Advance Construction

Materials
Lecture notes by

Dr. B. Kondraivendhan
Assistant Professor
Applied Mechanics Department
S.V. National Institute of Technology
Surat-395007, Gujarat, India
 What is Materials Science?
Materials science is an interdisciplinary field involving the properties of matter and its
applications to various areas of science and engineering. It includes elements of
applied physics and chemistry, as well as chemical, mechanical, civil and electrical
engineering.
 Cont…..
• Materials are probably more deep-seated in our culture
than most of us realize.

• Transportation, housing, clothing, communication,

recreation, and food production

• virtually every segment of our everyday lives is influenced

to one degree or another by materials.

• In fact, early civilizations have been designated by the level

of their materials development (Stone Age, Bronze Age,
Iron Age)
 Cont…..
• The earliest humans had access to only a very limited
number of materials, those that occur naturally: stone,
wood, clay, skins, and so on.

• The knowledge, acquired over approximately the past 100

years, has empowered them to fashion, to a large degree,
the characteristics of materials.

• Tens of thousands of different materials have evolved with

rather specialized characteristics that meet the needs of
our modern and complex society

• These include metals, plastics, glasses, and fibers.

• Ancient artifacts found by archaeologists have
been dated and analyzed to reveal the
increasing sophistication of their
manufacturing methods.
MATERIAL SCIENCE APPROACH TO
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

B. Kondraivendhan
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, SVNIT Surat
 Construction Materials
• Use of construction material dates
back to pre
pre--historic times

ROMAN AQUEDUCTS

B. Kondraivendhan
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, SVNIT Surat
Examples in India (QM &GWI)
 Science
scientia,, meaning "knowledge"[1]) is a systematic
Science (from Latin scientia
enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable
explanations and predictions about the universe

Galileo Galilie (1564-1642)

Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
The Quantum Indians : Raman; Bose and Saha
[Link]
Structural Construction Materials
• Lime & Masonry
• Concrete
• Steel
• Polymers & Composites
• Nano materails
 HISTORY OF LIME
USE OF LIME DATES BACK TO 7000 B.C IN
YIFTAH EL IN GALILEE IN ISRAEL (BENTUR
2000 J. Of Mat
Mat.. ASCE )
Lime was used as a cementing
material prior to modern cement,
currently is used for repair of
historical monument to match the
properties of original material
 LIME
TWO TYPES (A) HYDRAULIC & (B) NON
NON--
HYDRAULIC NON--HYDRAULIC
NON LIME
SETS WHEN EXCESS WATER
EVAPORATES AND CH REACTS WITH
CO2 TO FORM CACO3
HYDRAULIC LIME CONTAINS ACTIVE
CLAY AND REACTION OF CLAY AND
LIME LEADS TO CEMENTING PROPERTY
(OBTAINED BY BURNING ARTIFICIAL
MIXTURE OF CLAY WITH HIGHGRADE
LIME STONE).
 LIME & SILICA
First use of lime as a construction materials
Date back to pre-
pre-historic time as reported.
Lime and volcanic ash was used in Roman
Times .
In medieval India Lime and Surkhi
Calcinations of lime together with silica
Was next step
 CEMENT
Most commonly used cement is till recent time
called Portland Cement patented in 1824 in
England, (3 Stages, calcination
calcination,, burn with clay
and recalcination
recalcination)) when mixed with water,
hardens, hence hydraulic cement .
Basic raw materials used in the manufacture
of cement are calcium carbonate found in lime
Stone or chalk,
chalk, and silica, alumina and iron
oxide found in clay or shale.
shale.
 Supplementary Cementitious
materials (1970-
Pozzolana: Reacts with lime to produce
Pozzolana:
C-S-H gel
Fly ash: Product from Thermal Power plant
collected at ESP
GGBFS: Slag Removed from Blast furnace
ground and granulated
Silicafume:: By product from Silicon & ferro
Silicafume ferro--
silicon industry
Rice Husk ash ETC.
 CONCRETE INGREDIENTS
Ordinarily concrete is
made by mixing Cement
cement with water
together with natural
Sand/
sand or stone dusts Fine Aggregate
and natural stones
which may be
Stone /
uncrushed or crushed. Coarse Agg.
 COMPONENTS OF CONCRETE
– Modern concrete invariably have additional
ingredients other than the four components
mentioned earlier.
 Chemical Admixture: accelerators,
set retarders, water reducers etc.
 Mineral Admixture: Fly ash, silicafume,
rice husk ash and other pozzolana.

– Minimum six components .

 Metal: introduction
On the periodic table, a diagonal line
drawn from boron (B) to polonium (Po)
separates the metals from the nonmetals.
Most elements on this line are metalloids,
sometimes called semi-metals; elements
to the lower left are metals; elements to
the upper right are nonmetals..
They tend to be lustrous, ductile,
malleable, and good conductors of
electricity, while nonmetals are generally
brittle (if solid), lack luster, and are
insulators.
 Alloys
 An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements in
solid solution in which the major component is a
metal.
 The Metal alloys can be engineered to make them
less brittle, harder, resistant to corrosion, or have a
more desirable color and luster.
 Examples of alloys are steel (iron and carbon),
brass (copper and zinc), bronze (copper and tin),
and duralumin (aluminium and copper). Alloys
specially designed for highly demanding
applications, such as jet engines, may contain more
than ten elements.
 Metallic structures
Outer electrons that metal cam lose forms
an electron cloud & the elctron cloud is free
to move through the 3-D array of +vely
charged atoms under a small potential
gredient.
The elctron cloud also bonds all the +ve
charges in to 3-D array.
 The metals atoms are considered as hard
non deformable spheres packed togeteher to
have a sphere in contact with adjacent
spheres & forms an aggreagte of crystals or
grains called space lattice.
 Metallic Structure
 Unit cells repeated large number of
times in any direction generates space
lattice..
lattice
 One can link the microstructure to
properties and performances
 Metallic Structure
 Cooling results in crystalline solid
phase comprising of close packed
grains of differing orientation, with
discontinuity between adjacent grains at
boundary..
boundary

 Metal is
poly
crystalline.
 Strengthening metals
 Strength of metals depends both on
micro & macro structures also on
composition..
composition
 Effect of grain size
size..
Alloying
Intermediate second phase production
Strain hardening
Heat treatment
Effect of grain size
1

 y   0  kd 2
Fe-C system
Iron is mostly
used as
Ferrous alloys Each of
various
element added
has different
effect on
strength of
Ferrous alloys
 Fire resistance
 Mo, Nb
Nb,, Cr and strict control of heat treatment
improves yield strength at elevated
temperature..
temperature
 Modern steels
 Low fy to fu ratio
ratio:: the amount of strain
hardening reserve during seismic
deformation
This limits the extent of yielding & thus a
upper limit for fy to fu ratio is set .

 Ductility up to Ultimate strength

strength..
 Cold formed box section
section;; roll formed & press
formed;; strain hardened
formed
Ductile steel
 Corrosion resistance
 3% Ni weathering steel.
 POLYMERS & COMPOSITES
A polymer is a material composed of
macromolecules with a structure
characterized by large repetitions of groups
of atoms
atoms.

The groups of atoms are called structural

units, repeat units, monomeric units or
constitutional units
units..
These macromolecules have very large
molecular weight.
weight
Macro molecular structure

Liner molecules are made up individual

chains, cohesion is due to bond in chain &
secondary bonds
Cross linked molecules have 3-D structure &
cohesion is due to covalent bonds
Macro molecular structure

Constitutional units are identical

Thermoplastics
Linear structured
ones can be
softens with heat ;
thus are yield
thermoplastics
Thermo-sets
Cross linked
molecules have
3-D structure &
cannot be
softened with
heat; are called
thermo-sets,
etc.
 Elastomers
Elastomers are the polymers which are
elastic i.e. exhibits elastic recovery under
low strains (rubber).
Unsaturated compound with large number
of free double bond after formation of linear
macromolecule can be bridged by limited
polymerization or with some reaction.
 The reaction is known as vulcanization &
the material behaves as rubber
 Elastomers
Latex is an ultra-fine emulsion, after
coagulation the material behaves like
rubber.
Synthetic rubber behaves like rubber at
ordinary temperature but on heating
agglomerate loosens & behaves like
thermoplastics .
 These are thermoplastic elastomers
 Composite sandwich panel

 Advantage: material design for a given

performance by microstructure modification.
 Material Science approach to concrete
Material design for a given performance by
microstructure modification.
We can look in to concrete or cement based
composites at different scale levels.
It is possible to design concrete system for
required performance by improving the
microstructure.
Microstructure & its relation to properties are
discussed.
 Concrete: Multi Scale concepts
Concrete/CBM
Cement-sand
Macro Mortar
homogeneous. Aggregate
Characteristic
Dimension>3m.s.a

heterogeneous.
At cm levels
 Paste aggregate Interface

 The phases present in concrete are paste,

aggregate and Interfacial Transition zone (ITZ)
(30m thick).
Hydration: Physical changes

Inner Product
(C-S-H etc)

Outer Product
(C-S-H etc)

Un-hydrated
Cement

Ca (OH)2

Capillary
Pores
Hydration: Structural Changes
 Paste level
10µm

UH
Phase

H Pores
phase

A typical BSE Image Binary Image of Pore Phase

 BSE IMAGE ANALYSIS

BSE and Binary Images of hcp

in Concrete
(b)
(a)
10µm
(a) BSE Image
(b) Binary Image of
UH Phase
(c) Binary Image of
Pore Phase
(d) Polygon Image of
Pore Features
(c) (d)
SEM MICROGRAPH

CEMENT – SILICA FUME PASTE

 COMPOUND LEVEL

– CSH
– CH
– ETTRINGITE
– CAH
PROPERTIES AT COARSER LEVEL ARE GOVERNED
BY FEATURES AT FINER LEVEL
MACROLEVEL PROPERTIES ARE LARGELY GOVERNED
BY PORES

PROPERTIES OF PORE FREE SOLID IS GOVERNED BY,

COMPOSITE NATURE AT CHEMICAL LEVELS
 Gel Models
Schematic description of the cement gel (After Ishai )

Structure of C-S-H
Relationship between Volume and Pore radius
0.3

0.25
Intruded Volume cc/cc

 r d0.5
P2007
0.2

V
P2S07
0.15 P2SA7

0.1
P2SB7
P2SC7 r
d
0.5  rd
0.05

0
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Radius (micrometer)

Pore Size Distribution Curves

Complementary Saturation curve

 Pore size distribution curve model

r
0.25
d
V

Cumulative intruded volume cc/cc

0.5 0.2

r r
d d 0.15

0.5 0.1

0.05

r0.5 = median radius equals to rm 0

-10 -5 0 5 10 15

= porosity lnr (nanom eter)

V = volume fraction of pores at radius r

d = dispersion coefficient
Pore size distribution curve model
0.14

0.12

0.1
P1S028
-dv/dlnr

0.08
P1SA28
0.06
P1SB28
0.04
P1SC28
0.02

0
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
lnr
Differential Pore Size Distribution Curves
symmetrical about median radius
RELATIONSHIPS (PSD parameters
with mix factors)

Cement l

Water

r0.5 & d can be related to mix

factors through models, strength
Permeability, diffusivity etc can
be predicted from basics.
 Relationship by Atzeni et el
Strength of brittle material from atomic theory>> actual
Concept of fracture: surface energy reqd.>strain energy

i= n

 0 (1 -  ) V i ln r i
=K 2ET ln r m= i=1
rm t= i= n

 cl V
i=1
i

2 E 0 T 0 (1 -  ) (1 -  )
t= c = K1
 rm rm
STRENGTH OF PASTE, fAND r0.5
Cα(1-p)/sqrt(r0.5) (in-1/2)

Experimental compressive 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Experimental compressive
160 25000

20000
strength (MPa)

strength (psi)
120
15000
80
10000
40
5000

0 0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14
Cα(1-p)/sqrt(r0.5) (nm -1/2)

  KC
1 
Κ =1002.6
r0.5
 Nano indenting

Constant K is a function of E and surface

energy
It is possible determine distribution of E
along the surface of paste by nano
indentation
Can obtain information on E of CH, C-S-H
and un-hydrated C. Combine them
through a model to obtain effective E
 DETERIORATION DEFINED!
Physical or chemical changes leading to
impediment to proper functional performance
can be defined as deterioration.
deterioration.
Physical
Physical:: abrasive action of wind, rainfall
etc, besides unforeseen loads such as
seismic action

Most of the chemical action takes place in

solution phase and moisture ingress is
important
Deterioration of Concrete – Role of Water
•Concrete deteriorates with age during service

•Corrosion of steel rebar embedded in concrete…

concrete …

• Corrosion of steel is induced by carbonation &

chloride attack
• Carbonation propagates occurs only in the
presence of air and water
• Chloride transport occurs only through the
medium of water
Water plays an active role in the evolution of
degradation processes in concrete
Understanding & Modeling of moisture transport in concrete is thus
necessary

Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi

Hauz Khas, New Delhi – 110016, India
 Sources of moisture
• For exposed concrete the source is the
atmospheric humidity and rain
penetration.

• Marine condition may bring in chloride.

• Relatively dryer location would have

less sensitivity
 Climate of India
Climatic zones of India

MEAN MEAN
CLIMATIC MONTHLY MONTHLY
ZONE MAXIMUM RELATIVE
TEMPERATURE HUMIDITY
above
Hot-Dry below 55
30ºC
Warm- above 30ºC above 55
Humid above 25ºC above 75
between
Temperate below 75
25ºC -30ºC
below
Cold all values
25ºC

Composite - -

Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi

Hauz Khas, New Delhi – 110016, India
 Climate of India contd.

DURATION OF
PRECIPITATION PRECIPITATION
RAINY
ZONE INTENSITY
SEASON
less than less than
Dry Zone I
75 days 5mm/day
more than less than
Dry Zone II
75 days 5mm/day
Intermediate between between
Zone I 75-150 days 5-10 mm/day
Intermediate more than between
Zone I 150 days 5-10 mm/day
between exceeds
Wet Zone I
75-150 days 10 mm/day
more than exceeds
Wet Zone II
150 day 10 mm/day

Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi

Hauz Khas, New Delhi – 110016, India
 Climate of India contd.
Precipitation zones of India

DURATION OF
PRECIPITATION PRECIPITATION
RAINY
ZONE INTENSITY
SEASON
less than less than
Dry Zone I
75 days 5mm/day
more than less than
Dry Zone II
75 days 5mm/day
Intermediate between between
Zone I 75-150 days 5-10 mm/day
Intermediate more than between
Zone I 150 days 5-10 mm/day
between exceeds
Wet Zone I
75-150 days 10 mm/day
more than exceeds
Wet Zone II
150 day 10 mm/day

Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi

Hauz Khas, New Delhi – 110016, India
 Wetting – Drying in different Climatic Zones
431.8
Chennai (Warm & Humid)
247.9
156.2 138.3
97.7 117.9
41.1 52.6 67.8
5.7 5.4 8.8

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

New Delhi (Composite)

198.4 206.5

130.3

66.3
20.9 21 14.4 10.7 14.1 20.8 8.8
3.9

Jan
Bikaner Feb & Dry)
(Hot Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

91.1 82.6
33 40.8
5.7 7.8 6.3 11.9 15.9 10.1 1.9 3

Jan Department
Feb of Civil Engineering,
Mar Apr May Indian
Jun Institute
Jul of Technology
Aug Sep DelhiOct Nov Dec
Hauz Khas, New Delhi – 110016, India
Corrosion Map
Corrosion
map of
India.
 Mechanism of Wetting – Drying process
A wetting-drying cycle can be classified into 4 distinct
stages

Stage-1: Moisture ingress with unsaturated surface condition

Stage-2: Moisture ingress with saturated surface condition

Stage-3: Constant rate drying

Stage-4: Falling rate drying

Moisture ingress in Stage-1 & Stage-2 occur by Absorption

Moisture egress in Stage-3 & Stage-4 occur by Desorption

Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi

Hauz Khas, New Delhi – 110016, India
 The Mathematical Model – Governing Equation
Flow through unsaturated porous media is governed by extended Darcy’s la

 where,
  D ( )    D(θ) = diffusivity
t θ = moisture content
t = time

Which is a nonlinear parabolic partial differential equation of second

order in space and first order in time

Solution requires the specification of two boundary conditions & an

initial condition
The above equation resembles Fick’s second law of diffusion and
hence the moisture transport in concrete is also referred to as
moisture diffusion

Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi

Hauz Khas, New Delhi – 110016, India
 Diffusion properties
Experimental determination of steady state
permeability is difficult and time consuming
consuming..
 Model for moisture profile would need
hydraulic diffusivity
diffusivity.
θ   θ 
  Dθ  
t x  x 
D is Hydraulic diffusivity &  is relative
moisture content
The Mathematical Model – Diffusivity Functions
Wetting Diffusivity Drying Diffusivity

4.00E-07 4.5E-10

3.50E-07 4E-10

3.00E-07 3.5E-10

3E-10
2.50E-07
Diffusivity

Diffusivity
2.5E-10
2.00E-07
2E-10
1.50E-07
1.5E-10
1.00E-07
1E-10
5.00E-08 5E-11

0.00E+00 0
0 0.5 1 0 0.5 1
Reduced moisture Reduced moisture

Drying is a slower process compared to wetting

Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi

Hauz Khas, New Delhi – 110016, India
 PROPERTIES &MICROSTRUCTURE
Porosity, pore sizes, shape and
interconnectivity governs the ingress of fluids
through concrete
concrete..
 Porosity and pore properties are directly
related to w/c
w/c.

 In addition inter connectivity is also related

to curing (segmentation).
 THEORITICAL MODEL FOR
PERMEABILiTY
rj
dV
g  
2
r dr
dr
k ( ) 
rmin

12   (1  1 /  2 )
2

Where, f is a factor which takes into account of pore shape.

w is surface tension and  is the contact angle of water
Respectively, p is the porosity.
rm is the mean distribution pore size.
 is the density and  is the viscosity of water respectively.
 is the tortuosity.
r is the pore size.
v is the cumulative pore volume.
 is the aspect ratio.
 Permeability
jn
 w gP r0 . 5 d
m md m rj
2  md
  ln r  m 
k    
j 1 
12  w 2  1 
1 


 
r0 . 5  r j
d

d 2m


 c 
2
a
P is porosity, r0.5 is mean distribution
radius, ρw is density of water, g is the
acceleration due to gravity, µw is viscosity
of water,  is tortuosity and ac is the
aspect ratio, m=2.67 for OPC paste.
 THEORITICAL MODEL FOR
HYDRAULIC DIFFUSIVITY
f  w cos   p j rmj2
D () 
2 dv
3     r j ( ) j (1  1 /  2 )
2

dr
Where, f is a factor which takes into account of pore shape.
w is surface tension and  is the contact angle of water
Respectively, p is the porosity.
rm is the mean distribution pore size.
 is the density and  is the viscosity of water respectively.
 is the tortuosity.
r is the pore size.
v is the cumulative pore volume.
 is the aspect ratio.
 Diffusion properties (H2O)
m
  
jn
f1 w cos      Pr d
dr d
 d ln r 
D     0.5 j

j 1  dv 
3 w 2  
 w

1 
1 
 
 r d  r d 2
  0.5 j  



 dr   a c2 

where  is contact angle of water and w

is surface tension of water
 CEMENT BASED COMPOSITES
 Versatile strong -5MPa to 800 MPa
MPa..
Moldable – roller compacted concrete
to self compacting concrete.
 Robust, relatively durable
1 T cement=1 T CO2
 shall be Sustainable – recycled
aggregate..other cementitious rather
aggregate
than OPC alone (pozzolanic
pozzolanic,, ggbfs
ggbfs,, fly
ash)..
ash)
 TECHNO PROCESS

TAKE Manipulate Make USE

WASTE

Detrimental effects on
eco system
 Carbon issues
• Manufacture of OP CEMENT is only
next to fossil fuel burning
contributing to anthropogenic CO2
emissions (5-10
10%%)
• New binders for lower clinker
consumption
 Binders
Combinations of pozzolana, inert
performance enhancers .

PPC, PSC, Composite cements

Polymeric modifiers.

 Large varieties of possible binders

 Fiber reinforced Concrete
– Short randomly oriented discrete fiber
 improves crack arresting property
 pseudo ductility
 flexural strength
 low workability; depends on l/d ratio, better
bleed resistance
 high cement content; low m.s.a
 Fibers
 Carbon Nano–tube
Nano– as fiber
reinforcement can improve the tensile
strength and with electrical properties
can be used as a smart material
material..

• Resistivity/resistance change can be

monitored as feed back .
 Carbon Nanotube
 Carbon Nano–tube
Nano– as fiber
reinforcement has potential improve the
tensile strength and with electrical
properties can be used as a smart
material..
material

• Resistivity/resistance change can be

monitored as feed back .
CONCRETE COMPOSITES

A
Reinforcement

Matrix
Binder
THANK YOU FOR
HEARING
Advance Construction
Materials
Lecture notes by

Dr. B. Kondraivendhan
Assistant Professor
Applied Mechanics Department
S.V. National Institute of Technology
Surat-395007, Gujarat, India
 CODIFICATION AND STANDARDISATION
OF THE MATERIALS
• Due to the growth of industrial activity and diverse kind of
industrial requirements, a large no. of organizations have to store a
large number of items.

• Often running into several thousands and even lacs. Therefore,

there should be some means of identifying them.

• A common practice is to describe the items by individuals names.

• Since several departments use the same item, they call the same
item by different names and store them in different places
• One of the most useful techniques of “Materials
Management’’ is a rationalized codification system for
properly classifying equipments, raw materials, components
and spares to suit to the particular needs of any organization.

• It is necessary that items are brought together for the

purpose of standardization, variety reduction and the
application of other modern materials management
techniques such as value analysis, operational research etc. so
that the maximum return could be secured with the minimum
of inventory range and values. Standardization leads to
cheaper & easier procurement and cost of replacement can
also be reduced
• An article of stores is identified by its simple description or
nomenclature.

• Difficulty arises when the same article is known by different name.

• For example, chipping goggles, grinder goggles, or white goggles

are one item but may be stored separately under same
nomenclature as different items.

• One storekeeper might classify an item as Sal Ammoniac, whereas a

research chemist might identify it under the name of Ammonium
Chloride
• The need for Codification arises because of the following reasons:
• (i) Speed, (ii) Unambiguity, (iii) Saving of Effort, (iv) Space Saving on
forms, (v) Ease of classification, (vi) Mechanization.

Characteristics of Codes
As far as possible uniform dimension say, the metric system should be
adopted.
i) Code should be Simple.
ii) Code should be unique.
iii) Coding should be compact, concise and consistent.
iv) Code should be sufficiently flexible to meet future demands.
 Basic Requirements of a Code
i) Identify commodities
ii) Name commodities
iii) Specify commodities
iv) Classify commodities
v) Indicate inter-relationships between commodities
vi) Indicate the source of origin of commodities
vii) Refer specifically to an individual and unique commodity.
 Standardization
• Mass production techniques of industrial production are based on the principle of
uniformity and interchangeability of many parts, components and material used in the
production process. Standard products can be manufactured on a mass scale and their
production cost can be kept minimum.

• Standardisation leads to cheaper and easier procurement and cost of replacement can
also be reduced.

• In our country Indian Standards Institution (ISI) is the national body which deals with
standardization at national level.

• ISI in collaboration with NTH (National Test House) and with the help of their control
laboratories they issue the ISI certification mark.

• Some of the international standards are British Standard (BS), American Standards
Association (ASA) or the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM).
• However, all the industrially advanced countries in the world
have their own national standards.

• International Standards Organization (ISO) with its HQ at

Geneva, issues international specifications.

• India being a member of ISO adopt, Standard are meant for

economy, efficiency and convenience while there may be a
general acceptance as to be desirability of standardization,
there is no possibility of complete standardization.
• Standards are at the basis of all mass production. They make possible thousands of
different articles to be placed within the each of everybody.

• When one purchases a new spark plug for a Scooter or Car, he knows that it will
screw into the engine head all right. Why? Because spark plug threads are
standardized.

• Standards convey the sense that there are only certain specific sizes made and sold.

• Standards are carefully established specifications for products, materials.

• Standardization means producing maximum variety of products from minimum

variety of (i.e. standardized) materials, parts, tools and processes.

• Standardization is the way which leads to economical products.

BUILDING MATERIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
HOW DO WE FIND A BUILDING MATERIAL IS ECO FRIENDLY OR NOT?

Example:
Building material-wood

Eco friendly?
Non Eco friendly ?
BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

Case-1

Wood-eco friendly

Wood-Availability-90%

Case-2

Wood-Non eco friendly

Wood-Availability-20%
BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

• Annually THREE BILLION METRIC TONS of raw materials are consumed

to manufacture building materials and products.
• The building industry is the second largest consumer of raw materials, after
the food industry.
BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
WHAT ARE BUILDING MATERIALS

Building material is any material which is

used for construction purposes. Availability of building materials

• Naturally occurring substances

• many man-made products

The manufacture of building materials is an

established industry in many countries

Source:[Link]
[Link]/[Link]
BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

Deforestation, Desertification, and Soil Erosion

1990 2005
Change in Area Change in Area
Region Area Area
(1,000 Ha) (%)
(1,000 Ha) (1,000 Ha)

South America 890.818 831.540 -59,278 -6.65

Africa 699,361 635,412 -63,949 -9.14

Oceania 212,514 206,254 -6,260 2.95

Central America &

32,989 28,385 -4,604 -13.96
Caribbean

North America 677,801 677,464 -337 -0.05

Europe 989,320 1,001,394 +12,073 +1.22

Asia 574,487 571,577 -2,910 -0.51

World 4,077,291 3,952,025 -125,265 -3.07

BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

NATURALLY OCCURRING SUBSTANCES MANY MAN-MADE PRODUCTS

Brush Fired bricks
Ice and snow Cement composites
Mud and clay Concrete
Sand Fabric
Stone or rock Foam
Thatch Glass
Wood and timber Gypcrete
Minerals Metal
Etc………. Plastic
Papers and membranes
Ceramics
Etc………..

Costs of building materials

Economic costs
Ecological costs
Energy costs
Social costs
BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

• Buildings and associated uses are responsible for a large part of the environmental load
caused by humanity.
BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
General Problem
BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

Impact of Building Materials on Human Health

BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Example
HOW TO JUDGE IF THE LIFESPAN OF YOUR MATERIAL IS AND IMPORVEMET

CARBON FOOTPRINT
BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

• Buildings are large entities and, as such, they impact upon the environment in
various ways
• Present-day designs consume large quantities of physical resources
such as materials, energy and money in their
 construction,
 maintenance and
 use;
• Result -Loss of amenity and biodiversity -difficult to assess.

The life-cycle of a building material can be considered to have five stages:

- mining/extraction/harvesting
- manufacture
- construction
- use
- demolition
BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Australian system, BMAS (Building Material Assessment System), based on life-cycle
analysis, has been developed to compare the relative ecological impacts of various types of
wall, floor and roof assemblies

High numbers indicate greater environmental impact

lower numbers indicate lesser impact

• Relatively small quantities of materials that have high impact (eg, steel)
• large quantities of materials that have lower impact (eg terracotta tile)
BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

DRASTIC EFFECT -EXAMPLE

“Smog is a type of air pollution, resulting when industrial and fuel emissions
become trapped at ground level and are transformed after reacting with sunlight”

Beijing China air on a day after rain (left) and a sunny but smoggy day
(right) August 2005.
Photo taken by Bobak Ha'Eri
BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

OTHER EFFECTS
• Ecological Toxicity
• Ecological Degradation
• Global Climate Change
• Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
• Acidification-Acid rain
• Eutrophication
• Deforestation, Desertification,
• and Soil Erosion
• loss of bio-diversity,
• Habitat Alteration
• Water Resource Depletion
BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

Energy Consumption during the Production of BuildingMaterials

The primary energy

consumption (PEC) is the
energy needed to manufacture
the building product.”
BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Ecological approach
BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Ecological approach
BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Guidelines for Assessing and Choosing Materials

Methods for assessing and choosing materials are based on the following
guidelines:
1. Environmental factors
2. Local materials and transport needs (savings)
3. Needs of occupants of dwellings
4. Need for appropriate building design for marketing
5. Need for financial viability/affordability
[Link] to make best use of current technology, through the
Building Material Assessment System (see above)
BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

The assessment is covered by 14 different parameters:

• The damage to the environment during mining or

harvesting of the basic material.
• How much damage in relation to the quantity of materials
(what else is disturbed or damaged?).
• The source, size, or renewability of the basic material.
• The recycle content.
• Waste residue, solid or liquid, in production.
• The air pollution due to manufacture and production.
• The embodied energy
BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

• The energy consumed during transportation to site of

usage.
• The energy consumed on-site for erection or assembling.
• The on-site waste and packaging.
• The maintenance required during the life-cycle.
• The environmental impact during the life-cycle (ie, toxic
emissions).
• The energy and effects associated with demolition/disposal
at the end of the life-cycle.
• The recyclability of the demolished/dissembled material
Each parameter is assigned a weighting between 1 and 5, and all the weightings must total 42. This method allows users to
stipulate any personal priorities. The weightings can be altered according to the philosophies of the client.
[Link]
Source: Environmental Impacts of BuildingMaterials

- by Bill Lawson - School of Architecture, Uni of New South Wales, Sydney

BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

The Environmental Impact of Building Materials

After the U.S. Green Building Council launched LEED v4 promote transparency in materials'
• Environmental Product Declarations
• Health Product Declarations
• Product Transparency Declarations
• Material Health Certificates
• Declare
BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Example
Why we choose building material?
• Aesthetic advantages
• Economical structures
• Faster construction
• Ecological balance
• Green approach
Factors influencing the selection of green/sustainable
building materials
BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

SMART MATERIALS
• Self-detection,  Piezoelectric
• self-diagnostic CLASSIFICATION
 Electrostrictive
• Self-corrective,  Magnetostrictive
• self-controlled,  Shape memory alloy
• self-healing  Optical fibers
• Shock-absorbers,  Materials with added
• damage arrest. Functions

HI-TECH MATERIALS
• Transparent
• Lightweight
• Responsive
BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

ECO-FRIENDLY MATERIALS
• Minimum damage to the environment.
• Minimum energy for manufacturing.
• Recyclable and reusable.
• Locally available

INNOVATIVE MATERIALS
• Minimum damage to the environment.
• Minimum energy for manufacturing.
• Recyclable and reusable.
• Locally available
BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Example

ETFE-Ethylene Tetrafl Uoroethylene

• A fluorocarbon based polymer
• Act as air cushions
• stability and high insulation properties
• Transmit more light and Cost 24% to 70%
less than glass to install.
• useful life of at least 50yrs to 200years it
can be melted and reused...
Aesthetic advantage kaleidoscopes effect that change
• You can print graphics and react to sunlight.
Beijing Olympic stadium
BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Example
BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Example
BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Example

Eden project biomes, Cornwall, uk.

BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Example
BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Example
Lucem Translucent concrete: LED concrete
• Translucent concrete (light emitting
concrete)
• Embedded light optical elements-usually
optical fibres spread throughout the
aggregate and cement mix
• Used for Facade material flooring, ceiling,
wall mounting and also for cladding of
interior walls.
BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Example

Glass fibre reinforced concrete: GRC

• Glass fibre reinforced concrete or GRC is a
composite material comprising a mixture of
hydraulic cement, silica sand, alkali resistant
glass fibres and water.
• Application
 [Link] cladding
 [Link] moulding
 [Link] components
 [Link] products
 [Link] parks
• corrosion free
• moulded into any complex shape,profiles
• very light structures
• economic savings
• Durable, seismic capable, chemical resistant
,non combustible and good sound and heat
insulator.
BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

GRC panels
BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Example
Nano Materials:
• When combined with ultra-high-strength concrete, nano materials such as Carbon
Nanotubes(CNT’s) create a material so strong in both tension and compression that
steel reber is no longer needed in construction.
Tje Shimizu TRY 2004 Mega-city pyramid concept Tokyo was so large that it
could be only completed with kelp of carbon nanotubes
BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Example
Self healing concrete
• self healing concrete was developed by
Netherland,Which says by infusing bacterial
spores in concrete help in patching up cracks
when water seeps through
• Can avoid cracking, caused by water and
chemicals.
La Tourette
BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Example

Germ repellent
• A team from Harvard produced
“slippery liquid porous surface”(SLIP),
that would let bacteria slip off.

Sweating rooftops
• New material from ZTH-Zurich that aims the
rooftop material to absorb water when it rains
and only releases it when the heat is raised to a
certain temperature
• resulting evaporation will in turn keep the
house cool-much like the process of human
sweat.
BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Example

Hi-tech materials
• Need for new
material
 Transparent
 Lightweight
 Responsive
BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Example
BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Example
BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Example

Light weight material

BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Example
BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Example
BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Example
BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Example

Sensi tile

• If you walk across your kitchen

floor to get something from the
refrigerator, the floor twinkles
with lighted path that guides your
way through the dark room.

• The concrete of the tiles is

embedded with acrylic fiber-optic
channels that transfer light from
one point to another.

• As shadows move across

Terrazzo's surface, the light
channels flicker with a
randomized.
BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Example
RICHLITE
• It is a dense material made from partially
recycled paper and phenolic resin.
• 70 percent of the material is made with
recycled paper.
• It has a very high strength and has resistance
to High temperature up to 350 F .
BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Example
Radiant Barriers
• Can be applied anywhere in attic space of
house
• Keeps heat out in summer, warmth in
during winter
• Usually made of aluminum
BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Example
ELECTRIFIED WOOD:
• This European-designed material incorporates
a source of electricity directly into tables and
chairs.
• If Two metal layers are pressed between the
wood of the furniture, making it possible to
pass an electrical current through the whole
thing.
• The 12-volt power is fed to the metal layers
via one connector, and lamps, and other
devices can be connected via the other.
BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Example

Carbon Fiber
• Carbon fiber is made up of carbon strands
that are thinner than human hair. The
strands can be woven together, like cloth,
and then that can be molded to any shape
you might want.
• Carbon fiber is an extremely strong,
lightweight material.
• It's five times as strong as steel, two times as
stiff, yet weighs about two-thirds less.
BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Example

SELF REPARING CEMENT

• A new self-healing cement is currently being
developed which has the ability to repair its
own cracks.
• This cement is mixed with microcapsules that
release a glue-like epoxy resin that will
automatically repair any cracks that form in
the sidewalk or roadway.
• In addition this cement will have the ability
to regulate heat.
BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Example

LIQUID GRANITE
• The material is a lightweight and has the same
load bearing capacity of cement, but is made of
recycled materials.
• Liquid Granite is not only fire-resistant beyond
1,100 degrees Celsius , It can also withstand high
temperatures for longer periods .
• It has Moisture resisting properties.
BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Example
BENDABLE CONCRETE

• A new type of fiber-reinforced bendable concrete

• This new concrete is around 500 times more resistant to cracking than regular.
• The fibers slide within the concrete when bending occurs, providing it with
enough give to prevent breakage.
BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
The matrix of environmental Impacts of materials life cycle
Material Life Cycle
Environmental Impact
Mining Manufacture Constructing Use Demolition

Air Pollution √ √ √ √ √
Human
Health

Smog √ √ √ √
Ecological Toxicity √ √ √ √ √
Global Climate Change √ √ √
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion √
Eco-degradation

Acidification √ √ √
Eutrophication √ √ √ √
Deforestation, Desertification, and Soil Erosion √ √ √ √ √
Habitat Alteration √ √
Loss of Biodiversity √ √ √
Water Resource Depletion √ √
Energy Consumption during the Productionof
Consumption

√ √
Building Materials
Energy

Energy Consumption during Building, Use, and

√ √ √
Demolition
Fossil-fuel Depletion √ √ √ √ √

FACULTY :[Link]-COTM-988906882 57
BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

Our role lies in management

BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

• These new emerging building materials should be replaced with the old
ones to improve and helps in Recycling of the materials and save energy
and make countries pollution free.
• If These materials are used in construction we can
 save time
 money
 energy .
• So more new innovative materials should be created and make
construction of the building simpler with more strength.
• Provide resource savings
• Provide energy savings
• Reduce wastes (be reusable and easily recyclable).
• Not be harmful for human health
• Provide comfortable and suitable conditions for human health within the
covered areas.
Thank you all…
The Role of
Environmental Impact in
Building Material’s Selectio
Titles Content
1. Introduction
2. Impact of Building Materials on Human Health
3. Impact of Building Materials on Ecological Degradation
4. Building Materials Impacts on Energy Consumption
5. Results and Discussion
6. Conclusions
 [Link]
Annually three billion
metric tons of raw
materials are consumed
to manufacture building
materials and products.
The building industry is
the second largest
consumer of raw
materials, after the food
industry.
Activities caused air pollution
• Production of electricity
• Operation of equipment used in manufacture,
transport, construction, and maintenance
• Manufacturing processes, mining and crushing of
materials
Air pollutants can cause
• cancer
• reproductive effects
• birth defects
• damage to the immune system
• damage to the developmental
• damage to the respiratory
• neurological problems in humans and other species
 2.2. Smog
“Smog is a type of air pollution, resulting when industrial
and fuel emissions become trapped at ground level and
are transformed after reacting with sunlight”

Beijing China air on a day after rain (left) and a sunny

but smoggy day (right) August 2005.
Photo taken by Bobak Ha'Eri
Activities caused smog
• Transport of materials,
• equipments used on the
construction site,
• equipments used on
maintenance
Smog can cause
Like air pollutants and
acidification compounds, smog
can have negative effects on the
health of people and other biotic
communities
 2.3. Ecological Toxicity
Toxic materials can be released into ecosystems
• As by-products of manufacturing processes
• fossil-fuel combustion
• from the direct environmental application of toxic
pesticides.
What materials pose toxic risks to people?
• asphalt sealants
• CCA-treated lumber
• substances resulting from the manufacturing process
• substances resulting from the using process
• disposing of plastics, metals, metal finishes, solvents,
and adhesives.
3. Impact of Building Materials on
Ecological Degradation
The following are the ecological degradation resulting
from the two ways of the interaction;
• As the source materials resources and
• As a sink for emissions As by-products of
manufacturing processes .
3.1 Global Climate Change

Global warming occurs

when the earth is
reradiated as heat and
is absorbed and
trapped by greenhouse
effect reduces heat loss
to space, resulting in
warmer temperatures
on earth.
Three-quarter of
anthropogenic
greenhouse-gas
emission are
generated from
fossil-fuel
combustion to
power vehicle and
power generating
plants, and as raw
material for
production of
synthetic polymers
3.2 Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Human caused emissions of Ozone-depleting
substances, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs; used as a
propellant in manufacturing and refrigerant) and
Halons (used in fire suppression systems), can cause a
thinning of the Ozone layer, resulting in more
shortwave radiation on Earth.
This has a number of potentially negative consequences,
such as impacts on plants and agriculture, and
increases in cancer and cataracts in people
3.3 Acidification
Acidification occurs in surface waters and soils as acidifying
gases, primarily sulphur and nitrogen compounds, ether
dissolve in water or adhere to solid particles.
Acid rain also
accelerates weathering
of building materials
such as granite,
limestone, concrete,
and metals. It may
even cause some
stainless steel to stain.
This can cause
premature removal and
replace of some building
materials
3.4 Eutrophication
“Eutrophication is the
addition of
nutrients, such as
nitrogen and
phosphorus, in soil
or water resulting
in over-stimulation
of plant growth.”
3.5 Deforestation, Desertification, and
Soil Erosion
1990 2005 Change in
Change in
Region Area Area Area
Table shows the (1,000 Ha) (1,000 Ha) (1,000 Ha)
Area (%)

change of the South America 890.818 831.540 -59,278 -6.65

area of forest
over the world. Africa 699,361 635,412 -63,949 -9.14

Only 36% of the Oceania 212,514 206,254 -6,260 2.95

world’s primary Central America &
32,989 28,385 -4,604 -13.96
forests remain Caribbean

as of 2005 North America 677,801 677,464 -337 -0.05

Europe 989,320 1,001,394 +12,073 +1.22

Asia 574,487 571,577 -2,910 -0.51

World 4,077,291 3,952,025 -125,265 -3.07

Deforestation, the large-scale removal of forests,
contributes to negative environmental impacts such as

•loss of bio-diversity,

• global warming,

•soil erosion,

• and desertification..
 Deforestation occurs when forested land is cleared for

• agriculture,
• mining,
• new construction of
buildings, or roads,
• when trees are harvested for
fuel
• Lumber For building
materials
3.6 Habitat Alteration
Habitat alteration is the primary impact resulting from
mining and harvesting of materials for the
manufacture of building materials.
Habitat alteration also can occur as a result of air,
water, and land releases from industrial processes
that change environmental conditions
3.7 Loss of Biodiversity
Global climate change, the destruction of forests and
habitats, and air, water, and soil pollution have all
contributed to the loss of biodiversity over the past
few centuries.
Biodiversity controls the spread of diseases, provides
food and drugs for humans, and provides resources
for industrial materials such as fibre, dyes, resins,
gums, adhesives, rubber, and oils
3.8 Water Resource Depletion
Product manufacturing activities use water, and
effluent wastes that are released into water bodies
reduce water resources through pollution.
In addition, the use of impervious surfaces (such as
concrete and asphalt) seriously reduces groundwater
recharge
4. Building Materials Impacts on Energy
Consumption
The other environmental problems of building material
are the degree to which the material consumed
energy.
The industrial sector is the largest end user of energy,
greater ever than the transportation sector or
building operation
 4.1 Energy Consumption during the
Production of Building Materials

The primary energy

nsumption (PEC) is the
nergy needed to
anufacture the building
roduct.”
The table show Energy consumption of selected manufacturing sector
Manufacturing Sector Total energy
consumption
(Trillion Btu)
Chemical manufacturing; include solvents, cleaners, 3,769
adhesives, paints stains, dyes, and many other
compounds used in site construction products.
Petroleum refining; includes transportation fuel and 3,086
polymer production.
Iron and steel 1,455

Cement; includes Portland, natural, masonry, 409

pozzolanic, and other hydraulic cements
Fabricated metal products; includes industries that 387
transform metals into intermediate or end products.
Wood products; includes lumber processing and 375
engineered wood products
Alumina and aluminium 351

Metal casting 157

4.2 Energy Consumption during Building, Use, and
Demolition
Building materials consume more energy within the
following aspects:
• Energy consumption for the transport of
manufactured products.
• Energy consumption on the building site.
• Energy consumption during maintenance
• Energy consumption of dismantling or removal of
materials during demolition
4. 3 Fossil-fuel Depletion
Fossil-fuels are used throughout a material’s life cycle
to power vehicles used in
• extraction
• transportation
• construction
• maintenance
4. 3 Fossil-fuel Depletion
Fossil-fuels are used
throughout a material’s life
cycle to power vehicles used in
• extraction
• transportation
• construction
• maintenance
[Link]
In order to select green building materials, the designer needs to
look at the entire life cycle of building material, then answer:
• How is the product mining or harvested, manufactured, and
transported?
• Is it produced at the factory in another country?
• Does that factory release pollution into the environment?
•What is the product made of?
•Does it contain recycled content or renewable materials?
• How much water consumption does it take to create the
product?
• And, overall, is the material biodegradable or recyclable when
use it in the building?
Conclusions created that in order to reduce the environmental
impacts, the selected building materials should:
• Provide resource savings
• Provide energy savings
• Reduce wastes (be reusable
and easily recyclable).
• Not be harmful for human
health
• Provide comfortable and
suitable conditions for
human health within the
covered areas.
Thank you