INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY: APPLIED

BUSINESS AND EDUCATION RESEARCH

2024, Vol. 5, No. 7, 2450 – 2458
http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.05.07.07

Research Article

Level of Effectiveness and Seriousness on The Problems Encountered in the

Implementation of Crime Prevention Strategies of The Philippine National
Police in Olongapo City, Philippines
Generico M Binan*, Alrien Francisco Dausan, Jessie Sabellano Echaure

Philippines

Article history: ABSTRACT

Submission 14 May 2024
Revised 07 July 2024 Every country is impacted by criminality on an economic, social, and po-
Accepted 23 July 2024 litical level. The national news in the Philippines typically reports on
crimes against persons and property because of the prevailing belief that
*Corresponding author: the country's economic standing is insufficient to support an individual's
E-mail: level of living. The Philippine National Police (PNP) in Olongapo City has
[email protected] not yet succeeded in implementing crime prevention and control, despite
their best efforts to prevent crime. The Philippines uses foreign ap-
proaches to crime prevention that don't align with the nation's current
criminality issues. The PNP organization is facing difficulty in crime pre-
vention due to its inability to demonstrate its efficacy and efficiency in
the performance of its duty. The primary aspect that leads to the preven-
tion of crime is following the path of morality, virtue, and ethics by all the
individuals. These morals and values would enable a person to focus on
the achievement of his life and career goals and abstain from conducting
any kind of criminal and violent acts.

Keywords: Effectiveness, The Implementation of Crime Prevention

Strategies, The Philippine National Police in Olongapo City,
Philippines

Introduction 1. What is the status of crime profiles of the

Statement of the Problem Olongapo City Police Office (OCPO) as to:
The study aimed to determine the level of 1.1. Crime Index Profile from FY 2016-
effectiveness and level of seriousness in the 2019, and
problems encountered in the implementation 1.2. Percentage of Increase/Decrease of
of crime prevention strategies of the Philippine Crime Index from FY 2016-2019?
National Police in the Olongapo City, Philip- 2. How is the level of effectiveness in the
pines during SY 2019-2020. Specifically, it crime prevention strategies implemented
sought to answer the following questions:
How to cite:
Binan, G. M., Dausan, A. F., & Echaure, J. S. (2024). Level of Effectiveness and Seriousness on The Problems Encountered
in the Implementation of Crime Prevention Strategies of The Philippine National Police in Olongapo City, Philippines.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research. 5(7), 2450 – 2458. doi:
10.11594/ijmaber.05.07.07
 Binan et al., 2024 / Level of Effectiveness and Seriousness on The Problems Encountered

in OCPO be described according to the fol- the Philippine National Police (PNP) in Olon-
lowing aspects/dimensions: gapo City, Philippines. Philippine National Po-
2.1. Mobility lice respondents included Police Commis-
2.2. Communication sioned Officers (PCOs) and Police Non-Com-
2.3. Manpower, and missioned Officers (PNCOs) assigned to OCPO,
2.4. Community Support? particularly in Police Station 1,2,3,4,5,6,
3. How is the level of seriousness in the prob- personnel of City Mobile Force Company, and
lems encountered by the personnel of OCPO Headquarters. Further, barangay offi-
OCPO in the implementation of crime pre- cials from all the barangays of Olongapo City
vention strategies in OCPO be described as were used as respondents of this study. The
to the following dimensions: study dealt with the assessment of crime pre-
3.1. Mobility; vention strategies of OCPO in terms of mobility,
3.2. Communication, communication, manpower, and community
3.3. Manpower, and support; and the problems encountered in im-
3.4. Community Support? plementing the same.
4. Is there a significant difference in the as- The personnel of National Support Units
sessment of the respondents on the dimen- and Non-Uniformed Personnel (NUP) were not
sions towards the level of effectiveness of part of this study. Barangay official included the
implementation of the crime prevention barangay chairmen, barangay councilors/kaga-
strategies as cited in problem number 2? wad, barangay secretaries, barangay treasur-
5. Is there a significant difference of the as- ers, members of the Sanguniang Kabataan, and
sessment of respondents on the dimen- barangay police/tanod. Other aspects and vari-
sions towards the level of seriousness in ables not related to the goals of this research
the problem encountered in the implemen- were deemed part of the limitations.
tation of the crime prevention strategies as
cited in problem number 3? Methodology
6. Is there a significant difference in the crime The study employed a descriptive research
index profile? methodology, using a researcher-made ques-
7. Is there a significant difference in the crime tionnaire as the primary instrument to collect
index profile by year? data from two hundred seventy-nine (279) re-
8. Is there a significant relationship in the as- spondents who were randomly selected com-
sessment between the crime index profile ing from the the provinces of Aurora, Bulacan,
and year? Zambales, Bataan, Tarlac, Pampanga and Nueva
Ecija. Research specialists validated the tool,
Scope and Limitation of the Study and Cronbach's Alpha was used to calculate its
The study was limited in determining the reliability.
assessment of crime prevention strategies of

Results and Discussions

Table 1. Frequency and Percentage Distribution in Crime Index from 2016-2018
Crime Profile 2016 % 2017 % 2018 % 2019 %
Crime Against Person 92 6.20 93 7.90 68 7.98 59 6.70
Crime Against Property 355 23.94 247 20.99 190 22.30 163 18.52
Non-Index Crimes 160 10.79 149 12.66 107 12.56 95 18.52
Traffic Incidents 274 18.48 134 11.38 108 12.68 80 10.80
Special Laws 602 40.59 554 47.07 379 44.48 483 9.09
Total/Percentage 1483 100 1177 100 852 100 880 100

In summary, a total of 1483 crimes were with the highest frequency and percentage re-
registered in 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2019. The lated to child abuse, anti-gambling, cybercrime,
crimes in violation of special law were noted sexual harassment, motorcycle helmet act,
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 Binan et al., 2024 / Level of Effectiveness and Seriousness on The Problems Encountered

anti-trafficking illegal logging, illegal recruit- efficiency rating of 78.62 percent. These
ment, anti-drug, and fencing law, anti-graft, marked improvements in the overall crime pic-
corrupt practices, and many others. This goes ture translate to a better security outlook
to show that among the crimes that can be com- among our people and add to upbeat investor
mitted by a criminal the violations of special confidence that spurs economic growth despite
laws are the easiest to violate as well as traffic the ongoing health crisis due to the pandemic
and crime against property. (Benter & Cawi, 2021; Galabin, Pallega, & Re-
The ability of the police force to solve cases capente, 2021; Mark & Sarcena, 2021).
has caused an increase in the crime solution

Table 2. Frequency and Percentage Distribution in the Increase and Decrease of Crime Index from
2016-2018
% % %
Crime Profile 2016 2017 2018 2019
</> </> </>
Crime Against Person 92 93 >.1.08 68 <36.76 59 <15.25
Crime Against Property 355 247 <43.72 190 <30.00 163 <16.56
Non-Index Crimes 160 149 <7.38 107 <39.25 95 <12.63
Traffic Incidents 274 134 <104.48 108 <24.07 80 <35.00
Special Laws 602 554 <8.66 379 <46.17 483 >21.53
Total/Percentage 1483 1177 <25.99 852 <38.15 880 <3.18

The table shows the high drop in crime re- there was an increase of crime incidents
lated to traffic incidents from 2016 with 140 by >3.18% in 2019. The decreases could be as-
equivalent to <104.48%, however noted the in- cribed to the result of an intensified drive
crease of >1.08% in crime against persons such against crime and lawlessness. The Depart-
as murder. ment of Interior and Local Government (DILG)
In 2018, all crimes were noted to decrease Secretary Eduardo M. Año lauded the PNP for
from 2017 with 175 or <46.70% in special laws, its unwavering commitment to curb criminality
42 or <39.25% in non-index crimes, 25 or in the country (2019).
<36.76% in crime against the person, and least The increase could be accounted for the
on traffic with 26 or <24.07%. new additional violations which were not ob-
In 2019, the crime in violation of the special served and registered for the last two years
laws was noted with a frequency of 483 of such as regulating firecrackers, anti-fencing
>21.53% while the least was on non-index law, food safety act violators, illegal logging, il-
crime against a person with 95 or <12.63%. legal number gaming, illegal possession of am-
In summary, there was a noted decrease in munition and explosives, and motorcycle hel-
registered crime incidents from 2016 by met violations.
<25.99 percent and <38.15% in 2018 while

Table 3. Summary of Responses Toward Level of Effectiveness in the Implementation of Crime Pre-
vention Strategies
N=279
Parameters OWM Qualitative Interpretation Rank
Mobility 4.20 Very Effective 2
Communication 4.35 Very Effective 1
Manpower 4.09 Effective 4
Community Support 4.15 Effective 3
Grand Mean 4.19 Effective

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 Binan et al., 2024 / Level of Effectiveness and Seriousness on The Problems Encountered

Table 3 reveals that the police and barangay the pandemic (Nivette et al., 2021). In fact, in
official respondents assessed “Very Effective” 2020, various media sources in the United
on communication with a mean value of 4.35 States reported an increase in homicide cases
and ranked 1st, followed by mobility with a (Asher & Horwitz, 2020; Hilsenrath, 2021;
mean of 4.20 and ranked 2nd. They assessed “Ef- McCarthy, 2020; Struett, 2020). Meanwhile,
fective” on community support with a mean with the limited opportunities for criminals
value of 4.15 and ranked 3rd while manpower due to community lockdowns, other crimes,
was 4.09 and ranked 4th.. such as burglary and robbery, were reported to
The computed grand mean on the re- have decreased following the start of the
sponses toward the effectiveness in crime pre- COVID-19 pandemic in the United States (Bo-
vention strategies was 4.19 with a qualitative man & Gallupe, 2020). Despite the numerous
interpretation of Effective. studies on crime during the COVID-19 (Nivette
The occurrence of the COVID-19 pandemic et al., 2021), global research in the association
shifted the global trend of index crimes (Meyer, of location and types of index crimes are very
Prescott, & Sheng, 2022). It was alarming to limited.
find that domestic violence increased during

Table 4. Summary of Responses towards Problems in the Implementation of Crime Prevention Strat-
egies
N=279
Parameters OWM Qualitative Interpretation Rank
Mobility 3.51 Serious 1
Communication 3.29 Moderately Serious 4
Manpower 3.45 Serious 2
Community Support 3.30 Moderately Serious 3
Grand Mean 3.39 Moderately Serious

The respondents assessed “Serious” mobil- The limitations of human mobility during
ity with an overall weighted mean of 3.51 and the pandemic have resulted in a significant de-
ranked 1st; manpower, 3.45 and ranked 2nd, cline in crime incidence in the different admin-
community support, 3.30 interpreted as istrative regions in the Philippines. Further-
‘Moderately Serious” and ranked 3rd and prob- more, the COVID-19 lockdowns in the Philip-
lem on communication with a mean of 3.29 pines have contributed to decline of crime inci-
and ranked 4th. The computed grand mean on dence in the Philippines. Boman and Mowen
the responses towards Summary of Re- (2021) noted that global crime trends have de-
sponses towards Problems in the Imple- clined during the pandemic. According to them,
mentation of Crime Prevention Strategies this is expected since during mobility re-
was 3.39 interpreted as “Moderately Seri- strictions, opportunities for crime such as rob-
ous”. bery, theft, road violence, and crimes also de-
crease.

Table 5. Analysis of Variance to test differences in the Crime Level of Effectiveness on the dimensions
of Crime Prevention Strategies
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 0.18214 3 0.06071 3.1210 0.06 3.23887
Within Groups 0.31124 16 0.01945
Total 0.49338 19
Decision: Reject Null Hypothesis (There is a Significant Difference)

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 Binan et al., 2024 / Level of Effectiveness and Seriousness on The Problems Encountered

There is a significant difference in the per- terms of mobility, communication, manpower,

ception towards the level of effectiveness on and community support. The effectiveness of
the dimensions of crime prevention strategies one dimension is comparable with that of the
as manifested by the computed F- value of others. This could further mean that crime pre-
3.1210 which is lower than (<) the F critical vention strategies as observed and assessed by
value of 3.23887 using 0.05 Alpha Level the respondents are of equal weight of effec-
This means that the respondents had simi- tiveness.
lar assessments of the level of effectiveness in

Table 6. Analysis of Variance to Test Differences in the Crime Level of Seriousness on the Dimensions
of Crime Prevention Strategies
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 0.1765 3 0.05883 3.7665 0.03 3.23887
Within Groups 0.24992 16 0.01562
Total 0.12642 19

There is a significant difference in the per- explored in more detail, it was discovered that
ception towards problems encountered in the people had seemingly instinctive reactions to
implementation of crime prevention strategies call for more bobbies on the beat motivated by
as manifested by the computed F- value of a desire to see crime reduced. The study also
3.7665386 which is higher than (>) the F criti- suggested that the police can help ensure the
cal value of 3.238872 using 0.05 Alpha Level of public accepts and supports the targeting of re-
Significance; therefore, the Null Hypothesis is sources in high priority areas by engaging them
accepted. Hence, there are significant differ- in dialogue. The police visibility has increased
ences in the perception of the level of serious- in different regions as the Philippine National
ness in the problems of mobility, communica- Police (PNP) has also increased the number of
tion, manpower, and community support. police and police stations all over the country.
The effectiveness of visible police patrol in The Philippine National Police have also re-
public expectations of policing once high- ported an increase in their overall crime solu-
lighted a strong preference for a highly visible tion efficiency (Gita-Carlos, 2019).
presence. However, when these views were

Table 7. Analysis of Variance to Test Differences in the Crime Index Profile

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 4.600024 3 115006.07 22.688 3.23E-06 3.055
Within Groups 76034.5 16 5068.966
Total 19

There is a significant difference in the crime gambling, cybercrime, sexual harassment, mo-
index profile as manifested by the computed F- torcycle helmet act, anti-trafficking, illegal log-
value of 22.688 which is higher than (>) F crit- ging, illegal recruitment, anti-drug, anti-fencing
ical value of 3.055 using 0.05 Alpha Level of law, anti-graft corrupt practices, and many oth-
Significance; therefore, the Null Hypothesis is ers. This goes to show that among the crimes
rejected. Hence, there is a significant difference. that can be committed by a criminal is the vio-
This proves that the crime index profile lation of special laws which is the easiest way
committed by the offenders is observable at to commit such as drug use, drug selling, traf-
different levels. The violation of special laws re- ficking, as well as road traffic violations and
fers to crimes related to child abuse, anti- crime against property. Everyone has the right

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 Binan et al., 2024 / Level of Effectiveness and Seriousness on The Problems Encountered

to live in a safe community. Just as it should not should not have to fear for their safety or the
pose threats to the health of residents, people safety of their belongings.

Table 8. Analysis of Variance to Test Differences in the Crime Index Profile by Year from FY 21016-
2019
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 52501.2 3 17500.4 0.5790 0.637163 3.238872
Within Groups 483357.6 16 3022.35
Total 19

As indicated, there is no significant differ- the Filipino people. Our study revealed that the
ence in the crime index profile by year as man- continuing efforts of the government to fight
ifested by the computed F-value of 0.579055 criminalities have resulted in the increased
which is lower than (<) F critical value of crime solution efficiency of the police force. The
3.238872 using 0.05 Alpha Level of Significance; government's success in reducing the crime in-
therefore, the Null Hypothesis is accepted. cidence in the country is attributed to many fac-
Hence, there is no significant difference. tors, mainly due to the effective government
Crime prevention and management are at policies and programs. Similar studies have
the forefront of the agenda of the Philippine shown that effective government programs sig-
government under the Duterte administration. nificantly reduce crime incidence in different
Its campaign against the war on drugs is aimed localities (Arvate et al., 2018)
at reducing criminality and uplifting the lives of

Table 9. Chi-Square to Test Relationship between Crime Index Profile and Year of Crime Commission
Crime Profile 2016 2017 2018 2019 Row Total
Crime Against Person 92 93 68 59 312
Crime Against Property 355 247 190 163 955
Non-Index Crimes 160 149 107 95 511
Traffic Incidents 274 134 108 80 596
Special Laws 602 554 379 483 2018
Column total 1483 1177 852 880 4392
Chi-Square Computed Value 84.15
Chi-Square Critical Value at df=9 16.92
Decision Reject Ho (There is a significant relationship

As reflected, there is a significant relation- property, non-index crimes, traffic violations,

ship between the crime index and year of com- and disrespect to special laws. Police mobility,
mission as manifested by the computed Chi- communication strategies, manpower, and
Square value of 84.15 which is greater than (>) community support must be enhanced and im-
Chi-Square Tabular Value of 16.92 at df=9 us- proved to lessen criminalities and attain peace
ing 0.05 Alpha Level of Significance; Therefore, and order in the community. The need for
the Null Hypothesis is rejected. safety and security is one of the human needs
The findings reveal that crime violations considering the direct and indirect costs of
will increase if prevention strategies are not crime such as physical, psychological, eco-
fully implemented by the PNP personnel in nomic, social, and political costs of crime; loss
Olongapo City. This would lead to the idea that suffered by victims.
the crime prevention initiatives be strength- The significant association between type
ened to minimize the occurrence of various and location of index crimes in the Philippines
crimes such as crimes against persons, suggests that crimes vary across locations and

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 Binan et al., 2024 / Level of Effectiveness and Seriousness on The Problems Encountered

the occurrences of crimes are not random. Recommendations

Rape has become predominant during the pan- Based on the conclusions arrived at, the re-
demic in 11 regions. The findings are similar to searcher offered the following recommenda-
many studies wherein crimes against women tions.
such as rape, domestic violence, and sexual 1. There is a need to add more police person-
abuse have become prominent during COVID- nel for backup activities for criminal appre-
19 (Rapee et al., 2022; Rockowitz et al., 2021; hensions and perform administrative/of-
Sifat, 2020). fice duties.
2. The PNP personnel in the area, together
Conclusions with the City Peace and Order Council
The researcher concluded that: (CPOC), must review their implementation
1. The crime index profile was high in special procedures and enhance their strategies by
laws followed by crimes against property. incorporating new approaches in dealing
The crime index decreased for the last with criminalities.
three years but slightly increased in 2019. 3. Officials of the Local Government Unit in
2. The respondents assessed “Very Effective” Olongapo City should endeavor to continue
for mobility and communication but “Effec- their support and cooperation in terms of
tive” for manpower and community sup- financial sufficiency, resource manage-
port as dimensions for crime index inter- ment, and program implementation on the
vention strategies. strategies to augment and maximize the ca-
3. The respondents assessed “Serious” for pacity of police organizations in crime pre-
mobility and manpower but “Moderately vention.
Serious” for communication and commu- 4. PNP personnel are encouraged to
nity support as for the level of seriousness strengthen the implementation of the dif-
of the problems encountered in the imple- ferent strategies for them to become effec-
mentation of crime intervention strategies. tive in crime prevention.
4. There was no significant difference in the 5. The City Director is encouraged to investi-
assessment of the respondents towards the gate and evaluate the weaknesses of the
level of effectiveness on the dimensions of force with due consideration to the crime
crime prevention strategies as to mobility, strategies adopted by them.
communication, manpower, and commu- 6. Lastly, future researchers are advised to
nity support. conduct supplementary research in crime
5. There was a significant difference in the as- prevention with the aim to discover new
sessment of the respondents regarding the strategies on how to reduce crime occur-
problems encountered in the implementa- rence.
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