Chapter 8: Pulse Code Modulation Pulse nerator | 425 Pow) Variable] "1 ———~ >Quantizer} > amplifier eae iQ gain |» f mit) Integraton_—») LPF | > hmplifie Channel Gain control input [at sae \_1 Integrator}¢— su a device aA Fig. 8.12.1 ADM System at iplifies ain increases. Hence ize es, which can le gain am, in i H the step size increases, W 1 i i i i in i i ariabl lifier is large and its g ¢ or negative). sen take care of the slope-overload (positi . os, P (f) isa sequence of alternate positive and ies neone Digital Communications 1-60 : Pulse Digital Modulation ee | A This decay gives : a tak =a aaa Xu sno Fig. 1.7.8 fh rectangular pulse applied to the lowpass channel } Response of the lowpass channel to the rectangular pulse = © And the cross talk reduction factor is defined as, | ->-4 ae 4a} a7 Ka = 01042) — 4 = 51537, dB azan am as ‘This equation shows that to ‘keep cross talk below —30. 4B ,T, should be greater anh than Jy The guard times are very much important particularly in pulse duration or = pulse position modulation techniques, ie ae hum Example 4.7.2: Twelve diferent message signals, each of bandwidth 10 kHz are to be : multiplexed and transmitted. Determine the minimum bandwidth required for ae - PAM/TDM system. — - ¢ Solution : Here the number of channels N = 12. — : Bandwidth of each channel f,, = 10 kHz = 4 Minimum channels bandwidth to avoid crosstalk in PAM/TDM system is, —— : fe = Nn (By equation 1.7.15) Pea . = 12x10kKHz —— B = 120 KHz — : mp Example 1.7.3 : Twenty four voice signals are sampled uniformly and then time as a division multiplexed. The highest frequency component for each voice signal is 3.4 FizDigital Communications Pulse —— 0 1D ifthe signats are pulee amplitude modi Nyguist station, npling, tmininura ehanine bandwidth required? Uh isthe BW) If the signats are pulse code modulated with on 8 bit encoder, what rate ? The bit rate of system is 1.5%10° bits/sec ‘he sempting Solution: i) We know that if N channels are time division mul ‘minimum transmission bandwidth is given 2s, NW iplexed, then By Here W is the maximum frequency in the signals, Bp = 24x34 kHr=BL6KHZ Aca ii) The signalling rate of the system is given as, r = 1,5x10° bits/sec € Since there are 24 channels, the bit rate of an individual channel is, 1 6 15x10! ' rene channel) = 2200 = 62500 bits/sec Since each sample is encoded using 8 bits, the samples per second will be, _ Fone channel) bils/ sec a" See bits/ sample a Samples per seconds is nothing but sampling frequency. _ i 62500 bits/sec = a Fs > “bis sample — = 78125 Hz or samples per second (Ans) hws Example 1.7.4 : Twenty four voice signals are sampled uniformly and then time an ii division multiplexed. The sampling operation uses flat samples with 1 wsec duration. The a multiplexing operation provides for syncronization by adding an extra pulse of Iusec duration, Assuming sampling rate of 8 KHz, calculate spacing between successive pulses Of multiplexed signal and setup a scheme for accomplishing a multiplexing requirement. = Solution : There are 24 voice signal pulses plus one synchronization pulse. Hence there are total 25 pulses. Sampling rate is 8 kHz. Hence duration of one frame will be, oil ree * fe 8000 =| = 125 psecPulse ] — 9 cadet | , nplitude of input x(t | | (1839 = a> Example 1.8.4: ey atication, 4 ose ratio for Pony Pe ‘ Sue the inp pe Put to te PM quater f 4 0 Wt encader, a ti io is approximately given by (1.8 + 6) dB nt ™ Sukiion: Ase he modulating signal be a sinusoidal voltage this signal cover the complete excusion of rephea of this signal will be, ee - When R=1, the power P is normalize, ie, ne Normalised power a with R=1in above equation. 4 . Signal to quantization noise ratio is given by equation 1.8.33 as, _i $ . BP yam 2 += Here Pm AB and tau Putting these values in the above equation,isa! Communications ie repressing signal to noise power ratio in dB \ 09g 10 & }= 10108 4g (1.522 10 log 39 (1.5) +10 log ig 2 1.764 201003 (L840) Bin POM: (S \in = 1.8460; for sinusoidal signal | (= m= 286056 dal el m> Example 1.8.2 @ bandwidth of 42 Mite ig a mete Hz is transmitted ii) Transmission bandwidth tization noise rato, (Mareh-2003, 10 Maris} width is 4.2 MHz, means highest frequency component will have (Ans) Thus the code word length is 9 bits. ii) From equation 1.8.6 the transmission channel bandwidth is given as, By 2 WW 2 9%4.2«106 Hr By 2 37.8 MHz on (Ans) iil) The final bit rate will equal to signaling rate. From equation 1.83 signaling rate is given as, r= vfpest communications saz — x Rae eee Digitar mg sampling frequency f, 2 2W by sampling theorem, ulation f = 2X42MHz since W = 42 Miz f, = 84 MHz Putting this value of fin equation for signaling rate, r= 9x84x108 = 756X106 bits/sec (Ans) sn equation 184 transmission bandwidth is also obtained as, wv X756x10% bits/sec = By is same as the value obtained earlier. ix) The signal to noise ratio las < 48+60 4B S 48+6x9 S 588dB a (Ans) ‘ump Example 1.83 : The bandwidth of signal input to the PCM ie rectricied 1 4 Us The input varies from -38 V to + 38 V and has the average power of 30 mW. The required signal to noise ratio is 20 dB. The modulator produces binary output. Assume uniform quantization. 4) Calculate the number of bits required per sample. hn i) Outputs of 30 suck PCM coders are time multiplexed. What is the minima 7 8 required transmission bandwidth for the multiplexed signal ? Solution : The given value of signal to noise ratio is 20 dB. $ $ ie. (a}# = 101og io i. \-20e8 ‘ Ss y= 100, ‘ommunications 1 font: =78 oo ame Digit ri s 3P.2 pe i se By equation 1.8.33 Here Xmay = 38V,P= 30mW and S r nd 5 = 100 4 100 = 3x30x10 a a i ss (Ans) t i ii) The maximum frequency is, i # W = 4kHz | = 7 8 ansmission bandwidth is given by equation 1.86 as, op B. Ww © Since there are 30 PCM coders which are time multiplexed, the transmission bandwidth will be, wv 30x 0-W 2 30x7 x4 ki: ) = 840 kHz ww (Ans) Signaling rate is two times the transmission bandwidth as given by equation 184 = ie, 4 Signaling rate + = $10%2 bits/sec = 1680 bits/sec. © > Example 1.84 : The information im an analog signal voltage ronson oe — transmited over @ PCM system with an accuracy of +01% (jul see. The es ia voltage waveform has a bandwidth of 100 Hz and an amplitude range of == | +10 volts. 4 4) Determine the maximum sampling rate required. — 1) Determine the number of bits in each PCM word. eal ©) Determine minimum bit rate required in the PCM signal eg 3 4) Determine the minimum absolute channel bandwidth required fr the ra Los the PCM signal,» {communications 1-79 ii gp cons ; ulse Digital Modula ; Goltion : Here an accuracy is given as 01%. That is quantizay = oe a ion error should be E or the maximum quantization error should be +01% or Emax = 201% = £0001 che maximum quantization error for an unifor f t y : qu jon error for an uniform quantizer is given as, ee: is (9 = 0001 hat is = 2x0.001 = 0002 ‘ber of levels and maximum value of the signal are related as =| b= Here [max] = 10 volts L § 4 «+ Putting values of 8 and Xpaxr ia = 2x10 = a : = eu 20 i] a | or 9 = O08 [ a | = 10,000 7 ‘That is the number of levels are 10,000. i > @ 2) The maximum frequency in the signal is 100 Hz ie, oy ae W = 100 Hz i a | By sampling theorem minimum sampling frequency should be, i a | f= Ww re a fs > 21002200 Hz at ee) sed to quantize . = SP Men et nim Re reams \ ae | moe : Here, q = number of levelsqe es Pulse bj es eee igital Mody jus the maximum message bandwidth is 357 Miry, natn odulating wave is sinusoid p) The lal. For such signal io is given by fal the signal to quantizaon = 18469 By equation 1.8.40 = 184+6%7 6x (putting for »=7) = 43.8 4B (An amy Example 4.8.6 : The information in an analog wavefrm with maximum feueny to be transmitted ver an Mclevel PCM system where the number of pa, is M=16 The quantization distortion is specified not to ex es f peak to k analog signal. What is the maximum number of bits per sample that should be used in this PCM ision rate? cui sampling rate and what is the resulting bit tra Solution : i) Since the number of levels given here are M=16, qg = M=16 | ‘Then bits and levels in binary PCM are related as, . qe? v= bits . 16 = 2 : or ved = | ii) Since Son = Wee Skt 5 \e@ minimum f, 2 2W by sampling theorem 5 | o fe = Ux3kHz Wess 6kHz " transmission he signaling rate is given by equation 3 % r= vf | > 4%6x10° tans) | > 2axio> _ bits per second \'ignal of by The pede of bandwidth 3.5 KHz i npled quan inal is then transmitted over 4 het Md coded by g Of 50 k bits/se 7 a transmnission rato that ean be oblained by ne i‘ i bese Calculate the mucxinum en ee of signal t0 noise signal las peak to peak value of 4 volts q nd nd rms The inp 4 value of 02 y solation: The maximum frequency ofthe signal is 35 ky we of 0.2. 5 kHz, L W = 3.5kHz L e sampling frequency will be fe = Ww 2 2x3.5kHz 2 7 kHz ing rate is given by equation 1.83 as, . r= vf | values of r =50%10% bits/sec and f, 27 x10 Hz in above equation. 530x103 < v-7x103 v > 7.142 bits Pe v= 8 bits : ~ ‘The rms value of the signal is 0.2 V. Therefore the normalized signal power will = be, 9 oa? = ized power] : Normalized signal power = —>— [R = 1 for normalized po | ie. P = 0OW = > @ The maximum signal to noise ratio is given by Ci j See: 2 (i a Ae / ca in above equation, ~ 2 8and max 72 in abo LI Putting the values of P= 0.04,” : noon a ) NO D | 03 = 33.48 ! = 1966 a Gj iy distributed in the range £Xmax- Cale Mma Example 4.8.8 : A signal x(t) is uniform’ muxinnum signal to noise rato fortis sistfyion : The signal is unifo nite its PDF (using the Stang, fx Q) = 0 Hig. 1.87 shows this PDE, Fig. 1.8.7 PDF of a uniformly distributed random variable The mean square value of a random variable X is given as, x2 = jz fx (dx ‘Therefore mean square value of x(*) will be, oe 1 r= } SoU oro th 2 oT™ em Srna [since R=1]| communications Digital Modutat step size 4 By equation 1.816 aq Normalized signal power, p = \2 bgt , f 3 2 Normalized noise power = 5= l 7a ‘By equation 1.8.29 y signal to noise power ratio & = Normalized signal power Normalized n \oise power Sri e J E ”, above equation will be, T $ i Ee ai Hee , ri or Gi \e = 110g y9 (22) 4B = = = 62 I =" ‘This is the required expression for maximusn value of signal to noise ratio. t — wa Example 1.8.9 : Consider an audio signal comprised of the simsoidal ere ‘ a 7 s(t) =3c0s GOR!) L = 6 4) Find the signal to quantization noise ratio tohen this is quantized using 10 bit PCM. Ee ami ii) How many bits of quantization are needed to achieve 4 signal to. quantization noe Fo ratio of atleast 40 dB? 4 solution : Here s() = 3cns G00") a Zz is sinusoidal si 4 to the quantize! Ly ‘That is sinusoidal signal applies pian ave defined »Y Noes t By rice iat ene vee oF v complete range of quantizer. ke ie. Ay = 3V covers complete range avr ommunications oe ve know that signal to ng ise (§)e 10 bit PCM is used {e. 5 Digital Moda tal is given by = fr sinusoidal 18460 2» = 10 \a j 8 = 1846x10= 618 ap zie For sinusoidal signal again we will use the ¢ the same relation. ic. ( \aa = 1ss60 \N | +60dB {To get signal to noise ratio of at least 40 dB we can write above fe above equation as, 18+60 > 40dB 6.36 bits = 7 bits Nv ‘Thus at least 7 bits are required to get signal to noise ratio of 40 4B. vw Example 1.8.10: A 7 bit PCM system employing sijorm quantization has om vera! signaling rate of 56 bits per second. Calculate the signal to quantisation nas io that would result when its input is a sine wave with peak to peak amplitude equal rat late the dynamic range for the sine wave inputs in order that he signal to to 5. C quantization noise ratio mary be les than 30 dB ‘What is the theoretical maximum frequency that this system can handle ? Solution : The number of bits in the PCM sysiem ais vp = 7bits x. Then ‘Assume that 5 V peak to peak voltage ublizes complete range of quantize we ean find the signal to quantization noise ratio as, ( 2 \s = 18+60dB=18+6%7 = 43.8 dB Je is given a By equation 183 signaling rt 1 = of| Communications 8 puting * =56%108 bits/second ana g i Putt Ola odston 56x10 = 7.5 7) equation ey Bet Sampling frequency, | = 84193 4. By sampling theorem, f= ow Maximum requeley AMEE can bk Fated is iver i ws & < 8009 | 2 2 } Ws 4000 Hz | (Ans) i nap Example 1.8.11 The bandwidth of TV video plus autio sigua is 4.50it 5 iis audio signal fo 4.5 Met. Yt s converted to PCM bit streum with 1 des C 1024 quantization levels, determine the : T of bits/sec generated by the PCM system. Assume that the signal is sampled at of 20% above nyguist rate. If above linear PCM system is converted to e i ca PCM, will the output bit rate change? Justify . Solution : The given data is, 7: W = 45 MHz _§ q = 1026 levels , ‘The Nyquist rate is, 5 Nyquist rate = 2W =2 = 45=9 MHz _ &§ i . sampling rate is 20% above the nyquist rate. ie oe Sampling rate, f, = 1.2 x 9 = 108 MHz 7 , Jated as, t— We know that quantization levels q and number of bits v are x2 q= 2 — i 1024 = 2” i vy = 10 bits i 1 signaling, i = js called bit rate 01 = ber of bits/sec generated by PCM system 1s callec oe = The number gee ss rate. Le, - Signaling rate, r = of, rl ox 30.8 x 108 bits/sec: EK = 108 x106 bits / sec aa Fresno