Geography Answer Key Ch 07

D. Answer the following questions:

1. Name two water bodies that affect the climate of India:

i. The Arabian Sea
ii. The Bay of Bengal

2. What type of climate prevails in India?

India primarily experiences a tropical monsoon climate.

3. Name two rainiest months of India:

i. June
ii. July

4. What is the impact of Himalayas on the climate of India?

i. The Himalayas act as a barrier to cold winds from Central Asia and protect India from the cold air
masses, influencing its climate by blocking the cold winds from the north.
ii. It also obstructs the monsoon winds causing widespread rainfall on windward side.

5. Name the months during which the following occur:

i. Kal Baisakhi April
ii. Mango shower May

6. Write any two features of the cold weather season of India:

i. Generally dry weather prevails.
ii. Temperature decreases from north to south.

7. Write any two features of the hot weather season of India:

i. Temperature rises significantly across the country.
ii. Dry and hot winds, known as loo, blow in some regions.

8. What is loo? Name a region where it blows.

Loo is a hot and dry wind that blows in northern and northwestern India during the summer months. It is
especially felt in the regions of Rajasthan and Punjab.

9. Why does Tamil Nadu get winter rainfall?

Tamil Nadu receives winter rainfall due to the northeast monsoon winds that bring moisture from the
Bay of Bengal during the winter months.

10. What are two characteristics of the tropical climate?

i. High temperatures throughout the year.
ii. Abundant rainfall, typically in the form of monsoons.

11. Mention any three features of the Indian Monsoon.

i. It is a seasonal wind pattern that brings heavy rainfall.
ii. It affects the entire Indian subcontinent.
iii. It is crucial for agriculture and economy.

E. Give reasons for the following:

 Geography Answer Key Ch 07
1. How does relief affect the climate of India?
(a) Western Rajasthan receives very little rainfall because it lies in the rain shadow region of the
Aravalli Range, which blocks the moisture-laden winds from the Arabian Sea.
(b) Chennai gets more rainfall in winter than in summer because it lies in the path of the
northeast monsoon winds, which bring moisture from the Bay of Bengal during winter.
(c) Mawsynram in Meghalaya receives the highest rainfall in India because it is situated on the
windward side of the Khasi Hills, which forces the moist air to rise, cool, and condense, leading to
heavy rainfall.

2. Describe the main features of retreating monsoon under the following heads:
(a) Duration: October to November
(b) Pressure conditions: High pressure over Central Asia and low pressure over the Indian
subcontinent.
(c) Prevailing winds: Northeast winds
(d) Rainfall: Decreasing rainfall, especially in northern and central India.

3. Describe the main features of the cold weather season under the following heads:
(a) Duration: December to February
(b) Pressure conditions: High pressure over the Indian subcontinent and low pressure over the
Indian Ocean.
(c) Prevailing winds: Northeast trade winds
(d) Rainfall: Generally dry weather with occasional rainfall in some regions.

4. Describe the main features of the hot weather season under the following heads:
(a) Duration: March to May
(b) Pressure conditions: Low pressure over the Indian subcontinent and high pressure over the
Indian Ocean.
(c) Prevailing winds: Hot and dry winds, such as loo, blow in some regions.
(d) Rainfall: Scanty rainfall, mostly confined to the extreme north and northeast regions.

5. Describe the main features of the advancing monsoon under the following heads:
(a) Duration: June to September
(b) Pressure conditions: Low pressure over the Indian subcontinent and high pressure over the
Indian Ocean.
(c) Prevailing winds: Southwest winds
(d) Rainfall: Increasing rainfall, starting from the southwest coast and gradually covering the
entire country.

7. With reference to December or Winter Solstice, answer the following questions:

(i) The days are longer and nights are shorter in the Southern Hemisphere.
During the December Solstice, the Southern Hemisphere experiences longer days and shorter
nights due to the tilt of the Earth's axis away from the Sun.

(ii) Which part of the Earth experiences 24 hours of Daylight?

The part of the Earth within the Antarctic Circle experiences 24 hours of daylight, known as the
phenomenon of midnight sun.

(iii) Which Hemisphere of the Earth experiences winter?

Northern Hemisphere experiences winter as it is tilted away from the Sun.
 Geography Answer Key Ch 07
F. Extract Based Questions:

Extract 1:

Q.1. As a student of geography, provide the technical name of the season and its duration.
Season: Retreating Monsoon
Duration: Typically from October to December

Q.2. Apart from Chennai, which other two states/regions receive rainfall during the season.
Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh

Q.3. Explain the 'October heat' associated with the season.

The 'October heat' refers to the period in October when temperatures rise due to the residual
heat retained by the land. This heat, coupled with high humidity, creates uncomfortable weather
conditions.

Q.4. 'Chennai gets more rainfall in winter than in summer'. Give two reasons.
Chennai receives more rainfall in winter due to the influence of the northeast monsoon winds,
which bring moisture from the Bay of Bengal during this season.
The presence of cyclonic disturbances originating in the Bay of Bengal during the months of
retreating monsoon also contributes to increased rainfall in Chennai.

Extract 2:

Q.1. Identify the season. Mention its time duration and a feature too.
Season: Pre-Monsoon or Hot Weather Season
Time Duration: Second half of October
Feature: Occurrence of cyclonic depressions originating over the Andaman Sea

Q.2. Identify the type of cyclones mentioned in the newspaper report. Also, write two features of
these cyclones.
Type of Cyclones: Tropical Cyclones
Features:
i. Originating over the Andaman Sea
ii. Areas vulnerable to these storms include the coastal belts of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and
Bangladesh.

Q.3. The cyclonic depressions bring rain all over India during this season. State whether it is True
or False by giving a reason.
False. The cyclonic depressions associated with the pre-monsoon season primarily bring rain to
specific regions, such as the eastern part of the Peninsula, rather than all over India.

Q.4. State the pressure conditions and the prevailing winds during the season.
Pressure Conditions: Low pressure over the Indian subcontinent
Prevailing Winds: Northeast trade winds

Extract 3:

Q.1. Identify the season described in the extract.

 Geography Answer Key Ch 07
Season: Dry Weather Season or Winter Season

Q.2. Why do North-East trade winds blow from land to sea during the season?
During this season, the landmass of India cools down faster than the surrounding ocean, creating
a relatively higher pressure over land. As a result, the northeast trade winds blow from land to sea.

Q.3. Name the months associated with the season identified by you.
The winter or cold weather season typically spans from December to February.

Q.4. Name a region of India which experiences low pressure during the described season.
The region of India that experiences low pressure during the dry weather season is the Indian
subcontinent itself.

G. Board Questions

1. How are the sources of rainfall in the North-West part of India different from the rainfall experienced
on the coastal area of Eastern India in winter?
In the North-West part of India, rainfall is primarily influenced by the western disturbances originating
over the Mediterranean region. These disturbances bring winter rainfall to regions like Punjab, Haryana,
Delhi and Uttar Pradesh.
On the other hand, the coastal area of Eastern India receives rainfall during winter from the
northeast monsoon winds originating over the Bay of Bengal.

2. What is meant by a "Rain Shadow" area? Give two examples.

A "Rain Shadow" area refers to the region on the leeward side of a mountain where rainfall is significantly
reduced or absent due to the blocking of moisture-laden winds by the mountain range. Examples include:
i. The Thar Desert in Rajasthan, which lies in the rain shadow of the Aravalli Range.
ii. Leh in Ladakh, which lies in the rain shadow of the Himalayas.

3. Give two reasons as to why the Thar is a desert area.

i. The Thar Desert lies in the rain shadow region of the Aravalli Range, which blocks the moisture-laden
winds from the Arabian Sea, resulting in scanty rainfall.
ii. High temperatures and low humidity levels contribute to high rates of evaporation which do not let
moisture laden winds to saturate.

4. A cricket match at Chennai (Madras) from October 24 to 28 had to be abandoned because bad
weather all through. As a student of Geography provide an explanation for this happening. Make sure
that your explanation provides the technical name of this season in India, the atmospheric pressure
conditions over the Bay of Bengal during this part of the year, and the typical regime experienced in
Chennai (Madras) city.
The cricket match was likely abandoned due to the influence of the Northeast Monsoon during the
Retreating Monsoon, which brings heavy rainfall to Chennai during October. During this season, there is
low atmospheric pressure over the Bay of Bengal, leading to the formation of cyclonic depressions and
widespread rainfall along the eastern coast of India. Chennai experiences frequent spells of rain and
thunderstorms during this period, making it unsuitable for outdoor activities.

5. (a) Name the seasons during which the North-East Trade Winds dominate the Indian subcontinent.
The North-East Trade Winds dominate the Indian subcontinent during the winter season, from December
to February.
 Geography Answer Key Ch 07

(b) In which season do the above-mentioned winds get completely reversed? Name the four months
covered by this season.
The North-East Trade Winds get completely reversed during the summer season. The four months
covered by this season are March, April, May, and June.

6. Which winds are responsible for the rainfall experienced over the greater part of the Indian
subcontinent during which months this is experienced?
The Southwest Monsoon winds are responsible for the rainfall experienced over the greater part of the
Indian subcontinent. This rainfall occurs primarily during the months of June to September.

7. Why does Kanyakumari experience an equable climate?

Kanyakumari experiences an equable climate due to its location at the southern tip of the Indian
peninsula, where it is surrounded by the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, and the Indian Ocean. These
water bodies help moderate temperatures, leading to a relatively stable climate throughout the year.

8. State two important characteristics of monsoon rainfall in India.

i. Monsoon rainfall is seasonal, with distinct wet and dry seasons.
ii. Monsoon rainfall is crucial for agriculture and economy, as it replenishes water sources and supports
crop growth.

9. Give one reason for the following:

(i) Chennai has a lower annual range of temperature than Lucknow.
Chennai's proximity to the sea moderates its temperatures, resulting in a lower annual range compared
to Lucknow, which is located inland.
(ii) Shillong gets less than 200 cm of rainfall in the year while Cherrapunji receives more than 1250 cm
rainfall.
Shillong is located on the leeward side of the Khasi Hills, in the rain shadow area, while Cherrapunji is
located on the windward side, resulting in stark differences in rainfall.
(iii) The Thar Desert gets very little rain.
The Thar Desert lies in the rain shadow region of the Aravalli Range, blocking moisture-laden winds
from reaching the region, also high amount of temperature leads to arid conditions.

10. What is the cause of winter showers in Western Uttar Pradesh and Punjab?
Winter showers in Western Uttar Pradesh and Punjab are primarily caused by western disturbances,
which are temperate cyclones originating over the Mediterranean region and bring rains to these regions
during winter.

11. Give one reason to justify that the Himalayas act as a climatic divide.
The Himalayas act as a climatic divide because they block the cold, dry winds from Central Asia,
preventing them from reaching the Indian subcontinent. This results in a significant difference in climate
between the regions lying to the north and south of the Himalayas.

12. Why does central Maharashtra have only light rainfall?

Central Maharashtra experiences light rainfall primarily because it lies in the rain shadow region of the
Western Ghats. The Western Ghats block the moisture-laden winds from the Arabian Sea, resulting in
reduced rainfall in the leeward side areas such as central Maharashtra.

13. Why are there great variations in the climate of the Indian subcontinent?
 Geography Answer Key Ch 07
The variations in climate across the Indian subcontinent are primarily due to its diverse geographical
features, including its vast size, varied relief, and proximity to different water bodies such as the Arabian
Sea, Bay of Bengal, and Indian Ocean. These factors influence temperature, humidity, winds and
precipitation patterns, leading to the wide range of climates observed across the subcontinent.

14. Name any two local winds which blow in India and write briefly about each.
i. Loo: Loo is a hot and dry wind that blows over the Indo-Gangetic Plains during the summer months,
particularly in regions like North India and Pakistan. It brings high temperatures and dry conditions, making
the weather oppressive.
ii. Kal Baisakhi: Kal Baisakhi are local winds blowing in Bengal accompanied by thunderstorms and bring
rainfall in the month of April-May.

15. Which parallel of latitude divides India into the northern and southern halves?
The Tropic of Cancer, located approximately at 23.5 degrees north latitude, divides India into its
northern and southern halves.

16. Name the places in India which receive the highest rainfall.
The places in India that receive the highest rainfall include:
i. Mawsynram and Cherrapunji in Meghalaya, which are known as the wettest places on earth.
ii. The western slopes of the Western Ghats and southern parts of Kerala also receives heavy rainfall.

17. Name two important features of the Indian Monsoon.

i. The Indian monsoon is characterized by seasonal reversal of winds, with the southwest monsoon
bringing heavy rainfall in summer and the northeast monsoon bringing rainfall in winter.
ii. The Indian monsoon is crucial for agriculture and economy, as it supports the cultivation of various
crops and replenishes water sources.

18. Explain why:

(i) Mumbai is warmer than Kanpur in December.
Mumbai is warmer than Kanpur in December because Mumbai is located closer to the sea, which
moderates its temperatures compared to Kanpur, which is located inland and experiences continental
climate conditions.
(ii) Account for the winter rain in northern India.
Winter rain in northern India is primarily caused by western disturbances, which are temperate
cyclones originating over the Mediterranean region. These disturbances bring moisture to northern India
during the winter months, resulting in rainfall.

19. Give two reasons why Jaipur has a higher annual range of temperature than Mumbai.
i. Jaipur experiences a continental climate with extreme temperature variations between summer and
winter, whereas Mumbai has a maritime climate with relatively milder temperature fluctuations.
ii. Jaipur is located inland, away from the moderating influence of the sea, leading to more significant
temperature variations throughout the year compared to coastal Mumbai.

20. Name two states that experience the 'Western disturbances.

Two states that experience Western disturbances are:
i. Jammu and Kashmir
ii. Punjab
iii. Haryana
 Geography Answer Key Ch 07
21. What is meant by Kal Baisakhi?
Kal Baisakhi are local winds blowing in Bengal accompanied by thunderstorms and bring rainfall in the
month of April-May.

22. Mumbai receives rainfall in the summer while Chennai receives rainfall from October to December.
Why?
Mumbai receives rainfall in the summer due to the influence of the southwest monsoon winds, which
bring moisture-laden air from the Arabian Sea to the west coast of India. Chennai receives rainfall from
October to December due to the northeast monsoon winds, which bring moisture from the Bay of Bengal
to the eastern coast of India during this period.

23. Mention the climatic conditions which prevail over Kerala and Uttar Pradesh in the month of June.
In June, Kerala experiences the onset of the southwest monsoon, characterized by heavy rainfall and
high humidity. Uttar Pradesh, on the other hand, experiences hot and dry conditions with occasional pre-
monsoon showers, as the monsoon typically reaches this region later in June or early July.

24. Give reasons for the following:

(i) The Northeast Monsoons bring almost no rain to most of India.
The Northeast Monsoons primarily affect the eastern coast of India, bringing rainfall to regions like Tamil
Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. However, these winds lose moisture as they move inland due to the rain
shadow effect of the Western Ghats, resulting in minimal rainfall over most of India.

(ii) The mango showers are beneficial local winds.

These showers also cool down the temperature, benefiting mango, tea and coffee crops; and providing
relief from the heat.

(iii) The latitudinal extent of India is responsible for the variation in the climatic conditions which prevail
in the country.
The latitudinal extent of India, spanning from the tropics to the subtropics, results in varying climatic
conditions across the country. Regions closer to the equator experience a tropical climate with high
temperatures and abundant rainfall, while regions farther north or south experience subtropical or
temperate climates with milder temperatures and distinct seasons.

25. (a) State the climatic significance of the Himalayas to the people of South Asia.
The Himalayas act as a barrier to cold winds from Central Asia, protecting the Indian subcontinent from
extreme cold. They also influence the monsoon winds, causing heavy rainfall in the foothills and creating
diverse ecosystems that support agriculture and biodiversity.

(b) Give reasons for the following:

(i) Though Mangalore and Mysore are on the same latitude, Mangalore experiences more rainfall than
Mysore.
Mangalore is located on the windward side of the Western Ghats, where it receives heavy rainfall due
to orographic lifting, while Mysore lies in the rain shadow region, receiving less rainfall.

(ii) It is cooler on the mountain slopes than in the plains during summer.
Cooler temperatures on mountain slopes during summer are due to higher elevation, which results in
lower atmospheric pressure and decreased temperatures. Additionally, mountain slopes receive less direct
sunlight due to angle of incidence, leading to cooler conditions.
 Geography Answer Key Ch 07
(iii) Mumbai is warmer than Kanpur in December.
Mumbai's maritime climate moderates temperatures, keeping winters relatively warmer compared to
Kanpur, which experiences continental climate conditions and cooler temperatures in winter.

(iv) Rajasthan receives very little rainfall.

Rajasthan lies in the rain shadow region of the Aravalli Range and is far from moisture sources like the
Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal, resulting in arid conditions and minimal rainfall.

26. (a) Name the source of winter rain in Tamil Nadu. How does Tamil Nadu benefit from it?
The source of winter rain in Tamil Nadu is the northeast monsoon . Tamil Nadu benefits from this
rainfall as it replenishes water sources, supports agriculture, and fills reservoirs before the onset of
summer.

(b) Give a reason for each of the following:

(i) Patna gets heavier rainfall than Varanasi.
Patna receives heavier rainfall as Bay of Bengal branch shows a declining trend as winds move
westward and get dries as its distance from the sea increases.

(ii) The Arabian Sea branch of the Southwest Monsoon does not shed any moisture in Western
Rajasthan.
Western Rajasthan lies in the rain shadow region of the Aravalli Range, blocking moisture-laden winds
from the Arabian Sea, resulting in minimal rainfall.

(iii) India has varied climatic conditions.

India's diverse topography, including mountains, plains, plateaus, and coastlines, along with its
monsoonal climate pattern and position on the globe, results in varied climatic conditions across the
country.

(iv) Jaipur has a higher annual range of temperature than Mumbai.

Jaipur experiences continental climate conditions with hot summers and cold winters, leading to a
higher temperature range compared to Mumbai, which has a maritime climate with milder temperature
fluctuations.

(c) Study the climatic data provided below and answer the questions that follow:
(i) Calculate the annual range of temperature of Station A. Suggest a reason why the range is a small
one.
Station A (sea level)
Annual Range of Temperature:
Annual Range = Maximum Temperature Minimum Temperature
Annual Range = 30.0°C - 24.4°C
Annual Range = 5.6°C
Reason for small range: Proximity to the sea moderating influence.

(ii) Which of the two Stations has the lower temperature? Why?
Station B has lower temperatures as it is located at a higher elevation, which typically experiences
cooler temperatures compared to sea level areas.

(iii) Calculate the annual rainfall of Station B.

Annual rainfall of Station B = Sum of monthly rainfall
 Geography Answer Key Ch 07
Annual rainfall = 0.4 + 0.3 + 0.3 + 1.1 + 1.3 + 3.2 + 77 + 10.3 + 5.8 + 0.7 + 0.4 + 0.3
Annual rainfall = 101.1 cm

27. (a) Give two important characteristics of the summer monsoon rainfall in India.
i. Seasonal reversal of winds, bringing heavy rainfall.
ii. Crucial for agriculture, supporting the cultivation of crops.

(b) 'Rainfall in India is orographic in nature. Give an example with reference to the distribution of rainfall
and the effect of relief on its distribution.
Example: The Western Ghats block moisture-laden winds from the Arabian Sea, causing orographic
rainfall on the windward side (western slopes), leading to heavy rainfall in regions like Kerala and coastal
Karnataka. The leeward side (eastern slopes) experiences a rain shadow effect, receiving less rainfall.

(c) Give a reason to explain why:

(i) The coastal areas of India do not experience a significant variation in temperature between
summer and winter months.
Coastal areas are influenced by maritime climate, which moderates temperatures due to the
proximity of the sea.
(ii) The annual rainfall in Rajasthan is less than 25 cm.
Rajasthan lies in the rain shadow region of the Aravalli Range, receiving minimal rainfall.
(iii) The Coromandel coast gets most of its rain during the winter season.
The Coromandel coast is influenced by the northeast monsoon winds during winter, bringing rainfall
to the region.

(d) Study the climatic data given below and answer the questions that follow:
(i) Name the driest month.
March
(ii) Calculate the annual rainfall experienced by the station.
Annual rainfall = Sum of monthly rainfall
Annual rainfall = 4.6 + 1.8 + 1.3 + 1.8 + 3.8 + 4.5 + 8.7 + 11.3 + 11.9 + 30.6 + 35.0 + 13.9
Annual rainfall = 138.2 cm
(iii) What is the annual range of temperature?
Annual range of temperature = Maximum temperature - Minimum temperature
Annual range = 32.5°C - 24.5°C
Annual range = 8°C

29. (a) (1) Name the type of climate prevailing over India.
Tropical Monsoon Climate

(b) Mention any two factors responsible for it.

Seasonal reversal of winds (monsoon winds).
Influence of the Indian Ocean.

(c) Give geographical reasons for the following:

(i) Even in summer, Shimla is cooler than Delhi.
Shimla is at a higher altitude in the Himalayas, experiencing cooler temperatures due to elevation.
(ii) The northern plains of India do not freeze in winter.
The northern plains have a continental climate with mild winters, not reaching freezing temperatures.
(iii) Kochi has a lesser annual range of temperature than Agra.
 Geography Answer Key Ch 07
Kochi's equable climate moderates temperature fluctuations compared to Agra's continental climate
with more significant temperature variations.

(d) What is the direction of the summer monsoon? Why?

The summer monsoon winds blow from the southwest direction, bringing moisture-laden air from the
Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean. This direction is influenced by the pressure gradient created by the
temperature difference between landmasses and oceans.

30. (a) Name two types of cyclonic systems that affect India and two areas that receive rainfall from
these systems.
Tropical cyclones (Bay of Bengal) and temperate cyclones (Western disturbances affecting northern
India).

(b) Give two important characteristics of the Southwest Monsoon rainfall.

Seasonal reversal of winds, bringing heavy rainfall.
On-shore winds(sea to land) bring most of the rainfall to Indian sub-continent.

(c) Give reasons for the following:

(i) When the Malabar coast is receiving heavy rainfall in July, the Tamil Nadu coast is comparatively
dry.
Tamil Nadu coast experiences rain shadow effect due to Western Ghats, while the Malabar coast
receives heavy rainfall from southwest monsoon winds. Also Bay of Bengal branch of monsoon doesn’t
cause any rainfall as it blows parallel to east coast of India.
(ii) The Northern Plains of India have a Continental type of climate.
The Northern Plains are far from maritime influence, experiencing hot summers and cold winters
characteristic of a continental climate.
(iii) Central Maharashtra receives little rainfall.
Central Maharashtra lies in the rain shadow region of the Western Ghats, receiving less rainfall due to
orographic effect.

(d) Study the climatic data given below and answer the questions that follow:
(i) Calculate the annual rainfall experienced by the station:
Total annual rainfall = Sum of monthly rainfall
Total annual rainfall = 15.3 + 10.1 + 0.3 + 0.1 + 1.3 + 4.5 + 6.1 + 10.2 + 10.5 + 20.1 + 16.8 + 19.0
Total annual rainfall = 114.3 cm

(ii) Suggest a name of this station, giving a reason for your answer.
The name of the station is Tamil Nadu as the temperature remains moderate throughout the year and the
rainfall is heaviest during the beginning of the winter season.

(iii) Name the season during which the rainfall is heaviest.

The season during which the rainfall is heaviest is during the months of the retreating monsoon and in
winter. It rains the heaviest in the month of October.

(iv) Does the station have a maritime or a continental climate? Give a reason for your answer.
The station likely has a maritime climate due to the moderate temperatures and relatively high rainfall
throughout the year. Maritime climates are characterized by the influence of nearby bodies of water,
which help moderate temperature extremes and contribute to consistent precipitation.
 Geography Answer Key Ch 07
31. (a) Different sources of rain in Punjab and Tamil Nadu during the winter season:
Punjab: Rainfall primarily from western disturbances originating in the Mediterranean region.
Tamil Nadu: Rainfall mainly from the northeast monsoon, originating from the Bay of Bengal.

(b) Benefits derived from the local winds that blow in summer:
i. Kerala: Refreshing sea breeze provides relief from the scorching heat, making the climate more
bearable.
ii. Bengal: The southwest monsoon winds bring moisture from the Bay of Bengal, ensuring adequate
rainfall essential for agriculture and water resources.

(c) Geographical reasons for the following:

(i) Patna receives heavier rain than Delhi.
Patna is located closer to the foothills of the Himalayas, which enhances rainfall due to orographic
lifting, whereas Delhi is situated in the rain shadow region, receiving less precipitation.
(ii) Western Rajasthan receives no rain from the Arabian Sea branch of the South West Monsoon
winds.
Western Rajasthan lies in the interior region, far from the influence of moisture-laden Arabian Sea
winds, resulting in scanty rainfall.
(iii) Mangalore is not cold even in the month of December.
Mangalore's proximity to the Arabian Sea moderates temperatures, preventing extreme cold
conditions even during winter months.

(d) Study the climatic data given below and answer the questions that follow:
(i) Calculate the annual temperature range.
Annual temperature range = Maximum temperature Minimum temperature
Annual temperature range = 36.2°C - 24.5°C
Annual temperature range = 11.7°C

(ii) What is the total annual rainfall?

Total annual rainfall = Sum of monthly rainfall
Total annual rainfall = 24.5 + 23.1 + 15.0 + 2.4 + 0.1 + 11.0 + 9.3 + 7.2 + 4.0 + 9.4 + 14.5 + 20.4
Total annual rainfall = 141.5 cm

(iii) Presuming that the station is located in India, give a reason for its location being on the east coast or
the west coast of India.
It might be located on the east coast of India as most of the rainfall is received in the winter months.

32. (a) Explain two factors that affect the climate of India giving a suitable example for each.
Factors affecting the climate of India:
i. Monsoon Winds: The seasonal reversal of winds, particularly the southwest and
northeast monsoons, significantly influences India's climate. For example, during the
summer months (June to September), the southwest monsoon brings heavy rainfall
to most parts of India, while during the winter months (December to February), the
northeast monsoon primarily affects the southeastern coast, bringing rainfall to
Tamil Nadu and parts of Andhra Pradesh.
ii. Relief Features: The diverse relief features of India, such as mountains, plains,
plateaus, and coastlines, play a crucial role in shaping its climate. For instance, the
Himalayas act as a barrier to cold winds from Central Asia, resulting in relatively
milder temperatures in northern India. Similarly, the Western Ghats influence the
 Geography Answer Key Ch 07
distribution of rainfall, causing orographic rainfall along the windward slopes and
creating rain shadow areas on the leeward side.
(b) Differences between the rainfalls from June to September and from December to February in North
India.
Factors Rainfall from June to September Rainfall from December to February
Intensity and Distribution More intense and widespread, Generally lighter and limited mainly
covering most parts of North India to the northern plains and foothills
of the Himalayas
Causes Primarily due to the southwest Mainly attributed to western
monsoon winds, bringing moisture disturbances originating from the
from the Arabian Sea and Bay of Mediterranean region and the
Bengal northeast monsoon winds affecting
the southeastern coast

(c) Give a geographic reason for each of the following:

(i) Kerala has the longest rainy season.
Kerala's location along the southwestern coast exposes it to both the southwest and northeast
monsoon winds, extending its rainy season.
(ii) The Konkan coast experiences orographic rainfall.
The Konkan coast is adjacent to the Western Ghats, where orographic lifting causes heavy rainfall on
the windward side.
(iii) The city of Kanpur in Uttar Pradesh has a higher range of temperature than that of Chennai in Tamil
Nadu.
Kanpur experiences a continental climate with greater temperature variations due to its inland
location, while Chennai's maritime climate moderates temperature fluctuations.

(d) Study the climatic data given below and answer the questions that follow:
(i) Identify the hottest month.
May is the hottest month.

(ii) Calculate the annual rainfall.

Total annual rainfall = Sum of monthly rainfall
Total annual rainfall = 5.1 + 2.8 + 1.2 + 1.7 + 3.9 + 4.6 + 8.4 + 11.4 + 11.9 + 31.6 + 34.5 + 14.8
Total annual rainfall = 131.9 cm

(iii) Name the winds that bring the maximum rainfall to this city.
The cyclonic depressions during the retreating monsoons bring the maximum rainfall to this city.

33. (a) What is the name given to the climate of India ? Mention any two factors responsible for
such a type of climate.
The climate of India is known as the Monsoon Climate. Two factors responsible for this type of climate are:
i. Influence of Monsoon Winds: India's climate is greatly influenced by the seasonal reversal of winds
known as the monsoon winds. These winds bring heavy rainfall during the summer season.
ii. Geographic Location: India is located right on the Tropic of Cancer with northern half lying in sub-
tropical zone and southern parts lying in the tropical zone.

b. (i) The winds that bring heavy rain to Cherrapunji.

The winds that bring heavy rain to Cherrapunji are the Southwest Monsoon winds.
 Geography Answer Key Ch 07
(ii) The local wind that bring a light rainfall to South India and is good for tea and coffee crops.
The local wind that brings light rainfall to South India and is beneficial for tea and coffee crops is the "Loos"
or "Loo" wind.

(c) Give a geographical reason for each of the following

(i) Kanpur has extreme temperature conditions.
Kanpur has extreme temperature conditions due to its location in the interior of the Indian subcontinent,
away from moderating influences of water bodies.

(ii) Kochi is warmer than Mumbai even though both lie on the western coast of India.
Kochi is warmer than Mumbai despite both being on the western coast because Kochi is closer to the
equator, experiencing higher temperatures.

(iii) The Ganga Plain gets the monsoon rain much later than the west coast of India.
The Ganga Plain gets the monsoon rain much later than the west coast of India due to its distance from the
Arabian Sea, which delays the arrival of monsoon winds.

(d) Study the climatic data of station x given below and answer the questions that follow:
(i) Calculate the total annual rainfall experienced by the station.
Annual rainfall = Sum of rainfall in all twelve months Therefore, annual rainfall is 128.7 cm.

(ii) What is the annual range of temperature?

The annual range of temperature = Maximum temperature - minimum temperature 32.5°C - 24.5°C = 8°C

(iii) On which coast of India does the station lie? Give a reason for your answer.
The station lies on the south-eastern coast of India (Tamil Nadu) as the station receives maximum rainfall
from the retreating monsoon.

34. (a) The four seasons that prevail in India are:

i. Winter: December to February

ii. Summer: March to May

iii. Advancing Monsoon: June to September

iv. Retreating Monsoon: October to November

b.
(i) The Kalbaisakhi in Assam benefits agriculture by replenishing soil moisture and providing water for
crops.

(ii) Mango showers benefit Karnataka's mango orchards by providing the necessary moisture for the
flowering and fruiting of mango trees.

c.
(i) Kolkata receives heavier rain than Lucknow due to its proximity to the Bay of Bengal, which enhances
moisture availability and leads to higher rainfall.
 Geography Answer Key Ch 07
(ii) The Summer Monsoon winds blow over the Arabian Sea from the Southwest, carrying moisture-laden
air to the western coast of India, including Mumbai.

(iii) Jaipur has a higher annual range of temperature than Mumbai due to its inland location, experiencing
greater temperature fluctuations throughout the year.

d. i)
Annual Temperature Range = Maximum Temperature - Minimum Temperature
For the given data:
Maximum Temperature = 36.2°C (June)
Minimum Temperature = 12.0°C (January)
Annual Temperature Range = 36.2°C - 12.0°C = 24.2°C

ii)
Total Annual Rainfall = Sum of Monthly Rainfall Values
Total Annual Rainfall = 1.5 + 0.1 + 0.0 + 1.4 + 1.1 + 21.0 + 25.3 + 27.2 + 24.0 + 9.4 + 1.5 + 0.4 = 113.9 cm

iii)
It would be correct to presume that the station lies in the interior rather than on the coast because of the
following reasons:
i. The station experiences lower rainfall compared to coastal areas.
ii. The temperature fluctuations between seasons are relatively high, indicating an inland location
where the influence of maritime climates is lesser.

d.
Summer Monsoon Season Retreating Monsoon Season
i. Lasts June to September i. Lasts October to November
ii. Temperature begins to fall. ii. Temperature begin to rise
iii. Strong low pressure over northwest of India. iii. Weak low pressure trough over India.
iv. Summer monsoon season is characterized by iv. Retreating monsoon season experiences a
heavy rainfall gradual decrease in rainfall.
v. Summer monsoon season brings relief from v. Retreating monsoon season marks the
the scorching heat withdrawal of monsoon rains, leading to dry
weather.