CRI 174 (SPECIALIZE CRIME INVESTIGATION 1 WITH LEGAL MEDECINE)
2nd SEMESTER
MODULE 8
BLUNT INSTRUMENT- Contusion ,hematoma, lacerated wound
SHARP INSTRUMENT
1. SHARP EDGE INSTRUMENT- Incised wound
2. SHARP POINTED- Punctured
3. SHARP ENGE SHARP POINTED- Stab
WOUND BROUGHT ABOUT BY TEARING FORCE- Lacerated wound
PENETRATING WOUND- Wounding agent did not come out or piercing a solid organ
PERFORATING WOUND- Wounding agent produces communication between the inner and outer portion of the hollow
organ
COUP INJURY- Physical injury which is located at the site of the application of force
CONTRE-COUP INJURY- Opposite the site of the application of force
COUP CONTRE-COUP INJURY- Site and also the opposite site of force
LOCUS MINORIS RESISTENCIA- Physical injury not located at the site nor opposite site of the application of force
EXTENSIVE INJURY- Physical injury involving a greater area of the body beyond the site of the application of force
SPECIAL TYPES OF WOUND
DEFENSE WOUND- Instinctive reaction of self-preservation
PATTERNED WOUND- Wound in the nature and shape of the instrument
SELF-INFLICTED WOUND- Wound produced on oneself but no intention of end his life
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FIRST-DEGREE BURN- They cause pain and reddening of the epidermis
SECOND-DEGREE BURN- Affect the epidermis and the dermis
THIRD-DEGREE BURN- Go through the dermis and affect deeper tissues
FOURTH-DEGREE BURN- Can affect you muscle and bones
COMMON CAUSE OF BURNS:
FRICTION BURNS- Hard object rubs off some of your skin
COLD BURNS- it is also called ‘FROSTBITE’
THERMAL BURNS- Touching a very hot object
RADIATION BURNS- Sunburn is a type of a radiation burn
CHEMICAL BURNS- Strong acid, solvents or detergent that touch your skin
ELECTRICAL BURNS- Contact with an electric current
GENERAL OR SYSTEMIC EFFECT
HEAT CRAMPS – Involuntary spasmodic painful contraction of muscle due to dehydration and excessive loss of chlorides
by sweating
HEAT EXHAUSTION- Due to heart failure
HEAT STROKE- Working in ill-ventilated places with dry temperature or exposure to the sun
SCALD- Caused by hot liquid
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ASPHYXIA- Applied to all forms of violent death due to interference with the process of respiration
ANOXIC DEATH- Failure of arterial blood to be normally saturated with 02 due
ANEMIC ANOXIC DEATH- Decrease capacity of the blood to carry 02 due to hge, CO poisoning Low Hgb
STAGNANT ANOXIC DEATH- Failure of circulation due to heart failure, shock, arterial venous obstruction
HISTOTOXIC ANOXIC DEATH- Failure of the cellular oxidative process cannot be utilized in the tissues
PHASES OF ASPHYXIAL DEATH
DYSPNEIC PHASE- Breathing is rapid and deep
CONVULSIVE PHASE- Cyanosis more pronounced, pupils dilated unconscious
APNEIC PHASE- Breathing is shallow, gasping
EMERGENCY TREATMENT IN DROWNING
SCHAEFER’S METHOD- Face down, prone position
SYLVESTER’S METHOD- Lying on his back, astride over body, swinging arms
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
EMPHYSEMA AQUOSUM- Lungs are distended overlapping the heart
EDEMA AQUOSUM- Due Entrance of water into air sacs, Lungs are doughy
CHAMPIGNON D “OCUME”- Whitish foam accumulates in the mouth/nostrils
TYPES OF DROWNING
NEAR DROWNING – The term “DROWNING” most commonly used to describe a fatal incident
DRY DROWNING – When a drowning person sinks and becomes more deeply unconscious
FRESHWATER DROWNING – When external respiration is interfered with by freshwater entering the lungs
SALTWATER DROWNING – Saltwater has the opposite effect of fresh water with water being drawn from the blood into
the lungs
SECONDARY DROWNING – When a drowning victim is successfully rescued and resuscitated they may appear to be
fully recovered
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SOMATIC DEATH- It refers to the death of the entire organism
CELLULAR DEATH- It refers to the death of the cells within the organism
“APPARENT DEATH” OR STATE SUSPENDED ANIMATION- This is just a temporary cessation of vital organs of
the body that can attributed to either internal or external stimulus
MODES OF DEATH
1. COMA- Death results primarily from the failures of the vital canters of the brain
2. SYNCOPE- Death occurs primarily as a result of heart failure
3. ASPHUXIA- Death occurs primarily when the respiratory function of the lungs stops
IMMEDIATE(PRIMARY)CAUSE OF DEATH- Cases when trauma or disease kill quickly that there is no opportunity for
sequelae or complication
THE PROXIMATE(SECONDARY)CAUSE OF DEATH- The injury or disease was survived for a sufficiently prolonged
interval
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CESSATION OF RESPIRATION – There should be a continuous cessation of breathing to consider it as a sign of death
COOLING OF THE BODY (ALGOR MORTIS)- The body usually maintains its original temperature for approximately
one to three hours
LOSS OF POWER TO MOVE- There is no more power from the brain or from the spinal cord
CHANGES IN THE SKIN- Due to the absence of circulation the skin of a dead person will become pale and waxy looking
CHANGES IN THE EYES- The cornea is no longer capable of reacting to light as a stimulus
ACTION OF HEAT ON THE SKIN- This test is useful to determine whether death occurred before or after the application
CHANGES IN THE BODY FOLLOWING DEATH
CHANGES IN THE MUSCLE - There is complete relaxation of the whole muscular system
HEAT STIFFENING – If the body is exposed in more than 75 degrees Celsius
COLD STIFFENING – The body is exposed to a very low or freezing temperature
CADAVERIC SPASM OR INSTANTANEOUS RIGOR- Death due to extreme nervous tension
PUTREFACTION OF THE BODY- Overgrowth of microorganism which feed on the break down the dead tissues
MARBOLIZATION- Prominence of the superficial veins with reddish discoloration which develops on both flanks of the
abdomen
SPECIAL MODIFICATION OF PUTREFACTION
MUMMIFICATION- It is the dehydration of the whole body
SAPONIFICATION OR ADIPOCERE FORMATION- If the body is found in water the fat beneath the skin saponified
MACERATION- There is one specialized form of decomposition that occurs when death occurs during pregnancy and the
body is exposed only to the intrauterine environment
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TESTIMONIAL EVIDENCE- Affidavit of complainant and witnesses
DOCUMENT EVIDENCE- Photographs, videos, police report and other document
OBJECT EVIDENCE- Weapon used and autopsy of slain victims
WHAT LAW PUNISHES THE CRIME OF PARRICIDE?
- Revised penal code article 248
