Decentralization of the government occurs when there is a transfer of authority, responsibility,

and resources from the central government to lower government units.

Local government units, just like the national government, must therefore embody the
characteristics of good governance.

There are three common types of decentralization: deconcentration, devolution, and

delegation.

 . Deconcentration is “the process by which the agents of central government control are
relocated and geographically disperse (Sayer et al. in Yuliani, 2004). Sometimes, as
Gregersen et al. (in Yuliani, 2004) noted, it may only involve a transfer of responsibilities
from officials in the capital city to those assigned in the provinces. Space is therefore the
main change in deconcentration.
 Devolution is mainly characterized by the transfer of responsibility and decision- making
process in relation to the management of natural resources .This transfer may occur
from the national to the local government or communities. Some definitions would
include private institutions which is sometimes separately called privatization (Ferguson
and Chandrasekharan in Yuliani, 2004).
 Delegation focuses on the transfer of responsibilities, for certain or limited function, to
other public organizations which are not part of the central government but still answers
to it (Ferguson and Chandrasekharan, Gregersen et al. in Yuliani, 2004).

Local government units include provinces, cities, municipalities, barangays, and other political
subdivisions created by law. Each unit is created based on income, population, and land area,
and may be abolished based on the same criteria.

The right to vote, also known as the right of suffrage, is stated in Section 1, Article V of the
1987 Constitution

The right of suffrage is not a natural right but a privilege given to the citizens.

The Commission on Elections (COMELEC) is the agency that enforces and administers all laws
and regulations relative to the conduct of elections in the country.

Plurality the candidate with the most votes wins, whether his/ her votes is 50% of the total
number of votes casted or not.

Majority the candidate must obtain more than 50% of the total number of votes (at least 50% +
1 vote)

Proportional the number of seats, position, or representative per party depends on the
percentage of the votes they obtained.

Civil society organizations are basically non-government members of socie that promote the
ionizations are basically non-govern to champion issues of the marginalized member est of the
public. They are known human rights, labor rights, environmental protection, and poverty.

Social movement was defined by Mario Diani as “a distinct social process, consisting of the
mechanisms through which actors engaged in collective action”

Citizenship is more than having an affiliation to a certain country and government, which is in
our case, the Republic of the Philippines. It also entails that the person is under the law of the
country.

There are basically two types of persons living within the jurisdiction of the Republic of the
Philippines: (1) citizens and (2) aliens.
Aliens are people who live within the territory of the Philippines but “owe permanent allegiance
to a foreign country. They are not entitled to vote or run for elections. They have limited
business capabilities, and they cannot engage in professions like law and medicine.

Citizen is one who meets the qualifications stated under Section 1, Article IV of the 1987
Philippine Constitution.

There are two kinds of citizens

1. Natural-born citizens – Filipino citizens from birth without having to perform any act to
acquire citizenship, as well as those who chose Filipino citizenship in accordance with
paragraph 3 of Section 1, Article IV; and

2. Naturalized citizens-aliens who became citizens through naturalization or the legal act of
adopting alien and giving him the rights that belong to natural-born citizens.

Article III (Bill of Rights) of the 1987 Constitution provides the basic rights of Filipino citizens. It
can actually be divided into three “fundamental rights” namely, (1) right to life, (2) right to
liberty, and (3) right to property (Defensor-Santiago, 2002).

ANSWER:

The Philippines is a Democratic and a Republican State. No private property shall be taken for
public use without just compensation. Access to the courts and legal assistance shall not be
denied to any person for reason of poverty. No person shall be held to answer for a criminal
offense without due process. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended
except in cases of invasion or [Link] of the law excuses no one from compliance
therewith. Rights may be waived unless the waiver is contrary to law. Every person must, in the
exercise of his rights, and in the performance of his duties, act with justice, give everyone his
due, and observe honesty and good faith.

Authority-The exercise of legitimate power

Bureaucracy-Refers to the administrative machinery of the state

Citizen-A member of society who possesses rights and responsibilities

Citizenship-May be defined as (a) identification of an individual based on a formal-legal status

coterminous with the emergence of states, or (b) shared membership of a political community
in which [the] conception [of] citizens (is that of political actors constituting political spaces

Civil society – A society governed by law under the authority of a state and is distinguished
from the state Conservatism – A set of political beliefs based on preservation of customs and
traditions that define the character of a society

Decentralization – The transfer of authority, responsibility, and resources from the center to the
lower levels of administration

Democracy – A system of governance in which rulers are held accountable for their action in
the public realm by citizens, intervening (a) directly, through their own actions; or (b) indirectly,
through the competition and cooperation of their elected representatives

Elections – A democratic process which is a major source of political recruitment, a means of

making government and of transferring government, a guarantee of representation, and a
major determinant of government policy

Executive – Head of government responsible for the implementation of laws

Globalization-Refers to processes whereby many social relations become relatively delinked
from territorial geography, so that human lives are increasingly played out in the world as a
single place Governance – Refers to the various ways through which social life is coordinated

Government-One of the institutions involved in governance

Ideology – Usually refers to a system of beliefs about how society should function, behave, and
operate Judiciary-The branch of government that is empowered to decide legal disputes and
interpret law, and arbitrate disputes between branches of government

Legislature – A collection or gathering of people to make laws

Legitimacy- The popular idea that the government’s rule is rightful; legal and psychological
right to govern

Proportional representation – An electoral system in which candidates are elected based on the
total percentage of votes cast for their party

Social movements – Collective challenges based on common purposes and social solidarities in
sustained interaction with elites, opponents, and authorities