International Islamic University Chittagong

Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Segment-2
Discrete-Time Signals and Systems

EEE-3603 Digital Signal Processing

Prepared By
Mohammed Abdul kader
Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE, IIUC
 Contents
 Representation of discrete time signals.
 Some elementary discrete time signals
 Classification of discrete time (DT) signals.
 Manipulation of DT signals
 Classification of Discrete Time System
 Convolution sum
 Correlation

Text Book:
Digital Signal Processing (4th Edition), John G. Proakis, Dimitris K Manolakis

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Lecture materials on "DiscreteTime Signals and Systems" By- Mohammed abdul kader, Assistant Professor, EEE, IIUC
 Representation of Discrete-Time Signals
1. Graphical Representation

2. Functional Representation

3. Tabular Representation

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Lecture materials on "DiscreteTime Signals and Systems" By- Mohammed abdul kader, Assistant Professor, EEE, IIUC
 Representation of Discrete-Time Signals (Cont.)
4. Sequence Representation
An infinite-duration signal or sequence with the time origin (n=0) indicated by the symbol ↑ is
represented as

A finite duration sequence can be represented as

Whereas a finite-duration sequence that satisfies the condition 𝑥 𝑛 = 0 for n<0 can be represented as

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Lecture materials on "DiscreteTime Signals and Systems" By- Mohammed abdul kader, Assistant Professor, EEE, IIUC
 Some Elementary Discrete –Time Signals
1. Unit Sample Sequence
The unit sample sequence is denoted as 𝛿(𝑛) and is defined as

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Lecture materials on "DiscreteTime Signals and Systems" By- Mohammed abdul kader, Assistant Professor, EEE, IIUC
 Some Elementary Discrete –Time Signals (cont.)
2. Unit Step signal
The unit step signal is denoted as u(𝑛) and is defined as

6 Lecture materials on "DiscreteTime Signals and Systems" By- Mohammed abdul kader, Assistant Professor, EEE, IIUC
 Some Elementary Discrete –Time Signals (cont.)
3. Unit ramp signal
The unit ramp signal is denoted as 𝑢𝑟 (𝑛) and is defined as

7 Lecture materials on "DiscreteTime Signals and Systems" By- Mohammed abdul kader, Assistant Professor, EEE, IIUC
 Some Elementary Discrete –Time Signals (cont.)
4. Exponential signal
The exponential signal is a sequence of the form

If the parameter a is real, then x(n) is real.

8 Lecture materials on "DiscreteTime Signals and Systems" By- Mohammed abdul kader, Assistant Professor, EEE, IIUC
 Classification of Discrete –Time Signals
Energy Signal and Power Signal
The energy E of a signal x(n) defined as

The energy of a signal can be finite or infinite. If E is finite (i.e. 0<E<∞), then x(n) is called an energy
signal.
Many signals that posses infinite energy have a finite average power. The average power of a discrete-
time signal x(n) is defined as

If we define the signal energy of x(n) over the finite interval −𝑁 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 𝑁 as

Then we can express energy E as

So the average power of the signal x(n) as

Clearly, if E is finite, P=0. On the other hand, if E is infinite, the average power P may be either
finite or infinite. If P is finite and nonzero, the signal is called a power signal.

9 Lecture materials on "DiscreteTime Signals and Systems" By- Mohammed abdul kader, Assistant Professor, EEE, IIUC
 Classification of Discrete –Time Signals (Cont.)
Energy Signal and Power Signal (Cont.)
Determine the power and energy of the following sequence.

𝒙 𝒏 = 𝜶𝒏 𝒖 𝒏 , 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝟎 < 𝜶 < 𝟏

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
2
1
𝐸= 𝑥(𝑛) = 𝛼𝑛𝑢 𝑛 2
= 𝛼𝑛 2
= 𝛼2 𝑛
=
1 − 𝛼2
𝑛=−∞ 𝑛=−∞ 𝑛=0 𝑛=0

∞
1
Formula 𝑟𝑘 = , 𝑟 <1
1−𝑟
𝑘=0

Here, for 0 < 𝛼 < 1 we can say 0 < 𝐸 < ∞

So, 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝛼 𝑛 𝑢 𝑛 is an energy signal for 0 < 𝛼 < 1

10 Lecture materials on "DiscreteTime Signals and Systems" By- Mohammed abdul kader, Assistant Professor, EEE, IIUC
 Classification of Discrete –Time Signals (cont.)
Determine the power and energy of the unit step sequence.

• A signal can be an energy signal, a power signal or neither type. Unit ramp sequence is neither a
power signal nor an energy signal.
• A signal can not be both an energy signal and a power signal.

Problem: Check Whether the following signals are energy or power signals
𝝅
𝟏 𝝅 𝒋 𝒏
(i) 𝜹(𝒏) (ii) 𝒙 𝒏 = (𝟑)𝒏 𝒖(𝒏) (iii) 𝐱 𝐧 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟒 𝒏) (iv) x(n)=𝒆 𝟒

11 Lecture materials on "DiscreteTime Signals and Systems" By- Mohammed abdul kader, Assistant Professor, EEE, IIUC
 Classification of Discrete –Time Signals (cont.)
Periodic Signal and aperiodic signal
A signal x(n) is periodic with period N (N>0) if and only if

The smallest value of N that satisfies above relation is called the fundamental period. If there is no value
of N that satisfies the above relation, the signal is called nonperiodic or aperiodic.
The sinusoidal signal in the form 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐴 sin(2𝜋𝑓0 𝑛) is periodic when 𝑓0 is a rational number, that
is, if 𝑓0 is expressed as 𝒌
𝒇𝟎 = , 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒌 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑵 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒓𝒔
𝑵
Periodic Signals are Power Signals
The energy of the periodic signal x(n) for −∞ ≤ 𝑛 ≤ ∞ is infinite. On the other hand , the average
power of the periodic signal is finite and is equal to the average power over a single period. Thus if x(n)
is periodic signal with fundamental period N and takes on finite values , its power is given by

Consequently the periodic signals are power signal.

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Lecture materials on "DiscreteTime Signals and Systems" By- Mohammed abdul kader, Assistant Professor, EEE, IIUC
 Classification of Discrete –Time Signals (cont.)
Symmetric (even) signal and Antisymmetric (odd) Signal
A real valued signal x(n) is called symmetric (even) if
x(-n)=x(n) for all n.
On the other hand, a signal x(n) is called antisymmetric (odd) if
x(-n)=-x(n) for all n
If x(n) is odd, x(0)=0

Even Signal Odd Signal

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Lecture materials on "DiscreteTime Signals and Systems" By- Mohammed abdul kader, Assistant Professor, EEE, IIUC
 Classification of Discrete –Time Signals (cont.)
Symmetric (even) signal and Antisymmetric (odd) Signal

Many signal are neither even nor odd. Any arbitrary signal can be expressed as the sum of two
signal components, one of which is even and the other odd.
The even signal components is expressed as

The odd signal components is expressed as

The signal x(n) is expressed as-

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Lecture materials on "DiscreteTime Signals and Systems" By- Mohammed abdul kader, Assistant Professor, EEE, IIUC
 Classification of Discrete –Time Signals (cont.)
Symmetric (even) signal and Antisymmetric (odd) Signal
Find the even and odd components of following signal x(n).

x(n)={2,1.5, 1, 0.5, 0}

x(-n)= {0,0.5,1,1.5,2}

1
𝑥𝑒 𝑛 = [𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑥(−𝑛)]= {1,1,1,1,1}
2

1
𝑥𝑒 𝑛 = 2 [𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑥(−𝑛)]= {1,0.5,0,-0.5,-1}

Task: Find the even and odd parts of the following signals:
(a) x(n)=u(n) (b) 𝒙 𝒏 = 𝜶𝒏 𝒖(𝒏)

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Lecture materials on "DiscreteTime Signals and Systems" By- Mohammed abdul kader, Assistant Professor, EEE, IIUC
 Simple manipulations of Discrete-Time Signals
Time Shifting
• A signal x(n) may be shifted in time by replacing the independent variable n by (n-k), where k is
integer.
• If k is a positive integer, the time shift results in a delay of the signal by k units of time.
• If k is negative integer, the time shift results in an advance of the signal by |k| units in time.

Delay/Right Shift
Original Signal

Advances/Left Shift
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Lecture materials on "DiscreteTime Signals and Systems" By- Mohammed abdul kader, Assistant Professor, EEE, IIUC
 Simple manipulations of Discrete-Time Signals (Cont.)
Folding
Another useful modification of the time base is to replace the independent variable n by –n. The
result of this operation is a folding or a reflection of the signal about the time origin n=0

Folded signal
Original Signal

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Lecture materials on "DiscreteTime Signals and Systems" By- Mohammed abdul kader, Assistant Professor, EEE, IIUC
 Simple manipulations of Discrete-Time Signals (Cont.)
Shifting and Folding
It is important to note that the operations of folding and time delaying (or advancing) a signal are not
commutative. If we denote the time-delay operation by TD and folding operation by FD, we can write-

Original Signal Folded signal Folded and shifted signal

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Lecture materials on "DiscreteTime Signals and Systems" By- Mohammed abdul kader, Assistant Professor, EEE, IIUC
 Simple manipulations of Discrete-Time Signals (Cont.)
Time Scaling or Down sampling
Another modification of independent variable involves replacing n by 𝜇𝑛, where 𝜇 is an integer. We
refer to this time-base modification as time scaling or down-sampling.
If the signal x(n) was originally obtained
by sampling an analog signal 𝑥𝑎 𝑡 ,
then 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑥𝑎 (𝑛𝑇),
where T is the sampling interval.

Now, 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥 2𝑛 = 𝑥𝑎 2𝑇𝑛 .
Hence the time-scaling operation is
equivalent to changing the sampling rate
from 1/T to 1/μT, that is, to decrease
the rate by a factor μ. This is a down-
sampling operation.

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Lecture materials on "DiscreteTime Signals and Systems" By- Mohammed abdul kader, Assistant Professor, EEE, IIUC
 Simple manipulations of Discrete-Time Signals (Cont.)
Addition, Multiplication and Scaling of sequence
Amplitude Scaling of a signal by a constant A is accomplished by multiplying the value of every signal
sample A. Consequently, we obtain

The addition (sum) of two signals 𝑥1 (𝑛) and 𝑥2 (𝑛) is a signal y(𝑛), whose value at any instant is
equal to the sum of the values of these two signals at that instant, that is,

The product of two signals is similarly defined on a sample-to-sample basis as

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Lecture materials on "DiscreteTime Signals and Systems" By- Mohammed abdul kader, Assistant Professor, EEE, IIUC
 Block diagram representation of Discrete Time System

𝑦(𝑛) ≡ 𝜏[𝑥(𝑛)]
𝜏
𝑦(𝑛) 𝑥(𝑛)

The above expressions represent that x(n) is transformed by the system into a signal y(n) where the
symbol 𝜏 denotes the transformation (also called an operator) or processing performed by the system
on x(n) to produce y(n).

21 Lecture materials on "DiscreteTime Signals and Systems" By- Mohammed abdul kader, Assistant Professor, EEE, IIUC
 Input-Output Description of System

22 Lecture materials on "DiscreteTime Signals and Systems" By- Mohammed abdul kader, Assistant Professor, EEE, IIUC
 Block diagram representation of DT System
An adder System
An adder system that performs the addition of two signal sequences to form another (the sum)
sequence y(n). Note that it is not necessary to store either one of the sequence in order to perform the
addition i.e. the addition operation is memoryless.

Constant Multiplier
This operation apply a scale factor on the input x(n). It is also memoryless operation.

23 Lecture materials on "DiscreteTime Signals and Systems" By- Mohammed abdul kader, Assistant Professor, EEE, IIUC
 Block diagram representation of DT System (Cont.)
A signal Multiplier
It is also Memoryless system that multiplies two signal sequences to form another and is represented
by following block-

Unit delay element

In unit delay system if input signal is x(n), the output is x(n-1). In fact, the sample x(n-1) is stored in
memory at time n-1 and it is recalled from memory at time n to form y(n)=x(n-1). Thus this basic
building block requires memory.

Unit advance element

A unit advance moves the input x(n) ahead by one sample in time to yield x(n=1). Such advances
impossible in real time, since, it involves looking into future of the signal. On the other hand, if we store
the signal in the memory of the computer, we can recall any sample at any time.

24 Lecture materials on "DiscreteTime Signals and Systems" By- Mohammed abdul kader, Assistant Professor, EEE, IIUC
 Block diagram representation of DT System (Cont.)
Problem: Using basic building blocks sketch the block diagram representation of the discrete-time
system described by the input-output relation
1 1 1
𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑦 𝑛 − 1 + 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑥(𝑛 − 1)
4 2 2
Where x(n) is the input and y(n) is the output of the system.

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Lecture materials on "Discrete Time Signals and Systems" By- Mohammed abdul kader, Assistant Professor, EEE, IIUC
 Block diagram representation of DT System (Cont.)
1/2

𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑥(𝑛 − 1)
𝑦 𝑛 =
2

26 Lecture materials on "DiscreteTime Signals and Systems" By- Mohammed abdul kader, Assistant Professor, EEE, IIUC
 Block diagram representation of DT System (Cont.)
Problem: Find the output of the following system, if 𝜶 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓 and input
𝒙 𝒏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝜹(𝒏)

𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝛼𝑦(𝑛 − 1)

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Lecture materials on "DiscreteTime Signals and Systems" By- Mohammed abdul kader, Assistant Professor, EEE, IIUC
 Block diagram representation of DT System (Cont.)
Problem: Find the output of the following system, if 𝜶 = 𝟏 and input 𝒙 𝒏 =
𝜹(𝒏). Assume initially all input, output and memory blocks are 0.

𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝛼𝑦(𝑛 − 3)

What happens if 𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟗? ?
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Lecture materials on "DiscreteTime Signals and Systems" By- Mohammed abdul kader, Assistant Professor, EEE, IIUC
 Classification of DT Systems
Static Vs dynamic System

 A discrete-time system is called static or memoryless if its output at any instant n depends at most
on the input samples at the same time, but not on past or future samples of the input. In other cases,
the system is said to be dynamic or to have memory.
 If the output of a system at time n is completely determined by the input samples in the interval
from n-N to n (𝑁 ≥ 0), the system is said to have memory of duration N.
 If N=0, the system is static. If 0<N<∞, the system is said to have finite memory, whereas if N= ∞,
the system is said to have infinite memory.
Example of Dynamic Memory
Example of Static Memory
Finite Memory

Finite Memory

Infinite Memory

29 Lecture materials on "DiscreteTime Signals and Systems" By- Mohammed abdul kader, Assistant Professor, EEE, IIUC
 Classification of DT Systems (Cont.)
Time variant Vs time invariant System
A system is called time-invariant if its input-output characteristics do not change with time. In other
words, a relaxed system 𝜏 is time invariant or shift invariant if and only if

implies that

for every input signal x(n) and every time shift k. Otherwise the system is said to be time variant.
Identifying a system as Time variant or time invariant

Step-1: Excite the system with an arbitrary input sequence x(n), which produces an output denoted as
y(n).
Step-2: Delay the input sequence by some amount k and recompute the output which is written as

Step-3: Delay output y(n) obtained in step-1 by some amount k to find y(n-k).
Now if y(n,k)=y(n-k), for all possible values of k, the system is time invariant.
But if the output 𝑦(𝑛, 𝑘) ≠ 𝑦(𝑛 − 𝑘), even for one value of k, the system is time variant.

30 Lecture materials on "DiscreteTime Signals and Systems" By- Mohammed abdul kader, Assistant Professor, EEE, IIUC
 Classification of DT Systems (Cont.)
Time variant Vs time invariant System: Determine if the following systems are time
invariant or time variant. (Example 2.2.4, Proakis)

The input-output equation for this system is

The system is described by

The response of this system to x(n-k) is

Input delayed by k unit and applied to the
system results
If y(n) delayed by k unit, we get
If y(n) delayed by k unit, we get

System follows that y(n,k)=y(n-k). The system is time variant, since

Therefore, the system is time invariant. 𝑦(𝑛, 𝑘) ≠ 𝑦(𝑛 − 𝑘),

31 Lecture materials on "DiscreteTime Signals and Systems" By- Mohammed abdul kader, Assistant Professor, EEE, IIUC
 Classification of DT Systems (Cont.)
Linear Vs nonlinear System
A linear system is one that satisfies the superposition principle. Mathematically, a system is liner if and
only if

For any arbitrary sequences 𝑥1 (𝑛) and 𝑥2 (𝑛), and any arbitrary constant 𝑎1 and 𝑎2

The system 𝝉 is linear if

and only if 𝒚 𝒏 = 𝒚′ (𝒏)

See example 2.2.5 (Proakis)

32 Lecture materials on "DiscreteTime Signals and Systems" By- Mohammed abdul kader, Assistant Professor, EEE, IIUC
 Classification of DT Systems (Cont.)
Causal Vs Noncausal System
A system is said to be causal if the output of the system at any time n [i.e., y(n)] depends only on
present and past inputs [i.e., x(n), x(n-1), x(n-2), ….] but does not depend on future inputs [i.e.,
x(n+1), x(n+2), ….]
Mathematically,

If a system does not satisfy this definition, it is called noncausal. Such a system has an output that
depends not only on present and past inputs but also in future inputs.

Note:
It is apparent that in real-time signal processing applications we cannot observe future values of the
signal, and hence a noncausal system is physically unrealizable (i.e., it can not be implemented). On the
other hand if the system is recored so that the processing is done by off-line (nonreal time), it is
possible to implement a non causal system.

33 Lecture materials on "DiscreteTime Signals and Systems" By- Mohammed abdul kader, Assistant Professor, EEE, IIUC
 Classification of DT Systems (Cont.)
Stable Vs unstable System
An arbitrary relaxed system is said to be bounded input-bounded output (BIBO) stable if and only if
every bounded input produces a bounded output at each and every instant.
The condition that the input sequence x(n)and the output sequence y(n) are bounded is translated
mathematically to mean that there exist some finite numbers, say 𝑀𝑥 and 𝑀𝑦 , such that

for all n.

If, for some bounded input sequence x(n), the output is unbounded (infinite), the system is classified
as unstable.

34 Lecture materials on "DiscreteTime Signals and Systems" By- Mohammed abdul kader, Assistant Professor, EEE, IIUC
 Classification of DT Systems (Cont.)
Stable Vs unstable System (Cont.)
Example: Check whether the following system is stable or unstable.
𝒙(𝒏)
(i) 𝒚 𝒏 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒏 (ii) 𝒚 𝒏 = 𝒏 𝒙(𝒏) (iii) 𝒚(𝒏) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏 𝒙(𝒏) (iv) 𝒚 𝒏 = sin(𝒏)

(i) 𝒚 𝒏 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒏
For any bounded input x(n)= 𝐵𝑥 < ∞,
𝑦(𝑛) = (𝐵𝑥 )2 < ∞
At each and every instant (for any value of n), the output is bounded.
Therefore, the system is BIBO stable.
(ii) 𝒚 𝒏 = 𝒏 𝒙(𝒏)
For any bounded input x(n)= 𝐵𝑥 < ∞,
𝑦(𝑛) = 𝑛(𝐵𝑥 )2
When 𝑛 = ∞, 𝑦 𝑛 = ∞
At each and every instant (for any value of n), the output is not bounded.
Therefore, the system is BIBO unstable.
(iii) Stable
Hints: 𝑦 𝑛 = cos(𝑛)𝐵𝑥 , −1 < cos 𝑛 < 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑛
(iv) Unstable
Hints: 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝐵𝑥 /sin(𝑛) , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 sin 𝑛 = 0, 𝑦 𝑛 = ∞
35 Lecture materials on "DiscreteTime Signals and Systems" By- Mohammed abdul kader, Assistant Professor, EEE, IIUC
 Classification of DT Systems (Cont.)
Stable Vs unstable System (Cont.)

36 Lecture materials on "DiscreteTime Signals and Systems" By- Mohammed abdul kader, Assistant Professor, EEE, IIUC