job.
but generally speaking, the required documents for applying a job are usually a resume, a
cover letter, one or two photos, copies of the university degree, ID card and other things.
You know, in some jobs, the applicant is required to take a written exam to make sure
whether he or she is qualified enough to meet the initial requirements of the job or not. If
the candidate is able to pass the exam...er... is invited for an interview, meanwhile his or her
completed application is reconsidered. Sometimes, the candidate is offered the job on
probation for a certain period of time; six months, for example. If the candidate is
recommended, and the feedback which is given by the section or department manager is
positive, the applicant is invited to sign the employment form. About the last question...er... I
should say I'm no expert, but I think a good way to improve the current situation is to
provide people with information; a database in which all job opportunities have been
recorded, and can be found.
 TOPIC CARD 16

Describe a serious problem in your

hometown/city. You should say:
• what it is
• what has caused this problem
• what can be done about the problem.
• and explain why you think it is serious.

PREPARATIONTIME: 1 MINUTE

CANDIDATE’S NOTES
Traffic.
c,ars, iA/Ot enough roads, b r e a the rules
“P u b lic tra n s p o rta tio n , carp oo lin g, s m a rt com puter
T im e, p o llu tio n

LENGTH OF TIME 1 - 2 MINUTES

I think the most critical problem of my city is heavy traffic jams. Er...most main streets are
clogged, and cars move at a snail's pace especially in the rush hour, traffic is at a complete
standstill; bumper to bumper. There are several reasons for this high volume of traffic. First
of all, the number of private cars has increased considerably in the last few years and is not
at all comparable with the number of roads built. I think the second reason is lack of
attention to rules; many drivers and pedestrians don't obey the traffic rules, particularly at
busy intersections. Of course, there are many ways to address this issue. To the best of my
knowledge, the most important initiative is to improve public transportation; now, it's really
in poor condition. Another effective solution to relieve traffic congestion is to encourage
carpooling which contributes to the reduction of car users. It's time and money-saving .The
last measure to ease traffic is to apply automated traffic management systems; designing a
system which is controlled by a smart central computer. Traffic is such a serious problem
and needs urgent attention, for one thing, lots of time is wasted in traffic jams, for another,
as we all know, there is a direct link between traffic and air pollution. Such high level of
pollution shouldn't be tolerated because it leads to many physical, mental and
environmental problems.
 TOPIC CARD 17

Talk about your favourite actor/actress.

You should say:
• who he/she is
• what his/her best film is
• what he/she looks like
• and explain why he/she is your favourite.

PREPARATIONTIME: 1 MINUTE

CANDIDATE’S NOTES
L—l
L-.L bi/isliA,essw,0iA, Athletic fig u r e
Likeable character, bom, actor, all roles

LENGTH OF TIME 1 - 2 MINUTES

I'm a big fan of [...], a star of stage and screen; a superb actor. He's acted in a number of
award-winning films. Also he has starred in many TV serials produced in Iran. To my mind,
he gave his finest performance in [...] ;a thrilling film in which he plays the role of a
successful businessman- his best-known role. It was both a critical success and a huge box
office hit, and made an enormous profit. To describe him, I should say, he has an athletic
figure with rugged face; really manly. He is not only famous, but also popular. As we all
know, fame and popularity are different. He has a likeable character...er...really selfless. I
love his acting. I believe he is a born actor; extremely versatile. He is at ease with all the
roles given to him, and is efficiently able to immerse himself in characters. The interesting
point is that he has done well both in serious and comic roles, and has played a variety of
parts. In spite of the fact he is getting sort of stereotyped in some of his roles, he is still
highly popular because I think he has a professional approach to his job. I'm sure that you'll
have the same opinion if you see his movies.
 TOPIC CARD 18

Talk about an important festival or national

holiday in your country.
You should say:
• when it is celebrated
• how it is celebrated
• if it symbolises a message
• and explain why it is so special to you

PREPARATIONTIME: 1 MINUTE

CANDIDATE’S NOTES
New y e a r, sprliA .0

cleaiA/liA/0 houses, visiting the elders, H-afbseeiA,, slzdahbedar

Fresh i^ess
f-tlstory, beliefs

LENGTH OF TIME 1 - 2 MINUTES

To my mind/ Norooz' is the most important national festival in my country.

In Iranian culture, the coming of new year-the first day of spring is called Norooz and
celebrated by many rituals and traditions; cleaning houses,...er... giving gifts, making
resolutions and good wishes, visiting the elders, relatives and...er... a great chance to renew
acquaintance with old friends. It is customary to sit around 'Haft Seen' tablecloth, you know,
Haft Seen is a traditional tablecloth, set and decorated with seven symbolic items beginning
with the Persian letter 'S'. In fact, each symbolic item represents a message. The
celebration lasts for 13 days, and the last day of the ceremony is called 'sizdahbedar' in
which people go for picnics and enjoy the natural outdoors. Norooz is the celebration of life
and symbolises renewal and freshness. It is highly respected by Iranians because it
represents the history, beliefs and traditions of my country, now, it is celebrated in other
countries too. I believe it's everybody's responsibility to make every effort to promote it and
celebrate it as magnificently as possible.
 TOPIC CARD 19

Describe a special occasion when you had a

really enjoyable meal.
You should say:
• what the occasion was
• who was at the meal
• what was served, and you ate
• and explain why the meal was so
enjoyable.
PREPARATIONTIME: 1 MINUTE

CANDIDATE’S NOTES
New year's, eve, iA,ewjob
Fam ily, friends
cMic,\ztia,, salad, dessert, c,altze
Made by a chef

LENGTH OF TIME 1 - 2 MINUTES

I can remember having a really enjoyable meal one New Year's Eve when I just started my
new job at a company. I had always wanted to work for [...]; about two years after 1 had
graduated from university. It was on New Year's Eve and my whole family was there
including my parents, my elder brother and a couple of friends. We met up with some old
school friends, it was like a reunion. Also my mother's best friend and her son joined US. It
was a highly enjoyable occasion as most people knew each other. Also the food was great.
Everybody came to our house and brought different dishes. We ate barbecued chicken,
green salad, fried and baked potatoes. For dessert, we had plum pudding. We also had a
delicious chocolate cake that was made by the son of my mother's friend who is a chef.
Wow! The party was a blast! There were lots of excited whoops and cheers until late at night.
We had a wild time; everyone talked and there was so much laughter that sometimes we
had tears coming out of our eyes. It was a really great day with terrific food. Everybody had a
wonderful time.
 TOPIC CARD 20

Describe a place where you go shopping for

clothes.
You should say:
• where you usually go
• how often you shop for clothes
• how you choose your clothes
• and explain why you go there.

PREPARATIONTIME: 1 MINUTE

CANDIDATE’S NOTES
L—l
■£>e0liA,i/u.iA,0 o f seasons
M fl 0flzlt/ves, feel com fortable, looks good
v a rie ty o f clothes, tim e -s a v in g

LENGTH OF TIME 1 - 2 MINUTES

When I go shopping for clothes 1 usually go to [...]. You know. It is famous for its high fashion
shops as well as reasonably-priced outlets. I usually go there because 1 can buy high quality
clothes that 1 know will look good for a long time as well as cheaper items that I may only
wear fora season. 1 usually buy clothes at the beginning of each season because 1 buy
clothes that are appropriate for the weather. Mostly, I buy clothes that I have seen in
magazines and have liked. 1 won't buy something that I don't like just because it is in
fashion. I also buy clothes that I feel comfortable in and make me look good. What I most
like about shopping in [...] is that I can do all my shopping in one place. It has all the shops
that 1 like as well as having a large variety of clothes to choose from; a wide selection of
leading brands. I like it because I don't have to spend lots of time shopping around the city
to get the things I want, I'd recommend anyone who wants to experience great shopping to
goto there.
LINKING WORDS

Functions
Discourse markers link one idea to another in speech or writing. They clarify relationships
between sentences and ideas for listeners or readers. The following words may have more
than one function.

COMPARISON
Similarly Similarto similar manner Like
Just as Just like To be alike Likewise
Almost the same as The same as In the same way To have in common
As if As though Correspondingly as (adj /adv) as
Identically) In relation to Equal / Equivalent to To resemble

CONTRAST
However Nevertheless Still Although
(Even)though Despite/ In spite of Despite the fact that Whereas
In contrast But While On the other hand
On the contrary By (In) contrast To compare to/w ith In comparison to
Conversely Otherwise Alternatively Unlike
To differ from Yet Nonetheless After all
Apart from On (the) one hand In practice In theory

COMMENT & ATTITUDE

Fortunately Unfortunately Incidentally Normally
Typically Interestingly Surprisingly Astonishingly
Ideally Obviously Honestly Frankly
Personally Clearly Theoretically Seriously
Predictably Strongly Miraculously Understandably
Confidentially Simply Economically Officially
Bitterly Exactly Precisely Reasonably

PURPOSE
For In order (not) to do... So as ( not) to do... So that
 DEGREE & EXTENT& INTENSITY & EMPHASIS
Moderately Pretty Quite Relatively
Rather Increasingly Somewhat Up to a point
Too Almost Practically Completely
To some extent To a great extent To a limited extent Thoroughly
Extremely Exceedingly Grossly Notably
Significantly Dramatically Considerably Immeasurably
Sufficiently Adequately Enough Partly
Partially Excessively Mainly Mostly
Fully Approximately Roughly Just about
Greatly Enormously Highly Noticeably
Really Terribly Truly Unusually
Immensely Tremendously Entirely Markedly
Barely Profoundly Virtually Hugely
Pretty much Fantastically Amazingly Outstandingly
Astoundingly Absolutely Undeniably Unquestionably
Admittedly Indeed In fact Particularly
Primarily Incredibly Naturally More or less
Always Increasingly Entirely Strongly
Evidently Specifically In particular So
Such Definitely Certainly Utterly
Remarkably Undoubtedly Awfully Terribly
Eminently Severely Intensely Acutely

ADDITION & SEQUENCE

In addition Furthermore Moreover Also
And As well as And now Besides
For one thing... Additionally By this 1mean More importantly
One more point First(ly) To begin with To start with
The first point First of all Initially In the first place
The first feature Secondly Third(ly) Subsequently
Next earlier After that Then Afterwards
The former The latter What is more Not only...but also
Later Lastly Ultimately Finally
 CAUSE
For Because Since As
Because of Due to That's why The result of
The reason for In the view of For the sake of By virtue of
Hence now that so (adj /adv) that On account of

RESULT
So As a result In consequence of Consequently
Therefore Thus Accordingly For this reason

RESTATEMENT & CONCLUSION

in brief In short In a word Generally
On the whole Overall In conclusion In summary
In other words all in all That implies As a general rule
In some senses To be more precise To be exact To put it simply
That is (to say) To sum up To conclude To summerise

ALTERNATIVE
Or either ...or whether ...or... Instead
Instead of Ratherthan Alternatively Interchangeably

EXAMPLE
For example For instance A prime example Including
Namely In this case In another case Take the case of
To illustrate To clarify this point To take another In particular

Such as Like A case in point is particularly

Particularly A good example of In case of As a model/sample

CONDITION
If Even if If so If not

Provided that Providing On condition that Depending on

It (all) depends on Unless Otherwise As long as
 TIME & FREQUENCY
As soon as Just as Meanwhile While
When Immediately Lately Recently
Now During Since For
Shortly before Long before Shortly after Soon after
Long after In the (near) future As long as These days
Nowadays At present At the same time At the moment
Until very recently Until After before
By the time Ever since Since then Later
Whenever So far Simultaneously Eventually
At last Gradually Little by little Bit by bit
Hardly ever Regularly Normally Soon
In no time Later Constantly Over and over
Currently All the time Most of the time Nowand then
Nowand again Just now In the course of time Sooner or later
In due course Prior to Always Occasionally
From time to time At times Sometimes Once in a while
Pretty often Pretty frequently Seldom Almost never
Scarcely Almost always Every nowand then Periodically
Al (regular) Intervals Commonly All the time On and off
(Every) nowand then Continuously Intermittently Rarely
Predominately On a regular basis On a daily basis On occasion (s)
Once in a while As usual Every day/wcek Every other day/week

CERTAINTY & PROBABILITY

Definitely Certainly Most probably Probably
Maybe Perhaps Possibly Supposedly
Un/likely Highly unlikely Presumably seemingly
 EXPRESIONS

Functions

LIKES

1like/lovc/adore/enjoy... I've always liked/lovcd I'm quite fascinated by...

I'm (very/deeply) interested ...intercsts/fascinates me a

My main interest is...
in.. lot.
1have a particular fondness
I'm (really) fond of... I'm really keen on...
for...
....a great/ marvellous way to
1am a real fan of... ... really appeals to me

I’m intrigued by... ...has always intrigued me It would make sense to me

1find it (quite/ absolutely) It's fine/ excellent/ great/ It's amazing/ smashing/
fascinaling/interesting/enjoy superb fantastic/ fabulous/ perfect/ wonderful/

DISLIKES
1don't (particularly) care
1don't like/enjoy/...very much. 1dislike/hate...
for...

1am not (very) interested in... It’s (terribly/awfully) boring. 1find...sort of boring

...rather bores me. It's too... 1don't like...at all.

1don't go for...(lnfml) I'm not into...(lnfml) It doesn't appeal to me

It's tedious 1am not fond of... 1am not keen on...

1find...(particularly/really/ 1really expect it to be better/ 1don't find it very

very) unattractive/ nicer/... interesting.
1don't think it's very Urn... 1don't have much/any 1find...(rather/ very/ totally)
interesting/exciting. interest in... boring/dull

NEUTRALITY

It makes no difference to me It's all the same to me 1don't mind

It doesn't matter to me 1don't hold any particular

1don't care.
whether ...or not. position on that
 PREFERENCE

I'd (much) p refer.. .to ... I'd prefer not to... I'd (much) rather (not)...

I'd lik e ... 1 tend to prefer... 1 enjoy...(much) more than...

I’m (much) more attracted

1 like...more/ better than... I'm much more interested in...
to...
My choice/ preference On the whole, 1 find...more On balance, ...appeals to me
would be... attractive/interesting/enjoya more than...

ABILITY

I'm able to... 1 can... I'm (pretty) good at...

1 have the experience/

I'm capable of... 1 feel capable of...
ability/qualifications

CLARIFICATION

1 mean What 1mean is... What I'm trying to say is...

That means... In short Well, as a matter of fact

Here, I'm referring to... In fact To be more precise,

To be exact... In other words Let's put it this way

ACCOMPLISHMENTS

I've managed... 1 have managed to... I'd like to have...

I've been able to... 1 was able to... 1hope I'll have...

CAUSES
...is the main contributing
...is the cause of... ...is caused by...
factor.
There is a direct/close link One of the main causes of The most important reason
between ...and... this problem is ... Another why... Another reason is ...
 FUTURE (PLANS & HOPES & PREDICTION& CERTAINTY & PROBABILITY)

Next week/ month/ year I'm planning to... I'd like/want to...

In the next few days/ weeks/ In the next couple of days/ By the end of the days/ week/
months/years... weeks/ months/ years... month/ year...
My dream is to.../ My ambition
I'm (really) determined to... 1 have a real desire to...
is to...

1 am very optimistic... 1hope.../ Hopefully I'm confident...

1 think / 1 don't think/l believe / 1 There is a good/ a 50-50/

1 feel (quite) sure about...
assume/ guess/ suppose... reasonable chance that...
There is a little/ not much It is probable/ likely/ unlikely 1 predict/anticipate...will lead
chance that... that... to/ result in...
1 foresee / 1 can't foresee any From what I've heard/read, it
1 strongly suspect this will...
problems... seems...
This will undoubtedly/ This will probably/ possibly
This would/might lead to...
certainly/ definitely lead to... lead to...

OPINIONS

1 think 1 tend to think Personally 1 think

To my mind From my point of view 1 (firmly) believe

In my view In my experience 1 would say...

It seems to me/ the way 1see

To the best of my knowledge In my opinion
it...

As far as I'm concerned As far as 1can see For my money (Infml)

What 1think is this... I'd like to point out... It is a good idea to...

OPINIONS (PASSIVE STRUCTURE)

It is said that It is believed that... It is thought that...

It is expected that... It is considered... It is understood...

It is known that... It is reported that... It is alleged that...

 TOTAL AGREEMENT

Exactly Absolutely 1 agree entirely

1 (totally/completely/quite) 1 couldn't agree more (1

So do/did/can...1
agree completely agree)
That's just what 1 was
Neither do/did/can... 1 1 feel the same way
thinking
1think it's a good idea 1 go along with the idea that.../
I'm in favour of...
because... with your view that...
1 think it's justifiable in some 1 share your opinion that/ on
1 couldn't agree more
ways. the issue of...
PARTIAL AGREEMENT

1 agree on the whole 1 agree up to a point... That's quite right, but...

Well, you have a point there,

1 agree to some extent. Hmm, Possibly, but...
but...

DISAGREEMENT

Um...l actually think 1 don't agree/disagree 1 don't think so

I'm completely against it

1 tend to disagree I'm not at all in favour of it.
because...
I'm completely opposed to I'm inclined to disagree with I'm afraid. 1 don't go along
that idea that with this idea
I'm afraid 1 don't share the That doesn't necessarily
Not necessarily
opinion follow/ happen...
You may have a point. I'm not sure that it works like
That's highly unlikely
Nevertheless, 1 think... that
There is no justification I'm afraid. 1 don't think there
1 would not say that
for... is a link between...and...
1 don't altogether agree with I'm bound to say 1 disagree
That's not possible
you with you on this point

SOLUTIONS
...to/ in order to address, ...to/ in order to improve, There are three things to
deal with, tackle, handle develop, expand, increase... consider First of
The best alternative/ The best measure/ policy/
One thing to do about it is to...
solution/ initiative (would way/ strategy (would be/ is
PART 3
DISCUSSION
 TIPS of PART 3
Speaking test

Part 3:
Discussion (4-5 minutes)
The examiner will invite you to discuss a number of issues, broadly related in theme to the
Part 2. The questions will increase in difficulty slightly as this part of the test progresses.

DOSANDDONTS

• Remember there is no right or wrong answer.

• Try to give informed, interesting and appropriate responses to the examiner's prompts.

• Try to have a clear understanding of the questions.

• Don't worry if you can't think of a word. You can paraphrase and get around it.

• Be willing to give extended responses.

• Show your ability by expressing abstract ideas, support your opinions, point out both
positive and negative aspects and speculate about the future.

• Listen carefully which word to address and build you answer around.

- What are the benefits of vegetarianism?

Obviously, you need to speak about the benefits. Use a paraphrase or synonym
when answering.

• Use appropriate introductory phrases. You can give an opinion without using an
opening clause, but it will sound very direct. To soften your responses, it is better to start
with an expression such as:

- Personally I think
- In my opinion
- To my mind

If you are asked to talk a subject you have never thought about, the most important thing is
not to panic. Avoid responding with 7 don't know' or 7 have no idea'. To think of an idea or
speak more naturally, you can use the following phrases.
- What I'm trying to say is...
- I'm not sure. You could say..., hut...
- I'm fairly certain that...
- Well, there's a fifty-fifty chance of...
- Generally speaking
- Broadly speaking
- Personally speaking
- Metaphorically speaking
- Practically speaking
- Relatively speaking
- Simply speaking
- Technically speaking
- Roughly speaking
- To put it more simply
- To be more exact
- To put it more accurate
- To be honest/ realistic, I have different views about/ on [...]
- / don't foresee any problems in the future.
- It's almost impossible to predict what will happen
- The (economic) consequences of [...] are enormous
- Well, it's difficult to say. but in my experience
- It's a difficult issue
- I think it's a complicated issue
- Well, it's hard to say
- That's an interesting po in t/thin k I would have to say...
- Beyond any doubt...
- It's hard to say. One way of looking at it is..., hut...
- To be honest, that's not something I've ever really thought about, but I suppose...
- Perhaps I should make that clearer by saying...
- Let me illustrate my point by...
- /'m no expert but /th in k
- If you ask me,
- Er...maybe this question requires some expertise, but to the best of my knowledge...
- There is no simple solution to the problem of [...]
- It's reasonable to say...
- The truth (of the matter) is...
- A sa matter of fact...
- In fact, this is an issue of much importance to everyone
- It's a matter of the greatest importance to me
- In fact, many factors should be taken into account/considered
- There are many different opinions about this issue, but I think
- Well, people have got mixed feelings about that
- Another justification is...
- A not her reason why....___________________________________________________________________________________________
- Another point to keep in mind is...
- To my mind, it's quite justifiable/defensible/reasonable/acceptable
- I think it’s justifiable in some ways
- Urn...I think it depends on...
- I think it would be pointless
- I think it’s worth...
- There are lots of advantages/disadvantages associated with...
- ... has both advantages and disadvantages
- Actually, there is a lot of controversy about...
- I think this issue continues to be a subject of controversy
- It's such a controversial issue
- It's an issue with lots of pros and cons
- The effects can be both positive and negative, but overall /th in k the advantages of
[...] out weigh the disadvantages.
- I think the benefits of [...] far outweigh its risks
- You can look at this issue front different angles
- Basically, there are two ways to looks at this issue
- I can see both sides
- It's hard to predict
- It's impossible to foresee
- I think [...] should be banned/outlawed/prohibited/forbidden/prevented/ limited/
restricted
- I think [...] should be supported/promoted/ encouraged/ legalized/ organised
- In a word,...
- To recap, I should say...
- To sum up, I should mention...
• When you are asked a 'How question 1 (How+ adjective/adverb), you can use an
adverb of degree to express your opinion.
Examiner: How important is it to have a regular fitness programme?
Candidate: I think it is highly/incredibly important.
• When you are asked for your opinion on a subject, you can avoid sounding too
dogmatic by using suitable linking words, e.g. Although, Admittedly. Despite the
fact...
- Although computers are very useful in everyday life, I think we rely too heavily on
them.
- Admittedly, it's hard to learn but it's worth trying.
• If you don’t know much about a topic, talk about something related to that topic then
explain the connection. This is not ideal, but better than saying nothing at a ll!
 100 Absolutely Essential Topics (A-Z)
1. Accidents 26. Cri me 51. GM food 76. Obesity

2. Acid rain 27. Cultural 52. Flappiness 77. Over population

heritage
3. Addiction 28. Culture 53. FHigh rise buildings 78. Parenting

4. Adoption 29. Culture shock 54. Flistory 79. Personality

5. Advertising 30. Diet 55. Flobbies 80. Pets
6 . Aging 31. Disability 56. Floliday 81. Poverty
7. Agriculture 32. Distance 57. Flome schooling 82. Public transport
learning
8 . Aids 33. Divorce 58. Flomelessness 83. Recycling

9- Air pollution 34. Doping 59. Flousing 84. Satellites

10. Animal testing 35. Education 60. Illiteracy 85. School discipline

11. Art 36. Energy 61. Industrial relations 8 6 . Smoking

12. Astrology 37. Environment 62. (The) internet 87. Space exploration
13. Automation 38. Fame 63. Jobs 8 8 . Sport
Juvenile
14. Brain drain 39. Family 64. 89. Sporting events
delinquency
15. Bribery 40. Family tics 65. Language 90. Sportsmanship

16. Charity 41. Famine 6 6 . Law 91. Stress

17. Child care 42. Fashion, 67. Life expectancy 92. Success
clothing
18. Child labour 43. Fear 6 8 . Marriage 93. Tourism

19. Childhood 44. Festivals 69. Mass media 94. Traffic

Children's
45. Field trips 70. Memory 95. TV
u' education
21. City life 46. Film 71. Migration 96. Unemployment
22. Climate 47. Friendship 72. Modern life 97. Urban sprawl

2 3 Computer games 48. Generation gap 73. Music 98. Violence

2 4 Computerisation 49. Global warming 74. Natural disasters 99. Water pollution
25. Country life 50. Globalisation 75. Noise pollution 100. Zoos
Main fu n ctio n s:

- FOR & AGAINST

- PROS & CONS

- CAUSE & EFFECT

A c c id e n t s :
TOPIC 1
KEY IDEAS

Causes:
There are m a n y contributors, to t r a f f ic accidents I n c lu d in g bad d r iv in g habits, d r u n k
d r iv in g , over con fide nce o f the drivers, v io la tio n o f esse ntia l rules, ( e.g. speeding a n d

d r iv in g re c k le s s ly ), d is tra c tio n , carelessness, tired ne ss, n a v ig a tio n a l errors, -poor road

c o n d itio n s , defective e q u ip m e n t a n d de ficiencies I n the vehicle, ■poor v is ib ilit y , poor

weather c o n d itio n s , re la x a tio n o f d r iv in g a n d s a fe ty laws, la c k o f la w en forcem e nt a n d

Ina deq ua te public- e d u ca tio n o n th is Issue

Suggestions to reduce car accidents:

The m ost effective w a y to reduce the n u m b e r o f accidents Is to 'promote 'public e d u c a tio n (
e.g. workshops a n d free booklets). A measure to reduce the n u m b e r o f accidents Is to

re d esign a n d reshape poor roads. B q u lp 'p ln g roads a n d streets w ith necessary fa c ilitie s , (
e.g. 'p u ttin g up more road s ig n s . I n s t a llin g S'peed c o n tro l devices a n d providliA,0 more

speed bu.rn.ps a n d bum,ps).

S>ome'preventive “program m es In c lu d e re d u c in g car In su ra n ce , tou0hetA,liA,0 d r iv in g law s

a n d tre a tin g law -breakers more h a rs h ly , e.g. re v o k in g the d e lin q u e n ts ' d r iv in g license.

Discussion Questions:
1. Additional police enforcement is the most effective alternative to reduce the number of
car accidents.' How far do you agree?
2. Do you think car accidents can be avoided by technological devices?
3. The best way to reduce the number of traffic accidents is to make all young drivers a
complete safe driving education course before being licensed to drive.' I low effective is
this?
4. 'Hit and run drivers should be treated the same way as anyone who attacks a person with
any other deadly weapon.' Do you agree or disagree?
A c id r a in :
TOPIC 2
KEY IDEAS

Effects:
Acid r a in causes, extensive d a m a g e to ve g e ta tio n , w a te r resources, n a t u r a l ecosystem, a n d
llv ln 0 o rg a n is m s , e.g. a g u a tlc ecosystems are seriously threatened by a c id ic water. A c id
r a in c a n cause m an y health problems, e.0. s k in disorders. Acid ra in endan0ers the

w ildlife. It can even mafee a n im a l species extinct. Acid ra in d a m a g e s a g r ic u lt u r a l

■p ro d u cts a n d often m a ke s heavy losses.

Acid ra in Is hl0hly corrosive. I t c a n d a m a g e the stonework of b u ild in g s a n d statu.es.

Some measures to prevent acid rain:

s i n c e s u lp h u r dioxide which Is released to the atm osphere k n ow n as a pollu tan t a n d a
m a^or contributor to acid ra in m ade by bu rn ln 0 f o s s il fu e ls a n d wood, therefore, the

m ost effective a lte rn a tiv e to prevent acid rain Is to use e n v lr o n m e n ta lly - f r le n d ly an d

renewable source o f e n e rg y , oth er s u g g e s tio n s to address a ir p o llu t io n are as follow s;
Im p o s in g vehicle e m is s io n s ta n d a rd s to c o n tro l pollutants. I n t r o d u c in g m ore e ffic ie n t

laws to deal with th is e n v iro n m e n ta l Issue, e n c o u ra g in g In d u stries to move to su bu rb s

by provldln0 enou0h Incentives an d other f in a n c i a l assista nce .

Discussion Questions:
1. What course of action should be taken to prevent acid rain?
2. The best way to deal with air pollution is enacting stricter laws.' Do you agree?
3. Who is more to blame for the environmental crisis called 'Acid rain'; people or
governments?
Measures to address drug addiction:
To ‘promote public education,^ to ta k e n o tio n a0alnst dru0 tra fflc k ln 0 by ap-plyln0
puckishment oriented I appraac-hes, to llm.lt the availability of addictive dru0s by
tl0hteiA.liA/0 up the laws on dru0 possession.

Effects:
x>ru0 addiction causes a number of psycholo0lcalproblems, such as anxiety, loneliness,
self-pity, self-blame, hopelessness, concentration disorders and leam ln0 disabilities.
Addiction can cause m any physlolo0lcal and physical problems, such as lu n 0 cancer
and respiratory diseases. I^ru0 dependence destroys, hum an spirit and mental
capabilities. Pru0 a d diction, destroys fa m ily relationships and Is known as a major
cause of fa m ily breakdown. Pru0 abuse Is the root of m any crlntes.

Discussion Questions:
A d d ic t io n :
TOPIC 3
KEY IDEAS

Causes and contributing factors:

Weate, w illpow er, personality deficiencies, fa m ily breakdow n, t>oor fa m ily
e n v iro n m e n ts , re g u la r use o f tobacco products, recre atio nal d ru g use, peer pressure,
joblessness, a n d relaxation of laws.

Suggestions to help the addicts:

Addiction re h a b ilita tio n pro gra m m e s In c lu d e occupational therapy; v o c a tio n a l t r a in in g ,
job placem ent, life stellls tra in in g , community ed uca tion , fa m ily support, behaviour
therapy, ncedlcal treatment, c o u n s e llin g sessions to build up the addict's character,
providing ongoing train in g fo r educators a n d tre a tm e n t providers, and preventive
programmes. (Prevention Is better than cure.)
 1. In your opinion, how can drug addiction be addressed or treated?
2. Do you think addiction should be considered as an illness?

A d o p t io n :
TOPIC 4
KEY IDEAS

Role:
The prim ary aim o f ad o p tio n Is to promote the w elfare o f d is a d v a n ta g e d c h ild re n .
One o f the major benefits, f o r the c h ild Is th a t he or she Is -provided w ith adoptive parents
who are emotionally a n d fin a n c ia lly ready to be parents.

A d a p tio n gives adoptive parents the ability to f u l f i l l th e ir olreams o f h a v in g a ch ild .

Adopted c h ild re n receive a two-parent home and sometimes even a brother or sister,
statistics show that adopted children are provided with a 0reater chance o f a good
education. The 0oal o f adoption Is to provide a permanent, secure and nu.rtu.rln0
environment f o r the child. Adoption promotes the well-beln0 o f children, blrthparents
and adoptive families.

Discussion Questions:
1. 'Adoption is a lifelong commitment.' How do you understand this?
2. Can you mention some reasons why people choose to adopt?
3. Should adoption be encouraged?
4. Who should be considered as the real parent, foster parents, or biological parents?
5. What qualities do you think adoptive parents need to be allowed to adopt children?
6 . In your opinion, what are the social effects of adoption?
7. In what ways do you think adoption promotes the spiritual values in a society?
8 . Do you think that adoptive parents should maintain the adopted child's cultural identity?
9. Where possible, should the adoptive parents maintain contact with the natural parents?
10. Should biological parents be allowed to reclaim their adopted children?
11. Do you think adopting children from other countries is good?
12. Should parents tell the adopted children that they were adopted? Why/not? If so, at
what age?
A d v e r t is in g :
TOPIC 5
KEY IDEAS

Pros:
Advertising plays a key role In heightening competition, lowering prices. Introducing
new pro du cts and services, helping people to fin d their latent needs, ralsli^Q people’s
awareness. Advertising provides people with a lot of useful Information, it enables
cov^suvutrs to mafee Intelligent choices

Cons:
Most advertisers use tricks and catchy slogan s to persuade people to buy things that
they don't need, in other words, most advertisements are Intended to create unreal needs.
Most pro du cts which are advertised are flashy and poor In quality, but they are heavily
hyped. Most advertisements are tempting and misleading; they work through
suggestion, and give people unrealistic expectations, and usually affect people's
shopping habits. Advertisers only think about sales promotion to capture more market
share. Information Is often misinformation. Som e methods used In advertising are
unethical and unacceptable, e.g. u sin g gim m ick s to target people to buy new products.

Role of consumers' association:

Most cor^suvutrs associations are formed to protect cov^suvutrs from unsafe products, help
cov^suvutrs to file formal complaints and deal with profiteering and overcharging.

Discussion Questions:
1. To what extent and how does advertising affect people's purchasing decisions?
2. What factors influence your choice of products to buy? Think of advertising, quality
and durability, peer pressure, competitive price, special offers, style, brand, loyalty,
etc.
3. Do you think 'consumerism' should be considered as an opportunity or a threat?
4. Why modern society is often called 'materialistic'?
A g in g &t he el der l y car e :
TOPIC 6
KEY IDEAS

Causes of early aging:

B a rly a g in g Is due to genetic a nd e n v iro n m e n ta l factors. N on-genetlc
factors which co ntribu te to early a g in g In clu d e poor life s ty le s . In fe rio r
n u tr itio n , low a c tiv ity levels, excessive w e ig ht g a in , h a r m fu l
e n v iro n m e n ta l elements, e.g. excessive u v lig h t exposure and a ir
p o llu tio n .

Suggestions to delay aging:

A g 'm g c-fliA, be stowed to sorue extent by hav'm g a healthy lifestyle; a balanced diet a iA,d
healthy e a tin g habits, sensible wel0ht control, re g u la r physical a c tiv itie s ., proper exercise
aiA/d relaxation, plenty of rest, adequate sleep, proper vuecklcal care, e.g. re0u.lar che&te-ups
and sc-reenln0, re0u.lar use of q uality su.pplem,ents, havln0 a stein care progravuvue and
protec-tlon front ultraviolet tl0ht, and adequate attentlonto spiritual needs.*1
0
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2

Discussion Questions:
1. Why are many people dread growing old? What are the sorrows and joys of old age?
2. Do you think people have fewer goals as they get older?
3. Do you think people take fewer risks as they grow older?
4. Why might a person's needs change as a result of age?
5. Discuss how life can be made easier for the elderly.
6. Should people accept it as their duty to take care of their aging parents? Discuss.
7. Do you think that it is the responsibility of the young to provide financial security for the
aged?
8. In what ways do you think nursing homes help the elders?
9. In your opinion does the rise in the number of old people affect the economy? Explain.
10. What after-retirement programmes can be devised to maintain the mental health of the
retired?
11. In your opinion, should the elderly care services be provided by the tax payers? Why
/not?
A g r ic u l t u r e :
TOPIC 7
KEY IDEAS

Role:
A g ric u ltu re p la y s a n IkKportai/vt role In the iA,atloiA,al economy o f a cou ntry; It
contributes, to the CyPP and <S)NP (Cyross bow.estlc/Natl0iA,al Product) o f countries.
A g ric u ltu re fem es the baciebcu/ve o f the mral economy. one of the benefits of developliA,0
agricu lture Is reducing ru ra l poverty.
A g ric u ltu re provides food security.
A g ric u ltu re provides a variety ofjob opportunities.
A g ric u ltu re contributes to n a tu ra l beauty and scenic landscapes.

Suggestions to develop agriculture:

In order to develop ag ricu lture the following Ideas are suggested '.sta b ilisin g markets,
0u.araiA/teeliA/0 a m in im u m price fo r a g ric u ltu ra l products, supportli/v0 farmers with
educational and technical assistance, redw.cln0 production costs and Increasing
productivity by o fferin g e^ulpneent leasing services, constructing efficie n t Irrig a tio n
networks, setting f a ir standards o f liv in g fo r the farm ers population, and offerin g
financial supports and loans In order to promote a0rlcultural activities

1. What suggestions do you put forward to encourage agriculture?

2. What role might agriculture have in developing the rural sections of a country?
3. Do you think agriculture should be treated differently from other industries? Why/ not?
4. In your opinion, in what ways does agriculture contribute to economic growth?
5. How docs agriculture contribute to ecologically sustainable development?
6. What do you think are the pros and cons of 'mechanisation of agriculture'?
7. How can 'modern farming methods' cause unemployment?
 A TOPIC 8
X 1 ID S :
KEY IDEAS

Causes:
The m a in causes are as, follow s : Aii>«s ca n be tra ils m ltte d through u s ln 0 oov&avuiv^ated
an d shared blood p roducts , an d sexual contact with aia, Infected partner.

Suggestions to prevent AIDS:

Preventive measures Include educating people on how the disease Is spread, p ro m o tln 0
vuoral valu.es, mate,ln0 te s tln 0 servlc-es an d a n tl-f-tiv d ru gs available,
gove rn m en ts should ta ke steps to address A n>s, e.0. s e ttln 0 up t t i v prevention
workshops and counselling sessions designed to Increase people's awareness.

Discussion Questions:
1. 'It's said that there is no vaccine against HIV infection'. Do you think AIDS will ever be
eradicated?
2. What would be the best course of action to combat AIDS?
3. How could media contribute to the reduction of AIDS?
4. What do you think rich countries should do to help poorer countries with many AIDS
sufferers?
5. Why do you think prevention measures are the best ways to address AIDS?
6. Do you think there is a link between AIDS and poverty? If so, explain how it can
contribute to the spread of AIDS and the number of AIDS victims.

A ir POLLUTION:
TOPIC 9
KEY IDEAS

Causes:
A i r p o llu tio n is due to various causes, such as b u rn ln 0 -fossil fu e ls a n d e m issio n o f
hazardous p o llu ta n ts caused by factories an d autom obiles, e.0. carbon dioxide and
carbon monoxide.
Effects:
A ir pollution causes m.any health ‘problems, such as respiratory diseases, eye Irritation
and prem.atu.re newborn babies. A ir pollution c-an destroy the ozone layer that protects
US from, the harm.fu.1 rays of the sun and consequently, air pollution contributes to
global warming. A ir pollution dam.ages natural resources and leads to ecosystem,
degradation and poor air q uality.

How to minimise air pollution:

A ir pollution can be reduced by Implementing energy efficiency program.rn.es.
Introducing vehicle emission standards, expanding car replacement program.rn.es ; new
cars with old cars,
extending envlronm entally-frlendly means of transport; expanding public tra n s p o rt
fa c liltie s , e.g. parle-and-rlde terminals, providing carpool facilities, regular checle-ups

for cars should be obligatory; use of mere efficient engines and m.odern exhaust-
filterin g devices, using cleaner fuels (unleaded petrol Is less harm.ful), and developing
tree planting program.rn.es.

Discussion questions:
1. Why is air pollution a global health concern?
2. Do you think anti-pollution measures should be a high priority?
3. What can large cities do to improve their air quality?
4. In your opinion, how can poor air quality impact the natural environment?
5. Who do you think is more responsible for air pollution; people or governments?

A n im a l t e s t in g :
TOPIC 10
KEY IDEAS

For:
The supporters of anlm.al testing arc^ue that m.any medical treatments and procedures
have been developed from, experiments on anlm.als, a total ban on the use of anlm.als w ill
prevent a great deal of basic medical research and the possible production of c e rta in
vaccl nes. E xpe rim e nts o n a n im a ls assist In d isco ve rin g w ays to help people a n d other
a n im a ls f o r the fu.tu.re. A n im a l te s tin g provides, scientists, w ith im p o rta n t data to tre a t
hu.rn.aiA, diseases. L e g is la tio n i n m ost c o u n trie s set s ta n d a rd s fo r a n im a l te stln 0 a n d
laboratories have 0uldellnes to prevent c-ruelty.

Against:
A n im a ls rl0 h ts ca m p a ig n e rs argue th a t a n im a ls have the rl0 h t to live th e ir own lives
peacefully a n d we aren't allowed to m eddle o n ly then*. ju s t because we can. M a n y
experim ents cause discom fort, s u ffe r in g , harm,, p a in a n d death. There are other
alternatives available; com puter s im u la tio n c a n be used to observe the results o f d ru g s on
the a n im a ls . The opponents to a n im a l research say th a t the results are not applicable to
hum,ans. They believe a n im a l te s tln 0 is cruel. Inhum ane and unethical.

Discussion Questions:
1. Do you think animal testing should be considered on a case by case basis? If so,
under what circumstance and to what extent should it be allowed?
2. Do you think animal testing for cosmetics and household products should be
banned?
3. Do you favour or oppose the use of animal organs (such as hearts or kidneys) as
transplants in humans when human organs are not available? Explain.
4. Why do you think animal cloning is such a controversial issue? Should it be allowed
or not?

TOPIC 11
KEY IDEAS

Effects of art:
The role o f a rt is to express fe e lin g s , convey op in io n s, t r a n s m it values, connect people
w ith a co m m o n v is io n , enhance the s e n s itiv ity o f h u m a n s , encourage self-expression,
cre a tivity a n d in n o v a tio n , sharpen and e n ll0 h te n the m in d , encourage a n a ly tic a l
th ln te ln 0 , s tim u la te Im a g in a tio n , enhance c ritic a l th ln te ln 0 by p r e s e n tly new Ideas,
raise questions, promote dlalo0ue, brld0e the 0ap am,on0 cultures, b rln 0 jo y throu0h
h a rm o n y , colou r a n d form,. A rt Is the c o m b in a tio n o f te ch n iq u e s a n d c re a tivity. A rt Is a
way o-f self-expression ai/v,d self-fulflllw,eiA,t. A rt is a universal lau,0ua0e aiA,d caiA, be
enjoyed by d iffe re n t -people. A rt is li/v,splrliA/0. Life without art would be d ull aiA,d

incom plete.

Discussion Questions:
1. In your opinion, in what ways docs art enrich life?
2. Do you think art needs to be described? Do you think art always has to be beautiful?
3. Does something have to be original to be art? Can a forgery or copy be art?
4. What criteria should be considered to call something a work of art?
5. In what ways does art influence events in society. In reverse, how is art influenced by
society?
6. Do you think art is an effective way to express an opinion or idea?
7. In what ways is art bringing the world together?
8. What do you think art will be like 50 years from now?
9. The arts should be rejected in favor of more practical studies.' Do you agree or
disagree?
10. What issues do you think an artist should consider when creating work for a public
place?
11. How do you think an artist can make a difference in peoples' lives?
12. Should governments spend money on art, when they have so many other important
issues and concerns?

A st r o l o g y :
TOPIC 12
KEY IDEAS

For:
A stro lo 0 y c a n be used fo r d e s c rib in g the character o f in d iv id u a ls a n d in c re a s in g s e lf-
awareness. A strolo0y helps n s g a in new perspectives about ourselves, u n d e rs ta n d o u r

streiA/0ths a n d weaknesses A stro lo 0 y is a tool o f emp>owerkueiA,t; It promotes self-

uiA/derstaiA.dlu/0 and self-discovery.
A stro lo g y helps m s predict ivw ^e n d in g events a n d other Issues. A stro lo 0 y Is a harmless
a n d a m u s in g pastime. No one has beeu, k n o w n to m ake a s c ie n tific s tu d y o f a s tro lo g y
aiA,d theu, r^ect It.
Against:
A s tro lo g y promotes fatalism,, sw.perstlti.aiA, and illu s io n . The principles of a stro lo g y are

Irrational and unscientific. Astrology promotes the worst thing In the world; uncritical
th in k in g . A s tro lo g y has no acceptable mechanism; It's principles are In v a lid and It has
fa ile d h u n d re d s o f tests.

Discussion Questions:
1. Do you think astrology really works, or is it just a silly myth?
2. Astrology columns are among the most widely-read features in newspapers. Why?
3. Do you think astrology will ever be proven by science?
4. Should astrology be taught in science classes alongside astronomy? Can it be made a
formal course of study?
5. 'Astrological signs are tied to personality traits.' Do you agree or disagree?
6. Should astrology programmes on television be banned?
7. What is your opinion about fortune telling?
In spile of advances in scientific knowledge some people are still superstitious. In your
opinion, what are the main reasons?

A u t o m a t io n :
TOPIC 13
KEY IDEAS

Pros:
Some advantages of automation lnc.lw.de higher prodw.c-t g uallty, greater production
capacity and higher output, efficient use o f materials, reduced fa o to ry lead times and
fewer worieer health problems. Automation has helped to reduce the workload and
operational costs.
Rcbots are used to perform a wide range of tasks that require speed, flexibility and high
Level o f p re cisio n that re s u lt I n greater co n tro l a n d consistency o f p ro d u c t q uality.

Uabour s a v in g machlnes c a n be p ro g ram m ed to perform, the same tastes over a n d over;

m ost pro d u c tlo n lin e s are repeatable a n d self-chectelng. Robots aren't Impressed by

h u m a n behaviour.

A u to m a tio n gives h u m a n s a n opportunity to relieve -from, repetitive, hazardous, a n d

u n p le a s a n t tastes.

Cons:
The m a in d isa d va n ta g e s often associated with a u to m a tio n are unemployment,
re d u n d a n cie s a n d layoffs; m any workers have been displaced by m od ern technolo0les.

ttl0h capital expenditure a n d o n g o in g maintenance costs required to Invest In

automated machines.
•P urchased equipment become outdated a n d are n o t usually compatible with new devices.

Discussion Questions:
1. Would you agree that intelligent machines take the place of human beings in no time?
What are the consequences of this? What do you think robots should be used for?
2. I low far should robots be allowed to influence people's lives?
3. Should robots be programmed to think? What are some positive and negative aspects?
4. 'Automation destroys human creativity and innovation.' How far do you agree or
disagree?
5. Will technology ever reach a stage where considered perfect, or will it always be evolving?

B r a in d r a in :
TOPIC 14
KEY IDEAS

Causes and contributing factors:

some Push' factors are economic Instability, shorta0e of e d u c a tio n a l a n d research
facilities, desire for hl0her qualifications, poor worteln0 conditions, limited career
prospects, low salaries, unemployment, desire for a better u rb a n life, political u n re s t
 a n d conflicts. some 'PulL' factors are better economic prospects, utooleriA, e d u c a tio n a l
systems, better research facilities, better o p p o rtu n itie s for higher q u a lific a tio n s ,
prestige of foreign t r a in in g , higher salaries a n d incomes., better employment
o p po rtu nitie s, higher s ta n d a rds o f liv in g , a n d a ttra c tio n o f overseas life .

Effects:
B ra in d r a in h in d e rs sinstallable developm ent a n d econom ic growth. B ra in d r a in is a
b u rd e n to the econom y; the n a tio n a l budget spent on the e d u ca tio n o f s tu d e n ts who

u ltim a te ly contribute to economies of other countries.

Suggestions to address brain drain:

E n s u rin g econom ic stability, providing adequate e d u c a tio n a l fa c ilitie s , s u p p o rtin g

thlnte-tantes and researchers f in a n c ia lly , and p ro v id in g elites with necessary

fa c ilitie s .

Discussion Questions:
1. What are the social and cultural effects of brain drain?
2. Do you think that brain drain is the natural effect of globalisation?
3. Do you think brain drain is a form of modern slavery?
4. Can brain drain ever be beneficial?
5. 'Immigration is naturally associated with brain drain.' How far do you agree?
6. When do you think 'brain gain' occurs?

o
O R IB E R Y :
TOPIC 15
KEY IDEAS

Causes and contributing factors:

bribery Is rooted In lacle of a c c o u n ta b ility , in e ffic ie n t a d m in is tra tiv e systems a n d
m is m a na ge m ent.

F in a n c ia l corruption Is committed due to lack of well-defined or rigid laws. Incomplete

re g u la tio n s a n d laxity of a d m in is tra tiv e laws. Poor law enforcem e nt c a n contribute to

bribery. F in a n c ia lp ro b le m s and low salaries can lead to bribery.
Effects:
"Bribery Is a g a in s t o rg a n is a tio n a l code o f ethics. Bribery Is the abuse o f power a n d
a u th o rity .

Corruption a n d bribery binder sustainable development a n d econom ic growth.

Corruption causes a growing gap between the rich a n d the poor.

Suggestions to prevent bribery:

A n effective w a y to deal with bribery Is promoting m o ra l values.
A good way to avoid bribery Is defining e ffic ie n t a d m in is tra tiv e systems.
"Bribery c a n be prevented by In tro d u c in g stricter laws. Im p o s in g heavy penalties on
bribery c a n be an effective course o f a ctio n , bribe tateers a n d bribe givers should be treated
more severely.

Discussion Questions:
1. How can corruption be identified and eradicated?
2. Do you think bribery is due to greed or need? Explain.
3. Who is more to blame - the person who offers a bribe or person who takes it? Explain.
4. In your opinion, how can transparency in administrative systems be achieved?
5. In what ways do you think bribery encourage transgression?

C h a r it y :
TOPIC 16
KEY IDEAS

Missions of charities:
Most n o n -p ro fit fo u n d a tio n s are In te n d e d to relieve h u m a n suffering. Improve living
conditions of the needy, help d isa d va n ta g e d people who live In poverty, provide necessary
fa c ilitie s f o r depressed areas, provide acco m m o d a tio n assistance, provide medlc-al care for

low -in com e fa m ilie s a n d In d iv id u a ls , Improve e d u c a tio n a l s ta n d a rd s , raise d o n a tio n fo r

v ic tim s o f natural disasters, promote public awareness about d iffe re n t so cia l Issues,

support a n d strengthen families, provide low - Interests lo an s f o r low-income earners,

provide employment opportunities, support people who suffer from physical and mental
diseases, assist the disabled by providing -free tra in in g courses. soi^e c-harltles
programmes liAzdu.de adoption services, aid to lm,m,l0rai/\,ts, public- education, supply of
expensive m^edlcal eguIpment and servlc-es.

Discussion Questions:
1. What are the objectives of most charities?
2. In your opinion, how can charities be supported?
3. In what ways do you think non- profit foundations differ from commercial organisations?
4. Do you think that charities should be involved in business activities?
5. Do you think charities should be exempted from tax?
6. Choose a charity and discuss why do you think people should donate to it.
7. In your opinion, how can people be encouraged to do voluntary work?

C h il d c a r e :
TOPIC 17
KEY IDEAS

Role of childcare:
C-hlldcare Is to promote the physical, mental, emotional, Intellectual au,d social
development of children. C-hlldcare Is ntalnly Intended to provide a variety of health-
promoting and disease-preventing services, such as providing a warm-, safe, homelike
and nu.rtu.rlng environment for children.

Types of childcare:
In general, childcare refers to fam ily dcw^oavt, childcare providers, nursery schools,
caregivers, trained teachers, pre-school after-school care programmes, and In-
home care*1
5
4
3
2

Discussion Questions:
1. It is said that children are protected too much now, Do you think it is true?
2. 'Childcare is a public investment.' To what extent do you agree?
3. Should childcare institutions be free?
4. 'It is believed the day care centre is the third parent.' Why?
5. Do you think childcare should be seen as women's issue?
6. Do you think childcare responsibilities should be equally divided at home?
7. The nanny or the day-care centre is the third parent.' How far do you agree?
8. Do you think it is harmful for children to be in day-care centres all day?
9. What type of professional development do you think childcare providers and teachers
should have for working with pre-school children?
10. Do you think childcare centres should be exempted from tax?

C h il d l a b o u r :
TOPIC 18
KEY IDEAS

Causes:
Iinefficient lab our laws and lack of law enforcement can lead to child labour. The rise In
child labour Is usually the result of the decline In e d u ca tio n opportunities. Child labour
can be due to m any socioeconomic problems, such as fa m ily poverty, fa m ily breakdown,
and child abuse

Effects:
child labour affects the Intellectual development of the child,
child labour endan0ers the child's learnln0 ability.
Child labour prevents m any chlldrenfrom attendln0 school.
Child labour Is associated with health Issues; child labour daiM,a^e^ children's mental
health and causes Irreversible physical harm, child labour contributes to adult
unemployment as children are hired at lower wa0es. child labour Is exploitative and Is
a0alnst v ^ o ra l^ iv ^ o i^ lts ,.

Discussion Questions:
1. Why does child labour occur?
2. Why is child labour a concern for governments?
3. Is child labour a matter of concern to your country?
4. How can child labour be effectively addressed?
5. Do you think family types are related to the child poverty issues?
6. 'Child labour will be abolished only when poverty is eradicated.' Do you agree?
7. 'The most effective way to prevent child labour is compulsory education.' How far do you
agree?
8. 'Compulsory school education is the best way to deal with child labour.' Do you share the
opinion?

C h il d h o o d :
TOPIC 19
KEY IDEAS

Childhood:
cM ildhood is a time f i l l td with happy memories of carefree play ai^d excitement.
Childhood plays an Important role In b u ild Ing character, developing personality, and
enhancing Intellectual abilities, childhood Is the best time to promote so cia l and
emotional development, modify or correct unfavourable traits, teach or learn good habits,
such as proper exercise and good eating habits, childhood Is the best time to learn lifelong
skills.

Discussion Questions:
1. What do you think childhood should be like?
2. Why is childhood often regarded as the happiest period of life?
3. Do you think childhood experiences affect a person's life after he or she becomes an
adult?
4. What qualities or characteristics of childhood should we strive to preserve throughout
our lives?
5. Is childhood different today from when you were a child?
6. Do you share the opinion that childhood is shorter these days than it was in the past?
7. 'Children should enjoy their childhood. Therefore they should not be under constant
pressure to achieve better results at school.' To what extent do you agree or disagree?
8. 'Children shouldn't be assigned to do household chores’. I low far do you agree or
disagree?
9. Do you think the objects we treasure most, arc given to us in our childhood?
10. What time are children considered to be adults in your country?
C h il d r e n ’s e d u c a t io n :
TOPIC 20
KEY IDEAS

Role:
The p r im a r y go a l o f c h ild re n 's e d u ca tio n Is to provide a safe le a rn in g atmosphere ;
te a c h in g basic know ledge o f re a d in g , w r it in g a n d a rith m e tic . Tine m a in objectives o f

c h ild re n 's e d u ca tio n are to develop p h y s ic a l a n d In te lle c tu a l gro w th o f c h ild re n , t each

so cia l s k ills ; In te rp e rso n a l In te ra c tio n a n d how to be a -part o f a peer group.

Discussion Questions:
1. Do you think pre-school education should be compulsory?
2. Do you think children's education has changed much since you were a child?
3. What changes do you see in children's education in the future?
4. When do you think formal education for children should begin?
5. Do you agree with the opinion that children are happier al home with their mothers than
at kindergarten or nursery schools w ith other children?
6. What would be the best way to prepare children for life?
7. How can playing games teach children about life?
8. At what age can children be wanted to help with household tasks to build skills?
9. Should primary school students have compulsory homework? Why/not?
10. Do you think primary school students should be taught a foreign language?
11. 'Classmates are a more important influence than parents on a child's success.' Discuss.
12. 'Children shouldn't waste time trying to develop a skill if they lack natural ability.' How
would you comment on this opinion?
13. How important is it for children to have proper educational toys?
C it y l if e :
TOPIC 21
KEY IDEAS

Pros:
c ity life gives n s a n opportunity to become f a m i l i a r with d iffe r e n t c u ltu re s , cu s to m s
a n d tr a d itio n s , re c r e a tio n a l f a c ilitie s , c u lt u r a l places a n d shopping opportunities are

som e o f the a d v a n ta g e s o f c it y life , Higher standards o f li v in g I n urban areas, e.g. better

health care s y s te m s , better san itation services, more educational facilities a n d more job
opportunities com pared with livin g In the c o u n tr y maize c it y life more attractive a n d
v ib r a n t.

Cons:
A ir pollution Is ncajor a -problem I n m ost m ega citie s ; poor air q u a l it y has a large
n u m b e r o f v ic t im s I n b ig cities. Most large cities su ffer from overcrowding and are

heavily -populated.
o v e rc ro w d in g c a n lead to m a n y problems, e.g. Increased traffic ja m s and higher rate of

crime, re p re s s io n , tension and m ental disorders are the problem s o f most large cities.
L iv in g In la rg e c itie s requires gulckness; city life Is u s u a lly fa st-p a ce d , hectic,
stressfu l and mechanical. There Is so m u c h hurry and flurry which can maize life
c o n fu s in g .

It Is s a id that there Is not much com m u nity spirit In m ost large cities, m ost city
dwellers don ’t feel connected and hardly look out for each other com pared with those who
live In rural areas.

Discussion Questions:
1. How do you imagine city life in the future?
2. Do you think that in the future more people will move to big cities?
3. How would you describe an 'ideal city'?
4. In what ways can living in a cosmopolitan city be good?
CuM ATE:
TOPIC 22
KEY IDEAS

Effects:
c lim a te p la y s a leey ro it Iia. people's d a lly rou.tliA.es, work, p a tte rn s, leisure a&tiv/ltles,
sleepliA.0 habits, life s ty le s , life expectancy, health c o n d itio n s .

clim ate affects the type of a0rlcu.ltu.ral products and consequently, o u r eatln0 and
drlnlelny habits.
c lim a te can affect o u r character types and m.oods. cf.lm.ate affects the iA.atu.ral
environm ent, \/e0etatloiA. types, soil fbrm.atlon, aiA.lm.al life, livestock, rv.atu.raI resources,
and m iy ration patterns. cllm .atlc conditions affect b u lld ln y styles and m aterials due

to the specific ia.eeds o f people. cllm.ate affects the ecoiA.om.lc development o f a n area.
There Is a llnte, between cllm.ate and population distribution.

Discussion Questions:
1. Can you think of ways that climate affects our lifestyle?
2. Can you think of ways that our lifestyle affects climate?
3. Can our mood be affected by climate?
4. In your view, how can climate affect the economy of a country?
5. In your opinion, how do climatic conditions affect the choice of transport mode?
6. Do you think climate can affect cultural development? If so, how?
7. To what extent is climate change being caused by human activity?
8. Discuss how climate can affect population distribution.
9. To what extent docs climate determine the kind of houses we build?
Do you think climate affects our appearance or looks? If so, how? Use specific examples.
C o mp u t e r g a me s :
TOPIC 23
KEY IDEAS

Pros:
Computer games, have many educational benefits, for example, they help children develop
problem.-solvliA.0 and analytical skills, such as drawing conclusions, seeking
alternatives and making predictions. (Computer games Increase cognitive skills aiA.d
encourage practical experience .They are designed to encourage creativity. Initiatives and
mental power. MaiA.y computer games are used to teach and reinforce academic subjects,
e. 0. some computer games enhance mathematical skills.
Computer games are designed to be entertaining; most com.pu.ter 0am.es o ffe r a
multiplayer function; Inviting people to share th e ir eiA.tertaliA.m.eiA.t.

Cons:
Most com.pu.ter 0am.es eiA.cou.ra0e violent teiA.deiA.cles such as aggression, antisocial
behaviour and recklessiA.ess. There are many games which show 0raphlc fl0 h t sceiA.es
where the most brutal Is most applauded. The language tends to be violent. Computer
games decreases Interaction and social skills.
Computer games can cause psychological and mental problems, e. g. tension. Computer
0am.es take up much of children's lei sure time; children spend a lot of time Idly p la y ln 0
with computer games.

Discussion Questions:
1. Computer games have become the primary source of entertainment for most young
people. As a result, children are not forming traditional social skills. What should be
done?
2. Can computer games considered as a means of education? If so, how?
3. Do you think violence in computer games can lead to violence in society?
4. Should video games industries be blamed for the increased violent behaviour in
children?
C o m p u t e r is a t io n :
TOPIC 24
KEY IDEAS

Pros:
The advantages, of computerisation Include speed, accuracy, adaptability, compatibility,
high memory capabilities, ability to perform, complex tastes, e.g. performing
mathematical, logical and statistical operations. Computers pi ay an liwportAnt role In
storing, presently and processing data, desl0nln0 and nu>delln0 simulated operations
and controllln0 machinery. Computers contribute to hl0her output. Computers have
brou0ht About numerous chAn0es In different science. The Internet and e-mail Arejust
two examples of many features that computers can offer.

Cons:
We Are becomin0 Increasingly dependent on computers; some of the consequences are as
follows: Computerisation can result In downsizing of Industries, as a result. It can lead
to the dismissal of worteers. And hl0her unemployment rAtes. Com,puterlsAtlon can
damage office community And matees jobs more ncechAnlcAl And soulless, diminished
rapport with people Is one of the consequences of computerisation. The prlvAc-y of humans
can be Inx/Aded by the vast computer dAtA networks, computers have made life more
complicated and stressful.

Discussion Questions;
1. Have computers changed societies for the better or for the worse?
2. The more people rely on computers, the more they become alienated from one another.'
Discuss.
3. In what ways may people who don't have computer literacy be disadvantaged?
4. 'The benefits of computers to modern society far outweigh the problems.' Do you agree ?
5. Do you think developments in IT will lead to greater human happiness?
C o unt r y u f e :
TOPIC 25
KEY IDEAS

Pros:
Life i n the country gives n s aiA, opportunity to ei^joy views of areas, get peace and gulet
far from, ucrbaiA, stress, get away from, the hustle and bustle of city life. There are m a n y
natural areas In the c o u n try s id e ; the greenness of mature Is spectacular. Life In the
c o u n try s id e provides m,any outdoor leisure activities, such as swlm,ming, fish in g and

hiking. Low cost of living Is one of the positive points of living In the country, it Is said
that people who live Iia, rural areas tend to be friendlier than city dwellers, and there Is
usually a stronger sense of unity among them,.
Crlm.e rate Is usually lower In rural areas than In large cities.

Cons:
L-lvlng In the country m,eans a certain am,ount of Isolation. Shortage or lack of
e d u c a tio n a l fa c ilitie s , (e.g. fewer u n iv e rs itie s ), shortage or lack of m,edlcal facilities,

(e.g. fewer hospitals) , shortage or lack of recreational and cultural facilities. There Isn't
m,uch f r iv a c y ; everyone knows one another. Low level of incom e is one the negative
aspects of living In the c o u n try , generally speaking, life In rural areas is too slow-paced
and uneventful.

Discussion Questions:
1. How do you think the countryside may be influenced by urban growth?
2. Would you agree that it is better for children to grow up in the countryside than in a big
city?
3. Speculate on what measures could be taken to solve the problems of living in the
countryside.
4. What can be done to close the gap between urban and rural areas?
5. In what ways do you think the relationships between people in urban areas differ from
the relationships between people in large cities?
C r im e :
TOPIC 26
KEY IDEAS

Causes:
Cringe is m a in ly a ttrib u te d to p e rs o n a lity disorders a n d de ficie ncie s, poor p a re n tin g ,
f a m il y breakdowns, la c k o f a proper f a m il y life , la c k o f decent h o u s in g , poor

ed uca tion , e d u c a tio n a l problem s, d ru g a n d alcohol abuse, prolonged u n e m p lo y m e n t,

f in a n c ia l problem s, so cia l in ju s tic e a n d in e q u a lity , re la x a tio n o f c r im in a l laws, a n d

la c k o f la w enforcem ent.

Suggestions to reduce crime:

(C u ltu ra l measures: e.g. pro gra m m e s in te n d e d to s tre n g th e n f a m il y values a n d re
educate offenders. Econom ic measures: e.g. p ro v id in g job op p o rtu n itie s, r a is in g p u b lic

welfare, in c re a s in g incom e levels. C rim e deterrent measures: a d o p tin g s tric te r Laws

a n d p u n is h m e n t-o rie n te d approaches. \n general, prlsci/vs sh o u ld serve fo u r fu n c tio n s :

is o la tio n , p u n is h m e n t, re h a b ilita tio n a n d deterrence. S>ocial fa cto rs: To e lim in a te a n y

k in d o f d is c rim in a tio n , a n d provide e q u a l o p p o rtu n itie s f o r a ll -people w hich requires a
lo n g -te rm p la n a n d social p a rtic ip a tio n .

Discussion Questions:
1. What steps do you think need to be taken to address increasing crime rate?
2. Can severe punishment conditions deter criminals from committing crimes?
3. Should the main purpose of prisons and punitive centres be punishment or
rehabilitation?
4. In what cases would community service instead of imprisonment be more beneficial?
5. Do you think that death penalty serves as a deterrent for certain crimes?
6. Should laws on gun ownership be tightened up?
7. In your opinion, why is graffiti considered vandalism?
C u l t u r a l h e r it a g e :
TOPIC 27
KEY IDEAS

Role of cultural/ historic/ architectural heritage:

Historical heritage co n trib u te s to greater cu.ltu.ral cohesion of commu. titles.
Cultural heritage plays a major role Iia, providing a legacy f o r fu tu r e generations.
Architectural heritage promotes a sense of national and regional Identity.
Architecture plays a leey role In shaping our environment. It co n trib u te s to the
attractiveness of our environment. Historical heritage contributes to the tra n s m is s io n o f
culture. Ancient vuonuvuents, reflect the history, custom s and so cia l values of our past
generations. Monumental buildings have a teey role In attracting tourists.

Discussion Questions:
1. How important arc historic buildings and public artworks in defining a nation?
2. To what extent can historic heritage conservation generate benefits for communities?
How do people in your country feel about protecting historic buildings?
3. What do you think will happen to historic places or buildings in the future?
4. Do you think architecture must address the problems of the natural environment?
5. How closely do you think architects should work with town planning departments?
6. Some people believe that there is no point in preserving old buildings when land is so
valuable, by contrast some people are of the opinion that historic buildings are an
important part our heritage and should be preserved. Discuss both views. Which one do
you agree with?
7. Do you think museums should be free?
8. How does archaeology teach US about ancient cultures? Use specific examples.
9. How can cultural heritage be a contributor to social and cultural cohesion?
C u l t u r e :
TOPIC 28
KEY IDEAS

Components:
(g e n e ra lly s*peateliA,0, the concept c u ltu re is, the c o m b in a tio n o f v a rio u s com ponents
Iia/oLu.oILia/0 th o u g h ts , I feelXiA,0s, a ttitu d e s , u n w r itte n rules, h is to ry , folklore, lite ra tu re ,
a rt, m u s ic , learned beliefs, custom s, shared values, tra d itio n s a n d n o rm s of people who
are u n ifie d by race, la n g u a g e , n a t io n a lity , rell0loiA, a n d covuvuon beliefs.

Role of culture:
The f u n c tio n o f c u ltu re is to en rich n a tio n a l Identity, promote n a tio n a l in te g ration,
s tre n g th e n u n d e rs ta n d in g a m o n g e th n ic groups, ensure so cia l stability, a n d tr a n s m it

accented values.

Discussion Questions:
1. In your opinion, how can culture enrich a society?
2. Can culture be created by mixing other cultures?
3. How can culture promote cross-community dialogue and build new relationships?
4. In what sense is culture connected with art? What benefits are gained from studying
literature?
5. Can you read and understand your language of 1000 years ago? Do you think it is
important to be able to do so? Why/not?
6. 'Due to the influence of world media, the gap between cultures is narrowing, the
introduction of this global culture is of great benefit to the world.' Do you agree or
disagree?
7. In your opinion, how does global culture effect local cultures?
8. In your view, how can subcultures affect the cultural principles of a society?
9. How would you define the term 'Cultural Poverty'?
C u l t u r e s h o c k :
TOPIC 29
KEY IDEAS

Symptoms:
Culture shoc\z Is u sually cha racterised by the fe e lin g s erf ui/v,certaliA,ty, hovneslckmess,
extreme sad ne ss, acute n o s ta lg ia , loiA,elliA,ess, degression, w ith d ra w a l, a sense of

d is o rie n ta tio n , m oodiness, f r u s t r a t io n , e m o tio n a l a n d physical d is c o m fo rt, and a

variety o f other s y m p to m s .

Suggestions to overcome culture shock:

U e arn as m u c h as y o u c a n about y o u r host c o u n tr y before you. arrive, learn, the rules o f

social conduct, history a n d the la n g u a g e o f the host country. Im m e rse y o u r s e lf I n the

new culture, get accustom ed with your Immediate surroui/uotli/vgs, establish a routine as

soo n as possible. In c lu d e ph ysical activity In to y o u r ro u tin e , stay busy a n d ge t In v o lv e d

I n activities that you e n jo y , develop a hobby,j'oIia, a club; this Is a good w a y to meet people

who share sim ila r Interests a n d fu n d a f r ie n d to be a 'cultural I n f o r m a n t ' I n order to

g a in a proper perspective oia, people's culture.

Discussion Questions:
1. Why does culture shock occur?
2. What challenges do people experience when they move to new cities or countries?
3. In your opinion, what is the best way to cope with culture shock?
4. Sometimes it is so hard to learn the way people do things in a new culture. Many
immigrants suffer from a sense of alienation. What can we do to make life easier for
newcomers?
5. Do you think culture shock affects people of different ages in the same ways?
6. Which one would be a better choice for an immigrant; following the customs of the new
country that he or she is living in, or keeping the customs of the original country? Explain
 TOPIC 30
KEY IDEAS

Effects:
A sensible e a tin g plakv helps you eu/hai/vce y o u r overall health. Increase y o u r energy level.
Improve y o u r Ikukuui/ve system, reduce the rlsle o f health problems, such as hl0h blood
pressure au,d diabetes.

Suggestions to achieve a healthy diet:

To have a good eatlk\,0 habit, to eat the rl0 h t telkvds of food' wholesome kweals’, to avoid

overeatlu,0 ; poor diet kuatees body slu00lsh, to eat the rl0h t akwoukv,t of food at each kweal,
to eat several kueals to prevent hui/v0er, to out dowkv Oku salt aiA,d su0ar, to choose healthier
ooofeliA/0 kuethods; the healthiest methods are steakulu/0, poachlkv,0, bate,lu,0 au,d stir-
fry lu /0 , to measure e v e ry th in that you eat theu, analyse y o u r foo d records, because this
helps to kualiA/talkv i^ o rw ia l body wel0ht.
A 0ood diet liA/oludes a variety of foods froku the basic food 0roups. it should provide
ekvou0h calories to ensure desirable wel0ht ai/ud also It should cokvtalkv a ll the necessary
d ally kV/Utrlekuts.

Food pyramid:
This Is a basic yulde which 0lves Ikvforkuatlou, about food ai/v,d kvutrltloku it helps uus
follow a healthy balanced diet, each 0roup Is equally Ikuportai/ut ai/ud pla ys a ukvlo^ue role
Iku health. If aiA,y piece Is removed, like a puzzle, the pyram id will be li^cokuplete.

Discussion Questions:
1. What are the pros and cons of vegetarianism? Do you think that quality of food is better
now, or not so good as in the past? How can nutrition education be publicly promoted?
2. In what ways has the availability of fast-food restaurants affected people's eating habits?
D is a b il it y :
TOPIC 31
KEY IDEAS

Suggestions to help people with disabilities:

d v l c a n d communlty access, -fa cilitie s: to support the disabled through 0reater access

to public-places, e.0. wide exit doors, reserved car paries and telephone ramps.
Medical services: purchasliA,0 vuedlcal equipment, n u r s in g and day care, health
s e m in a rs and counselln0.

employ ment opportunities*, to empower the disabled to 0 a ln access to appropriate work

opportunities by provldln0 vocational “program m es and supportln0 them to enter and
m ain tain In the labour market.
e d u c a tio n a l assistance: to empower the disabled to a cq u ire knowled0e and build
capabilities that enable them to choose a q uality life that they desire by provldln0
e d u c a tio n a l opportunities.
Supportive services: accommodation support, retirement pension, and disability
In s u ra n c e benefits, -fin a n c ia l In ce n tive s, such as tax rebates could be offered to
s m a lle r com panies who hire disabled workers.

Discussion Questions:
1. Discuss how society can reduce the problems of people with disabilities.
2. How can employment be provided for the disabled?
3. Do you think schools should become integrated, where physically and mentally
handicapped children learn with other kids?
4. Do you agree with the idea that the top priority to help the physically challenged people
is providing income opportunities? Why?
5. In your opinion, what governments can do to increase educational opportunities for
people suffer from disability?
D is t a n c e l e a r n in g :
TOPIC 32
KEY IDEAS

Pros:
Lean A/liA/0 ca I*, be personallsed a n d custom ised to meet the lea riser’s needs,
o n lliA,e le a rn in g Is a gre at w a y to s tu d y a t a personal speech a\^d l u t e ^ l t y w ith o u t

w a it in g f o r the slower pace of the average c-Lassroom,; y o u do n o t have to keep up with the
pace of the group. educational materials are available a n d c a n be e a s ily downloaded.
There are usually more flexible deadlines, flexibility to study In any locations; no tim e
spent com,m,utlng to classes, flexibility for those with Irregular work schedules; you set
y o u r ow n tim e , accessibility f o r those with restricted m o b ility , (e.g. the disabled a n d the
elderly), flexibility for those with f a m il y responsibilities, e. g. parents with y o u n g
children at home. Lower t u it io n fees Is another a d va n ta g e of online learning.

Cons:
Online learning u s u a lly provides a lower q u ality of e d u ca tio n compared with on -
cam pus ed uca tion , v irtu a l universities d o n 't provide m a n y aspects of a true cam pus or

tr a d itio n a l classrooms.

e.g. no research or lab facilities, soiue other weaknesses of online le a rn in g In c lu d e as

follows:
T im e Involved to le a rn how to use the system,, lag tim e between students' Input and

teachers' feedback, occasional technology problems, lack of s o c ia lis a tio n , lack of

teamwork and con tacts between peers, academ ic honesty of online students, and
assessment difficulties.

Discussion Questions:

1. To what extent do virtual universities promote equality of opportunity in education?

2. Do you think distance learning activities affect the quality of on-campus education?
3. To what extent does distance learning meet students' educational needs in your
country?
4. Would you say that virtual universities will eventually take the place of traditional
academic environments?
n
L>/lVORCE:
TOPIC 33
KEY IDEAS

Causes:
uack o f uiA,der£taiA,dliA,g a n d tolerance, • personality differences, selfishn ess, wealz

covnvnitvnent to life lo n g m a rria g e , in te r p a re n ta l c o n flic ts ; the in te rfe ren ce o f parents,

f in a n c ia l reasons, prolonged m a r ita l c o n flic ts , la c k o f c o m m u n ic a tio n , g ro w n -u p

problem s, fa ile d expectations, u n m e t needs, in a d e q u a te p re p a ra tio n fo r m a rria g e , a n d

d ru g a d d ic tio n .

Effects:
Divorce c a n cause m a n y p s y c h o lo g ic a l tra u m a s , such as a n x ie ty , te n s io n , depression
a n d fe e lin g s o f g u ilt f o r both pa rties in vo lve d . Divorce destroys f a m il y u n it a n d

weakens society. Divorce is o fte n associated with ju d ic i a l co m p lic a tio n s a n d f in a n c ia l

d iffic u ltie s , c h ild r e n o f divorced pa ren ts face e m o tio n a l problem s a n d are more lik e ly to

have m a r ita l problem s a n d choose u n sta b le pa rtn ers. Divorce c a n cause p s y c h o lo g ic a l

d iff ic u lt ie s a n d dam age the e m o tio n a l development o f c h ild re n .

Suggestions to reduce divorce:

P re m a rita l c o u n s e lin g sessions, m a rria g e e d u ca tio n sh o u ld be re a d ily available. Divorce
law s should be stren0thened to preserve the in te g r ity o f m a rria g e a n d s a fe g u a rd f a m ily
re la tio n sh ip .

Discussion Questions:
1. 'An increasing number of marriages are ending in divorce. Consequently, many people
are choosing not to get married.' What should be done?
2. What can be done to help prevent a marriage from ending in divorce? Explain.
3. Should couples who have problems stay together only for the sake of children?
4. What difficulties do you think single parents usually face? Any solutions to offer?
n
L O O P IN G :
TOPIC 34
KEY IDEAS

Effects:
PcypliA/0 Is fl0flliA/St the Athletic- s-plrlt, ethlcAl principles, sport VAlues And fAlrplAy.
T>opln0 0lves An unfAlr Ad\/AntA0 e over the rlvAls. It Is hAzArdous to the physlc-Al And
mentAl heAlth of Athletes, it hurts the public- fAlth And destroys the spirit of a heAlthy
competition whlc-h Is 'sportsmAnshlp'. I>opln0 dAmA0es the c-redlblllty And reputAtlon of
sportln0 Achievements.
TArnlshed repntAtlon Is one the c,o\A,s,tc\y(.tv^c,ts> of C'On,zuiM,liA,g dopln0.

Suggestions to address doping:

The most effective wAy to address. dopln0 c.o\^su\M^tlor^ Is throuyh promotln0 cu.ltu.rAl
meAsnres; more edncAtlonAl pro0rAmmes should be devised to enll0hten the Athletes
About the ooi^sec^uei^ces ASSoclAted with c,ov^s,h \
m.In 0 dopln0. Popln0 test should be cArrled

ou.t At All offlclAl competitions. Heavier penAltles And lon0-term suspensions cAn be
effective deterrents; stricter lAWS should be Introduced to fl0 h t this phenomenon. And
relAted Laws should be e\^forc.ed to ellmlnAte dopln0.

Discussion Questions:
1. What motives might make sportspeople use steroid to improve their performance?
2. A significant amount of money and time is spent on testing for the use of drugs in sport,
how important is this? Why should doping be defined to be against the rules?
3. Do you think dopers should be treated like criminals?
4. Which measure do you think is more effective to eliminate doping; introducing cultural
initiative or adopting preventive measures like designing stiffer laws?
5. Is it ever acceptable to use performance-enhancing drugs to gain competitive
advantage?
E d u c a t io n :
TOPIC 35
KEY IDEAS

Role:
basically, education Is li^tei^ded to provide people with sufficient knowledye of skills In
reaoIln0, wrltliA/0 a nd arithmetic-, prepare US for life by provldln0 releva nt knowled0e,

skills, attitudes and loleas which w ill enable n s to lead more fu lflllln 0 , p ro du ctive and
satlsfyliA/0 lives, direct children's 0rowth emotionally, nu.rtu.re children to become 0ood
citizens, develop personalities and Intellectual skills, enhance Interpersonal
relationships, expand knowled0e, develop critical th ln k ln 0 skills, sharpen, broaden and
deepen the m ind, provide n s with real-life experiences, fam iliarize Individuals with the
norms and values of society. f-fl0her e d u c a tio n Increases so cia l mobility.

Curriculum:
.School curricula should be more concerned with the needs of the society, sch ool
cunaculum s should enhance employment prospects by provlny life skills. Cunaculums
should offer essential knowled0e that makes connections to real life; more practical
courses sh o u ld be Included, lessons should be learner-friendly. A well-planned
curriculum balances the theoretical and practical aspects of the course and the content
desl0ned to help s tu d e n ts achieve their future 0oals.

Features of a good university:

"B»eln0 recoQi^lsed by professional bodies, provldln0 s tu d e n ts with hl0h quality
e d u c a tio n havln0 qualified teachln0 staff, creatln0 a supportive and stlm u latln 0

atmosphere; offerlny modern and accessible facilities and services, e. 0. athletic facilities
and career counselln0 services.

Discussion Questions:
1. 'It is better to know a little about many subjects than to know a lot about one subject.'
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
2. What issues in education are of greatest concern to you? Why?
3. What role docs education play in improving personal life?
4. What is the role of education in shaping and enriching society?
5. To what extent does education promote and preserve cultural values?
6. What role does education play in the development of countries?
7. To what extent can education contribute to reducing poverty in countries?
8. To what extent does education protect workers from prolonged unemployment?
9. What are the reasons behind the worldwide trend in most countries for students to
continue into higher education after finishing school?
10. 'A child's education is mainly the school's responsibility.' How far do you agree or
disagree?
11. In your opinion, why do people choose to become teachers?
12. What kind of person makes a good teacher?
13. What is the most important qualification for being a teacher?
14. 'Some teachers show favoritism among students.' How can this issue be addressed?
15. Do you think students should be required to evaluate their teachers? Why/not?
16. What are the reasons for the poor relationships between students and their teachers?
17. How does a bad teacher disadvantage students?
18. What could be done to make students more interested in learning about science?
19. What are the characteristics of a good student?
20. What advice would you offer to a prospective student?
21. What makes a good university?
22. Do you think young university students should postpone marrying until they graduate?
23. In your view, how can educational quality be measured?
24. What arc some differences between methods of education used in the past and those
used now?
25. In what areas should all university graduates be required to have some competence?
26. Do you think university education should be available for all students or only good
students entitled to go to university?
27. Do you think equal numbers of male and female university students should be
accepted in every subject? Give reasons to support your opinion.
28. 'Children from low-income families are not often able to pursue further education, and
are educationally disadvantaged whereas children from richer families often stay in
education to university level or beyond.' What should be done to promote equality of
opportunity in education?
29. Do you think sharp increase in the number of university graduates is a negative
development?
30. In your view, how does education promote success?
31. What factors are related to academic success of university students?
32. What do you think are the chief reasons for students' academic failure in college?
33. What effect will educational standards have on students' achievements?
34. Should a graduating college senior be required to pass a comprehensive examination in
his or her major before receiving a degree? Why/not?
35. In your opinion, arc school examinations accurate criteria to evaluate the knowledge of
students?
36. Which system do you think is a more accurate criterion for assessing students'
knowledge; final examinations or continuous assessment?
37. 'Formal exams can't assess students' ability because they usually test what they
remember not what they can actually use.' Would you agree?
38. Should final examinations in university courses be comprehensive? Discuss.
39. Is too much emphasis placed on grades in educational systems? Explain.
40. Can cheating in exams be ever justifiable in some cases?
41. Cheating in exams - a crime or just a clever way of getting through exams. Explain.
42. Do you agree physical education develops the cognitive abilities of students?
43. Do you think sports lessons should be compulsory throughout formal schooling?
44. Do you think sports classes should be sacrificed in high school so students can
concentrate on academic subjects?
45. Should physical education courses be compulsory?
46. Should an introduction to art and music be a part of every college students' education?
Why/ not?
47. Should a course in ethics be mandatory part of all university curricula?
48. Do you think that community service should be a mandatory requirement for
graduation?
49. Are computers really essential in education nowadays?
50. In what ways do you think new technologies could be used in education?
51. 'Some people argue that in the future, teachers will be displaced by the growth of
computers.1How far do you agree or disagree? Is it a positive or negative development?
52. 'Is learning via the internet the future of education?
53. Should computer literacy be required for all university students? Why/not?
54. Should it be compulsory for all children to study a second language as soon as they
start school?
55. All languages can be translated by computers, in your opinion, should children be
encouraged to learn foreign languages?
56. Do you think attending university classes should be compulsory or it should be
considered as optional?
57. Do you think family income influences school outcomes?
58. Do you think rich children have an unfair advantage in education?
59. How should schools help prepare young people for adulthood?
60. What subjects do you think schools should teach to prepare students for life?
61. What can parents do to maximise the mental power of children?
62. What role do you think schools and universities can play in helping develop community
cohesion?
63. What steps do you think can be taken to improve the quality of education in public
schools?
64. Do you think private schools arc more efficient than public schools in your country?
65. Do you think private schools help promote the quality of public schools?
66. Are day-schools always better alternatives to night schools?
67. Should higher education be free? Should it be paid for?
68. Why do you think primary education should be compulsory?
69. When do you think children should start formal schooling?
70. What type of assistance do you think schools can provide for overseas students?
71. Do you think schools should impose dress codes on their students?
72. Is it an advantage or a disadvantage to have a job while attending college? Discuss
73. Do you think that children should be engaged in some kind of paid work to gain
experience?
74. Should all university courses be specifically related to a future occupation? Why/not?
75. Should education be based on professional skills or on social needs? To what extent
should university courses be geared to the economic needs of society?
76. To what extent do you think school education should focus on non-academic areas?
Discuss.
77. Do you think the subjects that you are studying today are relevant to present-day
 society? Why?
78. What makes one university course more enjoyable than other courses? Explain.
79. Should university students have complete freedom to choose their own courses?
80. Do you think students should be given one long holiday each year or should they have
several holidays throughout the year? Why?
81. How beneficial do you think it is to group students according to their level of ability?
82. Do you think people can study at any age, or is there a best age for studying?
83. Many college freshmen complain that they have never learned how to study. What
pointers could you give to help people with poor study habits. Explain.
84. Do you think school students should be assigned to do daily homework? If so. how does
it benefit students?
85. 'School years are the best years of life'. Do you agree with this?
86. Explain the chief reasons why students drop out of high school. Flow can the number of
school leavers be reduced?
87. How should public high schools deal with students considered to be constant
troublemakers?
88. Is an academically competitive atmosphere helpful or harmful to school students?
89. What courses of action do you suggest to raise the standards of education in rural
areas?
90. Do you think the benefits of studying abroad justify the difficulties? Explain.
91. 'Visa regulations should be relaxed for overseas students.' Do you agree or disagree?
92. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of living in university dormitories.
93. 'Children should never be home schooled'? Do you agree or disagree?
94. In your opinion, how can the education system in your country be improved?
95. What changes do you predict in the education system of your country within the next
20 years?
96. Has the standard of education changed for the better or worse in the past decade in
your country?
97. What is your opinion of the way in which students qualify for university in your country?
E ner g y:
TOPIC 36
KEY IDEAS

Energy efficiency:
S i^ergy s a v in g p ro gra m m e s c o n trib u te to the econom ic 0rowth, s u s ta in a b le development,

h ig h e r p ro d u c tiv ity , revenue creation, expense re d u ctio n , a n d the Im prove m en t o f the

e n v iro n m e n t.

Discussion Questions:
1. Why is energy consumption an issue of concern?
2. Why should energy efficiency be a national priority?
3. How docs energy consumption affect the environmental protection issues?
4. How do environmcntally-friendly sources of energy contribute to the environment?
5. Discuss how people can be persuaded to use environmentally-friendly sources of
energy.
6. Should renewable energy be subsidised? (Of energy and natural resources that is
replaced naturally or controlled carefully and can therefore be used without the risk of
finishing it all, such as wind power.)
7. How does energy conservation promote economic prosperity?
8. Should energy efficiency programmes be publicly funded?
9. hi the future, natural resources, such as coal and oil will be used up. In your opinion, how
can we save on these resources?
10. Name some of the ways that energy is wasted.
11. What environmental problems can be caused by using fossil fuels?
12. How is fuel consumption connected to global warming?

E n v ir o n me n t :
TOPIC 37
KEY IDEAS

Alarming facts:
The m a in e n v iro n m e n ta l problem s In c lu d e a ir p o llu tio n , w a te r p o llu tio n fr o m I n d u s t r ia l

em ission s. Ille g a l d u m p in g , waste disposal, o v e rfis h in g , rad io active c o n ta m in a tio n ,

noise p o llu tio n , de fo re sta tio n E ffe c ts : Heath problem s, food c ris is , poor w ater q u a lit y ,

loss o f b io lo g ic a l d iv e rs ity , endangered m a rin e life , erosion a n d s o il d e g ra d a tio n ,

d e s e rtific a tio n , a n d depletion o f the onone la ye r.

How to protect the environment:
Anti-pollution -programmes in c lu d e Imposlng stricter environmental standards,
enforcing related- laws, establishing protective zones of natural scenery; forests are
valuable sources, this Is to say phasing out Indiscriminate logging. Increasing public
awareness, applying renewable materials and energy, u sin g envlronmentally-frlendly
alternatives to control fossil fuel em issions and other s.o\A.yc,ts. of Qreei^house gases,
applying efficient waste disposal system s that Include waste treatment, recycling,
disposal facilities, waste collection, and design in g sanitary landfills.

Discussion Questions:
1. Why is the degradation of the environment dangerous?
2. What do you see as the greatest threat to the environment at the moment and what can
be done about it? What is your opinion about 'ecotourism'?
3. What kind of environmental issues are of particular concern in your country?
4. Do you think environmental problems arc mostly the effect of developing technology?
5. What changes should be made to people's lifestyles to safeguard the environment?
6. 'Environmental concerns should always take priority over economic concerns.1Do you
agree?
7. What are the possible risks associated with excessive tree logging?

F AME:
TOPIC 38
KEY IDEAS

Pros:
Being fam ous allows your opinions to be heard, you would be probably the role model or
even the ^u^erhero of mai/v,y people; having admirers, supporters and fans can be enticing
and satisfying.
it can bring you respect, status and popularity, you would have power. Influence and
probably wealth:

Cons:
Fame brings nothing but vyCis»tr\^. It can ruin ijo u y life and privacy. Famous
people are usually bothered by photographers and the press. It can cause Insecurity. A ll
the time, you have to act In a certain way. Fame cause confusion of Identity and
disorientation, it causes relationship problems. Fame can ruin real friendships; you have
friends ai/ud fai/us, but you cau, ia.ever be sure I f they lllee you for who you art or your
position l Fame doesn’t iA/ecessarlly brliA/0 'popularity.

Discussion Questions:
1. In your opinion, is being famous easy to live with? How are fame and popularity
different?
2. 'Fame is often simply a matter of being in the right place at the right time.' Do you agree?
3. 'It is widely believed that famous people have a great life with no worries or problems.'
Discuss.
4. 'Celebrities or people in the public eye should set a good example.' Do you agree?
5. Do you think famous people are treated unfairly by the media? Should they be given
more privacy, or the invasion of private life is the price of being famous?
6 . Can the press positively or negatively influence readers towards famous people?

7. Do you think famous entertainers, such as singers, sports stars and actors are over paid?

F AMILY:
TOPIC 39
KEY IDEAS

The role of family:

Fam ily Is the m.ost basic- uvut of av^y society, fa m ily Is the sourot of Identity,
Inspiration, love, affection, stren0tk .comfort, security, support a nd encoura0em.ent.
Fam ily provides guidance and protection for It’s rn.em.bers. Fam ily plays a teey role In
the emotional and behavioural development of children. Fam ily plays a sl0 n lflc a n t role
In the development of adult achievements.
The role of fa m ily Is to nurture relationships, transfer the values and Initiate the youi^Q
Into culture.*1
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2

Discussion Questions:
1. Discuss the importance of family life as the basic unit of society.
2. How has the family model changed in the last 50 years?
3. What changes do you foresee in the family structure in the next 50 years?
4. Have families in your country changed in recent years?
5. It is generally accepted that the family unit is not as important as in the past. Do you
agree?
6 . Why do many families disintegrate today?

7. Why has family size declined in the last 50 years?

8 . How does family size affect children? Use specific examples.

9. 'A large family with a lot of children is happier than a family with an only child.' To what
extent do you agree or disagree?
10. In your opinion, what are the advantages and disadvantages of being an only child?
11. How important is it to know your family history?
12. What can we do to keep family history alive?
13. Have the roles of men and women in the family changed in recent years?
14. In what ways do husbands and wives usually have different roles within the family?

F AMILY TILES:
TOPIC 40
KEY IDEAS

Role.
F a m ily ga therliA,0s play a n lm,porta n t ro it I n u,urturlu,0 fam ily re la tio n sh ip s. F a m ily

togetherness helps f a m il y members solve their problems more easily. Family ties b u ild
oom m on Interests a n d streiA,0theiA, fam ily relationships. Family t00etheri/uess develops

Interpersonal skills.

Suggestions for family ties:

FatliA,0 ideals to0ether whenever possible, helpln0 fam ily members with housework,
attendln0 their sports event or activity a n d g iv in g positive feedback; no matter what the
outcome Is , w a tc h in g a TV pro0ram,m,e that fam ily members like, h a v in g a fam ily
iA/l0ht out, exe rcisin g to0ether, d o in g chores to0ether, d r iv in g them, whenever possible,
sharliA,0 a hobby to0ether, a n d 0oln0 o n - fa m ily holiday.

Discussion Questions:
1. It is generally true that families aren't as close-knit as they used to be? Why do you think
this change has happened? Do you think family ties are being loosened these days?
2. How does family bonding make us feel healthier?
3. How can family ties be maintained or encouraged?
4. How do family outings encourage closer family relationships? Use specific examples.
5. How important is it for families to have regular get-togethers?
6 . Do you think children are a bond between their parents? Support your opinion with

specific examples.
7. Can family attachments ever cause problems?
8 . How has modem life affected family bonds?
 TOPIC 41
F AMINE:
K E Y ID E A S

Causes:
Fam in e Is u s u a lly associated with i/v,atural causes, such as droughts, earthquakes, poor

weather ai/vd Lac-k o f raliA/fall. Fam in e c a n be due to c iv il war, o v e rp o p u la tio n , u n f a i r

d is t r i b u t i o n o f resources, Inadequate food production, low a g ric u ltu ra l pro du ctivity,

fa ilu re o f harvest due to c lim a tic conditions. L ack o f water resources leads to

deforestation and u ltim a te ly results In fa m in e .

Effects:
Fam in e can be the cause o f poverty, starvation, m a ln u tritio n and mass death.

Fam in e causes extinction o f a n im a l species and sta n /a tlo n o f livestock.

Fam in e leads to o u t b r e a k o f diseases, e.g. pestilence.

Fam in e can lead to mass m ig r a t io n ; Ille g a l I m m ig r a t i o n Is one o f the con seq ue nces o f

f a m in e .

Fam in e causes e co n o m ic fa ilu re and Increa ses the requests fo r overseas fo o d .

Suggestions to prevent fam ine:

A llo c a t in g fin a n c ia l assistance Intended to support fa rm e rs , e.g. subsidies, g ra n ts and

lo a n s .

Fam in e can be elim inated through developing agriculture-related technologies, e.g.

m ech an izatio n o f ag ricu ltu re and Irrig a tio n systems. Population control Is a lo ng-term

In itia tiv e to combat fa m in e .

Discussion Questions
1. In your opinion, what would be the best course of action to prevent famine?
2. In your view, what are the long-term effects of famine?
3. In your opinion, what should be done to prevent poor people in the world going hungry?
4. Do you think famine in one country affects food resources in another country?
F A S H IO N & CLOTHING:
TOPIC 42
KEY IDEAS

Pros:
F a sh io n coiA/trlbu-tes to a better appearance that m.ay help people m,alee a stronger
lm,pressloiA/ o»A/ their so cia l contacts. MenA,y li/vduistrles benefit from, fashion li/vdu.stry lltee
olothli/\,0, textile, cosmetic, etc. Moss p ro d u c tio n m a fees prices lower. FoshloiA, li/udu^try
provides em,ploym,e»A/t. FoshloiA, odds colour cuA,d beoutty to life. F a sh io n provides n s with
m.ore choices. Most fashionable clothes ore well- desl0ned and stylish. Fashion shows n s
the lifestyle fea tu res o f c o m m u n itie s .
Fashion Is o m,eans of self-expression thot ollows people to try different roles In life.

Cons:
Fashion can be a0alnst the volutes and n o rm s of o com m unity. Most clothes thot com,e to
fashion orejutst eye-cotchliA,0, floshy. Inferior and poor In o^utollty. The putrehosed clothes
slmp>ly become discarded. Most designers are n o t Interested In warm,th, comfort ond
dutroblllty. Foshlon Is only Intended to maize profits therefore foshlon sloves Ore slm,ply
exploited. New foshlons Impose utnwonted costs ond considered o butrden to the bw.d0et of
fo n d ly. A lot of tim e Is spent to keep up with foshlon. Foshlon I n d u s tr y terribly
Influences people's p u rc h a s in g decisions a n d shoppln0 ho bits, foshlon exists m a In ly to
persucode people to spend m on ey on thln0s they don't reolly need.

Discussion Questions:
1. Would you agree that different clothes influence the way people behave?
2. Do you think fashion is important to all age groups?
3. Teenagers tend to be more fashion-conscious . 1 Why?
4. Clothing companies introduce new fashion and styles each season. Why?
5. 'People dress to project an image or to follow trends or to be comfortable.' Explain.
6 . In what ways does your grandparents generation dress differently than yours?
F EAR:
TOPIC 43
KEY IDEAS

Causes:
Fear Is the resudt of a num ber of d iffe r e n t reasons. I n c lu d in g Ig n o ra n c e ,

m is in f o r m a t io n , u n c e r t a in t y of the fu.tu.re, a series o f events I n c h ild h o o d , u n s o lv e d

Issues f r o m the past, having a traumatic- experience, la c k o f co n fid e n c e , Illusion,

psychological disorders, a n d a n u n k n o w n s itu a tio n .

Effects:
Fear keeps you. from, m a k in g positive c h a f e s In your life, it persuades you. to set easier

g o a ls a n d do less th an you. are capable o f Fear keeps you. from, asserting y o u r s e lf Fear

a ffe c ts creativity a n d p r o d u c tiv ity . Fear a n d liA.seou.rlty negatively Im p a c t o n o u r

abilities a n d success. Fear keeps y o u f r o m ta k in g risks. Fear causes a n u m b e r o f

b e h a v io u ra l p ro blem s; In d e cisive n e ss, hesitation, and confusion. Fear c a n affect
physlc-al conditions, e.g. Increased heart rate, h ig h blood pressure. Fear affects o u r d a lly
lives, re la tio n s h ip s a n d p e rs o n a l growth.

Suggestions to overcome fear:

s in c e fear Is such a p e rs o n a l Issue, m o st approaches which are applied to cope with fear
focus on I n d iv id u a l cases. There are v a rio u s ways to deal with y o u r fe a r: become aware o f
It, Id e n tify the ways you express fear, recognise the situations which trig ger fear, use
b e h a v io u ra l techniques to reduce fe a r a n d stress, analyse your fear and see how

Irration al they are, and try not to obsess with fe a rfu l thoughts.

Discussion Questions:
1. Can fear ever be a good motivator?
2. In what ways can fear be destructive?
3. On what occasion in your life have you been the most terrified?
F ESTIVALS:
TOPIC 44
KEY IDEAS

The role of social events:

Festivals play an Important role In ln s tlllln 0 a sense of •patriotism,, prom,otln0 a sense of
national and eu.ltu.ral Identity, e«A,eou.ra0l«A,0 a feelln0 of com,m,unlty pride and u n ity ,
b rln0ln0 oilverse 0roups of people to0ether, preservln0 history, traolltloiA,s, s>V\artd valu.es
and m,ores of a oou.iA,try, and com,m,em,oratln0 past events. Festivals revive local
tra d itio n s ,. Festivals contribute to com.m.unlty participation. Most events anol festival are
to be entertalnln0 anol educational.

Discussion Questions:
1. In what ways do you think festivals contribute to the cultural and social well-being of
communities?
2. Do you think that new festivals will be introduced in the future?
3. How do people celebrate special occasions in your country?
4. Have holiday celebrations changed over the years in your country?
5. Do you think the importance of holiday celebrations changes over the years?
6 . What are the differences between the social events that older and younger people enjoy?

7. How may globalisation affect different festivals around the world?

8 . What can be done to make festivals alive?

9. Is it important to make our national celebrations known for other countries?

10. Why some countries have more number of festivals and celebrations?
11. What effect do you think family celebrations have on family relationships?

F IE L D TRIPS AND EXTRACURRICULAR ACTIVITIES:

TOPIC 45
KEY IDEAS

Role:
Field trips are desl0iA,ed to provide students with num erous, opportunities to Interact with
peers.
Field trips oom.plem.ent the curriculum, and provide outdoor learnln0 opportunities.
Extracurricular activities encourage team,worte, creativity, responsibility, life sfellls.
liA/terpersoiA/fll skills, a n d self-lmprove^e^t. F ield trips are e d u c a tio n a l a n d e n te rta in in g .
After- school "programmes pi a y a n Im p o rta n t role I n s tre n g th e n in g the Interest areas of
s tu d e n ts , a n d their academ ic achievem ents. After-school a c tiv itie s c a n help w o rk in g

"parents.

Discussion Questions:
1. What role do you think extracurricular activities play in education?
2. Should field trips be eliminated and the time used for lesson-related activities?
3. How do school trips or enrichment activities contribute to the learning process?
4. In what ways do extracurricular activities develop social skills of school students?
5. Do you think extracurricular activities protect against early school dropouts?
6 . Do you think after-school programmes should be structured as a compulsory extension

of learning progress in schools?

7. How would you compare and contrast knowledge gained from personal experience with
knowledge gained from classroom instruction. In your opinion, which can be more
important or effective? Why?
8 . How can extracurricular activities promote personality development?

p ILM:
1
TOPIC 46
KEY IDEAS

Features of a good film:

A good f i l m benefits e ffe c tiv e ly fr o m the followliA,0 fa c to rs : a good scenario a n d plot,
a c tio n sequences, special effects, gra ph ics, so u n d effects, a n d a "professional crew;
directors, producers, \ ig h t a n d so u n d te c h n ic ia n s , actors, etc. A good f i l m has well-
de fln e d characters a n d clever dialogues. A good f i l m Is the one which Is well-wrltteiA, a n d
w e ll-d irecte d. A good film Is usu.ally eiA,ll0hteiA,liA,0, I llu m in a t in g , e d u ca tio n a l,

co n stru ctive , e n te rta in in g . In te re s tin g a n d v is u a lly s t u n n in g .

A good f i l m keeps viewers eager to see w h a t happens ne ^t a n d m a y "provoke d iscu ssio n .

A good f i l m m akes audiences be Inspired by Its message. A good f i l m u s u a lly Involves
the viewer I n the s to ry with both em pathy a n d s y m p a th y . A good f i l m c a n chaise
viewer's mood.
Discussion Questions:
1. In your opinion, what are the top three features of a good film?
2. Do you think films are getting worse, or are they better than ever before?
3. What are the factors determine the success or failure of a movie?
4. What changes can you imagine in films over the next few years?
5. How influential do you think films are on young people's behaviour?
6 . 'Some critics believe that filmmakers are emphasising special effects at the expense of

the story. 1 Do you think cinematic tricks hurt films?

7. What are the stereotyped heroes and villains in most action films?
8 . Do you think the cinema has increased or decreased in popularity in recent years?

9. Why do people still go to the cinema despite the availability of television films and
videos?
10. How popular do you expect going to the cinema will be in the future?
11. Do you think that cinema films should have an educational value?

F FRIENDSHIP:
TOPIC 47
KEY IDEAS

Qualities of a good friend and friendship:

A good, fr ie n d Is ho i/v,est, trustworthy, loyal, reliable, dependable, telnd, affectionate,
sympathetic-, devoted, c-onslderate, helpful, supportive, caring, selfless, consistent,
t\A,c,ouraqIng, Inspiring, tolerant, confidant, positive, open-minded, forward-lootelng,

thoughtful, level-headed, and well-humored. A good fr ie n d Is someone who respects your

privacy and provides companionship and emotional support and stands by you when
you are In trouble. A good friend Is someone who Is always open to new Ideas. A good
friend respects Ljour opinion and never breates confidence.
A true friend Is the one who accepts you totally with a ll your lim itations and
weatenesses.*1
6
5
4
3
2

Discussion Questions:
1. What are some characteristics of people you try to avoid when choosing friends? Explain.
2. How important do you think friendship is in a person's life?
3. In your opinion, how can we maintain a friendship?
4. What factors may result in the breakdown of a friendship?
5. What makes friends different from family?
6 . The best mirror is an old friend.' How do you understand this?
7. There is an end to any friendships.' Would you agree or disagree?
8 . What do you think about friendship across generations?

9. Do different personalities and different beliefs make friendship: impossible?

10. Would you agree that the nature of friendship changes throughout a person's life?
11. 'A friend of everyone is a friend of no one.' To what extent do you agree or disagree?
12. Do you think borrowing money from a friend can harm the friendship?
13. Some people choose friends who are different from themselves. Others choose friends
who are similar to themselves. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of them.1 6
5
4
3
2

G e n e r a t io n g a p (the e ld e rly and th e youth):

TOPIC 48
KEY IDEAS

Causes:
g e n e ra tio n gap Is the resu.lt o f d iffe re n ce I n age, c u ltu r a l norms,, experiences, o p in io n s,
values a n d a ttitu d e s . New electronic technologies c a n cause a ga-p between the y o u n g e r

geiA,eratLoiA, a n d th e ir parents; y o u th are u s u a lly more f a m il ia r w ith new technologies

whereas th e ir p a ren ts are not.

Effects:
g e n e ra tio n gap causes m is tru s t, c o m m u n ic a tio n bre akd ow n a n d f a m il y problems,

g e n e ra tio n gap c a n cause d iffe re n ce n o t o n ly In s id e the f a m il y b u t also th ro u g h o u t

society.

Suggestions to bridge generation gap:

g e n e ra tio n gap c a n be f ille d to a great extent through pw.bll& eo(u.oatloiA,.

A way to narrow this gap Is to streiA,gtkeiA, com m o n p o in ts , e. g, c o u n s e lin g sessions.

■Reviving shared values c a n be a n effective w a y to address this problem,.

Discussion Questions:
1. What are the main reasons for conflicts between adolescents and their parents?
2. In what ways is your generation different from your parents' generation?
3. Do you think it is possible to overcome generation gap?
4. Can traditions help to bridge the generation gap or do they make the gap wider?
5. At what point in life do you think generation gap seems to be the largest?
6 . It is said that over the past 50 years, young people have gained more status and power

while older people have lost. What are the main causes? Is it a positive or negative
development?
7. Explain what attitudes to recreation your generation have compared to those of your
grandparents, what forms of entertainment young people and adults prefer in your
country?
8 . Is it better for elderly people to be part of a family or to live independently?

9. What role do old people play in families?

10. In what ways can the old people help a society?
11. 'Old people are the biggest treasure of each community.' How do you understand this?
12. In your opinion, how will the role of older people in your culture change in the future?
13. Should governments provide completely free care for the elderly?
14. How can the elderly be appreciated for all they have done?
15. Should the elderly be expected to pay for residential care out of their own savings or
should appropriate accommodation and nursing be provided by tax payers?
16. How does younger generation behave differently from other people?
17. It is believed that most elderly people can become socially isolated. What should be
done to solve this problem?
18. Today, the media often portrays young people as lazy and irresponsible. Why is it so? Is it
just a point of criticism on the youth, or is it true?
19. What can parents do to make their young children self-made?
20. How can the new generation be encouraged to respect the elderly?
21. Should people accept it as their duty to take care of their aging parents? Discuss.
22. In what sense is youth the most turbulent period of life? Give examples.
23. Do you think it is important for young people to know and possibly visit the places where
their parents, grandparents and other ancestors lived? Why/not?

G l o b a l w a r m in g :
TOPIC 49
KEY IDEAS

Causes:
g lo b a l warnu.n0 Is due to Increase o f gases, w hich trap the heat o f the sun,, e. g 0 0 2 ,
n a tu r a l changes In, cllncatlc patterns, excessive use o f fo s s il fu e ls , em ission, o f
I n d u s t r ia l p o llu ta n ts a n d de forestatio n

Effects:
The effects o f g lo b a l w a rm in g , w h ile n o t Im m e d ia te , are potentially catastrophic, global

w a rm in g Is the cause o f a n u m b e r o f natural disasters, such as flo o d s , d ra u g h ts ,

blizzards, heat waves , wild fires, h u rric a n e s a n d earthquakes. s>ome effects o f g lo b a l
warncln0 are rlsln0 sea levels, reshapln0 shorelines, nceltln0 Ic-e In the poles, retreatln0
g la c ie r s , a n d i n c r e a s i n g the sp r e a d o f d ise a se s.

Suggestions to reduce global warming:

global w a rm in g can be reduced through im p o s in g a n d enforcln0 to u g h e r law s to reduce
a ir pollution, developln0 en erg y e ffic ie n c y -programmes to l i m i t carbon e m ission ,

developln0 e n v iro n m e n ta lly - f r ie n d ly a lte rn a tive s, e.g. solar-cowered cars , a n d

e n c o u ra g in g green space developm ent program m es, e. g. tree plan tln0 pro gra m m e s ,
p ro m o tin g in itia tiv e s Intended to h e ig hten people's awareness about this issue.

Discussion Questions:
1. Discuss how global warming can be prevented or slowed.
2. In what ways is global warming damaging the ecosystem?
3. The most effective way to address global warming is enlightening people on this issue.'
Do you share this opinion? If so, how?

G l o b a l is a t io n :
TOPIC 50
KEY IDEAS

For:
Speed of transport for goods a n d people, increased liq u id ity of capital allows Investors i n
developed countries to Invest i n developln0 countries; globalisation promotes economic
0rowth. increased flow of c o m m u n ic a tio n s allow s in fo r m a tio n to be shared between
Individuals a n d corporations a ro u n d the world, globalisation maizes the nations more
hom ogenous which promotes equality of o p p o rtu n ity . The process o f g lo b a lis a tio n ties the

world to0ether and brln0s welfare and peace, g lo b a lis a tio n promotes cultural cohesion.

Against:
g lo b a lis a tio n destroys local economies a n d sm all businesses, globalisation spreads a

m a te ria lis tic attitude that considers c o n s u m p tio n as a path to prosperity. A n Issue that
opponents put fo rw a rd is the 0reater rlsle of diseases which are tra n s fe rre d
unintentionally between nations.*1
2

Discussion Questions:
1. Do you think globalisation is a threat or an opportunity to the nations?
2. In what ways do you think globalisation will benefit the world in the future?
3. Globalisation is a phenomenon of the 21st century and is merely the result of
development in modern communications and information technologies. How far do you
agree?
4. 'Globalisation plays a key role in reducing poverty across the world.' Do you agree or
disagree?
5. In what ways does globalisation contribute to an international language?
6 . Do you think globalisation can weaken the cultural cohesion of communities? Can

globalisation erode traditional cultures?

7. 'Globalisation makes the world more unequal.' To what extent do you agree or disagree?

G m FOOD: (GENETICALLY MODIFIED)

TOPIC 51
KEY IDEAS

For:
Supporters of genetically Modified foods believe that crops offer m any advantages,
sue-h as better texture. Increased nutritional value, better flavour and colour, more
efficient use of land, longer shelf life, greater yield, reduced weeds, elim ination of
a lle r^ L j-c a u sin Q properties In some foods, easier shlpntent, and greater resistance to
environmental changes.

Against:
opponents argue that we aren't aware of the steps Involved before £}M foods are made
available for sole. crops haven't been tested adequately for their safety as food, we
don't lenow enough aboutthls science; altering genes couId lead to unforeseen problems.
products, are potentially dangerous, and may cause different diseases; pests can be

developed as p m a changes.

dom ination of the world food p ro d u c tio n by a few companies Is one the consequences of
developing foods. ’Tampering with nature’ by mixing genes among species Isn ’t
right.
Regulation and control standards vary from c o u n try to country with no International
re ^ u la to rij system; we can never be sure whether foods have been tested appropriately
or not.
Discussion Questions:
1. Why is producing and consuming bio-engineered food so controversial?
2. What are the reasons for the increasing interest in organic food in some parts of the
world?
3. Do you think science is improving the quality of the food we eat, or making some foods a
danger to our health?
4. Do you think GM food should be labelled? Why/not?
5. How has technology changed methods of food production in your country in the last fifty
years?

H
1 lAPPINESS:
TOPIC 52
KEY IDEAS

Definitions:
Happiness Is hard to measure, as It Is subjective au,d depends o ia , the persons m entality.
A b ility to keep positive perspectives I ia, life Is au, essential factor I ia , achieving happiness,
therefore, ability to have a clear se^vse of purpose cai/u lead to satisfaction.
Factors, such as beln0 In good health, lovln0 relationships and peaceful environments
all contribute to our happiness, but this dotsv ^t mean that people without these conditions
cannot be happy.
elements that can affect happiness li/v,clude philosophical view of life; world view, and
type of personality, some states of m ind associated with happiness are the feelln0s of
success, dell0ht and safety. To lead a happy life, ’i>o what you lllee and like what you
do:

Discussion Questions:
1. Do you think happiness is more caused by nature or nurture?
2. Do you think happiness is a skill that can be taught?
3. How do you define 'true happiness'?
4. In your view, how can happiness lead to success?
5. 'Happiness lies in the joy of achievement.' How do you understand this?
6 . Can money be the source of happiness?

7. How does happiness affect our confidence, relationships and health?

8 . 'Knowledge and happiness are incompatible, the more you know, the more you worry . 1
 How far do you agree or disagree?
9. Arc super-intelligent children necessarily any happier than their 'normal' friends?
10. Do you think there is a link between life satisfaction and personality type?

H l G H T - RISE BUILDINGS:
TOPIC 53
KEY IDEAS

Pros:
(n Iar0e c-ltles, land Is scarce and valivable, the construction of ta ll bulldln0s occupy
only a sm all area of land while •prox/lalliA/0 lots of floor s-pace where people can live or work.
M an y hl0h-rlse bulldln0s contribute to the area’s vibrancy, since hl0h-rlse bulldln0s
are desl0ned and tested by com.pu.ter simulations they can withstand powerful
earthquakes. New bulldln0S provide hl0her standards of accommodation and
convenience. A hl0h-rlse bulldln0 can contribute to the lma0e of an area and considered
as a national or re0lonal sy mbol of that city and reflect the culture of society.

Cons:
It Is re0rettable that modern cities look the same; modern bulldln0S ru in the
dlstln0ulshln0 features of cities. M an y bulldln0s have no real character. Ht0h rise
bulldln0s ru in the view of natural features and cause a ne0atlve Impact on the rural
landscapes. sp ollln 0 the overall appearance of skylines Is the result of developln0
skyscrapers. i>evelopln0 hl0h-rlse bulldln0s make cities and lifestyles more
hetero0eneous; It can also Intensify social problems, e.0 . noticeable class distinction.
H-astlly erected bulldln0s endan0er the lives of people, safety standards, may be
sacrificed to profits.

Discussion Questions:
1. Exemplify some of the positive and negative aspects of modern buildings.
2. Why do you think cities should maintain their own historical background?
3. Ever day more and more buildings are pulled down and replaced with tall buildings, what
are the main reasons? Is it a positive or negative development? What might future
houses look like?
4. Do you think skyscrapers are a good way to deal with space constraints in urban areas?
HllS T O R Y :
1
TOPIC 54
KEY IDEAS

Role:
Hist oruj is to e n rich o u r u n d e rs ta n d in g o f ourselves. History helps US learn, flbou.t o u r
o rig in s , bac,\zgroun,cis, ideas , tr a d itio n s and Institutions that have shaped the
developm ent o f o u r o o u n try . O u r history a n d traditions give US a sense o f co n n e ctio n

with the past; It c a n brln0 people to0ether a n d rewind n s of the w,ew,orles that we share,
stu.dyln0 history enables n s to avoid repeatln0 the mistakes of the past. H is to ry is
illu m i n a t i n g and allows n s to understand and conclude how past h u m a n a ctio n s

lw,paot on the present and the future. It teaches n s w,any lessons of life, therefore It
helps us be able to th in k more lo0lc-ally and maize in fo r m e d ju d g m e n ts about current
and future events. History enll0htens future ge ne ration s.

Discussion Questions:
1. In your opinion, how does studying history help inform the present and improve the
future?
2. 'Studying history can help countries to avoid repeating past mistakes.' How?
3. Do you agree that studying history help us develop a number of life skills?
4. Is it important to study the history of other countries?
5. Do you think we should encourage school students to become interested in history? If
so, why and how?
6 . Why do you think studying history has become less popular these days?

7. If you could go back in time and re-experience an event in your life, what would it be?
Why?
8 . If you could be any character in history, who would it be, and why?

9. If you could go back in time, which historic era would you like to visit? Why?
10. 'People should read only those books that are about real events, real people and
established facts.' To what extent do you agree or disagree?
HlO B B IE S :
1
TOPIC 55
KEY IDEAS

Benefits of hobbies:
Hobbits, are In te n d e d to provide m a n y hours of relief from, stress, provide e n te rta in m e n t

a n d relaxations c o n trib u te to productive leisure time, provide e d u c a tio n a l o p p o rtu n itie s to

eiA,haiA,oe life experience. Increase p ro b le m -s o lv in g capabilities, build character, encourage
so cia l Interaction, teach self-expression, boost creativity, confidence, accomplishment

and discipline.

Discussion Questions:
1. Do you think people need to have an interest or hobby?
2. In your opinion, what are the healthiest leisure activities?
3. Should a leisure activity be incorporated in the working day?
4. How can we balance the amount of time we spend on work and leisure?
5. Do you share the opinion that outdoor pursuits encourage social skills?
6 . In what ways arc hobbies beneficial to social life? Give examples.

7. In what ways do leisure activities help us cope with modern life?

8 . What educational benefit do you think collecting objects like coins or stamps might

have?
9. How has the way people spend their free time changed over the years?
10. What do you think pastime and hobbies will be like in 100 years time?
11. Do you think people's hobbies and interests can be influenced by fashions and trends?
12. In your opinion, what kinds of entertainment can a family enjoy as a whole?
13. How do recreational activities vary according to region and climate?
14. Do you agree that hobbies contribute to self-development?
15. What negative effects, if any, do you think spending too much time on a hobby might
have?
16. 'Shopping has become a favourite pastime among young people.' Discuss why?
H o l id a y :
TOPIC 56
KEY IDEAS

Out door recreation: ca m p in g , climbing, hiking and picnicking:

C a m p in g Is a w a y to review a n d s tre n g th e n o u r re la tio n s h ip s , encourage f a m ily
b o n d in g , b u ild life lo n g -frie n d s h ip s , ge t close to n a tu re , a n d ge t aw ay from, the h u s tle

a n d b u s tle o f everyday life , o u td o o r ac-tlvltles pro vid e a chance to g e t peace a n d g ulet.

o u td o o r recreation c o n trib u te s to people's overall w e ll- b e in g by p ro v id in g o p p o rtu n itie s

fo r p h y s ic a l fitn e s s a n d stress re d u c tio n a c tiv itie s , o u td o o r le is u re a c tiv itie s g iv e n s a

great o p p o rtu n ity to relax a n d have f u n ; enthusiasm , fo r w o rk Is renewed a fte r a break.
C a m p in g c a n be e d u c a tio n a l; ie a r n by d o in g - approach'. O u t door re cre a tio n a c tiv itie s

teach us how to a d ju s t to new e n v iro n m e n ts and v a rio u s s o c ia l s itu a tio n s , c a m p in g

helps n s Increase s e lf-re lia n c e , m a t u r it y , Independence, an d leadership s k ills . c a m p in g
helps n s develop team, w o rk s k ills , it also teaches n s how to ta ke re s p o n s ib ility fo r
others, o u td o o r recreation encourages s o c ia l connectedness, o u td o o r recreation a c tiv itie s
help n s w id e n o u r horizons.

Traveling and Sightseeing:

Traveling Is a good exam ple to show the Im p o rta n c e o f n o n -s c h o o l e d u c a tio n ; as s im p le
procedures like b u yin g a tra in ticket or changing c u rre n c y are mastered,

sightseeing helps n s fa m ilia r is e ourselves with the highlights o f d iffe r e n t citie s.

sightseeing tours are designed to give n s opportunities to get f a m i l i a r with places of
Interest, tourist a ttra c tio n s , la n d m a r k , lifestyles and t r a d itio n s of other citie s.
sightseeing to u rs allow n s to explore the d iv e r s ity o f d iffe r e n t c u ltu re s .

Adventure:
Some people travel for the sake of a d v e n tu re because they like excitement, d a n g e r,
novelty, exploring, and being exposed to a n u nkn o w n outcome. A d v e n tu re rs often seek
sort of th rills that they c a n n o t g e t I n o r d in a r y life . A d v e n tu re cam ps Intended to be
c h a ra cte r a n d c o n fid e n c e building.

Educational tours and excursions:

Most e d u c a tio n a l to u rs are Intended to broaden the m ind , prom ote the c ro s s -c u ltu ra l
u n d e r s ta n d in g a m o n g nations; learn about other people, history, lifestyles, cultures,

cu s to m s a n d la n g u a g e s .
Discussion Questions:
1. What can we do to improve the quality of a travel experience?
2. What benefits do you think people get from holiday activities?
3. Discuss how family outings strengthen family relationships. Use specific examples.
4. In what ways can traveling broaden the mind?
5. Would you say that people go on holiday only for the purpose of recreation?
6 . Why is holiday so important to modern people?

7. What is your idea of a perfect holiday?

8 . I low does travel help to promote understanding and communication between
countries?
9. I low does foreign travel benefit us?
10. Do you think holidays will be different in the future? Explain
1 1 . low has traveling changed since 1 0 0 years ago?

12. In your opinion, what is the best way to plan a vacation?

13. What are advantages/disadvantages of traveling by air compared with travel by
car/bus/train?
14. What arc some advantages and disadvantages of traveling alone and traveling with a
companion? In your opinion, what are some advantages of going on package holiday?
15. What are some advantages and disadvantages of wandering around a city on your own?
16. How can going on safari benefit US?
17. Why are some people interested in mysterious places?

H o m e s c h o o l in g :
TOPIC 57
KEY IDEAS

Pros:
Home sch o o lin g promotes fam ily In v o lv e m e n t and -parental contribution. Home
s ch o o lin g encourages tra n s m is s io n o f p a re n ta l values to c h ild re n . Home sch o o lin g
allows parents to tailor the c u r r ic u lu m to th e ir personal talents of their children; lessors
c a n be e ffic ie n tly custom ised to each c h ild 's needs, te a c h in g Is based o n personal needs,

stu d yln 0 habits a n d le a rn in g styles. Home schoolln0 allows a flexible schedule; It

allows parents to speed up or slow d o w n the material In order to m atch their child's
developm ental readiness I n v a rio u s subjects, children c a n spend more tim e I n areas

which Intere st them . These s tu d e n ts are o fte n more self-d irecte d a n d have a 0reater depth
of teiA,owled0e.
Cons:
soi^e dlsadva ntages assoclated with home schooling are as. follows:
H-om,e schooling prevents peer Interaction and Winders social development o f cWildren.
They have fewer chances to interact with the children o f their own age, consequently,
they sometim es Iack the usual social skills; students who are home schooled are more
likely to become unsociable. Home schooling prevents children from being exposed to the
Ideas and beliefs o f others.

Discussion Questions:
1. Do you think home schooling prevents children from socialising with others?
2. Why school students tend to be more well-adjusted than children who are home
schooled?
3. What do you think you would miss most if you were schooled at home?
4. Why do you think governments do not usually allow parents to educate their children at
home?

H o me l e s s n e s s :
TOPIC 58
KEY IDEAS

Causes:
There are a n u m b e r o f fa c to rs t h a t c a n cause hom elessness, In c lu d in g personal
Irresponsibility, fa m ily conflicts, fa m ily breakdown, health problems, psychological
a n d m e n ta l diseases, dm g abu.se, poverty, lack of adequate job skills, s u b s ta n d a rd

wages, jo bless ness, lack o f a ffo rd a b le housing, forced evictions, and n a tu ra l disasters.

Effects:
H om elessness Is one of the ncost extreme fo rm s o f s o c ia l exclusion. It causes deprivation

of basic hu.rn.an needs; It causes s o c ia l Is o la tio n , health problems, psychological

disorders, poor m e n ta l health, loss o f co n fid e n ce , a n d u n e m p lo y m e n t.

Suggestions to address homelessness:

H om elessness c a n be addressed to some extent through su p p o rtive services, su ch as

empowering the homeless to be f In a n c la lly Independent by providing decent jobs and

emergency assistance, e.g. housing subsidy policies, and em e rg e n cy shelters.
Discussion Questions:
1. What measures do you think must be taken in the short-term to deal with homelessness?
2. How can 'rough sleeping' be effectively tackled?
3. Many people believe that homelessness is the most pressing issue that we face today. To
what extent do you agree?

H
1 lO U SIN G :
TOPIC 59
KEY IDEAS

Causes of housing shortage:

H o u s in g shortage Is the resu.lt o f overpapulatloi/v, li/vteri/val a n d external mlgration, lacte

o f balance between su.pply a n d d e m an d I n h o u s in g market, a n d shortage o f e x is tin g

houses.

Suggestions to protect low-income families:

.Supportive housing schemes In c lu d e affordable rental houses a n d home ownership
In itia tiv e s ; sohem.es designed to provide g ra n ts a n d sub sid ised Loans to assist people I n
m e e tin g their h o u s in g needs. In tro d u c in g 'm ass c o n s tru c tio n pro gra m m e s' I n order to

provide low Incom e fa m ilie s with affordable h o u sin g .

Effects of poor housing:

Vu.li/verable groups, li/vclu.dli/vg the elderly, children a n d those s u ffe r in g fr o m loi/vg-term
health problems are at particular risk. Poor h o u s in g c a n be associated with health-related
problems, e.g. respiratory problems a n d rheumatic diseases.

Discussion Questions:
1. How can home ownership be increased? Why housing affordability continues to be a
serious issue for many families? How important is it for people to have a permanent
home?
2. How can economically depressed areas be provided with adequate standard of
housing?
3. Slum areas arc the most acute signs of urban poverty. In your opinion, how can poor
housing be improved?
I l l it e r a c y :
TOPIC 60
KEY IDEAS

Causes:
(Lilteracy is related to m a n y s o cia l lssu.es, such as fa m ily poverty, overpopu.lfltL.oiA/,
Inadequate e d u c a tio n a l fa c ilitie s , low parental edu.eflti.oiA/, a n d social exclusion.

Effects:
Illiteracy leads to low self-esteem a n d d ra s tic a lly restricts so cia l participation
opportuuA/ltles.
illiteracy results I n IrrfltloiA/fll feflr o f new technologies. Low e d u ca tio n Affects
em ploym ent opportunities a n d co n s e q u e n tly , h ig h un em ploym en t leads to the sharp
Increase liA/poverty.

Discussion Questions:
1. In your opinion, what is the most effective initiative to eradicate illiteracy?
2. What can governments do to tackle illiteracy?
3. Who should be blamed for the increased rate of illiteracy in the depressed areas?
4. In what ways does illiteracy lead to poor living standards?
5. Why do you think illiteracy shouldn't be tolerated?
6 . What barriers can illiteracy cause for individuals?

7. In what ways is illiteracy a burden to society? Support your opinion with specific
examples.

I n d u s t r ia l r e l a t io n s :
TOPIC 61
KEY IDEAS

Causes:
industrial con flicts are u s u a lly due to c o llis io n o f Interests between w orkers a n d
employers.
S o m e mfljor causes are as follows: poor pfly a n d wage disputes, heavy p h ysical w o rk,
la c k o f m utual respect, poor w o rk in g c o n d itio n s , lo n g Irregular w o rk in g hours.

Inflexible hours, forced overtime, locte, o f In s u ra n c e coverage, la c k o f jo b security,

lim ited career promotion, d is c r im in a tio n a n d Inequalities, u n f a ir d ism issa ls a n d
 Layoffs, re d u n d a n c y p aym ent problems, retirement lssu.es, hazardous, duties, lack of
Labour productivity; poor p e rfo rm a n c e of workers. Irresponsibility of workers who don't
follow the re g u la tio n s , disruptive strikes, m ls c o m m u n lc a tlo n , lack of holiday
entitlements, lack of well- defined job d e s c rip tio n s , u n c le a r roles, and u n re a so n a b le
expectations.

Suggestions to settle work disputes:

e n c o u ra g e an y creativity and self-development, e.g. providing reasonable fin a n c ia l

assistance as a motivator; providing and f a c il it a t in g a s it u a t io n I n which employees

can upgrade their p ro fe s s io n a l skills, pro vid e a frie n d ly work atmosphere with te a m -
focu sed activities, c o n s id e r w o rke rs' w e lfare , respect workers’ rights, ensure the safety of

workers, provide opportunities for growth, and ensure g re a te r p ro te c tio n a g a in s t u n fa ir

dismissals.

Discussion Questions:
1. What catalysts and polices do you suggest to resolve industrial disputes?
2. Why sometimes conflicts arise between workers and employers?
3. 'Negotiation and compromise are the most effective way to settle problems between
employers and workers.' Do you agree?

i
(THE) IN TER N ET:
TOPIC 62
KEY IDEAS

Pros:
The internet fa cilita tes the flow an d d is s e m in a tio n o f I n fo r m a tio n ; the internet has
cha n g e d the q u a lity an d q u a n tity o f I n fo r m a tio n ; the convenien ce an d speed o f the

internet helps people g a in access to a ll sort o f In fo r m a tio n . The internet Is a g re a t to o l f o r

I n te r a c tin g a ro u n d the world at a relatively low cost. The internet enables people to fo rm

c o m m u n itie s I n new an d u n lg u e re la tio n s h ip s , e.g. d is c u s s io n fo ru m s , people ca n ea sily

c o m m u n ic a te a n d share their Ideas. The Internet provides m a n y le a r n in g o p p o rtu n itie s

a n d research activities. The m ost Im portant fe a tu re s o f the internet In c lu d e e-mail,

o n lin e co n v e rs a tio n . I n f o r m a tio n re trie v a l, e-commerce, o n lin e shopping, on lin e

leamXiA,0 alA/d browsliA/0 the liA,tem,et for dow nloading d iffe re n t M aterial.

Cons:
some of the drawbacks of the (»A/teriA,et a rt as, follows:
bUA/Su.pen/lseo( children o n the ii/vteriA/et; children are beliA,0 I ia,undated with o(aiA/0erou.s
liA/forwiatloiA/.

There a rt a lot of websites which promote Im m orality ItA/society.

c-opy aiA,d paste academic assl0^m.e^ts' associated with the availability of the in te rn e t.
Loss of privacy Is one of the M a jo r problems associated with the 0rowth of the in te rn e t,
(The) in te rn e t addiction causes lrre0u.lar ste e p ly patterns. The In te rn e t can cause
Isolation. ttacfeliA/0, spam., vlrucses, cookies a n d credit card frau.d are otherproblem,s of the
i^teriA,et.

Discussion Questions:
1. In your opinion, what is the most important feature of the Internet?
2. In what sense has the internet revolutionised the life of modern man?
3. How would you account for the popularity of the Internet?
4. In what ways does the Internet influence the availability of information?
5. How do you think the Internet might affect the way people work?
6 . The Internet has enabled people to work from home, do you think this is good or bad?
7. How has the Internet affected shopping patterns?
8 . Would you think the Internet will ultimately pull everyone away from TV entirely?
9. Would you say the Internet will one day replace print media?
10. How do you think the Internet will change entertainment in the future?
11. In your opinion, is the Internet a valuable educational tool?
12. In what ways has the Internet changed education?
13. 'E-mail and text messaging have transformed communication, but they are seriously
threatening the status of written language.' What can be done to deal with this issue?
14. How does the Internet promote plagiarism?
15. In what ways does the Internet affect attitudes about methods of research?
16. Does the Internet open up opportunities for disabled people?
17. How can the Internet best be used to facilitate and improve new product development?
18. To what extent docs the Internet promote globalisation?
19. Do you think the Internet encourage more unity or diversity?
20. Does the Internet help or hinder cultural understanding?
21. In what ways do you think e-communication can invade people's privacy?
22. Should the Internet be regulated by laws?
23. 'It is important for students to develop an awareness of how to use the Internet.' Why?
24. What impact has the Internet had on the way people generally communicate with each
other?
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 career prow,0tu>i/v o f employees sMould be based oia, their edu.catloiA,, c-e>m,'peteiA,&y,
■productivity, teokiAXoal skills, liA/iA/OVatloiA,, aiA/alytloal ability, seniority, experleiA,oe,
eiA/tbucslaskVL, energy level, flexibility, loyalty. Integrity, expertise, creativity. Initiative,
determination, decisiveness, willpower, perseverance, diligence, leadership skills.
Interpersonal abilities, and communication skills.

Discussion Questions:
1. Which of these factors do you consider to be the most important when choosing a job?
Salary, working hours, job security, level of interest, team spirit, competent boss, social
status, working environment, degree of responsibility, pension and holiday entitlement.
2. How can your job affect your home life?
3. How does a job influence social status? Support your opinion with examples.
4. To what extent do you think a job can be an expression of social status?
5. I low does career development today is different from the past?
6 . What kind of jobs are usually most respected in your country?
7. What factors do you think should be considered to determine the salary of a person?
8 . In your opinion, how would life be different if everyone in the world received the same

salary?
9. 'Job satisfaction depends on our attitudes, not on the job itself.' Do you agree?
10. Which would you choose, and why; a high-paying job with long hours or a lower-paying
job with shorter hours?
11. Why is job satisfaction important and how can it be maintained and developed?
12. In your opinion, how can job satisfaction be measured? Use examples to support your
opinion.
13. How does job satisfaction influence the quality of life and well being of individuals?
14. Do you think job satisfaction can affect the person's behaviour in the workplace?
15. In your opinion, to what extent does job satisfaction improve workers' motivation and
their productivity?
16. How does job security increase job satisfaction?
17. Make a list of things you think it is important to consider before setting up your own
business.
18. 'People should not be employed for their entire lives; they should be periodically
evaluated.' Do you agree or disagree?
19. In your opinion, what sort of person makes a successful manager?
20. What qualities do you think a good manager should possess?
21. Should employers have the right to ask their employees to take drug tests? Why/not?
22. Some people prefer to work for a large company. Others prefer to work for a small
company.Which would you prefer? Support your opinion with specific examples.
23. Do you prefer to have a job in which you have well-laid out tasks and responsibilities,
or one in which your work changes on a frequent basis?
24. Would you prefer to work for a company or go into business for yourself?
25. Many people in the modem life arc so obsessed with their jobs and become
'workaholics.' What are the main reasons? What are the effects of being job-minded?
26. In your opinion, what can people do to avoid the problems of overworking?
27. In your view, how could the problems of overworking be avoided?
28. What can we do to achieve a balance between our responsibilities at home and at
work?
29. What changes in the way people work, do you think we will see in the future?
30. Is working from home really the future of employment?
31. How do you think society will be affected by the growth of telecommuting? The motto is
that 'work is something you do, not somewhere you travel to, i.e. your workplace . 1
32. In what ways is being self-employed good?
33. 'Nowadays getting to work is easier than it used to be.' To what extent do you agree or
disagree?
34. How can we enhance our chances on the work market?
35. Do you think a person's look and appearance can affect his or her success in the job
market?
36. How can the youth be organised or motivated to become entrepreneurs; to become job
creators instead of job seekers?
37. What role does entrepreneurship play in the growth and development of nations?
38. Do you think children should be totally free to choose their future jobs?
39. In your opinion, what can schools do to provide enough advice and support about future
career of students?
40. Some people are out of work that's only because they arc overqualified. How can this
problem be solved?

c J UVENILE DELINQUENCY:
TOPIC 64
KEY IDEAS

Causes:
Psychological -problems: (inferiority complexes, suppressed desires, and personality
disorders. Family-related factors: Fam ily dominance, Inadequate fa m ily care; parental
permissiveness, fa m ily neglect, lacle of parental control, lack of a proper upbringing,
and fa m ily poverty.
S d u ta tlo ^ a l fao to rz: Educational failure, and school dropouts.
Peer-related factors.: V*ttr and, poor relationships with peers.

Suggestions to address:
3 om,e measures to address juvenile delinquency are as follows:
.Supportive programmes : youth employment opportunities, after-school programmes,
public recreation programmes, fa m ily support services, parent e d u c a tio n Initiatives
Introduced to provide the youth with social ste,Ills, a n d -fa m ily in v o lv e m e n t as a key
component o f school im p rovem e nt. deterrent And prevention efforts: C o m pu lsory
p r im a r y ed uca tion , p re ve n tio n of c-hlld abu.se, ( e.0. child Iflbour), prevention measures;

e n a c tin g le g is la tio n to deter y o u n g people from. com.mittln0 cringe

Discussion Questions:
1. Do you think juvenile delinquents should be treated the same as adult criminals?
2. What are the best ways to deal with young people who break the law?
3. How can juvenile delinquency be prevented?
4. What social factors do you think contribute to the increase of juvenile delinquency?
5. Do you share the opinion that community service programmes are more effective than
lengthy jail terms?

L a ng ua g e :
TOPIC 65
KEY IDEAS

For: (an invented language)

esperflnto Is a very lo g ic a l la n g u a g e , i t hfls been designed to be eflsy; m ost roots are
Internfltlonfllly understood, i t hfls a productive system, of word fo rm a tio n , the 0rflm.rn.flr
is very reyulflr. C onstructed Lfln0ufl0es Are neutrfll therefore they prevent la n g u a g e
dlscrlm.li/ufltloiA.; no lfliA.0u.A0es Are fldvflntfl0ed, this Is the only wfly to 'egu a llty for
everyone*. A com.rn.orv. And neutrfll liA.teriA.AtloiA.fll la n g u a g e will help nfltlons be closer, it

would co n sid e ra b ly contribute to re m o v in g conflicts And wars.

A n Invented Ifln0ufl0e could serve as a com.rn.on, neutrfll And easy to leflrn option for
those who engage i n Internfltlonfll c o m m u n ic a tio n s , such as tourists, businessman And
scientists.

Against: (an invented language)

Bsperanto is n 't much of use; the n u m b e r of Bsperanto speakers Is very limited. A

Ifln0ufl0e without history, culture And roots cfln't exist, you cfln't express All the
necessflry thln0S And concepts In £sperflnto. you cfln’t trflnslflte 0reflt llterflture Into
esperflnto. ^sperflnto doesn't evolve; Bsperanto Iflctes the technlcfll vocflbulflry to maize a
s u ita b le a n d a m od ern Ifln0ufl0e. Bsperanto is n 't easy to leflrn as £sperflntlst c la im .
P la n n e d Ifln0ufl0es Are so a r t if ic ia l, u n a ttra c tiv e a n d soulless.
Discussion Questions:
1. Do you think the world needs an international language?
2. 'It is better to study major international languages rather than to spend time on minor
languages for the sake of regional identity'? How far do you agree or disagree?
3. In what ways do culture and language bind people together?
4. When you learn a foreign language, apart from language what else do you learn about?

TOPIC 66
KEY IDEAS

Role:
lia. general, Laws are w.ade to provide correction, prow.ote e q u a lity , ju s tic e a n d fa irn e s s ,
ensure p riv a c y , t r a n q u i lit y , w e ll-b e in g and happiness, protect people fro m

d is c rim in a tio n , ensure o rd e rly p u b lic life , protect In d iv id u a ls ' rig h ts , ensure the
s t a b ilit y o f society.

v u a ln ta ln peace a n d d is c ip lin e I n the oow.iA.try, protect the safety a n d w elfare o f people,

a n d preserve c o m m u n ity s ta n d a rd s a n d m o ra lity .
<qetA.erally, law s are In tro d u ce d to deter, prevent, pw.rn.sh a n d encourage.

c i v i l taws are In tro d u ce d to settle private a rg u m e n ts a n d dlspw.tes a m o n g In d iv id u a ls

a n d businesses, protect the rights of the c itiz e n s I n v a rio u s wattes of tlfe.

<c r im in a l taws are created to protect c itiz e n s ; pw.tA.lsh those who vio late the taws; provide
p u n is h m e n t f o r those who do iA.ot fo llo w the established rw.les o f con du ct, sa fe g u a rd the

pw.bllc fro m crlw.es atA.d crlw.liA.als, atA.d w.atee the society a sa fe r place to live I ia..

Discussion Questions:
1. Why do you think laws are necessary?
2. What are some of the overall features of a good law?
3. How can people be encouraged to respect laws?
4. In what ways do laws help a community?
5. s it ever right to break the rules?
L if e e x p e c t a n c y :
TOPIC 67
KEY IDEAS

Contributing factors:
Som,e c o n trib u tin g fa cto rs which expand Life spans In c lu d e genetic, characteristics,
personality type, regular exercise, s u f f ic ie n t physical activities, weight c o n tro l , food
q uality, healthy diet, medical care; good use o f n u t r it io n a l supplements, adequate sleep,
climatic conditions, fa m ily support, Income levels, and a v o id in g tobacco use.

Discussion Questions:
1. Do you think life expectancy will increase or decrease in the future?
2. What are the main causes of increased life expectancy?
3. Do you think increased life expectancy is a blessing or a curse? Discuss.
4. What are the best aspects of living to be old?
5. What are the worst aspects of living to be old?
6. What effect do you think long life expectancy has on people's way of life?
7. Do you think aging affects behaviour? If so, how?
8. Many countries are facing the problem of 'aging population', what problems can cause
this?
9. 'In general, women tend to live longer than men.' In your opinion, what are the main
reasons?
10. What stages can a man's life be divided into?

iwr
I v I a r r ia g E:
TOPIC 68
KEY IDEAS

The role of marriage:

The role o f marriage Is to provide a solid foundation for society a n d enrich fa m ily
values. M a rria g e Is the safest re la tio n s h ip fo r both m e n a n d wom en. M a rria g e prevents
m a n y social problems, e.g, sexual Im m orality, ttealth benefits o f m a rria g e Include fewer
symptoms of depression and better physical and emotional health; m a rria g e has a
positive effect on physiological functions of adults, individual effects of m a rria g e ca n
be higher saving rates and greater life satisfaction.
M a rria g e protects against the feeling o f loneliness. M a rria g e allows n s to grow In
c h a r a c t er.

Marriage criteria:
Marrla0e shoulo( be based oja, mutual uiA,derstaiA,dliA,0, sympathy, affection, love,
warmth, m utual tolerance, sacrifice, av^d commitment. A n ideal partner Is boldest, open-
minded, out0oln0, fu n -lo vln0, helpful, supportive, 0oal-orlented, assertive, reliable,
dedicated, devoted, ev^couracfiv^c^, understandln0, patient, dl0nlfled, thou0htful, and
sympathetic.

Discussion Questions:
1. Why is marriage so important as a social institution? How does it benefit society?
2. How can governments pave the way for the young people's marriage?
3. Nowadays fewer young people are interested in starting a family. Why? Any solutions?
4. Do you think romantic love is a good basis for marriage? What about age?
5. In your opinion, in what ways do men and women think differently about marriage?
6. Do you think it is easier or harder for people to find a life partner these days?
7. In what order of importance would you rate the following factors in choosing a partner?
Personal charm, intelligence, sense of humour, wealth, sincerity, character strength,
social skills, university education, and family background.

iwr
I v lA S S MEDIA:
TOPIC 69
KEY IDEAS

Role:
The role o f the media is p rim arily to educate, Inform and entertain people.
The media is to portray social problems, covuvuuvucate and share Information,
serve to bullot a healthy and progressive society, help create covuvuu n lty , shape people’s
opI iA/lons, brlu/0 about a 0reater awareness, form, and reflect public opinions, and i n s t i l l
so cia l values.2
3
*1

Discussion Questions:
1. How has global communication changed in the last 50 years?
2. The most important role of the media is heightening people's awareness.1Do you share
this opinion?
3. What do you think has been the greatest advance in the world media in the past ten
years?
4. In your opinion, what is the most effective way of getting news?
5. Why do you think radio is becoming a less popular medium than it used to be?
6. In your opinion, how docs print media influence the public?
7. What do you think makes a newspaper or magazine interesting?
8. Do you think mass media presentation of information affects the information itself?
9. What factors contribute to the amount of media attention that an event receives?
10. Why might events that make top headlines in one country are not reflected at all in
another country's press?
11. What role does censorship play in today's world?
12. Do you think the media influences how we prioritise events that happen elsewhere?
13. Do you think the personality and appearance of TV presenters are important? Why/not?

lwr
I v lA S S MEDIA:
TOPIC 70
KEY IDEAS

Causes of forgetfulness:
eve ryda y causes, o f fo rg e tfu ln e s s m a y In c lu d e tired ne ss, c o n c e n tra tio n problem s,

stress a n d g e ne ral a n x ie ty , e m o tio n a l problem s, a n d alcohol abuse.

Loss o f m em o ry c a n be caused by a g in g , A lz h e im e r ’ disease a n d c e rta in b ra in

c o n d itio n s , e.g. stroke.

Memory improvement techniques:

C onvince y o u rs e lf th a t y o u have a good m em o ry, avoid being negative I f y o u keep
t e llin g y o u rs e lf th a t y o u r m em o ry Is bad, y o u r m in d w i ll come to believe It. TKelax a n d
d o n 't tire or -put y o u rs e lf u n d e r pressure to reca ll the In fo r m a tio n y o u w a n t, a relaxed
m in d Is able to reca ll the In fo r m a tio n I n a better w a y.

Bxerclse d a lly ; re g u la r exercise Improves c irc u la tio n a n d e ffic ie n c y th ro u g h o u t the body

a n d m akes y o u more a le rt a n d relaxed. T ry m e d ita tio n ; research sug ge sts th a t people

who re g u la rly practise 'm in d fu ln e s s ' m e d ita tio n are able to focu s better a n d m a y have

better m emories, sleep w ell, the a m o u n t o f sleep we get affe cts the b ra in 's a b ility to reca ll
re ce n tly learned In fo rm a tio n ; re g u la r sleep p a tte rn s serve to give b ra in rest. Keep y o u r
b ra in active by developing new m e n ta l skills- especially complex ones, such as le a rn in g

a new la n g u a g e a n d c h a lle n g in g y o u r b ra in w ith p u zzle s a n d games, rzeduce stress,

even te m p o ra ry stresses c a n m ake I t more d i f f ic u lt to fo cu s o n concepts a n d observe

th in g s e ffe c tiv e ly . T r y to Im prove y o u r ob serva tiona l s k ills , htave v iv id a n d m emorable

Im ages; y o u remember th in g s more e a s ily I f y o u v is u a lis e . iKepeat th in g s y o u need to

remember; the m ore tinges, y o u hear, see o r thlnte a b o u t some th ln 0 , the m ore c e r ta in ly
y o u 'll remember It.

cprou p thlu ,gs to malee I t easier to remember; t r y c a te g o ris in g the I n d iv id u a l th in g s .

O rg a n is e y o u r life , e.g. keep Itevus th a t y o u f r e q u e n tly need I n the sam e p i ace every

tim e .

Discussion Questions:
1. In your opinion, how can we sharpen our memories and have photographic memories?
2. 'Increased absent-mindedness is closely related to modem life.' Do you agree?

M IGRATION:
TOPIC 71
KEY IDEAS

Causes:
M ig r a t io n c a n be the re s u lt o f a n u m b e r o f ’push fa c to rs ', su ch as n a t u r a l d isasters,

(e.g. e a rth q u a k e s ), p e rio d ic or c h ro n ic foo d c ris is , h ig h p o p u la tio n d e n s ity , poverty, a n d

p o litic a l u n re s t. s>ome ’pu.ll fa c to rs ' are h ig h e r li v in g s ta n d a rd s I n other c o u n trie s , better

labour m a rk e t c o n d itio n s , a n d better In co m e o p p o rtu n itie s .

Pros:
M ig r a t io n c a n m a k e the cu.ltu.re of the host c o u n tr y richer. M ig r a t io n creates a 0reater

social diversity that c a n b r in g ab o u t Increased u n d e r s ta n d in g between people o f

different countries.

Cons:
M ig r a t io n Is u s u a lly associated with m a n y problems, such as cu ltu ral disputes,
econom ic problem s. In co m e In e q u a lity , o ve rc ro w d in g , spread o f diseases, unplanned city

development, a n d housln0 shorta0e. M ig r a t io n causes a huge burden on the s o c ia l

welfare of the host c o u n tr y , it can d a m a g e thejob m a rk e t. L o ca l culture and com m unity
cohesion can be threatened by Im m ig ran ts. *1
3
2

Discussion Questions:
1. For what reasons do you think people choose to migrate to other countries?
2. In what ways do you think immigrants can enrich the culture of the host country?
3. Do you think immigration can damage the social integration of a nation?
4. How might immigration cause cultural conflicts?
5. In what ways do you think illegal immigration hurl the economy of the host country?
6 . In your opinion, how can family ties influence the overseas immigration rate?
7. Should immigrants adopt customs that arc respected and celebrated in their new
country?

lwr
I v iO D E R N LIFE:
TOPIC 72
KEY IDEAS

Pros:
Modem, life has vuade o u r Lives easier a iA,d vuore comfortable. New tlvu e -sa vli^g vuacMlv^es
are btivug vuade to vueet the specific, i/ueeds o f people. M odem Life has b ro u g h t about
convenience; It has reduced household ch ores. People eryjoy a h ig h e r s ta n d a rd o f Liv in g .

Cons:
New technolc0les have vuade people of a ll ages Less active which can lead to m any health
problems. Modem life Is associated with m any psycholo0lcal problems, such as
depression, stress, anxiety, tension, psycholo0lcalpressucre and mental disorders, one of
the features of modern life Is speed; modern life Is too fast-paced, life Is usually
mechanical and stressful.
M aterialistic outlook Is one o f the coiA,seo(ueiA,ces o f m od em life.
New techiA,olo0les can result In envlronmentalproblems, e.0. air pollution.
M odem life Is too competitive; People are coiA,staiA,tly competln0 to have more and more.

Discussion Questions:
1. What are the opportunities and threats of rapid technological progress?
2. Constant competition is one of the consequences of modern life. Can you identify the
main reasons? In what ways have people become more competitive? Is it a good or bad
altitude?
3. Is technology breaking up the family unit or bringing it together?
4. 'People in the modern world feel more insecure than they used to be.' Do you
agree/disagree?
5. Speed of life today is faster than ever before, is that a good thing?
6 . In your opinion, what invention or discovery has brought about the most far-reaching

changes in the world? Explain.

7. Do you agree that modern life aims at material values more than spiritual values?
 TOPIC 73
MiuSIC:
K EY IDEAS

Pros:
To Increase c o g n ltlv e a b ilitie s, a n d a c tiv a te y o u r b ra in , to cle a r y o u r vulnck, to release
■physical te n s io n , to f i l l y o u with positive e n e rg y , to g iv e a sense of peace, to a lte r y o u r
mood, a n d to 0lve y o u a positive outlook o n life . M u s ic c a n be used as o tre a tm e n t to outre
various diseases {m u s ic therapy). M u s ic c a n Increase o u r productivity. Music, c a n be
re la x in g , s o o th in g , c a lm in g , r e s tfu l a n d li/usplrliA,0.

Cons:
N u m e ro u s s tu d ie s In d ic a te that c e rta in types of w,uslc. c a n stim ulate uve0 atlve e m o tio n s,
suc-h as violence, a g g re s s io n , rebellion, c rim in a l behaviour, and even s u ic id a l
ten den cie s.
s>ome m u s ic c a n attract Isolated a n d depressed youth a n d feed their feelliA,0s with
despair a n d hostility. C e rta in types of m u s ic c a n d a m a g e the hearliA,0 m e c h a n is m a n d
ne rvou s system.___________________________________________________________________

Discussion Questions:
1. What do you think the world would be like without music?
2. How can music promote emotional growth?
3. How can music promote international understanding?
4. Should music be taught Within the educational systems?
5. How important is it for a culture to have musical traditions?
6 . What are the main differences between music today and that of previous decades?
7. 'Music can't be judged whether it is of high or low quality as it is a personal choice
and completely subjective.' To what extent do you agree or disagree?
8 . Nowadays, music is mostly made with electronic musical instruments, do you think it
is a change for the better or for the worse?
9. What are the benefits of learning to play a musical instrument?
N a t u r a l d is a s t e r s :
TOPIC 74
K EY IDEAS

Natural disasters:
pies of iA,fltnral disasters Include droughts, earthquakes, floods, forest fires, tidal
waves, hurricanes, oyoloiA.es, severe stories, landslides, voloanlo eru-ptlons, and
overflowing of rivers or lakes.

Suggestions to minimise or deal with the effects of natural disasters: .

delivering relief supplies and v ita l firs t aid to vlotlnts, suoh as ntedloal oare, m,ass
shelters, presenoe of trained encergenoy servloes and In ternatio n al resoue orews.
Measures to enhanoe safety standards, Inoreaslng anti-earthquake oonstruotlon
standards, ensuring high standards of b uilding and b uilding oodes; buildings should
be solidly built, they should be well-struotured and resistant enough to withstand
earthquakes- b uilding materials should be based on q u a lity and d u ra b ility . Public
awareness-raising program,nces, e.g. eduoate people how to faoe n a tu ra l disasters.
Preoautlonary measures to enhance safety standards; prepare people for disasters.
N atu ral disasters can be predicted; advance w arnin g should be given to the Inhabitants
of the high risk and threatened areas.

Discussion Questions:
1. What measures can governments take to protect their citizens from natural disasters?
2. In your opinion, can natural disasters promote long-run economic growth?
3. Do you think humanitaiian aid can induce international cooperation amongst enemy
countries?
4. Why do natural disasters cause such serious problems in some countries where those
problems tend to be relatively minor in developed countries?
5. Safety standards are important when building people's homes, who should be
responsible for enforcing strict building codes - the governments or the people who
build the homes?
N o is e p o l l u t i o n :
TOPIC 75
K EY IDEAS

Causes:
Common e n v iro n m e n ta l sources of ia,olse 'p o llu tio n In c lu d e I n d u s t r ia l operations, u rb a n
developm ent a c tiv itie s , ( e.g. c o n s tru c tio n a c tiv itie s ), tr a n s p o r ta tio n s y s te m s , ( e.g. a ir,
road, r a i l t r a f f ic ; c a r h o rn s ), c a r a la rm s a n d a ir c o n d itio n e rs .

Long-term effects:
Noise p o llu t io n c a n lead to a ra n g e o f p h y s io lo g ic a l a n d p s y c h o lo g ic a l health pro blem s
In c lu d in g h e a rin g toss, sleeplessness, m ental d isord ers, emotional d is tu rb a n c e s , Io n g -
te rm stress, a g g re s s io n , d is tra c tio n , tension, lo s t p r o d u c tiv ity a n d reduced e ffic ie n c y .

Suggestions to reduce noise pollution:

A p p ly in g technical m easures, e.g. p la n t in g trees along m a in roads, technical
a d ju s tm e n ts ; cha ng es I n operation m ethods; re d u c in g the noise a t source to prevent Its
tr a n s m is s io n .
A good s o lu tio n to de al w ith this environm ental problem Is to raise public, awareness
through various p ro g ra m m e s , e.g. s e m in a rs In te n d e d to I n f o r m people a b ou t the effects of
noise pollution.
o n e of the m easures to p re ve n t noise p o llu t io n Is to Impose stricter laws.

Discussion Questions:
1. What arc the effects of noise pollution?
2. Noise pollution is becoming a serious threat to the health of city dwellers, what
measures do you think can be taken to prevent or minimise it?
3. Who is more to blame for noise pollution; people or the governments?
4. How can 'public education" help to solve this problem?
n
W B E S IT Y :
TOPIC 76
KEY IDEAS

Causes:
obesity Is the resu.lt of m any complex ffl^tors, such as overeatln0, poor o(let and bad
eating habits, (e.0. re0ular consumption o f hlgh-calorle foods and compulsive eating
disorders), unhealthy lifestyles, (e.0. excessive sleep, lack of exerc-lse, Inadequate
physical activity, re0ular use of kuedlcatloiA^s). genetic factors; hormonal, metabolic and
physlolo0lcal factors._____________________________________________________________

Effects:
obesity leads to shorter life spans. The health problems of obesity Include posture
problems, sleep disorders, breathln0 problems, I ^creased risk of diabetes, hl0h blood
pressure, hl0h cholesterol. Increased risk of heart attacks and heart failure, other possible
effects of obesity Include limited choice of clothln0, feelln0 of embarrassment, ne0atlve
Impacts on social contacts, and lower self-esteem,., £ven possible discrimination In job
market can be another ne0atlve aspect of beln0 obese.

How to prevent obesity/ lose weight:

obesity can be prevented by followln0 a balanced diet, choosln0 healthier cookln0
methods like steam ing and bollln0, countln0 the num,ber of calories needed for a
healthy diet, cuttln0 down on carbohydrates and sugar,. (e.0. to lim it su0ary drinks),
llm ,ltln0 fa t Intake by a v o id in g deep fried foods, eatln0 wholesome meals to prevent
obesity, Increasing physical activities, havln0 a re0ular fitness programme, usln0
medical wel0ht loss therapies, and prescribed m ed ica tions.

Discussion Questions:
1. Should obesity be considered a public health issue?
2. How does obesity affect social life?
3. Why do you think obesity is on the increase in many countries?
O v e r p o p u l a t io n :
TOPIC 77
KEY IDEAS

Causes:
Some causes aiA,d contributing factors Include high birth rate, high Im m lgration rate,
decreased rate of m ortality, availability of health services. A n Increase In life expectaiA/cy
can be the result of Improvement Iia, public health.

Effects:
recline In life q uality, unhygienic living conditions, housing shortage, higher land
prices, higher rents, Increased Illiteracy, decline Iia, education q uality, lower q uality of
public services, decline Iia, public health, higher rate of unemployment, lower wages,
depletion of natural resources, deforestation, growth of urban sprawl, I ^creased level of
pollution, food and water shortage.

Discussion Questions:
1. What size is the perfect family?
2. What effect does overpopulation have on natural resources or the environment?
3. In your view, to what extent laws can hinder overpopulation?
4. What is your opinion about the one-child policy?
5. Describe the factors affecting people to have more or fewer children in your country?
6 . How do you predict the future trend of population growth in your country?

7. 'Many countries have unsustainable population growths . 1 How can this issue be
addressed?

P ARENTING:
TOPIC 78
KEY IDEAS

Parental responsibilities:
To provide a supportive environment for raising children, to take care of the physical and
emotional needs of children, to provide children with love, guldaiA,ce, Inspiration and
direction, to give children adequate freedom, to build their own character, to help children
learn social skills, to nurture their talents. It Is Important for parents to be consistent
and not to discriminate against children
Family upbringing:
A good fa m ily u.pbrliA,0li/v0
c ,o iA ,trlb u ± e s to the personality development and succ-c-ess of
children.
Fam ily u.pbrln0ln0 Is to In s till the necessary values to m,atee the lives of children more
sustainable.
A proper fa m ily upbrln0ln0 makes children well-adjucsted/ self-directed and self-made.

Discussion Questions:
1. In your opinion, what are the essential characteristics of a good parent? Discuss
2. What are the main tasks of parenthood nowadays?
3. How are the responsibilities of men and women usually different towards children?
4. Do you think parenthood is more or less stressful than it was when you were growing
up?
5. Do you agree that raising children is the most important tiling an adult ever does?
6 . To understand your parents' love you must raise children yourself' Do you agree?
7. 'Parenting should be planned not impulsive.' Discuss.
8 . In your opinion, how does parenting affect adults self-development?
9. What kind of changes docs having a child introduce to a woman's and man's life?
10. How can parenthood affect the marital relationships?
11. How does parenthood change the social life?
12. Do you think parenthood have effects on physical or mental health?
13. Should 'parenting education' be mandatory? If yes, what skills should it be taught?
14. Should everyone be allowed to be a parent? Should parenthood require a license?
15. Do you think it is easy to be a parent nowadays?
16. What are the advantages of being a stay-at-home parent?
17. In your opinion, how can parents discover the talents of their children?
18. Do you think parents should pass their unfulfilled ambitions to their children? Why/
not?
19. Nowadays parents tend to overburden their children With a variety of after-school
activities, such as foreign languages, computer classes, etc. What is your view on this?
20. Should both parents assume equal responsibilities in child rearing?
21. Some people believe that it is almost impossible for women to have a successful career
as well as having (he full responsibility of raising a child. Do you agree or disagree?
22. What should parents do to prepare their children for school?
23. 'Parents should always respect the wishes of their children.' How far do you agree?
24. In what ways do you think family closeness affects the lives of teenagers?
25. Do you think it is good for children to have parents from different countries? Why/not?
26. What arc some expectations parents have for their children?
27. Do you think there should be different expectations from sons and daughters? Have
these expectations changed or remained the same over time in your culture?
28. Would you say boys and girls should be brought up differently?
29. In your opinion, what kind of housework is not appropriate for children to do?
P ERSONALITY:
TOPIC 79
KEY IDEAS

Personality components:
.some 0 emetic fa c to rs w hich m a y liAflueu.ee personality type in c lu d e Inheritance,
physical qualities, psycholo0lcal features, appearance, n a tu r a l fea tu res o f temperament,
natural talents, co0nltlve potentials, and Intellectual abilities.
Some environmental ffletors a nd other elements which ca n affect personality type
liA.olu.ole personal Interests and preferences, life 0oals, values, persoiA.aL beliefs,
expectations, desires, tendencies and 0eneral Attitudes, self-perception, life experiences,
fa m ily size, fa m ily llvln 0 conditions, education, social environment. And social skills.

Suggestions to improve personality:

~g>e Interested In people. Assume that people like you. A d m it y o u r weaknesses. Attend
so cia l 0Atherln0s. Learn new thln0s. Associate with people who are successful and
___________________________________________________________

Discussion Questions:
1. Which do you think has a greater effect on a person's personality; heredity or
environment?
2. Would you say that people's names can affect their character?
3. Do you agree personality traits affect mental health? If so. how?
4. How family upbringing is related to personality development?
5. Do you think personality changes over a life span? If so, how?
6 . Do you agree that one's personality can be understood from the people they associate

with?
7. 'Character develops itself in the stream of life.' How far do you agree or disagree?
8 . 'One should never judge a person by external appearance.' Do you agree?

9. Do you think there is a link between personality type and body language?
10. Would you agree that climatic conditions can affect personality type?
 TOPIC 80
K EY IDEAS

Pros:
Pets benefit com,m,u.nltie s In m a n y ways. pets act as companions f o r •people who live
alone. Pets can provide a llnte, between huvuau,s a nd m ature, e.0. dogs Are u.sefw.1 f o r
protection and serve as g u id e s f o r the disabled, they need a lot of exercise that can be
beneficial for the health of their ow ners too. K.eepln0 pets can promote a sense of carln0
and responsibility In children; taleln0 care of anim als helps children develop responsible
attitudes.
Pets lllee to p la y an d 0lve hours o f antu.sem.ent to their ow ners. ____________________________

Cons:
There are a number of ne0atlve aspects associated with pet ownership both for anlm,als
and communities. Pets can tra n s m it conta0low.s diseases and o a u s t m a n y health
problems suck as aller0les, asthma and stein irritations. k.eepln0 pets Involves some
expenses In terms of food and ntedlcal treatment. The contkwu.nlty should plcte up the
costs of an im als that they have been abandoned by Irresponsible ow ners; pets can o a u s t
,S e rio u s d is tre s s to nel0hbours and residents by barteln0, attacteln0, b ltln 0, S trayln 0,
etc.

Discussion Questions:
1. In your opinion what kind of animal makes a good pet?
2. Why are so many people willing to devote their time to take care of a household pet?
3. 'Keeping an animal as a pet is a violation of that animal's rights and is cruel.' Do you
agree or disagree? Explain,
4. Should pets be considered properly?
5. "Too much attention is paid to, and too much money is spent on keeping pets, while
people throughout the world are starving,' Do you agree?
p OVERTY:
1
TOPIC 81
KEY IDEAS

Causes and contributing factors:

Persoi/u?l laziness, death In fa m ily , joblessness, lack of work effort, lack of work skills,
low liA,c-om,e, death of wage-earner, slow lncom.e 0rowth, Illiteracy, liA.ade0u.ate educatloiA.,
•poor health, hl0h cost of housln0, divorce^ natural disasters, lack of equal opportunities
In society, u n fa ir distribution of wealth, overpopulation. Ineffective economic systems,
and limited em.ploym.ent opportunities._____________________________________________

Effects:
Poor health ; early death even from, preventable and treatable diseases, dan0erous llvln 0
conditions, hun0er, poor nutrition. Illiteracy .fa m ily separation, fa m ily conflicts, hl0h
rate of crlm.e, m.ental and psycholo0lcal problem^; lonq-term. stress, hopelessness,
despair, diminished Intellectual capabilities, school dropouts, and child abuse.

Suggestions to address poverty:

To establish employment opportunities for low-income and dlsadvanta0ed families, to
develop entrepreneurship schemes, to i\^c,rtas,t assistance pro0ram.rn.es for the needy and
poverty-stricken fam ilies , (e .0. welfare schemes and Income support), to ensure
rn.lnlm.um. level of health care services, to support food distribution pro0ram.rn.es to assist
depressed areas, to eradicate Inequalities, to lm.prove econom.lc 0rowth by ^ ro v ld ii^ g
suitable opportunities for econom.lc activities. Population control Is a lonq-term. solution.

Discussion Questions:
1. Who should be blamed for people suffering from hunger?
2 . I low can the ever-increasing gap between rich and poor be narrowed?

3. Should governments increase taxes to help improve the standard of living of poor
people?
P U B L IC TRANSPORT:
TOPIC 82
KEY IDEAS

Role:
Benefits of public- transport ln,c,lude reduc-ed pollution, personal safety, fewer iA/uw,ber of
accidents, Less traffic- cok\,0estloiA,. public- transport systems are usually designed to be
vuort ekwlroiA,m,ekU:«lly- friendLy au,d c«ia, be run, with alternative forvus of ener0y.
Public- transport Is vuucM vuort cost-effu>ien,t c-ontpared with private c-ars. Public- transport
ntalees c-okukuunltles i/wore eo(ual by provldln0 different forncs of transportation for the
needy. Public- transportation c-reates a sense of c-omntunlty and brln0S c,ovuvuuttrs closer

Suggestions to develop or improve public transport:

Maleln0 public- transport faster, vuort comfortable and m-ore c-onvenlent, e.0. provldln0
vuort bus lanes. Pevlsln0 pro0ram,m,es Intended to en,c,ouraQt people to use public-
transport, e.0. free rides,
dlscoui/vt on (bus, train, etc-) passes. X^evelopln0 public- transportation servlc-es and
Infrastructures In urban and rural areas by alloc-atln0 enou0h bud0ets to m odernise the
transport systems.__________________________________________________________________

Discussion Questions:
1. in your country, how have methods of transport been improved in recent years?
2. What kind of transport systems do you think might be developed in the future?
3. In your opinion, in what ways can governments encourage people to use public
transport?
4. What measures, if any, can governments take to restrict the use of private cars?
5. Do you think public transport should be free? Why/not?
6 . What arc the advantages and disadvantages of commuting long distance to work?

7. How can carpooling be encouraged?

8 . How can public transport contribute to a better quality of life?
R e c y c l in g :
TOPIC 83
KEY IDEAS

Role:
^ o m e benefits of rec-ycilrv/0 in c lu d e more e ffic ie n t use o f natural resources; as in o rg a n ic
waste is l separated fro m o rg a n ic household refuse a n d used f o r fu tu r e re c y c lin g ,
con serva tion o f e n e rg y, I reduced d e m an d f o r new m a te ria ls , p re ve n tio n o f p o llu tio n ,
safe disposal o f ha zard ous m a te ria ls a n d p re ve n tio n o f ille g a l d u m p in g , less a m o u n t o f
garbage, reduced overhead a n d waste disposal c-osts, a n d s a v in g landfill space.

Discussion Questions:
1. In your view, how does recycling benefit the environment?
2. Ill your opinion, what impact do recycling programmes have in urban areas?
3. Do you think recycling programmes arc effective in reducing the amount of garbage we
produce?
4. Do you agree that recycling is an important service for communities to provide?
5. Do you think recycling programmes can advance economic goals?
6 . How can recycling programmes be expanded or encouraged?

7. How might your home and community be affected by your recycling efforts?
8 . Do you think recycling programmes should be subsidised?

9. How can recycling procedures be more environmentally-friendly"

10. In your opinion, how can the unauthorised dumping of toxic wastes into the sea be
prohibited?

S a t e l l it e :
TOPIC 84
KEY IDEAS

Role:
.satellites are used fo r a w ide ran ge of purposes, some o f th e m are as fo llo w s :
B arth observation purposes; m a p p in g the topography a n d shape of the ocean's surface.
3 paoe exp lo ration purposes; in fo r m a tio n obtained about otherplau-ets.
Traffic- c-oiA/trollliA/0, n a v ig a tio n , vehicle trac-teXiA,0 a n d posltlouii/v0.
M ilita ry purposes, e.0 . m ilitary s u rv e illa n c e a n d detection.
L o n g d ista n ce c o m m u n ic a tio n s a n d remote im a g in g , e.g. in te rn e t c o m m u n ic a tio n s ,
d is ta n c e a n d o n lin e le a rn in g ; virtual u n iv e rs itie s
T>ata relay; rad io a n d televlsloi/i broadcasts._______________________________________
Environmental applications, e.0. weather forecasts and meteorolo0lcal observation,
climate monltorln0, v o lc a n ic eruption predictions, earth-ojuatee predictions, ocean
tem.peratu.res, s t u d y in g the ozone layer and the atmosphere, and space explorations.
Telemedicine; delivery of health services via remote telecommunications.

Discussion Questions:
1. In what ways do you think satellites have revolutionised our daily lives?
2. How do satellites benefit society?
3. How have satellites changed the world ill the past 20 years?
4. Are there any problems associated with the development of satellites? Give examples to
support your opinion?

S c h o o l a n d p a r e n t a l d is c ip l in e :
TOPIC 85
KEY IDEAS

Goals of school discipline:

The m ain goa Is of school discipline are to teach students to behave In a way that Is
acceptable and contributes to academic achievement and e d u c a tio n a l success, create a
safe environment to I earn, m a in ta in effective learnln0 conditions, reinforce appropriate
school behaviour. In s till self-dlsclpllne Into each s tu d e n t , help s tu d e n ts develop self-
control, stren0then children's ability to cooperate with peers, promote positive behaviour of
self-respect, m utual respect, care and co n sid e ra tio n .

Effects of physical punishment:

Ne0atlve effects of corporal punishment In c lu d e different types of antisocial behaviour,
such as ly ln 0 , stealln0, cheatln0 and bullln0. "Physical punishment ofben leads to
a g r e s s io n , fe e lin g o f hurt, resentment, violence, hate, hum iliation, lower self-esteem,
failure, and fr u s tr a tio n .

Discussion Questions:
1. Discuss what system of discipline should be used in schools.
2. Why do you think corporal punishment (slapping, smacking, belting, caning) shouldn't
have a place in education? How does physical punishment stimulate violence?
3. Do you think disruptive school students should be grouped together and taught
 separately?
4. In your opinion, how should parents discipline their children?
5. Some parents grow their children in strict discipline while others leave them free to learn
lessons of lives on their own. In your opinion, which of these is a better approach and
why?
6 . 'Nowadays parents are too permissive with their children.' In your opinion, what are the

effects of this attitude?

7. 'In order to bring up socially well-adjusted children, a strong sense of parental discipline
is always suggested.' How far do you agree or disagree?

S mo k in g :
TOPIC 86
KEY IDEAS

Causes:
Personal tendencies, character flaw, peer pressure, poor fa m ily environment, fa m ily
pressure, stress, lack of confidence, and poor education. Tobacco advertising Increases
the number of sm,okers.

Effects:
«som,e effects of sntoklng Include bad breath, stained teeth, prem,ature s k in aging and
m,any r t s flr a t o r ij problems, e.g. coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath and asthm,a .
<Sm,oklng leads to a num,ber of health problems, such as higher risk of lung cancer and
heart attacks. ,sm,oklng Is an expensive habit, sncoklng m,ay lead to addiction. Passive
sntoklng causes serious, health problems; why non-sm,okers should be bothered by the
unhealthy lifestyle choices of smokers._____________________________________________

Suggestions to quit smoking:

VhLjS.loloQioal and physical treatments: nicotine replacement therapy, e.g. nicotine gum,,
patches. Inhalers, and regular exercise. Behaviour change therapies: e.g. replacing one
habit with another, and counseling sessions.*1
4
3
2

Discussion Questions:
1. Do you think smoking should be banned in all public places?
2. Given all the evidence, smoking is harmful, and multiplies the risk of cancer, why do
people continue smoking? How cun smokers cope with withdrawal symptoms of
quitting?
3. Do you think that smoking is an issue of individual or civil rights?
4. Do agree that advertisement for smoking should be banned?
5. What course of action do you suggest 10 deter young people from smoking?
6. 'It should illegal to sell cigarettes to people under the age of 18.'Do you agree?

S p a c e e x p l o r a t io n :
TOPIC 87
KEY IDEAS

For:
tViose who are f o r space exploration, believe th a t discoveries, made as a re s u lt o f space
exploration, have an, im m e d ia te effect on, o u r d a y to d a y lives, e.0. more e ffic ie n t
w o rld w id e covuvuunication,s.
M a n,y coniA/trles s u ffe r from , o v e rp o p u la tio n in , fa c t, space exploration, is the o n ly option,
in, the fu tu r e to deal w ith this cris is , w i t h de p le tin g n ,a tu ra l resources, space exploration,
is the on,ly a lte rn a tiv e in, the fu tu r e a n d is o\uite ju s tifia b le , g e n e ra lly sp e a kin g ,
m ig r a tio n is a ke y aspect o f h u m a n behaviour. A n y s c ie n tific advances i n outer space
c a n provide ns w ith know ledge about the o r ig in o f the so la r system; space exp lo ration
allows n s to discover whether life exists anyw here else i n the so la r system or not.
.space e xp lo ration serves the essential Interests o f m,ost n a tio n s that’s why It shoutlol be
supported.

Against:
Most oppose iA,ts believe that space e xp lo ration Imposes huge a m o u n t o f cost, it is a b u rd e n
o n ta x pa yers ; the allocated bu.ol0et cou ld be better speiA,t on basic needs. There are more
im p o rta n t s o cia l lssu.es which need u rg e n t atte^vtloi/v lllee poverty, youtth u n e m p lo y m e n t,
pollu.tloiA/, etc.
V u t t in g h u m a n life i n d a n g e r to explore space is another concern o f those who are
a g a in s t space exploration.

Discussion Questions
1. Does space exploration benefit mankind? Do you think it's worth the risks and costs?
2. 'Trying to discover new and possibly hospitable planets is vital for our future survival.' To
what extent do you agree or disagree?
3. In you opinion, arc there any chances of discovering intelligent life elsewhere in the
universe?
S pORT:
TOPIC 88
KEY IDEAS

Physical effects of exercising, working out, walking, hiking, etc:

To have a h e a lth y life , to promote physical fitness; s ta y -fit a n d i n shape, to restore
energy a n d v it a lit y ; to strength en hordes a n d muscles, to boost blood c irc u la tio n , to
develop a 0reater awareness o f body, to im prove body posture a n d f le x ib ilit y , to im prove
im m u n e sys te m , reduce the risk o f heart attacks, to prevent diseases, such as obesity
a n d hl0h blood pressure.

Mental effects of exercising, working out, walking, hiking, etc:

To Improve m e n ta l health, to build self-cotA/fldeu/ce, to eu,haiA,ce m e n ta l a n d e m o tio n a l
well-beliA,0, to lif t yo u r spirit, to c-lear y o u r m in d a n d keep y o u r m in d focused, to thli/vk
more positively, to 0lve you a se^se o f acco m plishm e nt, to relieve stress, to control
a n x ie ty , to overcome U>iA,0-term strains, to sharpen yo u r m em o ry a n d to increase
c o n c e n tra tio n a n d m e n ta l power.

Effects of mental sports e.g. chess

PlayliA,0 chess contributes to m em o ry development, lo0lcal thlnfeln0 abilities.
Intellectual skills, creativity skills, analytical th ln k ln 0 skills, co0nltlve skills,
problem solvln0 skills, and c r itic a l th In k ln 0 abilities.

Effects of team sports:

Team sports promote teamwork. Interpersonal skills, c o o rd in a tio n skills, so cia l
in te ra c tio n skills, leadership abilities, c o m m u n ic a tio n skills, loyalty. Interdependence,
group u n ity , and a sense of duty. Team sports develop friendship and so cia l skills while
enhancln0 self-esteem and health.
Team sports promote s e lf-c o n tro l a n d s e lf-d is c ip lin e by abldln0 the rules of the 0a me.
Most sports that Involve teamwork teach n s how to achieve a co m m o n 0oal and accept
re s p o n s ib ility . All team sports teach n s about dealln0 with success and failure.________

Discussion Questions:
1. 'Sport is a tool for self-improvement. 1 In what ways does sport help develop good
character?
2. How can sport contribute to social cohesion?
3. Would you agree that professional sportsmen and women are paid too much money
nowadays in relation to their usefulness to society?
4. 'Sportspeople should be considered as role models.' How far do you agree or disagree?
5. Do you think sport has become too commercialised? What can be done to address this
problem issue?
6 . Nowadays, more and more people are being attracted to dangerous sports or activities?

In your opinion, what is the main reason?

7. 'People are turning to more extreme sports as a result of increasingly uneventful lives.'
 What are your views on this?
8. Do you think blood sports, such as bullfighting and hunting should be outlawed?
9. Some children spend a great amount of their time practising sports. Discuss the
advantages and disadvantages of this. What are the benefits of becoming a member of a
sports club?

S p o r t in g e v e n t s :
TOPIC 89
KEY IDEAS

Role:
■£>10 sportLiA,0 events, such o s the olym-pic <Sflm,es, the F ootball W o r ld Cup ai/vd other
iiA,teriA,atloiA,fll sportliA/0 occasions ca ia, promote tourism, which 1 \a, turn, ca ia, be streamlined
Into soolo-ec-onomlo development efforts of countries, sportlny occasions play an
Important role In providln0 fa ir and eyufll opportunities for a ll participants to compete,
encoura0ln0 Interaction amon0 cultures, deepenln0 understandln0 and friendship
amon0 nations throu0h competitions, promotln0 a sense of cohesion and national
Identity, b rln0ln0 people of diverse cultures to0ether, promotln0 International
cooperation, releasln0 people's patriotic emotions In a safe way, and provldln0 vuau,\£^ob
opportunities. s-portlny events are Important because they serve the Interests of a la rye
number of people. Sportlny success ca\A,yrovuote natlonalprlde In cou ntrie s.

Discussion Questions:
1. How are international sporting events popularising sports?
2. In what ways do you think sporting events can ease international tensions and spread
goodwill? How do sporting events contribute to the world peace and international
relations?
3. Can the huge amounts of money spent on international sporting events be justifiable
where many people in the world live in poverty and are dying of starvation?
4. Do you think hugely popular sporting events promote coherent global mind?
5. Large companies now sponsor major sporting events, can this sponsorship hurt the
spirit of sportsmanship?
6 . Why do international sport competitions sometimes encourage strong nationalism?

7. 'Some countries are more successful than other countries in sporting events.' What are
the main reasons?
S p o r t s m a n s h ip :
TOPIC 90
KEY IDEAS

Role:
Cyood sportsm.aiA.shlp Is d e fin e d as playliA.0 f a ir , fo llo w in g the rules o f the 0 am.e,
respectliA,0 the ju d g m e n t o f referees a n d o ffic ia ls , tre a tin g oppoiA.eiA.ts w ith respect,
coiA.0ratulatliA.0 wLiA.iA.ers prom .ptty aiA.d w lllliA .0 ly , acceptliA.0 the 0am.e's outcome w ith o u t
com.pLaLiA.ts aiA.d excuses, talkliA .0 cou rte ou sly to everyone before, durliA.0 aiA.d a fte r 0am.es
aiA.ot events, liA.cludliA.0 team.rn.ates, oppoiA.eiA.ts, coaches, o ffic ia ls presldliA.0 over the 0am.e
aiA.ot eveiA. spectators, aiA.d acceptliA.0 the re s u lt o f oiA.e’s a ctio n s g ra c e fu lly . A v o id blam.liA.0
team.rn.ates f o r m is ta k e s or a poor team, p e rfo rm s iA.ce.
Avolot all acts o f ^oor sportsm.aiA.shlp, such as tra s h talkliA .0, showboatliA.0, h u m ilia t in g
aiA.d tauiA.tliA.0 oppoiA.eiA.ts, £}ood sportsm.aiA.shlp m eans iA.ot havliA.0 a w Iia . a t aiA.y price’
a ttitu d e .
<sportsm.aiA.shlp promotes worldwide culture o f peace aiA.d encourages, teamwork,
cooperatloiA., toleraiA.ce, self-esteem. atA.d character developm.eiA.t o f participants.

Discussion Questions:
1. Is it always important to win at any price?
2. In your opinion, how can sportsmanship be encouraged?
3. The best way to promote sportsmanship is through the enforcement of specific rules.'
How far do you agree?
4. Do you think professional athletes have a duty to serve as role models, even if they don't
want to be? Why/not?
5. Hooliganism is on the increase in many countries, in your opinion, what are the main
causes?
6 . How does hooliganism hurt the spirit of a healthy competition?

7. How can violence taking place at sports events be prevented?

8 . 'Television cameras shouldn't record crowd disturbances during sporting events, such

as football matches.' What do you think?

S t r ess :
TOPIC 91
KEY IDEAS

Causes and contributing factors:

A c u te stress caiA. be the re s u lt o f d is o rg a n iz a tio n , horm.oiA.al Im balances, la c k of
coiA.fldeiA.ce, p h y s ic a l s u rro u n d in g s , cram.rn.ed schedules aiA.d poor tim e m a n a g e m e n t,
heavy w o rklo a d , la c k of uiA.derstaiA.dliA.0, aiA.d u n f a m ilia r s itu a tio n s , e.g. new
techiA.olo0les. chrom ic stress caiA. be due to w o rk pressure, unsolved problems.
•powerlessness, dysfunctional fa m ily relationships, long-term relationship •problems,
long-term unemploy ment, poverty, and flnanclalproblems.__________________________

Effects:
M ental symptoms are memory -problems, d iffic u lty In m aking decisions, livability to
concentrate, "poor ju.o(0kwents, confucsfon, repetitive thoughts, apathy, mental Irritation,
and weaker performance. Emotional symptoms are restlessness, depression, anxiety,
tension, an0er and resentment.
Physical symptoms are sleep disturbances, fatigue, rapid heartbeat, hl0h blood pressure,
wel0ht 0 a ln or loss, eatln0 disorders. Isolation from others, and nervous habits, e.0. n a il
bltln0.

How to relive or minimise/cope with stress:

A way to deal with stress Is to meet our spiritual needs; apply relaxation techniques, e.0.
meditation. using m edication^ remove the stressor, 0lve up u n re a lis tic expectations, and
take a quick mental break. Stress can be reduced with proper nutrition, regular exercise
and sufficient rest.

Discussion Questions:
1. Do you think life will be more stressful or less stressful in the future?
2. in what ways does modern life cause stress? Use specific examples.
3. How can stress affect the quality of life?

S uccess :
TOPIC 92
KEY IDEAS

Contributing factors:
A number of factors contribute to a person's success; positive th in k in g , motivation,
willpower, determination, stam ina, self-improvement. Interpersonal skills, social skills,
confidence level, self-esteem, self-trust, dlll0ence, seriousness , self-dlsclpllne, patience,
experience, creativity, Intelligence, calculated risks, c a re fu l plan n ln g and perseverance;
It’s Important to keep try in g .______________________________________________________

Definitions:
The concept of 'success' Is very relative and can be defined from v a rio u s perspectives,
some of them are as follows; success Is setting and achieving one's personal goals, true
peace of m ind, having a good fa m ily life, a certain level of career advancement,
academic achievement, and having fin a n c ia l ability to a ffo rd whatever needed. Lack of
confidence Is a psychological barrier to success.______________________________________
Discussion Questions:
1. The real secrets of success are self-discovery and constancy to purpose.' Explain.
2. How is success usually measured in today's world?
3. In your opinion, what would be the price of success?
4. Does a person have to be wealthy and powerful in order to be considered successful?
5. For what qualities or achievements would you feel justified in calling a person 'super
achiever'?
6 . 'There is no relation between success and luck.' How far do you agree or disagree?

7. What factors may hinder success?

8 . Do you think that failure ultimately results in success?

9. 'Do you think that there is a link between appearance and success? If so, how?
10. Are good school grades an accurate prediction of future success of students?

T OURISM
TOPIC 93
KEY IDEAS

Pros:
T o u ris m promotes in te r n a tio n a l u n d e rs ta n d in g a n d cooperation a m o n g n a tio n s .
T o u ris m in d u s tr y is considered as a s ig n if ic a n t source o f revenue. T o u ris m -plays a \zey
role in econom ic 0rowth by p ro v id in g job op po rtu nitie s, e n c o u ra g in g re g io n a l
development, in c re a s in g fo re ig n exchange e a rn in g s , a n d e n h a n c in g h ig h e r s ta n d a rd o f
liv in g f o r local c o m m u n itie s .

Cons:
T o u ris m c a n cause e n v iro n m e n ta l d e s tru c tio n ; enorm ous dam age to ecosystem a n d
serious fo rm s o f p o llu tio n . One o f the problems associated w ith to u ris m in d u s tr y Is
c u ltu r a l d e g ra d a tio n ; to u ris m c a n debase the host c u ltu re . The developm ent o f to u ris m
c a n displace locals.
rz e ly in g h e a v ily o n to u ris m a n d u s in g u.p n a tu r a l resources to support to u ris m
in d u s tr y c a n deprive the local p o p u la tio n fro m th e ir n a tu r a l r i g hts to use these resources.

Discussion Questions:
1. 'Advantages of tourism industry far outweigh the potential disadvantages associated . 1
How far do you agree or disagree?
2. How do you see tourism changing in your country in the future?
3. In what ways do you think, tourism can negatively affect the environment?
4. In your opinion, to what extent can tourism contribute to sustainable development?
5. How can tourism industry generate and maintain employment?
6 . In what ways can tourism affect the host community and local culture?

7. To what extent do you think tourism help international understanding?

T RAFFIC
TOPIC 94
KEY IDEAS

Causes and contributing factors:

T ra ffic , co n g e stio n Is caused by d iffe re n t fa cto rs; bad weather, poor s ig n a l t im in g , car
accidents, Ina d e q u a te roadw ay capacity. I n s u ff ic ie n t n u m b e r o f roads, s u b s ta n d a rd
road conditions, a n d Increased n u m b e r o f ears; roads a n d transport services s u ffe r when
they are overused.
urban sprawl a n d u n p la n n e d u rb a n growth contribute to the tra ffic co n g e stio n o f large
cities.

Suggestions to reduce traffic:

To apply autom ated tra ffic m a n a g e m e n t system s, to Improve public trans-port system s,
to encourage people to use more public transport, to provide ca rp oo lin g fa c ilitie s , to
establish car sh a rin g schemes, to ease tra ffic f^ a m s through rad io re-ports, to Impose vehicle
e m is s io n laws; a regulatory system, planned to l i m i t the n u m b e r o f cars o n the roads
could be In tro d u ce d , to ban private cars fro m entering c e rta in areas o f the city, to
Increase, the n u m b e r o f roads, to -provide a safe network, o f w a lk in g a n d c y c lin g routes.

Discussion Questions:
1. To what extent does traffic congestion negatively impact your daily quality of life?
2. How much does traffic congestion currently concern the city that you live in?
3. Do you think more cycle lanes are needed in your city? What would be some of the
problems in providing more facilities for cyclists?
4. How much can traffic congestion affect air quality?
5. Traffic congestion causes enormous costs in terms of the lime we are stuck
unproductively in our cars.' how can this problem be effectively addressed?
6. 'Banning single -driver cars is the most effective way to ease traffic.' How far do you
agree

TOPIC 95
KEY IDEAS

Pros:
T e le visio n Is a p o w e rfu l too l to educate viewers a ro u n d the w o rld , provide people with
In s p ira tio n , Ideas a n d knowledge, hold fa m ilie s together, serve the particular Interests o f
In dividuals a n d groups, w a tc h in g television Is a fa s t w a y to fin d o u t about the latest
news -from, all over the worlot and regarded as the m a in source o f Inform ation for m ost
people. Television Is considered as a c-onvenlent soucrce o f entertainment, it Is much more
affordable compared with other m eans o f entertainment. Television ca n be used as an
Important foru m for d isc u s sin g and p u ttin g forward various Issues.

Cons:
Television alw ays has been a subject o f criticism. It ca n stop fa m ily members from
covuvuunicatlnc^ with each other, ch ild ren spend too m a n y hour^ passively w atching t v ;
excessive TV w atching (TV addiction) ca n lead to poor acadeiM,Ic performance; It ca n also
result In ph y sica l com plications, e.g, obesity, w a tc h in g too much television m akes
children lose Im p o rta n t social skills. Passive t v w atching davuac^ts, sleep patterns.
.Sometimes t v Is deliberately used to m isin form people, for example, when It Is used as a
propaganda tool by som e governm ents, violence In TV program m es contributes to
aggressive behaviour o f the youth and consequ en tly leads to soc la I disorder._____________

Discussion Questions:
1. What makes a good TV programme? Describe a good programme for kids below school
age?
2. Do you think television has helped to make the world a better place to live in?
3. Should children be controlled in their TV watching habits? Why/not?
4. Do TV programmes affect people's behaviour? Use specific examples.
5. How would you compare TV programmes with radio programmes?

U n e mpl o y me n t :
TOPIC 96
KEY IDEAS

Causes and contributing factors:

High expectations o f job seekers, low level o f education, lack o f job experience, personal
laziness, unavailability o f suitable jobs. Inadequate vocational train in g, excessive
un em ploym en t benefits, overpopulation and lack o f a planned balance between
e d u c a tio n a l output and econom ic expansion, repressed and unstable econom y can lead
to high un em ploym en t rate______________________________________________________________

Effects:
in dividual effects: lower self-esteem, su bstan tia l loss o f life satisfaction, fin a n cia l
problems, divorce and ruined fam ilies. Increased participation In Illegal activities,
p sy ch ologica l disorders, such as hopelessness, apathy and depression. S o cia l effects:
poverty, higher crim e rates, and Internal and external m igration o f labour. Econom ic
e ffe c ts : s lo w d o w n I n e c o n o m ic g r o w th , a n d recessloiA,

Suggestions to address unemployment:

To Increase economic growth, to Improve job skills through education, (e. g. offering
tra in in g -progrflkvtm.es for unskilled And Low skilled workers), to open the m.arket to
national and -private Investments, to Increase Lahour mar\zet flexibility, to encourage
entrepreneurship progrflm.rn.es for IncreasIng employ ment opportunities._______________

Discussion Questions:
1. Do you think 'unemployment benefits' raise unemployment durations?
2. 'The only effective way to deal with unemployment is to introduce rapid urbanisation.' To
what extent do you agree or disagree?
3. 'The best measure to address unemployment is to make education purely employment-
oriented.' How far do you agree or disagree?

U r ban SPRAWL:
TOPIC 97
KEY IDEAS

Causes:
u rb a n sprawl Is u s u a lly the result o f uwplfliA.iA.ed city development, uiA.llceiA.sed
c o n s tru c tio n , the growth o f u rb a n Infrastructure, In e ffic ie n t Land use patterns,
fragm ented m u n ic ip a l governments, I ncreased ru ra l m igrations, and population
growth.

Effects:
environm ental Impact: loss of agricultural lands which leads to lower food p ro d u c tio n
degradation of water resources,; Inadequate sewage disposal systems, loss of natural
vegetation, poor air q uality, ugly s u b u rb a n landscapes, and d e s tru c tio n of wildlife
habitats. Social Impact: loss of com.m.unlty Identity, loss of com.m.unlty spirit and
values, mar\zed d is p a ritie s In wealth between cities and suburbs, traffic congestion, a n d
longer com.m.utlng times, economic Im pact: Increased public costs, higher tax burdens.
Increased energy co n s u m p tio n . Increased u n e m p lo y m e n t rate, u rb a n In fra s tru c tu re
decline.
Discussion Questions:
1. In your opinion, who should be blamed for overbuilding crisis?
2. More and more agricultural lands are being used as building lands. What are the hazards
of this development?
3. Huge amount of farmland have been eaten up due to the growth of the suburbs. In your
opinion, how can this cancerous growth be controlled?
4. What can be done to close the gap between urban and rural areas?
5. 'Urban sprawl destroys the traditions and accepted principles of regions and cities' Do
you agree?

\ j
V IOLENCE:
TOPIC 98
KEY IDEAS

Causes and contributing factors:

s>ome causes, a n d cou,tnloutin,g fa cto rs are so cia l In e g u a title s , Iack o f a proper
u.pbrliA,0t.iA,0, poor home life , p sy c h o lo g ic a l problems, behavioural problems, personal
fru s tra tio n ,; s u p e rio rity a n d I n fe r io r ity completes, f in a n c ia l pressure, re la x a tio n o f
c r im in a l laws, Iack o f la w e^fbrcekvteiA/t, a n d learned patterns of behaviour; teen parties
and gangs.
\m p u lslve behaviour c a n be encouraged by the m edia , for In sta n ce , c e rta in type s o f f ilm s
c a n provoke violence.

Suggestions to address violence:

The sure st wa y to deal with this Issuce Is e n s u rin g e g u a l o p p o rtu n itie s I n d iffe re n t
aspects o f so cia l life . A n effective wa y to tackle this Issuce Is to take preventive measures,
e.g. Iwtposln0 c e rta in laws to prevent violence. A w a y to address this social problenc Is to
through prow,otln0 p u b lic e d u ca tio n , e.g. eotncatln0 people how to overcome their a n g r y
fe e lin g s .

Discussion Questions:
1. Violence is one the major problems of the modern society. Can anything be done to
tackle this problem?
2. Do you agree that violence in the media has an effect on the youth culture in general?
3. Do you think violence-promoting programmes on TV should be banned? How can such
programmes contribute to violence in society?
4. Do you agree that there is a link between the youth violence and family breakdown?
\A 7
VV ATER POLLUTION:
TOPIC 99
KEY IDEAS

Causes:
The m a in ca u ses o f w a te r p o llu tlon are donees t ie waste, p o llu te d a g r ic u lt u r a l r u n o f f .
I n d u s t r ia l e m is s io n , w a s h o u t o f p o iso n o u s c h e m ica ls f r o m dumps; le aka ge f r o m
d is p o s a l sites. In a d e q u a te sewage tre a tm e n t, sewage d isch a rg e , s o il erosion, excessive use
o f s y n th e tic a n d In o rg a n ic su b sta n ce s I n Industries.

Effects:
W ater p ollu tion causes m a n y e n v iro n m e n ta l concerns. It e n d a n g e rs h u m a n life a n d
n a t u r a l ecosystem s, a n d d estroy s water o v a lit y a n d causes great Loss I n a g ric u ltu re . It
Is a threat to the u n d e rw a te r life , w a ter p ollu tion causes m a n y life-threatening heath
pro blem s, su ch as cholera a n d typhoid._____________________________________________________

Suggestions to address water pollution:

w a ter p ollu tion can be reduced through a ra n g e In it ia t iv e s and a n t l- p o llu tlo n
p ro g ra m m e s .
“P reventive progra m m es -.e.g. e n a ctin g tou gh er Laws to deal with thus Issue.
S u p e rv is o ry role o f a u th o ritie s : e.g. sea d u m p in g sh ou ld be str ic tly prohibited.
T ech nical m easures: d e s ig n in g e f fic ie n t w aste d isp osa l s y s t e m s to prevent water
pollution,
eg. p rov id in g r e cy c lin g a n d disp osa l facilities.
e d u ca tio n a l p ro g ra m m e s : In c re a s in g p u b lic awareness, o ffe r in g p rogram m es Intended
to encourage

Discussion Questions:
1. What are the environmental effects of water pollution?
2. Are there any restrictions on water use in your country?

TOPIC 100
KEY IDEAS

For:
z,oos are built to conserve a n d protect a n im a ls th a t are threatened In their n atu ra l
e n v iro n m e n t, w ild life s a n c tu a rie s provide q u a lity care fo r a n im a ls a n d place a higher
priority on a n im a l welfare, (e.g. veterinary an d m e d ic a l care en sure good p h y sica l
co n d itio n s fo r anim als). Z_,oos are associated with careful breeding p ro g ra m m e s . Z_,oos
are educational and can create basic research opportunities.
Z j Oo s provide com m unities with an opportunity to observe rare and endangered species of
anim als In their natural behaviour. Z^oos provide public entertainment.
Zuoos allow Interaction between hum ans and animals. Z^oos provide sig n ifica n t
biological resources.
z^oos can be used to create Income then the obtained m oney can be spei/vt on
environmental Issues.

Against:
s>ome people have argued that -zoos are cruel and Inhumane; hum ans have no right to
Interfere the natural environment o f anim als; keeping anim als captive causes
suffering.
There are m any potential risks associated with keeping anim als In zoos , (e.g. anim al
diseases which can be transferred and also In case o f an Incident anim als cannot
escape.)
Z j Oq s can cause environmental problems th a t's way they should be abolished.___________

Discussion Questions:
1. How important do you think zoos are in saving some animals from extinction?
2. Some people think that human needs for farmland, housing, and industry are more
important than saving land for endangered animals. Do you agree or disagree with this
point of view?
3. What are the main roles of animals in your country?
4. Do you think circuses promote animal abuse? Should they stop using animals as
performers?
5. Why are many species of animals severely endangered today? What solutions do you
suggest?

[NOTES:
 CRITICAL THINKING

Activity

In order to be able to organise your ideas well and speak coherently, you need to be familiar
with various social issues. The following template is a suggestion to help you develop
critical thinking skills. For each topic, fill in as many ideas as you can think of.

TOPICS PROS CONS

Introducing iA,ew products Creating unreal needs

Advertising - More choices. M isinform ation
- H-ei.0kteiAXiA,0 competitions E ncouraging consum erism

Automation

City life

Computerisation

Fame

Fashion

Globalisation

High-rise buildings

Home schooling

(The) Internet

Life in the country

Modem life
 TOPICS PROS CONS

Music

Online learning

Pets

Tourism

Television

TOPICS FOR AGAINST

Animal testing

Astrology

GM food

Space exploration

Unemployment
benefits

TOPICS CAUSE EFFECT

Accident

Acid rain

Addiction

Air pollution
 TOPICS CAUSE EFFECT

Aging

Brain drain

Bribery

Child labor

Crime

Culture shock

Diseases

Divorce

Doping

Famine

Fear

Generation gap

Global warming

Global village

Globalisation
 TOPICS CAUSE EFFECT

Homelessness

Illiteracy

Juvenile
delinquency

Migration

Noise pollution

Obesity

Overpopulation

Poverty

Stress

Traffic

Unemployment

Violence

Water pollution
 GENERAL TIPS
Speaking Test

____________________________________ DOS___________________________________
• Have daily discussions with friends. Take turns asking each other questions about
current issues and improve your speaking ability by talking about various topics; using
varied sentence structures and vocabulary.

• Dress appropriately-look neat.

• Know the exact time and location of your interview, you should know how long it takes
you to get there.

• Be aware of the exact procedure of the test. Be clear on the order of each section; it's
length and specific question types.

• Remember to have your passport with you to show to the examiner for identification.

• Arrive before the appointed time. So you don't feel rushed.

• Before going into the room, take three deep breaths!

• Remain standing until you are asked to be seated.

• Use a natural greeting and shake hands confidently if you are invited to do so.
- May I come in?
- Good morning / Good afternoon
Where shall I sit? Over there?
- I'm very well, thank you and you?

• The vocabulary you use in the interview should be appropriate. Bear in mind that the
speaking test is an interview, NOT an ordinary conversation.

• Project energy and enthusiasm. Try to make a good first impression.

• Be willing to talk. Be positive and respectful throughout the interview.

• Stay on topic. Don't change the subject; the examiner will think you have misunderstood
and may give you a lower mark.

• Look at the examiner and maintain eye contact when possible.

Take advantage of every question to show that you are an interesting and informed
person.____________________________________________________________________
• Use good body language. Emphasise points with hand gestures appropriately, but in a
small and limited way! Your posture, gestures and facial expression are important non
verbal signals.

• Use descriptive words. Don't use boring words like good, bad or okay. Use exciting
words that covey emotion. Practice using higher level words for every simple word you
know - such as thrilling instead of exciting.
- brilliant, superb, marvellous, admirable, fantastic, fabulous, amazing, smashing, absorbing,
dazzling, incredible, unbelievable, superb, spectacular; impressive, magnificent,
outstanding, perfect .excellent, breathtaking, sensational, exhilarating.

• Use collocations to sound more natural.

absolutely delicious/'amazing/clear
totally different
amazingly beautiful/cheap
- strikingly beautiful
- highly successful/skilled /intelligent
- immensely popular/ difficult
- incredibly lucky/difficult/ beautiful
extremely important/useful/ complicated/beautiful/amusing
sparsely/densely populated

• Keep in mind that in part 1 and 2 of the test, the examiner cannot talk to you freely. He
or she must follow a set of questions that is determined in advance of your test. In part
3, the examiner can talk with less restriction.

• Keep a steady pace. Don't speak too fast or too slow. Speak at a reasonable pace.
Remember speaking 'fluently' doesn't mean speaking quickly. Talk clearly at normal
speed.

• Don't speak too softly, Speak up! Sometimes, candidates speak very softly that's only
because they are nervous or unsure of their words. Speak loudly enough that the
examiner does not have to strain to hear you. This indicates self-confidence and good
command of the language. Make your voice more interesting by lifting your voice a
little higher.

• Explain names or words which are used in your own language. For instance, if you are
asked to talk about a festival which involves using words in your language, say the words
clearly and give the meaning so the examiner can follow your talk.

• Remember spoken English isn't the same as written English. So it is acceptable to repeat
some words or rephrase something if you can't find the right word.

• Keep in mind that the range of tenses as well as the appropriate use of them is
important in all parts of the Speaking Test.______________________________________
• Speak smoothly and continuously.

• If you have pauses, try to 'fill' them. Whenever possible, you should avoid silence in the
Speaking Test.

Examples of introductory phrases which can be used to let you think are:

- That 5 an interesting question...

- That's a complex question...
- Well, it depends how you look at it
- In fact, it depends on your point of view
- It's difficult to make a choice...
- On the whole, it seems that...
- To be honest, I haven 7 made up my mind yet
- It's such a controversial issue
- Actually, there's a lot of controversy over this issue
- That's a big problem today
- We should look at this issue from a broader perspective
- We should see this issue from a different perspective

• Organise and link your ideas and sentences appropriately. Use a wide range of
structures and linking words.

• Speak clearly and don't worry about your accent. It's always good to maintain a 'neutral
accent1. The important point is that you should enunciate the words that you use so the
examiner can understand you. Rehearse in advance to overcome any obvious
pronunciation problems. If you make a mistake, don't worry, possibly correct yourself
and keep going. 'Accuracy is as important as fluency'.

• If you don't understand a question, speak and ask in a positive way.

- You mean [...] by saying [...], OK? I 'd like to say...

- So what you mean is... right?
- Would you please repeat the question?

NOT Sorry, I don't understand the question!

• At the end of the test, thank your examiner for his/her time and be glad you did your test,
smile and leave the room.

- Thank you for your time.

- Thank you very much. I enjoyed talking with you, Goodbye._______________________
 DONTS

• Don't speak with those candidates who are conning out, you invite disqualification for
yourself.

• Don't simply reply YES or NO and wait for the next question, try to answer the questions
fully. Remember the examiner won't prompt you to speak, if you don't speak enough, he
or she will go onto the next question. If you continue not to say enough, the interview
could be very short! Remember to give your answers in a variety of styles. You have 11-
14 minutes to display your English speaking ability.

• Don't interrupt the examiner.

• Don't try to give a 'prepared talk'. The examiner is trained to spot this.

• Don't make negative comments about your life, education, etc. Your comments should
sound positive.

• Be assertive, but not dominating; try to maintain a balanced tone in your discussion.

• Try not to impress the examiner with big words that you might use incorrectly.

• Don't digress; don't speak off or away from the topic.

• Avoid slang or informal language. Choose to be formal rather than informal.

• Don't give up. Always attempt, if you get stuck, the examiner might be able to help you.

• Although pausing is commonly occurred and considered as one of the features of

speaking naturally, Don't use too many pause fillers because it may convince the
examiner that you are at loss for words and required structures.

• Don't ask your examiner for your Band Score. The examiner cannot tell you the result of
the test; don't ask for comments.

• Don't tell the examiner that you are nervous, or don't move about too much.

• Don't tell the examiner how relieved you are the test is over, and there is no need to
comment on your performance.

• Don't slouch or sit rigidly on the edge of your chair.

• Use an open posture; don't sit with your hands crossed.

• Don't speak to the cassette recorder. Speak directly to the examiner._______________

 SELF-ASSESSMENT/
Strengths and Weaknesses

Look at the following statements and tick the box that is correct for you about your
speaking skill. (Y=Yes; M=Moderate; N=No).

SELF-ASSESSMENT TEMPLATE Y M N

1 1use a wide range of vocabulary.

2 1use a range of appropriate expressions to extend the topics.

3 1can successfully clarify the meaning by paraphrasing when

confronted with an unfamiliar term.
4 1use a good range of grammatical forms with ease.

5 1use tenses accurately.

6 1speak fluently, without hesitation.

7 1speak at a reasonable pace and in a smooth manner.

8 1speak coherently.

9 1pronounce individual words clearly with appropriate stress.

10 1use sentence stress and intonation patterns appropriately.

11 1present my points in a very clear and logical manner.

12 1give appropriate, relevant and clever answers.

1can develop an argument by pointing out both positive and
13
neaative asoects of the tonic.
14 1use connecting words to join my answers.
1use various functions to develop my ideas, e.g. comparing and
15
contrastina.
1can use thinking -time techniques (fillers) well; to give myself
16
time to oraanise mv thouahts.
1can move between formal and less formal expression without
17
anv oroblems.
18 1use a range of sentence structures; mixing simple sentences.

19 1manage my time efficiently.

20 1don't over-generalise.
 TEACHER'S GUIDE

IELTS MAXIMISER Educational Book has been designed to be as flexible as possible so that
the time required to work through the course can be expanded or contracted, depending on
the level of the students and time available. Similarly, students can decide how to use the
book depending on their individual needs.

Pair work:

• Divide the class into pairs.

• Explain the task.
• If necessary, model the activity with one student or call on a pair to do the task.
• Set an appropriate time limit.
• Have students practise in pairs.
• Go around the class to provide help and keep students on task.
• When pairs finish, write some of the errors on the board. Elicit corrections from the class.
• If needed, plan additional activities or reviews based on students' answers.

Group work:

• Divide the class into groups depending on the number of students.

• Go over the task and explain what the task requires.
• If needed, model the activity with one or more students.
• Set an appropriate time limit. It may be useful to write it on the board.
• Have groups carry out the task as circulate and provide help.
• Encourage students to give reasons to support their answers.
• Make notes of grammar or vocabulary problems and deal with them at the end of the
activity or at a later stage.
• Lead a class discussion when appropriate.

100 MY Questions:

• Explain the task and the purpose of the activity. (The answers may be assigned for
homework if necessary).
• Have students make personalised notes. As students thinking to complete the task, you
may write some linking words on the board and ask students to include them in their
answers.
• Have students work in pairs using their notes.
• Go around the class and give help as needed.
• Elicit students' responses around the class.
Topic Cards:

TOPIC CARD 1

Describe how to use a piece of equipment.

You should say:

• how often you use it
•what you use it for
•what you can do to be able to use it for a long time
• and explain how to use it (its software/programmes/ctc).

Topic card 1:

Teaching objectives: (Content)

How to use a piece of technology

Teaching points: (Grammar points)

How to use infinitives and gerunds for uses and purposes:
- To be used to do something. To be used for doing something.

How to use sequence adverbs to describe a process:

First, Then, Next, After that. Finally.

• Explain the task.

• Write the required structures on the board (Teaching points).
• Write some introductory sentences on the board.
- I'm going to talk about...
- I'm going to describe how...
- I've chosen to talk about...
• Students take notes for each question and have one minute to prepare a talk on the topic.
• Ask some students to speak for 1-2 minutes on the topic using their notes and the
grammar points.
• Elicit corrections orally to the common errors.

Discussion:

There is no single method that will work for everyone when considering a discussion, and
much usually depends on your personal teaching style and your classroom community.
Still, the following suggestions can help you think about ways to organise discussions in
your class. Your role may vary depending on the type of discussion you have.
Some of the possible roles are:
Facilitator: Students may need new language to be fed in by the teacher.
Spectator: The teacher watches the activities, offers comments and advice at the end.
Participant: As a teacher, it is sometimes appropriate to take part and get involved in the
discussion.

• Divide the class into groups as necessary.

• Write the discussion topic on the board. Warm-ups should be brief and serve to lead
students into the topic.
• Introduce the topic by asking a few engaging questions; use this time to elicit key
vocabulary and ideas that students are going to read in the paragraphs.
• If you wish, pre-teach any key vocabulary you feel students are unlikely to know and
would be unable to infer from context.
• Write the teaching points on the board, e.g. how to give suggestions:
- Every effort should be made to...
- We should make every effort...
- We should take steps to...
- This problem could probably addressed by...
• Set an appropriate time limit.
• Ask students to read the paragraphs silently. (Pros& Cons, For& Against, Cause& Effect,
etc.) Remind students to mark the words they can't guess from the context and continue
reading.
• Ask students to recall as many key words as they can.
• Read the 'Discussion Questions'.
• Give students time to plan what they are going to say.
• Students discuss the questions in groups.
• Remind students to make suggestions for each issue.
Tell the groups to ask one person to write down any solutions that they can think of.

• Go around and discreetly listen in, only interrupt if you are asked for help. On-the-spot
correction is not advisable as it disrupts the activity. Note any major errors and deal with
them at the end of the activity or at a later stage.
• Ask students to share some of their ideas with the class.

Discussion hints:

The following hints encourage a good discussion to happen:

• Think about what you want to get across to your students.

• Once you have decided what you want to teach, think about how you want to present it.
Do you want to divide the class into small groups for discussion? Can you think of a role
playing assignment that would get students to think about different perspectives of an
issue?

Divide the lesson into five stages: warm-up, introduction, controlled practice, freer
 practice, and production.

• Make the class as comfortable as possible. Check the ventilation and lighting.

• Show students the purpose of the activity. Write the objectives on the board.

• Divide the class into pairs or groups, as necessary. The preferred seating arrangement is
a circle, semicircle, u or hollow square. All these formations allow everyone in the group
to see one another.

• Be clear about time-limits; a time-limited task is easier to handle than an open-ended

one.
Stick to the time limit. If there isn't time to cover the subject sufficiently, note this in your
lesson plan, and take action to correct this before the next class discussion.

• Don't answer your own questions before students answer them.

I personally think the advantages of the internet far outweigh its disadvantages, first of
all..., secondly ...what do you think?

• Remember a discussion should be developed gradually, this is to say, a discussion

should move forward from point to point. If you explain your whole interpretation of the
topic at the very beginning stage, there is no where to go.

• Make sure to present some functional patterns for stating opinions, expressing
agreement, expressing solutions, etc.

• Be focused and clear about your instructions. If it is to practise a particular technique

or point, bring it in step by step, rather than plunging students into the task 'nowyou try
it'.

• Provoke a thoughtful discussion about the topics. Ask students some stimulating
questions and elicit information related to the questions. The best questions are neither
too open-ended nor too limited. 'Yes or No' questions can halt the discussion. The best
questions are open enough to have a few possible right answers, yet closed enough that
students know how to approach it, and feel motivated to start talking.

• Give the class time to think about the questions before you expect any answers.

• Rephrase Questions. If you are waiting too long for students to respond, rephrase the
question you are asking until someone answers. Sometimes students are quiet because
they simply don't know what we are asking. Clarify issues where the class as a whole is
uncertain.

• To increase STT; Student Talking Time, introduce challenging rules (e.g. answers must
have more than ten words, each student must also use a function.)
• To give students of all levels confidence that they are progressing, remind them regularly
of what they have learned in the last few activities. For example, say: 'Now, you know
what structures to use to talk about your future plans, don't you?.’

• Plan out your lesson carefully; stay on topic. The instructor who knows what he or she
needs to accomplish in class is less likely to become distracted than the one who doesn't.
If you are prepared and have a lesson plan, you will probably see that the goals for a
particular class are met. If you haven't taken the time to plan, you are more likely to shift
the focus of the lesson to students' thoughts and concerns.

• Vary the degree of difficulty of your questions so that everyone has a chance of
answering some of them.

• Encourage students to offer comments that are related to the question you are
addressing. Try not to reward the students who say irrelevant things by giving them too
much attention. If the discussion drifts away from the main topic, you may say:
- This is an interesting question that we may discuss at a later time: but for now we would
like to stay focused o n ...
- This question goes beyond what we have planned to cover in this class; but I would like to
discuss this topic with you after class.'

• Don't allow anyone to monopolise the discussion. Interrupt the 'speech maker1tactfully
and lead the discussion to another person.

• To increase talking time, regroup students and ask them to share their ideas with other
classmates.
Possible ways to regroup are:
Each group joins another group.
Each group sends one 'messenger' to the next group.
Assign a letter to each student in a group and form new groups of all As, all Bs, all Cs, etc.

• Monitor the groups as they work in groups, and prompt them if they run out of things to
say.

• Make sure students feel comfortable to voice even half-baked ideas.

• You may use students' names frequently in the discussion; it is to help students get
involved, and feel that they are noticed.

• Provide a friendly atmosphere. Permit friendly disagreement under discussion, not

among personalities. Assign students positions on the topic (for/against). This will get
students out of their personality.

• To encourage students to speak out, agree enthusiastically and disagree gently and
politely.
 What a brilliant idea. (Agreement)
I'm afraid, I don't agree. (Disagreement)

• Always listen eagerly. Show a real interest by nodding, smiling, saying, 'exactly', 'That's
interesting1
, etc.

• For checking students' answers, go around and discreetly listen in, take notes on
common language mistakes while students are presenting their various points of view.

At the end of the group discussion, write a number of the most common mistakes on
the board and elicit corrections from students.

• Don't rush. If you find that you cannot fit all of the points you want to make into the
discussion. You may omit some of them. It won't be the end of the world! More things are
gained and learned if you cover the important points thoroughly than you rush through
the list of the questions.

• If you feel that some points are being neglected, mention them.

• Summarise periodically. Stop occasionally to review the points that have been made.

• Keep spirits high. Help the groups feel at ease. Let everyone have a good time. Don't let
the discussion drag or become boring.

• The more engaging the better. Provide a condition in which students express their
opinions.

• It is a good idea to have a general sense of the points that you are sure to cover, and
you can sketch out a general plan of how you think the discussion might go, but don't
expect the class to follow your plan exactly, and don't try to force it to do so. Sometimes
the best parts of a discussion are the unexpected turns it takes!

• Expect a considerable amount of excitement, laughter, and noise during discussion.

Such feelings can be fine as long as the task is done properly. You may discontinue a
discussion if:
a student begins acting in a silly or off-task manner.
- a student gets aggressive or emotionally upset.
- there is prolonged negative behaviour or confusion about where the discussion is going.

• Praise all efforts. Always say what you liked about an answer.

• Ask students to reflect. During the last five minutes of the class ask students to reflect
on the lesson and write down what they have learned. Then, ask them to consider how
they would apply them.

• Ask them to summarise the lesson in their own words with examples. If you'd like to
check all students' understanding, have students write a summary of the concept and
 turn it in to you.

Important features:

• The discussion is focused on a topic, and everyone understands what the topic is.
• Everyone actively participates in the discussion.
• The key concepts get described in different ways from different views.
• The teacher may even learn something from the discussion.
• It is so lively and productive that you don't like to break it off, simply because time is
running out.
• Key results get summarised at the end.

Critical thinking:

• Explain the task and go over the example.

• Explain the purpose of the activity. (The answers may be assigned for homework if
necessary)
• Have students complete the task; students think of as many key words or responses as
they can.
• Ask students to compare their answers in pairs.
• Have students discuss their notes in groups. Walk around the class and monitor.

Linking words and phrases:

• As homework, ask students to use their dictionaries to find at least one example for each
connective word.
• Ask students to pair up and compare their examples.
• Set an appropriate time limit.
• Ask students to write and read out their own examples.

Self-assessment:
• Focus students' attention on the 'Self-assessment' activity. Ask how well they can do
these things now.

• Students complete the self-assessment template.

• Encourage students to work on their weak points.

Lesson plan:

There are many different approaches to teaching English. However, most of these plans
tend to follow this lesson plan format.1

1) Warm-up 2) Presentation 3) Controlled practice 4) Freer practice 5) Production

 LESSON PLAN

TEACHING OBJECTIVES:

TEACHING POINTS:

Teaching Anticipated
Stages & Teacher's Student's Ex’.ra
liming Materials Questions &
Contents Activities Activities Activities
& Aids Problems

Warm-Up

Presentation

Controlled
Practice

Free Practice

Production

Dear colleague,
I hope you find the ideas mentioned in the book useful.

A good way for making our classes livelier is to exchange ideas, I'd like to share my
definition of TEACHING1with you.
To me. Teaching is to balance the following paradoxes:
- To be scientific and artistic
- To plan and improvise
- To seek practical solutions and theoretical reasons
To have serious work and humorous fun
- To emphasise narrow focus and broad outlook
I look forward to your comments
Thank you,
Alireza Memarzadeh IIELTS Thu Dang
[email protected]
IELTS Maximiser Educational Book is the source that many English teachers and students
have been waiting for. It contains:
• sample interview questions with answers
• 100 IELTS speaking cards with 20 sample answers
• 100 A-Z lELTS-type topics followed with 'Discussion Questions'
• revision activities
• speaking test tips and teacher's manual

100 Absolutely Essential Topics

1. Accidents 26. Crime 51. GM food 76. Obesity

2 Acid rain 27 Cultural 52. Happiness 77. Overpopulation
3. Addiction 28. Culture 53. High rise 78. Parenting
4. Adoption 29. Culture shock 54. History 79. Personality
5 Advertising 30. Diet 55. Hobbies 80. Pets
6. Aging 31. Disability 56. Holiday 81. Poverty
7. Agriculture 32. Distance 57. Home schooling 82. Public transport
8 Aids 33. Divorce 58. Homelessness 83. Recycling
9. Air pollution 34. Doping 59. 1 lousing 84. Satellites
10. Animal testing 35. Education 60. Illiteracy 85. School discipline
11. Art 36. Energy 61. Industrial 86. Smoking
12. Astrology 37. Environment 62. (The) internet 87. Space exploration
13. Automation 38. Fame 63. Jobs 88. Sport
14. Brain drain 39. Family 64. Juvenile 89. Sporting events
15 Bribery 40. Family ties 65. Language 90. Sportsmanship
16. Charity 41. Famine 66 Law 91. Stress
17. Child care 42. Fashion, CL Life expectancy 92. Success
18. Child labour 43. Fear 68. Marriage 93. Tourism
19. Childhood 44. Festivals 69. Mass media 94. Traffic
20. Children's 45. Field trips 70. Memory 95. TV
21 City life 46 Film 71. Migration 96. Unemployment
22 Climate 47. Friendship 72. Modern life 97. Urban sprawl
2X Computer games 48. Generation gap 73. Music 98. Violence
24. Computerisation 49. Global warming 74. Natural disasters 99. Waler pollution
25. Country life 50. Globalisation 75 Noise pollution 100. Zoos

Alireza Memarzadeh is a TESOL certified teacher and holds teaching certificates from
University of Cambridge, Trinity College London, Cavendish College, ATI Florida and a BA
in Business Management from Shahid Beheshti University. He has been teaching English
for over ten years; working in many educational centres as an

ISBN:978-964-04-2275-5

9 789640 422755
International standard Book Number: 978-964-04-2275-5