 Rate of Reaction:

The rate of reaction is the change in concentration of reactants or products per unit time. It is
usually expressed in moles per liter per second (mol/L·s).

 Reaction Rate:
a measure how fast a reaction takes place.

 Activation Energy (Ea):

The minimum amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to occur. It represents the
energy barrier that must be overcome for reactants to be converted into products.

 Concentration:
The amount of a substance in a given volume of solution. Increasing the concentration of
reactants typically increases the rate of reaction by providing more particles to collide.

 Temperature:
A measure of the thermal energy in a system. Increasing temperature usually increases the rate of
reaction because particles move faster, resulting in more frequent and energetic collisions.

 Catalyst:
A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction but itself remains unchanged at the end
of the reaction. (by lowering the activation energy without being consumed in the reaction)

 Collision Theory:
A theory that explains how chemical reactions occur and why reaction rates vary. It states that
for a reaction to take place, reactant particles must collide with the correct orientation and
sufficient energy to overcome the activation energy barrier.

 Order of Reaction:
The sum of the powers of the concentration terms in the rate law. It describes how the rate of
reaction is affected by the concentration of each reactant. A reaction can be zero-order, first-
order, or second-order with respect to a particular reactant.

 Half-Life (t₁/₂):
The time required for the concentration of a reactant to decrease to half of its initial value. The
concept is often used in first-order reactions and gives insight into reaction kinetics.

 Rate Law:
An equation that relates the rate of a reaction to the concentrations of reactants (and possibly
catalysts) and the rate constant. For a general reaction:
Rate=k[A]m[B]n\text{Rate} = k[A]^m[B]^nRate=k[A]m[B]n
where kkk is the rate constant, and mmm and nnn are the reaction orders with respect to reactants
A and B.

 Haber process:
The industrial manufacture of ammonia bt reaction of nitrogen with hydrogen in the presence of
an iron catalyst.

 Contact process:

The industrial manufacture of sulfuric acid using raw materials sulfur and air.

 Factors influence the speed of a reaction:

1. Concentration of Reactants 2. Temperature at which reactants are carried out 3. Surface Area of
solid Reactants 4. Presence of a Catalyst 5. Pressure of the reactant gases

Write down the chemical equation of reacting calcium carbonate with hydrochloric acid

CaCO3(s)+2HCl(aq)→CaCl2(aq)+H2O(l)+CO2(g)

 Which one forms the product first? 1 or 2

Which one has larger surface area? 1 or 2

What happens if the temperature was increased? The end product will be formed faster (rate of
chemical reaction increases)

1. Which of the following is a factor that does NOT affect the rate of a chemical reaction?

a) Temperature
b) Concentration of reactants
c) The mass of the products
d) Surface area of reactants
Answer: c) The mass of the products

2. The rate of reaction is defined as the change in the concentration of the product or reactant per
unit of:

a) Time
b) Temperature
c) Volume
d) Surface area

Answer: a) Time

3. Which of the following will NOT increase the rate of a chemical reaction?

a) Increasing temperature
b) Increasing concentration
c) Decreasing surface area
d) Using a catalyst

Answer: c) Decreasing surface area

4. In a reaction, the rate of reaction doubles when the concentration of reactant A is doubled. What is
the order of reaction with respect to A?

a) Zero order
b) First order
c) Second order
d) Third order

Answer: b) First order

5. Which of the following is true for an exothermic reaction?

a) Heat is absorbed
b) Activation energy is negative
c) Energy of products is higher than reactants
d) Heat is released

Answer: d) Heat is released

6. What is the effect of increasing temperature on the rate of a chemical reaction?

a) It decreases the number of successful collisions

b) It decreases the energy of collisions
c) It increases the number of successful collisions
d) It decreases the frequency of collisions

Answer: c) It increases the number of successful collisions

7. What is the unit of the rate constant kkk in a second-order reaction?

a) mol/L·s
b) L/mol·s
c) mol/L
d) L²/mol·s

Answer: b) L/mol·s

8. Which of the following is NOT an example of a catalyst?

a) Enzyme in a biological reaction

b) Metal surface in a hydrogenation reaction
c) Addition of heat to speed up a reaction
d) Manganese dioxide in the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide

Answer: c) Addition of heat to speed up a reaction

9. A reaction has an activation energy of 50 kJ/mol. What will happen to the rate of reaction if the
temperature is increased by 10°C?

a) The rate will decrease

b) The rate will stay the same
c) The rate will increase
d) The reaction will not occur

Answer: c) The rate will increase

10. In a zero-order reaction, how does the rate change when the concentration of the reactant is
doubled?

a) The rate doubles

b) The rate remains constant
c) The rate quadruples
d) The rate becomes zero

Answer: b) The rate remains constant

11. Which of the following is the correct relationship for the rate law of a reaction involving two
reactants, A and B?

a) Rate = k[A][B]
b) Rate = k[A]^2[B]
c) Rate = k[A]^m[B]^n
d) Rate = k[A] + [B]

Answer: c) Rate = k[A]^m[B]^n

12. The half-life of a reaction is independent of the concentration of the reactant in which type of
reaction?

a) First-order reaction
b) Second-order reaction
c) Zero-order reaction
d) None of the above

Answer: a) First-order reaction

13. A catalyst works by:

a) Changing the reaction mechanism

b) Increasing the activation energy
c) Decreasing the number of collisions
d) Reacting with the reactants

Answer: a) Changing the reaction mechanism

14. Which of the following is a characteristic of a reaction with a high activation energy?

a) It proceeds quickly at room temperature

b) It has a low reaction rate
c) It is a spontaneous reaction
d) It occurs without the need for a catalyst

Answer: b) It has a low reaction rate

15. If the rate constant of a reaction is 5.0 L/mol·s, what is the rate when the concentration of the
reactant is 2.0 mol/L in a second-order reaction?

a) 5.0 mol/L·s
b) 20.0 mol/L·s
c) 10.0 mol/L·s
d) 0.5 mol/L·s

Answer: b) 20.0 mol/L·s

16. What happens when the concentration of a reactant is increased in a first-order reaction?

a) The rate of reaction remains constant

b) The rate decreases
c) The rate increases linearly
d) The rate increases exponentially

Answer: c) The rate increases linearly

17. In the reaction A + B → C, the rate law is found to be Rate = k[A][B]^2. What is the order of the
reaction?

a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4

Answer: c) 3

18. The presence of a catalyst in a reaction:

a) Decreases the rate of reaction
b) Lowers the activation energy
c) Changes the equilibrium constant
d) Is consumed in the reaction

Answer: b) Lowers the activation energy

19. In the context of collision theory, what must happen for a chemical reaction to occur?

a) Molecules must collide with high frequency

b) Molecules must collide with sufficient energy and the correct orientation
c) Molecules must have a low temperature
d) Molecules must be in gaseous form

Answer: b) Molecules must collide with sufficient energy and the correct orientation

20. What is the effect of increasing surface area of a solid reactant on the rate of reaction?

a) It decreases the rate of reaction

b) It has no effect on the rate
c) It increases the rate of reaction
d) It decreases the activation energy

Answer: c) It increases the rate of reaction

1. What is the effect of a catalyst on the equilibrium constant of a reaction?

a) It increases the equilibrium constant

b) It decreases the equilibrium constant
c) It has no effect on the equilibrium constant
d) It changes the direction of equilibrium

Answer: c) It has no effect on the equilibrium constant

2. Which of the following is true for a first-order reaction?

a) The rate is independent of concentration

b) The rate is directly proportional to the concentration of the reactant
c) The rate is inversely proportional to the concentration of the reactant
d) The rate depends on the square of the concentration of the reactant
Answer: b) The rate is directly proportional to the concentration of the reactant

3. For a reaction with a rate law of the form Rate = k[A][B]^2, what is the overall order of the
reaction?

a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4

Answer: c) 3

4. What does the "rate constant" kkk depend on?

a) The concentration of reactants

b) The temperature
c) The surface area of reactants
d) The volume of the reaction vessel

Answer: b) The temperature

5. In a reaction where the concentration of A is increased, but the rate does not change, what is the
order of the reaction with respect to A?

a) Zero-order
b) First-order
c) Second-order
d) Third-order

Answer: a) Zero-order

6. What is the effect of decreasing temperature on the rate of reaction?

a) The rate increases

b) The rate decreases
c) The rate stays the same
d) The activation energy increases

Answer: b) The rate decreases

7. The activation energy is defined as:

a) The energy required to form a product

b) The energy required to break bonds
c) The minimum energy required for reactants to collide and form products
d) The energy released when bonds are formed

Answer: c) The minimum energy required for reactants to collide and form products

8. The half-life of a reaction is the time taken for the concentration of a reactant to decrease by half.
This concept applies most directly to which type of reaction?

a) Zero-order
b) First-order
c) Second-order
d) Third-order

Answer: b) First-order

9. Which of the following is an example of a reaction that occurs via a radical mechanism?

a) Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide

b) Combustion of methane
c) Photosynthesis
d) Formation of a covalent bond between two atoms

Answer: b) Combustion of methane

11. What is the main factor affecting the frequency of collisions between molecules in a chemical
reaction?

a) Temperature
b) Concentration
c) Surface area
d) All of the above

Answer: d) All of the above

12. Which of the following will increase the rate of a reaction between two solids?

a) Increasing the temperature

b) Increasing the concentration
c) Decreasing the surface area
d) None of the above

Answer: a) Increasing the temperature

13. A reaction has a rate law of Rate = k[A]^2[B]. If the concentration of A is doubled and the
concentration of B is halved, how will the rate change?

a) The rate will increase by a factor of 2

b) The rate will remain the same
c) The rate will increase by a factor of 4
d) The rate will decrease by a factor of 4

Answer: c) The rate will increase by a factor of 4

14. Which of the following does NOT affect the activation energy of a reaction?

a) Temperature
b) Catalyst
c) Pressure
d) Nature of reactants

Answer: c) Pressure

15. What happens when the concentration of a reactant is doubled in a second-order reaction?

a) The rate of reaction remains unchanged

b) The rate of reaction doubles
c) The rate of reaction quadruples
d) The rate of reaction decreases

Answer: c) The rate of reaction quadruples

18. In a reaction, the concentration of reactant A is found to decrease from 0.60 mol/L to 0.30 mol/L
in 10 minutes. What is the rate of reaction?
a) 0.03 mol/L·min
b) 0.06 mol/L·min
c) 0.12 mol/L·min
d) 0.18 mol/L·min

Answer: b) 0.06 mol/L·min

19. Which of the following is an example of a reaction where the rate of reaction is proportional to the
square of the concentration of one reactant?

a) A + B → C
b) A → B
c) 2A → B
d) A + 2B → C

Answer: c) 2A → B