BASIC ELECTRICAL

FUNDAMENTALS,
EQUATIONS
&
FORMULAS

PREPARED BY: ANIRUDDH VEGDA

Feed back on: aniruddhvegda@[Link]
India, Gujarat, Baroda
Created – 2012
 ELECTRICAL EQUATIONS
1KW = 1000 WATTS 1HP = 746WATTS 1000mA = 1 Ampere
1MW = 1000 KW 1HP = 0.746 KW 1KA = 1000 Ampere
1MVA = 1000 KVA 1KV = 1000 VOLTS 1mA = 100 Ampere
1KVA = 1/1000 MVA 1KW = 1.34102 HP 1MillionµA = 1 Ampere

Electric Power Formulas: P = VxI P = RxI² P = V²/R

Electric Current Formulas: I = V/R I = P/V I = (P/R) ½

Electric Resistance Formulas: R = V/I R = V²/P R = P/I²

Electric Voltage Formulas: V = RxI V = P/I V = (PxR) ½

FORMULAS EQUATIONS & LAWS

E = Volt or (V = Volts)
P = Watts or (W = Watts)
R = Ohms or (R = Resistance)
I = Amperes or (A = Amperes)
HP = Horse Power
KW = Kilowatts
KWH = Kilo Watt Hour
VA = Volt Ampere
KVA = Kilo Volt Ampere
C = Capacitance
PF = Power Factor (use 0.8 unless otherwise indicated)
Eff. = Efficiency (expressed as a decimal) (use 0.9 unless otherwise indicated)
 V = P or P = V I or I = P
I V

I =V or V = IR or R = V PF = KW or KW = PFxKVA or KVA = KW
R I KVA PF

PREFIX NAME MEANING EXAMPLE

T Tera multiply by 1,000,000,000,000 (i.e. x10¹²) 2TΩ = 2,000,000,000,000 Ohms
G Giga Multiply by 1,000,000,000 (i.e. ÷ 10⁹) 2GΩ = 2,000,000,000 Ohms
M Mega multiply by 1,000,000 (i.e. x10⁶) 2 MΩ = 2,000,000 Ohms
K Kilo multiply by 1,000 (i.e. x10³) 10 kV = 10,000 Volts
m milli divide by 1,000 (i.e. ÷ 10ˉ³) 25mAΩ = 25/1000 A = 0.025Amperes
µ micro divide by 1,000,000 (i.e. ÷ 10ˉ⁶) 50µV = 50/1,000,000 V = 0.00005 Volts
n nano divide by 1,000,000,000 (i.e. ÷ 10ˉ⁹) 100nV = 100/1,000,000,000 V = 0.0000001 Volts
p pico divide by 1,000,000,000,000 (i.e. ÷ 10ˉ¹²) 25pV =25/1,000,000,000,000 V = 0.000000000025 Volts

VOLTAGE DROP FORMULAS

VD = 2xKxIxL K = ohms per mil foot
Single Phase CM (Copper = 12.9 at 75°C)
(2 or 3 wire) CM = 2K x L x I Note: K value changes with temperature.
VD
VD = √3 x K x I x L L = Length of conductor in feet
Three Phase CM I = Current in conductor (amps)
CM = √3 x K x L x I CM = Circular mil area of conductor
VD
 A.C. / D.C. EQUATIONS

DIRECT CURRENT
AMPS = WATTS ÷ VOLTS I=P ÷E A=W÷V
WATTS = VOLTS x AMPS P=ExI W=VxA
VOLTS = WATTS ÷ AMPS E=P÷I V=W÷A
HORSEPOWER = WATTS ÷ 746
EFFICIENCY = (746 x HP) ÷ (V x A)
A.C. SINGLE PHASE ~ 1Ǿ
AMPS = WATTS ÷ (VOLTS x PF) I = P ÷ (E x PF) A = W ÷ (V x PF)
WATTS = VOLTS x AMPS x PF P = E x I x PF W = V x A x PF
VOLTS = WATTS ÷ (AMPS x PF) E=P÷I V = W ÷ (A x PF)
VOLT AMPS = VOLTS x AMPS VA = E x I VA = V x A
HORSEPOWER = ( V x A x PF) ÷ 746
POWER FACTOR = INPUT WATTS ÷ (V x A)
EFFICIENCY = (746 x HP) ÷ (V x A x PF)
A.C. THREE PHASE ~ 3Ǿ
AMPS = WATTS ÷ (√3 x VOLTS x PF) I = P ÷ (√3 x E x PF)
WATTS = √3 x VOLTS x AMPS x PF P = √3 x E x I x PF
VOLTS = WATTS ÷ (√3 x AMPS x PF) E = P ÷ (√3 x I x PF)
VOLT AMPS = √3 x VOLTS x AMPS VA = √3 x E x I
HORSEPOWER = (√3 x V x A x PF) ÷ 746
POWER FACTOR = INPUT WATTS ÷ (√3 x V x A)
EFFICIENCY = (746 x HP) ÷ (√3 x V x A x PF)
CONVERSION FORMULAS
EFFICIENCY (percent) = (OUTPUT ÷ INPUT) x 100
EFFICIENCY = OUTPUT ÷ INPUT
INPUT = OUTPUT ÷ EFFICIENCY
OUTPUT = INPUT x EFFICIENCY
HORSEPOWER = WATTS ÷ 746

A.C. / D.C. FORMULAS

DESIRED DATA SINGLE PHASE TWO PHASE THREE PHASE DIRECT CURRENT
Ampere when KVA is KVA x 1000 KVA x 1000 KVA x 1000 KVA x 1000
shown V 2xV √3 x V V
Ampere when Kilowatt KW x 1000 KW x 1000 KW x 1000 KW x 1000
are shown V x PF 2 x V x PF √3 x V x PF V
Ampere when HP is __HP x 746__ HP x 746__ HP x 746__ HP x 746
shown V x Eff x PF 2 x V x Eff x PF √3 x V x Eff x PF V x Eff
Kilowatts I x V x PF 2 x I x V x PF √3 x I x V x PF IxV
1000 1000 1000 1000
Kilo Volt Ampere IxV 2xIxV √3 x I x V IxV
1000 1000 1000 1000
Horse Power I x V x PF 2 x I x V x PF √3 x I x V x PF KW x 1000
746 746 746 746
Efficiency __HP x 746__ HP x 746__ HP x 746__ HP x 746
V x I x PF 2 x V x I x PF √3 x V x I x PF VxI
Power Factor INPUT WATTS INPUT WATTS INPUT WATTS INPUT WATTS
VxA 2xVxA √3 x V x A VxA
 ALL EQUATIONS OF D.C. MOTOR ARE GIVEN BELOW AS PER THIS NAME PLATE

M/C No. OASH6077 REF. JBA00080 K.W. 30

FRAME AFS260H R.P.M. 1500 INS. CL. F
EXTN. SEP ARM. V 125 DUTY S1
TYPE SHUNT ARM. A 273 MTG. B3
BRG CE 6316 2RS FIELD V 125 AMB. 65°C
BFG NCE 6316 2RS FIELD A 2.2 Wt. 1000kg
PROTN. IP55 COOLING 1C0141 GD² 7.50kgm²
CROMPTON GREAVES LTD
DC MOTOR MADE IN INDIA

1. AMPS = (WATTS x 1000) ÷ VOLTS

AMPS = 30 x 1000 = 30000 = 240
125 125
AMPS = 240

2. VOLTS = (WATTS x 1000) ÷ AMPS

VOLTS = 30 x 1000 = 30000 = 109.89
273 273
VOLTS = 109.89

3. KILOWATTS = (VOLTS x AMPS) ÷ 1000

KILOWATTS = 125 x 273 = 34125 = 34.125
1000 1000
KILOWATTS = 34.125

4. HORSEPOWER = (WATTS x 1000) ÷ 746

HORSEPOWER = 30 x 1000 = 30000 = 40.21
746 746
HORSEPOWER = 40.21

5. EFFICIENCY = (746 x HP) ÷ (V x A)

EFFICIENCY = 746 x 440.21 = 29996.66 = 0.879
125 x 273 34125
EFFICIENCY = 0.879

6. POLE = F120_
N(RPM)
POLE = 50 x 120 = 6000 = 4
1500 1500
POLE = 4
 ALL EQUATIONS OF A.C. SINGLE PHASE MOTOR ARE GIVEN BELOW AS PER THIS NAME PLATE

MODEL 500 SPLIT PHASE TOTALLY ENCLOSED

FRAME TYPE INS. CL. IDENTIFICATION NO.
145 KC B 2538094990298209
KW (HP) RPM VOLTS AMPS CYC S.F.
1.3 (1.73) 1725 115/230 15/7.5 60 1.25
DESIGN CODE: B PHASE EFF P.F.
DRIVE END BEARING BBD 116 1 99% 75%
OPP. END BEARING B0B 117 DUTY: CONTINUOUS
AMB 40°C NO THERMAL PROTECTION
A.C. SINGLE PHASE MOTOR MADE IN FRANCE

1. AMPS = (WATTS x 1000) ÷ (VOLTS x PF)

AMPS = 1.3 x 1000 = 1300 = 7.536
230 x 0.75 172.5
AMPS = 7.536

2. VOLTS = (WATTS x 1000) ÷ (AMPS x PF)

VOLTS = 1.293 x 1000 = 1293 = 231.11
7.5 x 0.75 5.625
VOLTS = 231.11

3. KILOWATTS = (VOLTS x AMPS x PF) ÷ 1000

KILOWATTS = 230 x 7.5 x 0.75 = 1293.75 = 1.293
1000 1000
KILOWATTS = 1.293

4. HORSEPOWER = (V x A x PF) ÷ 746

HORSEPOWER = 230 x 7.5 x 0.75 = 1293.75 = 1.734
746 746
HORSEPOWER = 1.734

5. P.F. = (INPUT WATTS x 1000) ÷ (V x A)

P.F. = 1.3 x 1000 = 1300 = 0. 75
230 x 7.5 1725
P.F. = 0. 75

6. EFFICIENCY = (746 x HP) ÷ (V x A x PF)

EFFICIENCY = 746 x 1.734 = 1293.564 = 0.999
230 x 7.5 x 0.75 1293.75
EFFICIENCY = 0.999

7. K.V.A. = ( V x A) ÷ 1000
K.V.A. = 230 x 7.5 = 1725 = 1.725
1000 1000
K.V.A. = 1.725

8. POLE = F120_
N(RPM)
POLE = 50 x 120 = 6000 = 3.478
1725 1725
POLE = 3.378
 ALL EQUATIONS OF A.C. THREE PHASE MOTOR ARE GIVEN BELOW AS PER THIS NAME PLATE

BHARAT HEAVY ELECTRICALS LTD

SERIAL NO. 47259P421-91-01 INDUCTION MOTOR ROTOR TYPE CAGE ROTOR

FRAME 1R7716-4 SPECIFICATION IS : 325 DEG OF PROTECTION IP55

DUTY CONTINUOUS CONNECTION ST - Y RT -- COOLING CODE IC 81 W

K.W. 4000 ROTOR VOLTS --- DE BEARING SLEEVE BRG Ǿ160X140

STATOR VOLTS 6600 ROTOR AMPS --- NDE BEARING SLEEVE BRG Ǿ125X115

STATOR AMPS 405 POWER FACTOR 0.87 YEAR 2009 WEIGHT 13360KG

R.P.M. 1493 EFFICIENCY 97% DIVISION BHOPAL

PHASE 3 Hz 50 AMBIENT TEMP. 50°C

INSULATION CL. F TEMPERATURE RISE 70°C

MADE IN INDIA

1. AMPS = (WATTS x 1000) ÷ (√3 x VOLTS x PF)

AMPS = 4000 x 1000 __ = 4000000 = 402.20
1.732 x 6600 x 0.87 9945.144
AMPS = 402.20

2. VOLTS = (WATTS x 1000) ÷ (√3 x AMPS x PF)

VOLTS = 4000 x 1000 = 4000000 = 6554.47
√3 x 405 x 0.87 610.2702
VOLTS = 6554.47

3. KILOWATTS = (√3 x VOLTS x AMPS x PF) ÷ 1000

KILOWATTS = 1.732 x 6600 x 405 x 0.87 = 4027783.3 = 4027.78
1000 1000
KILOWATTS = 4027.78

4. HORSEPOWER = (√3 x V x A x PF) ÷ 746

HORSEPOWER = 1.732 x 6600 x 405 x 0.87 = 4027783.3 = 5399.17
746 746
HORSEPOWER = 5399.17
 5. P.F. = (INPUT WATTS x 1000) ÷ (√3 x V x A)
P.F. = 4000 x 1000__ = 4000000_ = 0.863
1.732 x 6600 x 405 4629636
P.F. = 0.863

6. EFFICIENCY = (746 x HP) ÷ (√3 x V x A x PF)

EFFICIENCY = 746 x 5399.17___ _ = 4027780.8 = 0.99
1.732 x 6600 x 405 x 0.87 4027783.3
EFFICIENCY = 0.99

7. K.V.A. = (√3 x V x A) ÷ 1000

K.V.A. = 1.732 x 6600 x 405 = 4629636 = 4629.63
1000 1000
K.V.A. = 4629.63

8. POLE = F120_
N(RPM)

POLE = 50 x 120 = 6000 = 4.018

1493 1493
POLE = 4.018

How to find Power & P.F.

P.F. = KW / KVA or KW = P.F. x KVA or KVA = KW / P.F.

KW = Active Power
KVA = Apparent Power (Note: Apparent Power is Greater than Active Power)
Example's are given as per above mentioned name plate.

P.F. = K.W. / K.V.A. Or KW = P.F. x K.V.A. Or K.V.A. = K.W. / P.F. (Note: KVA is always greater than KW)
P.F. = 4000 KW = 0.87 x 4629.63 K.V.A. = 4000
4629.63 KW = 4027.77 0.87
P.F. = 0.863 K.V.A. = 4597.70

Example: A 12volt battery supplies power to a resistance of 18 ohms.

I = V_ V = IR R = V_
R I
I = 12 V = 0.666x18 R = 12 _
18 0.666
I = 0.666 V = 11.988 R = 18.01
Motor Formulas:

Speed VS Poles Formulas.

The magnetic field created in stator rotates at a synchronous speed (Ns)

F = NP N = F 120 P = F 120 where: N = speed of rotation (RPM)

120 P N P = the number of poles on the stator.
F = the supply frequency in Hertz.
120 = time constant

F = 3000 x 2 = 50Hz N = 50 x 120 = 3000 RPM P = 50 x 120 = 2 Pole

120 2 3000

The difference between Ns and Nb is called the slip. The slip varies with the load. An increase in load will cause
the rotor to slow down or increase slip. A decrease in load will cause the rotor to speed up or decrease slip. The
slip is expressed as a percentage and can be determined with the following formula:

% slip = Ns – Nb 100 Slip = (Synchronous speed) – (Rotor Speed) 100

Ns (Synchronous speed)

Where: Ns = the synchronous speed in RPM

Nb = the base speed in RPM

TORQUE (lb-ft):
To determine braking torque of a motor or to calculate motor full load torque apply this formula.

T = 5252 x HP Where T = Full load motor torque in (lb-ft)

RPM 5252 = Constant (33,000 divided by 3.14 x 2)
HP = Motor Horsepower
RPM = Speed of Shaft

E.g. What is the FLT (full load torque) of a 30 HP motor operating at 1725 RPM?

T = 5252 x HP T = 5252 x 30 T = 157,560 T = 91.34 lb-ft

RPM 1725 1725

To calculate the horsepower of a motor when the speed & torque are known apply this formula.

HP = RPM x T (torque) HP = 1725 x 3.1 HP = 5347.5 = 1HP

5252 5252 5252

For H.T. or L.T. Motors IR value always more than its capacity.
IR=KV +1 = MΩ
IR=11KV Motor + 1
IR=12 MΩ
∴ 440V Motor = 440÷1000 = 0.440KV
IR =0.440 + 1 = 1.4 MΩ
Note:
 Always earthing should be less than 1Ω and use better quality heavy copper wire.
 D.O.L. starter is used in A.C. Motors up to 7.5 KW & above Star/Delta Starter
 H.T. Motor is to feed with more than 415V & all other operated below 415V are L.T. Motor.

 The L.T. cables are up to 1000 volts, H.T. cables are from 1000V to 23KV & Extra High Voltage Cables is
from 23KV upwards.
 Cables for 220KV lines are always oil compressed gas insulated.

 In ball bearing to find O.D. of shaft multiply the last two digit of bearing No. with 5
e.g. 6310 bearing No. 6310 = 10 x 5 = 50mm O.D. of shaft.
 To find outer diameter of the ball bearing 6310 = (10x10) +10 = 110mm outer diameter of ball bearing.

 To find voltage from megawatt MW = √3 x I x P.F. = Answer, ∴ MW ÷ Answer = Voltage

 Application of Duty & Insulation Class of All Induction Motors

MOTOR DUTY CYCLE TYPES AS PER IEC STANDARDS

No. Ref. Duty Cycle Type Description

1 S1 Continuous running Operation at constant load of sufficient duration to reach the
thermal equilibrium.
Operation at constant load during a given time, less than required to
2 S2 Short-time duty reach the thermal equilibrium, followed by a rest enabling the
machine to reach a temperature similar to that of the coolant (2
Kelvin tolerance)
A sequence of identical duty cycles, each including a period of
3 S3 Intermittent periodic duty. operation at constant load and a rest (without connection to the
mains). For this type of duty, the starting current does not
significantly affect the temperature rise.
4 S4 Intermittent periodic duty A sequence of identical duty cycles, each consisting of a significant
with starting period of starting, a period under constant load and a rest period.
A sequence of identical cycles, each consisting of a period of
5 S5 Intermittent periodic duty starting, a period of operation at constant load, followed by rapid
with electric braking electric braking and a rest period
A sequence of identical duty cycles, each consisting of a period of
6 S6 Continuous operation operation at constant load and a period of operation at no-load.
periodic duty There is no rest period.
Continuous operation A sequence of identical duty cycles, each consisting of a period of
7 S7 periodic duty with electric starting, a period of operation at constant load, followed by an
braking electric braking. There is no rest period.
A sequence of identical duty cycles, each consisting of a period of
Continuous operation operation at constant load corresponding to a predetermined speed
8 S8 periodic duty with related of rotation, followed by one or more periods of operation at another
load and speed changes constant load corresponding to the different speeds of rotation (e.g.,
duty). There is no rest period. The period of duty is too short to
reach the thermal equilibrium.
Duty in which, generally, the load and the speed vary non-
9 S9 Duty with non-periodic periodically within the permissible range. This duty includes
load and speed variations frequent overloads that may exceed the full loads.

APPLICATION OF THE DUTY TYPE, RATED MOTORS

No. Duty Class Type Use Of Motor
1 S1 : Continuous Duty Pump, Blowers, Fans, and Compressors.
2 S2 : Short Time Duty Operation of Gates of Dams, Sirens, Capstan.
3 S3 : Intermittent Periodic Duty Valve Actuators, Wire Drawing Machine.
4 S4 : Intermittent Periodic Duty With Starting Hoist, Cranes, Lift.
5 S5 : Intermittent Periodic Duty With Starting Hoist, Cranes, Rolling Mills.
6 S6 : Continuous Duty With Intermittent Periodic Conveyors, Machine Tools.
Loading
7 S7 : Continuous Duty With Starting & Breaking Machine Tools.
8 S8 : Continuous Duty With Periodic Speed Special Application where the motor is required
Charges to run at different speeds & different loads.
9 S9 : Duty With Non-Periodic Load & Speed Special Application where the motor is required
Variations to run at different speeds & different loads.
 Insulation Class Of All Induction Motors
Y A E B F H C
90°c 105°c 120°c 130°c 155°c 180°c Above 180°c

Types of Mounting
Horizontal Mounting (Foot Mounting) B3, B6, B7, B8, V5, V6
Vertical Mounting (Flange Mounting) B5, V1, V3
Face Mounting B14, V18, V19

TYPES D.C. MOTOR

[Link]. MOTOR USE
1 D.C. Shunt Motor Lathes, Fans, Pumps Disc and Band Saw Drive requiring moderate torques.
2 D.C. Series Motor Electric Traction, Train, Cranes & High Speed Tools.
3 D.C. Compound Motor Rolling mills and other loads requiring large momentary torques.

TYPES OF SINGLE PHASE A.C. INDUCTION MOTOR

[Link]. MOTOR USE
1 Split Phase Induction Motor Small Grinders, Fans & Blowers and other low starting torque
applications with power needs from 1/20 to 1/3 HP.
2 Capacitor Start Induction Motor Belt-Drive applications like small conveyors, large blowers &
pumps.
Fans, Blowers with low starting torque needs & intermittent
3 Capacitor Run Induction Motor cycling uses, such as adjusting mechanisms, gates operators &
garage door openers.
4 Capacitor Start Capacitor Run Ind. Motor Air Compressors, High Pressure Water Pumps & other High Torque
applications requiring 1 to 10 HP.
5 Shaded Pole Induction Motor Starting Torque is weak so it is use in Fans, Small Blowers, Electric
Razors
6 Universal Induction Motor It is use in house hold appliances like Mixture, Hand Grinder, Table
Fan, etc.
This type of motor can start very heavy loads without drawing too
7 Repulsion Start Induction Motor much current. They are made from q/2 to 20 HP. This motors are used
in large air compressors, refrigeration equipment and large hoist, and
particularly useful in locations where low line voltage is a problem.

TYPES OF THREE PHASE A.C. INDUCTION MOTOR & THERE DIFFERENCE

SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR SLIP RING INDUCTION MOTOR
Copper losses are low. Copper losses are high.
Starting torque is low but running torque is good. Starting torque is higher than Squirrel Cage.
Starting current is high. Starting current is low.
Speed is nearly constant but slightly falls with load. More speed falls with load.
Speed can be varied by changing poles. Speed can be varied very slightly by changing rotor's
extra resistance.
Rotor resistance is low so, copper losses are less and Efficiency is low.
efficiency is high
App.: It is used where low power is needed & speed App.: It is only used where high starting torque is
control is not needed such as Printing Machinery, required such as Rolling Mills, Flour Mills, Lifts,
Flour Mills, Saw Mills, Lathe Machine, Blower Mills. Cranes etc.
CIRCUITS BREAKERS:

RESIDUAL CURRENT CIRCUIT BREAKER: It is used in range from 16A to 63A. It trips the circuit when there is earth
fault current. It is extremely effective from of shock protection. It may be used where only fire protection is
required.

MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKER: It is used in range from 80A to 125A to A and 25KA Max. MCB used for domestic,
light commercial and light industrial applications. MCB is thermal operated and use for short circuit protection in
small current rating circuit. It is used where load is low and used for outgoing.

MOULED CASE CIRCUIT BREAKER: It is used in range from 25A to 6300A and 250KA Max. MCCB is used in heavy
commercial and heavy industrial applications. MCCB is thermal operated for over load current and magnetic
operation for instant trip in short circuit condition. Under voltage and under frequency may be inbuilt. Normally it
is used where normal current is more than 100A where load is high and use as incomer.

VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER: It is used in range from 7.2KV to 36KV. In VCB arc extinguishing and insulating is
carried out in low vacuum. Vacuum can sustain high voltage (not ionizes) and does not losses its dielectric
properties which makes the VCB suitable for HT. Since VCB is costlier and require more maintenance compared
ACB.

MINIMUM OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER: It uses Dielectric oil (Transformer Oil) for the purpose of arc extinction. The arc
extinction takes places in an insulating housing enclosed in ceramic enclosures. The various voltages rating of
MOCB developed is 3.6KV, 7.2KV, 12KV, 30KV, 72.5KV, 145KV, 245KV and 420KV.

SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER: Sulphur Hexafluoride circuit breaker is used for rated voltage in range of 3.6 KV to 760 KV.
This type of circuit breaker offers advantage of compactness requiring only 10% of spaces of conventional
substation, protection from moisture, pollution & dust, low maintenance reduced installation time and increased
safety.

AIR BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKER: It is used in the range from 11KV to 1100KV. Since it is fast and suitable for
repeated operation. It is the most popular circuit breaker for outdoor UHV and HV traction system.

AIR CIRCUIT BREAKER: It is used in range from 400A, 630A, 800A & 1250A. In ACB arc extinguishing and insulating
is carried out in air. At high voltages, air ionizes and losses its dielectric properties which makes the ACB
unsuitable at HT. That's why ACB is used at LT not at HT.
EQUATION'S OF TRANSFORMERS:

Equation for finding the ratio of Transformer

V1 x √3 = I2 x √3 = N1 = K (Ratio) where V = Voltage

V2 I1 N2 I = Current
N = No. of Turns So as per 25KVA Transformer
11000 x √3 = 33.33 x √3 = 7656 = 44 Ratio
433 1.312 174

To find Phase Current of any Transformer the equation is given bellow.

Rating x 1000 ÷ √3 = H.V. Phase Current
H.V. Voltage H.V. Phase Current ÷ √3 = H.V. per Phase Current

Rating x 1000 ÷ √3 = L.V. Phase Current

L.V. Voltage L.V. Phase Current ÷ √3 = L.V. per Phase Current

For E.g. 25KVA Transformer

25 x 1000 ÷ √3 = 1.312 H.V. Phase Current
11000 1.312 ÷ √3 = 0.7575 H.V. per Phase Current

25 x 1000 ÷ √3 = 33.33 L.V. Phase Current

433 33.33 ÷ √3 = 19.24 L.V. per Phase Current

For No Load Test of 25 KVA or any other rating Transformer

For No Load test apply the rated L.V. Voltage to secondary side (L.V.) & primary side (H.V.) open.
E.g. for 25kva 11000/433 we have to apply 433 voltages to L.V. side and measure Amps & Watts at 3% accept. So
we apply 250 volts 250 x √3 = 433.
For 3% it means that current should not go above 0.999Amp.
Equation = L.V. Phase Current x 3% 33.33 x 3 = 0.999
100 100

For Load Loss Test apply Phase Current of rated H.V. voltage of transformer & measure voltage & watts L.V.
short.

Magnetic Balance Test: - Measurement of magnetic balance of 10kva 11kv distribution transformer. Magnetic
balance test is always measured in L.V. side by applying 100volt to each phase with neutral and measured other
two phase with neutral and total of both measurement should be applied voltage.

E.G. Voltage Measured Between

2U2N 2V2N 2W2N Result
104.6 77.0 27.6 2V2N + 2W2N = 2U2N
51.9 103.9 52.0 2U2N + 2W2N = 2V2N
28.2 76.1 104.3 2U2N + 2V2N = 2W2N

Winding Resistance Test:- On HV side apply in Ω for 10-16 KVA apply 2000 Ω, 25-63 KVA apply 200 Ω, 100KVA
apply 20 Ω. On LV side apply in mΩ for 10-16 KVA apply 2000m Ω, 25-63 KVA apply 200m Ω, 100KVA apply 20mΩ.
 A FORMULA TO CALCULATE THE ELECTRICITY COST OF HOUSEHOLD ELECTRIC APPLIANCES

When a person operates any electric appliance in their home it gets measured at the Electric Meter. Those units
of measurements are known as kilo-watt hour (KWh). Each electric utility company charges a different rate for
each KWh used. In Gujarat the cost of KWh per unit is approximately 6.52 Rs.

The first thing a person needs to know is how many watts the appliance in question uses. That can usually be
found on any e volts, amps and watts. If the watts are not listed just multiply the volts times the amps and the
result will be the watts. Example: 120 volts X 10 amps = 1200 watts. Once a person knows the watts of an
appliance they can easily figure out how many KWh that particular appliance is using.

1KW = 1000 watts. A 1000 watts appliance that is turned on for one hour equals 1 kilo watt hour. That means
1000 watts appliance used for 1 hour its cost 1 unit (6.52 Rs) for every hour.

EQUATION: Watts x Hours = Kwh

1000
Kwh x No. Days = Total Kwh. Total Kwh x Rs/unit = Total Monthly cost.

HERE ARE SIMPLE EXAMPLES:

 I have a 100 watt light bulb that is turned on approximately 5 hours every evening. Its cost about 98 Rs a
month on my electric bill.

100w X 5hrs = 500w divided by 1000 = 0.5 KWh every evening. Multiply by 30 days/month.
0.5 X 30 = 15KWh a month.
15KWh X 1 unit (6.52 Rs) = 97.80 Rs a month on my bill.

 I have an electric water heater for water heating that is on 30minute every morning. The label on the
heater reads 7.5 amps, 120 volt. To find the watts you multiply amps X volts, 7.5 X 120 = 900 watts. Its
cost about 88 Rs a month on my electric bill.

30 minute for 30 days. 0.30min X 30Days = 15 Hrs

900w X 15hrs = 13500W divided by 1000 = 13.5 KWh every month.
13.5KWh X 1 unit (6.52 Rs) = 88.02 Rs a month on my bill.

 I have an electric hot plate for cooking that is on for 2 hours every day. The label on the appliance is 1500
watts, 230 volts. To find amps you divide watt X volts, 1500 X 230 = 6.5 amps. Its cost about 586 Rs a
month on my electric bill.

1500w X 2hrs = 3000w divided by 1000 = 3 KWh every day. Multiply by 30 days/month.
3 X 30 = 90KWh a month.
90KWh X 1 unit (6.52 Rs) = 586.8 Rs a month on my bill.

 I have an electric motor of 1.3 KW that runs for daily 1 hour. Its cost about 254 Rs a month on my electric
bill. So we have to first convert it KW to watts. Simply KW X 1000, 1.3 X 1000 = 1300 watts.

1300w X 1hrs = 1300w divided by 1000 = 1.3 KWh per hour every day. Multiply by 30 days/month.
1.3 X 30 = 39KWh per month.
39KWh X 1 unit (6.52 Rs) = 254.28 Rs per month on my bill.

You can use this formula on every appliance in your home as long as you can find the appliance label. The most
important things to remember is that amps X volts = watts, 1000 watts an hour is a kilo-watt hour (KWh) and
that’s how your local electric utility.
 TABLE OF RESISTOR COLOUR CODE
COLOUR SIGNIFICANT DIGITS MULTIPLIER TOLERANCE
CODE 1 BAND 2ND BAND 3RD BAND
ST

BLACK 0 0 0 1 1Ω
BROWN 1 1 1 10 10Ω ±1% F
RED 2 2 2 100 100Ω ±2% G
ORANGE 3 3 3 1000 1KΩ
YELLOW 4 4 4 10000 10KΩ
GREEN 5 5 5 100000 100KΩ ±0.5% D
BLUE 6 6 6 1000000 1MΩ ±0.25% C
VIOLET 7 7 7 10000000 10MΩ ±0.10% B
GREY 8 8 8 100000000 100MΩ ±0.05% A
WHITE 9 9 9 1000000000 1GΩ
GOLD - - - 0.1 ±5% J
SILVER - - - 0.01 ±10% K
NONE - - - - ±20% M

EXAMPLE:

1. Red = 2
2. Blue = 6
3. Green = x 100000
4. Silver = ±10% Tolerance

2, 6 x 100000 = 2600000Ω
2600000 Ω ÷ 1000000 Ω = 2.6MΩ
This Resistor is 2.6MΩ ±10%

PREFIX NAME CONVERSATION

T Tera 1TΩ = 1,000,000,000,000 Ω
G Giga 1GΩ = 1,000,000,000 Ω
M Mega 1MΩ = 1,000,000 Ω
K Kilo 1KΩ = 1,000Ω
m milli 1,000 mΩ = 1Ω
µ micro 1,000,000 µΩ = 1Ω
n nano 1,000,000,000 nΩ = 1Ω
p pico 1,000,000,000,000 pΩ = 1Ω