PM shri KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA

NO 3 BAAD, MATHURA
AGRA REGION

PHYSICS
‘Investigatory Project’

Submitted to: submitted by:

MR.PRADEEEP KUMAR Hemant parihar
p.g.t. Physics
 Certificate

This is to certify that Hemant Parihar of class XII-A

of PM SHRI KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO 3 BAAD,
MATHURA has done his physics project under my
supervision. He has taken interest and has shown
at most sincerity in completion of this project.

I certify this Project up to my expectation & as per

guidelines issued by CBSE, NEW DELHI.

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Principal
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

It would be my utmost pleasure to express my

sincere thanks to myPhysics teacher Mr. Pradeep
kumar for providing a helping hand in this
project.Their valuable guidance, support and
supervision all throughout this
project titled “Factors affecting self inductance of a
coil” are responsiblefor attaining its present form.
 INDEX:

1. Introduction
2. Principle
3. Construction
4. Theory
5. Working
6. Efficiency
7. Material Required
8. Diagram
9. Procedure
10. Observation
11. Energy Loss
12. Application of Transformer
13. Conclusion
 Introduction
The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating
voltage to a high alternating voltage or a high alternating voltage
into a low alternating voltage. It is a static electrical device that
transfers energy by inductive coupling between its winding circuits.
Transformers range in size from a thumbnail-sized coupling
transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to huge units weighing
hundreds of tons used in power plant substations or to interconnect
portions of the power grid. All operate on the same basic principles,
although the range of designs is wide. While new technologies have
eliminated the need for transformers in some electronic circuits,
transformers are still found in many electronic devices.
Transformers are essential for high-voltage electric power
transmission, which makes long-distance transmission economically
practical. A transformer is most widely used device in both low and
high current circuit. In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer
from one circuit to another circuit takes place without the use of
moving parts. A transformer which increases the voltages is called a
step-up transformer. A transformer which decreases the A.C.
voltages is called a step-down transformer. Transformer is,
therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for high and low
current circuits.
 Principle
The electric transformer works on the fundamental principle of
electromagnetic induction, a concept first discovered by Michael
Faraday in the 19th century. The transformer consists of two coils
of wire, known as the primary and secondary windings, which are
usually wound around a common magnetic core. When an
alternating current (AC) flows through the primary winding, it
generates a changing magnetic field around the coil. According to
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, this changing
magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF) or voltage
in the secondary winding. The key principle here is that the
transformer relies on the mutual induction between the primary
and secondary windings through the magnetic flux linkage.
 Construction
A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core made of
laminated sheets, well insulated from one another. Two coils
& and & are wound on the same core, but are well insulated with
each other. Note that the both the coils are insulated from the core,
the source of alternating e.m.f is connected to , the primary coil and
a load resistance R is connected to , the secondary coil through an
open switch S. thus there can be no current through the sec. coil so
long as the switch is open. For an ideal transformer, we assume that
the resistance of the primary & secondary winding is negligible.
Further, the energy loses due to magnetic the iron core is also
negligible. For operation at low frequency, we may have a soft iron.
The soft iron core is insulating by joining thin iron strips coated with
varnish to insulate them to reduce energy losses by eddy currents.
The input circuit is called primary. And the output circuit is called
secondary.
Theory
 Working
A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction
according to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked
with a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in the neighbouring coil
that is if a varying current is set-up in a circuit induced e.m.f. is
produced in the neighbouring circuit. The varying current in a
circuit produce varying magnetic flux which induces e.m.f. in the
neighbouring circuit.
The transformer consists of two coils. They are insulated with
each other by insulated material and wound on a common core.
For operation at low frequency, we may have a soft iron. The soft
iron core is insulating by joining thin iron strips coated with
varnish to insulate them to reduce energy losses by eddy currents.
The input circuit is called primary. And the output circuit is called
secondary.
 Efficiency
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power
to the input power i.e.
Thus, in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses, η =
1. But in actual practice, there are many power losses; therefore,
the efficiency of transformer is less than one.

Material Required
Iron Rod
Voltmeter
Ammeter
Copper wire
 Diagram

Procedure
Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a
large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 60).
This constitutes primary coil of the transformer.
Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound relatively
smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on it. This
constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step-down transformer.
Connect p1,p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and
current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through s1 and
s2
Now connect s1 and s2 to A.C main and again measure voltage
and current through primary and secondary coil of step up
transformer.
Repeat all steps for other self-made transformers by changing
number of turns in primary and secondary coil.
Observation
We will find that ratio of and across the two coils is equal to the
ratio of number of turns in the coil P to that in the coil S. i.e.,
Vp/Vs = Np/Ns —————- (1)
The coil P (to which AC voltage is applied) is called the primary
and coil S (in which AC is induced) is called the secondary.
Since coil S is placed very close to the coil P, the power in the
primary is transferred into the secondary through mutual
induction.
It is clear from equation 1, that by appropriate choice of the turn
ratio i.e., Np/Ns, we can obtain a higher voltage or lower voltage
in S compared to that in P.
Energy Loss
Loss of Magnetic Flux: The coupling between the coils is
seldom perfect. So, whole of the magnetic flux produced by
the primary coil is not linked up with the secondary coil.

Iron Loss: In actual iron cores in spite of lamination, Eddy

currents are produced. The magnitude of eddy current may,
however be small. And a part of energy is lost as the heat
produced in the iron core.

Copper Loss: In practice, the coils of the transformer possess

resistance. So, a part of the energy is lost due to the heat
produced in the resistance of the coil.

Hysteresis Loss: The alternating current in the coil tapes the

iron core through complete cycle of magnetization. So, Energy
is lost due to hysteresis.

Magneto restriction: The alternating current in the

Transformer may be set its parts in to vibrations and sound
may be produced. It is called humming. Thus, a part of energy
may be lost due to humming.
Application of Transformer
Electric Power Transmission: Transformers are crucial in
power transmission networks to step up voltage for efficient
long-distance transmission and step-down voltage for
distribution to end-users.

Voltage Regulation: Transformers help maintain a stable

voltage level by adjusting the voltage as needed, ensuring
consistent and reliable electrical supply.

Power Distribution: They are used in power distribution

systems to provide various voltage levels suitable for
residential, commercial, and industrial applications.

Power Supply Units: Transformers are employed in power

supply units of electronic devices, converting AC power from
outlets to the DC power needed by devices like computers and
chargers.
Voltage Transformation: Transformers change the voltage
levels, allowing electricity to be transmitted at high voltages
to reduce energy losses and then be distributed at lower
voltages for use.
Industrial Applications: Transformers power various
industrial machinery and equipment by adapting electrical
voltage to meet specific operational requirements.
 Conclusion
The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil
depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage.

The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil

depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to the input voltage.

There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a

transformer.