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Module 3 Single Phase Transformer

This document covers the principles, construction, and types of single-phase transformers. It explains the working principle based on Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction, details the components and construction methods, and categorizes transformers into core type, shell type, and berry type. Additionally, it discusses transformer ratios, efficiency, applications, and compares step-up and step-down transformers.

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108 views12 pages

Module 3 Single Phase Transformer

This document covers the principles, construction, and types of single-phase transformers. It explains the working principle based on Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction, details the components and construction methods, and categorizes transformers into core type, shell type, and berry type. Additionally, it discusses transformer ratios, efficiency, applications, and compares step-up and step-down transformers.

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jahansachinyadav
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
Module Ill Single Phase Transformer CHAPTER 3 ‘Singte Pha: ranstor L(N " types ct srgelaie tng Piha ao Rot expected) Working principle of singlo-phaso transformer, : copticatens net transtormati f Tranatormor lasses, effsency, applications of tach fatio, actual (practical) and ideal transformer, Tran Syllabus Mapping Syllabus Topic “Section Number Page Number, Working principle of single-phase transformer 3.1 fora Types of single- phase transformer 3.22 3-4 Transtormation ratio 33.1 38 Actual (Practical) And Ideal Transtormer 34 3-9 Transformer losses 35 3.9 Efficiency 36 310 Applications Of Transformer a7 312 Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering (MU - Sem 1) WORKING PRINCIPLE OF A SINGLE 3.4 PHASE TRANSFORMER the working principle of a Transformer Peer ‘A transformer is a static electrical apparatus which can transfer power in one circuit into electrical power of the same frequency to another circuit raiseflower the voltage with decrease/increase in the current. It can corresponding * The physical basis of transformer is Faraday’s laws of EMI. and mutual induction between the two circuits Primary winding _,. {Single Phase Translormer).. Page no, @ (82) linked by common flux. + It consist of two inductive coils which are Separated but magnetically linked through a reluctance. The two coils posses high mutual ™M. clecticaty Path of low inductance * If one coil is connected to altemating voltage sui then small alternating magnetizing current flows through it there by setting up aerating Mux @ ig magnetic core most of which gets inked With eter age in which a mutually induced em. is produced a5 peg Faraday's laws of E.MLL and given by e =, g Laminated core \ secondary winding (1D1)Fig. 3.1.1 : Working principle of a transformer Laminated Iron core Primary voltage Primary i winding an Secondary voltage A Voltage level ie changes but S frequency ie., time period T temains same ‘Secondary winding Fig 3.1.1(a) : Working Principle of a Transformer * If the second coil is closed through load then current I flows through it and hence the electrical energy is transferred entirely magnetically from first coil to second coil. + Inbrief, a transformer is a static electrical apparatus that (@ Transfers electric power from one another, It-does so without a change of frequency, ii) Tt does this by electromagnetic induction and, (iy) Where the two electrical circuits are in mutual inductive influence of each other. ee »>_3.2__ TRANSFORMER CONSTRUCTION Q. Explain the construction of single phase transformer. | (The various parts of a transformer can be represented with the help of the following chart : (New Syllabus w.e.f Academic Year 24-25)(M1-03) fee asic Electrical & Eloctronies En gineering (ta U- Sem 1 H page no. (3-3) (Single Phase Transtormet).. ‘Transformer Parts ay AL (8) eiteric |] mogretic 1] tnsuandh (Primary & (Core) | | cy primaaion Betwoon ‘wandings) (@) Winding co” IMS Of the winch ings (oaFig. 3.2.1 : Transformer parts (i A transformer consists of two coils havin insulated from each other and the seelcore, Gi) Other necessary parts are; some suitable container f the assembled core and windings: suitable medium container; suitable porcelain bushings for insulating and bringing out the terminals of the windings out of the container. {iv) In ll the types of transformers, the core is constructed of transformer sheet steel laminations assembled to provide a continuous magnetic path with a minimum of air-gap included. ‘The steel used is of high silicon content, sometimes heat treated to produce a high permeability and a low loss at the usual operating flux densities. The wo hysteresi eddy current loss is (minimised by laminating the core, the laminations being insulated from each other by a light coat of varnish or by an oxide layer on the surface, The thickness of varies _ from 0.35 10 0.5 mm. Jaminations ——_> Transformer types surround & (vii) In the core type transformers, the windings shell (Pe considerable part of the core whereas in transformers, the core surounds considerable Po of the winding as shown inthe Fig. 3.23, tion Laminated Low voltage ‘winding High voltage insulation (@ Core type transformer Laminated core Low voltage ‘winding High voltage insulation 3. 3.2.1. Comparison between Core Type and Shell Type Transformer sr. Core type ‘Shell type transformer No. transformer 1, | Used for distribution | Used for supplying power. of electrical energy. @ a Cont ype shel ype (used for distribution} (used for power) of electrical energy) application) (103)Fig. 3.2.2 = ‘Transformer types (vi) Constructionally, the transformers are of two meen types, distinguished from each other mercy | by ad manner in which the primary and secondary placed around the Iaminated steel core tions are ‘The two types of the transformer constructions or known as @) Core Type and i) Shell T9PS and sho —— inthe Fig. 3.2.2. Hen Syllabus wef Academic Year 2 Itis ‘ON’ only when Itis ‘ON’ throughout power is required, the day. 3, | desefficiency is less | Its efficiency is high @ 50%. between 90% to 98%. %. | itis used by electricity | It is used by individual boards and big, customers e.g. welding installations. shops, machine shops etc. 5, | They are costly, bulky | They are comparatively ‘and non-portable. cheaper, compact and portable. Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering (MU - Sem 1) (Single Phase Transtormen)., Page Po, a. 3.2.2 Types of Single Phase Depending upon the value of K, there ae Quay Transformer three types of transformers ‘long (@ K> Lie. V,>V, : tis called Ste 1G.” Classity transformers according to: 1 1.Transtormer ratio 2. Power 3. Frequency 14 Core construction. PUP transform TV picture tube supply, Teg, The types of transformer are based on : 1, Transformer | Lesstums ratio 2, Power 3. Frequency 4, Core constructi (Low voltage) n. Seconda, 1. Let Ny = Primary wms, 1, = Primary current, | pimaryinpa = R, = primary resistance, X, = Primary leakage reactance respectively Also let Ns, I, Rp and X3 be the corresponding y : secondary quantities. lignans M 3. Let V, = Primary terminal voltage and V= Secondary terminal voltages. 4. Further let E, and E, be the primary self-induced e:ms ee and secondary mutually induced e.m.t. respectively. corte, 3.2.5(a) This clas Fig. 3.24. Step-up transformer ication of transformer is shown in | (I) K < 1 ie. V; < V, 2 Tt is called. Stepdown transformer, e.g, battery eliminator, High tums (High voltage) arate ato ‘Secondary Primary output input + (1oFt)Fig. 3.2.4 : Types of transformer. By ; ‘ Less turns cl % 3.2.2(A) Based on Transformation (Low voltage) ae Based on transformer ratio or based on primary and (vre9Fig. 3.2.5(6) : Step-down transformer secondary voltage, transformers are classified as : 1. 2. Step-down transformer. 3,_Isolation or 1:1 transformer (IDK = 1 ie. Vz = Vy: It is called Isolation of 1:1 transformer, e.g. spikes-free supply for computers. Step-up transformer 7% 3.2.2(B) Comparison between for Step-up Transformer and Step-down Transformer UQ. Compare step up step down transformer. No. Parameters Step-up Transformer Step-down Transformer 1 | Definition Increases the output voltage. Decreases the output voltage. 2. | Voltage Low Input voltage & High output High Input voltage & Low output voltage voltage 3. | Winding High voltage winding is the secondary | High voltage winding is the primary winding. winding. (New Syllabus w.e.f Academic Year 24-25)(M1-03) asic Electicl & Electronics Engineering (MU - Sem 1) (3:5) (Gingle Phase Transformer)... P8982 £ |__ Parameters Ne: a Step-up Transformer ‘Step-down Transformer 4._| Curren i ing seen —— oe tis low on the secondary winding. | Current is high ‘on the secondary winding. | Rating of output or Sep x 1p transformer it V, 10 V, etc. isbn Fanging from 400 V also ind step down transformer starts from ae starts fro 6 [Stef the conductor | Primary winding i made up of wick | Secondary winding i made up of *iCk insulated copper wire. insulated copper wire Application Power plant, X-rays machine, Doorbell, voltage converter, etc. microwaves, ee, 3.2.2(C) Based on Core Construction ‘construction. Depending on the arrangements of core and windings, transformers are classified as, @ Core type (U1) Shell type (UI) Berry type > (@) Core type (1) The core is rectangular in shape and the windings are ‘wound on the limbs (vertical portion) of core. This core is formed by using large number of laminations. (2) The coils are of cylindrical type and the windings are uniformly distributed over two limbs. The coils are not arranged, such as primary winding on one limb and secondary winding on other limb. Rectangular core ‘Secondary Coils are wound on limbs (WetFig. 3.2.6(a) : Representation of core type transformer (3) But half of the primary and half of secondary windings ‘are placed on each limb. ‘This arrangement increases (New Syllabus wee Academic Year 24-25)(M1-03) magnetic coupling because almost all the flux lines links with both primary and secondary winding. Rectangular Low voltage ‘winding High voltage insulation Cal ‘Laminated core (worts)Fig. 3.2.6(b) : Construction of core type transformer (4) The coils which are wound on limbs, have different layers. Each layer is insulated from each other. The like mica, paper or cloth can be used for insulation. The low voltage windings are placed near the core and then high voltage windings are placed away from core. (5) These windings are separated from each other by using proper insulation layers. (©) The representation of core type transformer is’ shown in Fig. 3.26(a) and its construction is shown in Fig. 3.2.6(b). (Shell type (1), In this type of transformer, the core has three Ii limbs, namely two side limbs, and : one central Ii central limb has ae a wice the cross-sectional area compared to side limbs. 2) ! Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering (MU - Sem 1) wo fax paths (@) The low voltage coils are near t0 top and boy yoke and each high voltage coils placed betwen, 1 (Single Phase Transformer)... Pago ow voltage coils. ‘Side limb oer ) This is a double magnetic cireut because, the 4 completes its path from left and right sides and Central im enters into central limb. ™ or19Fig. 3.2.7(0) ee ofshelltyve: (5) The magnetic flux forms a closed path around eo sainiete core losses are reduced. The representation of a ‘lage winding type transformer is shown in Fig. 3.2.7() and actu, aan construction is shown in Fig, 3.2.7(b). core woF17)Fig. 3.2.7(b) : Construction of shell type transformer > (IID) Berry type (1) This type gives more than two independent magnetic circuits. The core looks like spokes of wheel. This type of structure is placed on tightly fitted metal sheet tanks. (2) Low voltage and high voltage windings are placed circularly as show in Fig. 3.2.7(6). 3.2.3 Comparison between Cor e Type and Shell Type Transformer High voltage ‘winding 1or19F ig. 3.2.7(¢) : Berry type transformer Basis Shell type Winding surround the core. Core surrounds most of the winding. 1. | Definition Cylindrical type coils are used. ‘Sandwich or disc type coils are used. Flux Flux is equally distributed on the side limbs. 2._| Type of coils 3,_| Lamination «L’ type laminations are used. 4B) and ‘L’ type laminations are used. 4,_| Number of limbs Core has two limbs. Core has three limbs. i Whole flux is carried by central limb and half of flux is carried by side limbs. 6. | Number of magnetic cireuits Single magnetic circuits. Double magnetic circuit. More copper is requ Less copper is required. 7._| Copper required (New Syllabus w.e.f Academic Year 24-25)(M1-03) ase Elctcal Electronics Enginooring (MU - Sem 1) page no. (3-7) rage nO. se] pasts SiC ae Be aed | Insulation More insulation ian ss insulation tof windin it 9, | Placement of 8 Primary and secondary windings | Both primary and secondary windings ae placed are placed on side limbs, ‘on central limb. 70. | Losses. More losses, Less losses. 11, | Mechanical strength Lower mechanical strength, Higher mechanical strength. faintenance is i 12. | Main Coils can be easily removed. So, | Coits eannot be easily removed. So, maintenance is intenance is less, raintenance is difficult. 13, | Cooling Better cooling, since more areais | Cooling is not effective. exposed 14. | Use This construction is preferred for _| This construction is preferred for high voltage low voltage transformers. transformers. 75. | ouput Output is tess due to more losses. | Output is high. 3.3. EMF EQUATION, THE TURNS RATIO; VOLTAGE RATIO AND CURRENT RATIO. ‘ a. Derive the EMF equations ofa transformer CELE CAT CTO | (1) Notations © Let N, = Primary tums, 1, = Primary current, R, = primary resistance, X, = Primary leakage reactance respectively. # Also Tet Ny I, Ry and X; be the corresponding secondary quantities. ‘+ LetV, = Primary terminal voltage and V; = Secondary terminal voltages. + Further Jet E, and E, be the primary self-induced e.m. and secondary mutually induced e.m.f. respectively. (11) Assumption * Though the flux ¢ varies sinusoidally, it is assumed that it uniformly i.e. linearly varies from the initial value of 2er0 to the final Value 9, in the time dt = T/4. (id Cycle of tux (oneFig, 33.1 EMF equation of a transformer (111) _ Derivation of the E.M.F, equation (From Fig. 3.3.10), clearly d9 = ©, New Sylabus wef Academic Year 24-25) (M1-03) Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering (MU - Sem 1) ‘The above flux links with the stationary primary rums ‘i 1 N, during the time dt =35 c+ As per Faraday's 2nd law of EMI, the magnitude of the average emf induced in the primary will be ao ao, om. Boy = ar N= ar = N= Tgp= AN Oy (iv) Therefore the rms value of the emf will be E, = Form Factorx E,,,= 1x 4IN®,, (for a sinusoidaly varying and alternating voltage, RMS value Form Factor = Average value Ay E, = 444fN,o,, +31) (%) Similarly for secondary, we get, E, = 4440N,0,, 83.2) Equations (3.3.1) and (3.3.2) are called emf equations of a transformer . (vi) Dividing Equation (3.3.2) by Equation (3.3.1), we get EN 7, 2 constant K and is known as turns ratio, vii Neglecting very’ small potential drops in the primary and secondary, we can assume that E, ~ V, and Vi=E, E, Vv; EV, = K and is known as voltage ratio. (viii) For an ideal transformer, we can assume that efficiency = 1 i.e. Output VA = Input VA 2Veh = Vii ,_ ote = Kand is known as current ratio. E) NV; i ‘Thus to summarize : =? =— ENV, % 3.3.1 Types of Transformer based on the Transformation Ratio K ©: What do you mean'by step-down, 1:1 and step-up Wanstormers? Also state one application of each’ Ans. : Depending upon the value of three types of transformers : @ K< Vie Va Lie. V,>V, :Itis called Step-up t TV picture tube supply. % 3.3.2 EMF Per Turn of Prima Secondary tion oF mputers, ansformer, eg ry and Explein why equal emis induced in each ur gi) primary or secondary winding of a transform 3 ESSN } According to the emf equation of a transformer, “2 E,=4,44fN,®, and 440.N, ,, E, ® emf. tum for primary == 4.44 £9, E, and exm. turn for secondary = 2 * Since the supply frequency f and the maximum vale of flux @,, linking both primary and secondary winding i, the same, equal emf is induced in each tum of the primary or secondary. 44 £0, % 3.3.3 Approximate Primary and Secondary Full Load Currents ie. 1,,, and I,,, Respectively How can you calculate approximated ‘ ‘secondary current ? Explain briefly. primary and } Given the full load output rating of a transformer ie (KV) Vi and V,, it is required to calculate the approximate primary and secondary full load currents I ‘and Iq. For this, we assume 100% efficiency (m) which fairly practicable. (KV) x 1000 = output FL, In is VA = Input FLL. VA= 1, = (VAs x 1000 ba = V, ai 30 Ady «1000 (Copper toss of a transformer depends on current? and iron loss depends on voltage. Hence, total transformet loss depends on volt-ampere (VA) and not on phase page no. (3-9) asic Electrical & Electronics Enginooring (MU - Sem 1) (Single Phase Transformer. ing angle between voltage and current ie. itis ind Ideal of load power factor. independent | 33.4.3 Comparison between an (ii) That is why rating of transformers is specified in kVA and not in kW. ———— }y 3.4 IDEAL AND PRACTICAL | ; TRANSFORMERS 3 ee aaa 3.4.1 Ideal Transformer ‘are assumptions Uo. What made for an. ideal {transformer ? ideal transformer : 1. Its primary and secondary winding resistances are 2e10. 2. Its core has no reluctance => negligible mmf is required to establish the flux in the core. 3. ‘The leakage flux and leakage inductances are zero, therefore the entire flux is confined to the core and Jinks both the primary and secondary windings. (iii) Clearly, there are no copper losses, no iron losses due to hysteresis and eddy currents, thus the efficiency of an ideal transformer is 100%. %& 3.4.2 Practical Transformer ‘Q.- What is a practical transformer ? (Its primary and secondary windings have resistances => there are primary and secondary copper losses. Its core has reluctance => more mmf is required to establish the flux. (ii) There is leakage flux and leakage inductances due to Which the entire flux is not confined to the core and also does not link with the primary and secondary windings. (iv) Clearly, there are considerable copper and iron losses and therefore the efficiency of a practical transformer is about 90% to 95%. and a Practical Transformer @._ “Compare between deal and pract ical transformer. 2 (@ Marks) Sr. | > Basis Ideal Practical No. transformer | _ transformer 1. | Primary ana | — Zero | Have fractional secondary values between 0.2 winding 2 t 05 @ resistances depending. upon number of turns. 2. | Core Zero _| Present reluctance 3.__| Leakage fux Zero’ _| Present 4, | Core and] Zero. Present winding losses 5. | Efficiency 100% | Varie —_ between 60% for distribution transformer to 95% for power transformer 6. | No. load p.f. Zero, | Between 0.3 to 0.5 lagging Dy_3.5 TRANSFORMER LOSSES UG. What are the losses in transformer ? TUEEaCET era ETD ‘These can be represented with the help of the following chart : (Refer Fig. 3.5.1) A transformer being static electrical apparatus, there are no friction or windage losses. Hence, the only losses occurring are (@ Iron or Core or Magnetic Losses (W,) + It includes both hysteresis loss and eddy current loss. Since the flux in the core remains almost constant for all loads, the core loss is constant, (New Syllabus w.e-f Academic Year 24-25) (M1-03) Engineering (MU - Sem 1) Basic Electrical & ‘Transformer losse iy 8 Iron or core or [Copper or windings or magnetic losses (W) (wy) (Constant) fl fil Hysteresis Eddy currents| ((019Fig. 3.5.1 : Transformer Losses Hysteresis loss, W,= nf Bl. V watts; Eddy current loss, W, =K,ft°B., V watts Where, 1 = Hysterisis constant, f = frequency of the AC supply, B,, = maximum flux de the core, K, = eddy current constant t = thickness of the core, V = volume of the core material, '* These losses are minimized by using steel of high silicon content for the core and by using very thin jons, which are interleaved to reduce the air gap. Jamis ‘© Iron or core loss is found from the O.C. test. The input of the transformer, when on no-load gives the core loss. (ii) Copper or Winding or Electric Losses © These losses are due to the resistances of the transformer windings. ©) Total Cu toss = (R41; R,) = 1, Ry = Roy * Tris clear that, Cu loss is proportional to (current)® and hence (kVA)*. Copper losses are found from S.C. test. + The copper losses are variable. ‘% 3.5.1 Knowing Full Load Copper Losses, to Calculate the Copper Losses at a Given Fractional Load + We know that the load connected across the secondary of a transformer goes on changing depending upon the necessity of the user and therefore the primary and (New Syllabus w.e Academic Year 24-25) (M1-03) (Single Phase Transformer)... Page nog. 0 secondary currents will also change, Therefo primary and secondary copper losses being proportional to the square of the current change. + Since the rated of full oad output (KVAL a is atwayy fixed, therefore itis a customery 10 consider the fu oad copper losses as a standard. «They are denoted as Weup,- With respect to these losses we can calculate the copper losses at any given load, a5 follows : (Fall toad copper losses Woop, = Bg Re (Or = Rp,) But Rep is constant for a given transformer, Wom Ea, G5.) (ii) Fonber (KVA)q, = 1000 (VAy, = 1000 V1, but V; is constant, the directly Will alsy VAM, & Top OF lag. = BVA, 852) (iii) From Equations (3.5.1) and (3.5.2) we get Woo, = VA), G53) (iv) Let us now calculate the copper losses, say at x9% of (KVA)p, ie. when the output of transformer is xKVA)n, Let us denote the losses at this load as Wey, Wea © BVA (3.5.4) Dividing Equation (3.5.4) by Equation (3.5.3) we get 2 Wow [ X(KVA)y ] Woon, (kVA), Thus, | Wes = 7 Woop, e.g. (a) If the full load copper losses are 400 watts then at 50% load copper losses will be Wous = (0.5)°x 400 = 100 W (©) Similarly, Wougas = (0.25)" x 400 = 25 W and so on. Dy_3.6 EFFICIENCY OF A TRANSFORMER. Explain the term efficiency of a transformer. a. The efficiency is always specified at two factors viz- the load and the load p.f. It is very high about 95% to 99%. Since transformer is a static apparatus having no windage and friction losses. Efficiency can be defined mathemati following three cases : ically as per the Case 1: At full load and given p.f, V4 (KVA)g, X 1000 x co: 84x a ar cease 10 i+ Woon, Case I: Atx fraction of full load and given pf, ene X(KVAg, x 1000 x cos $x 100 la givent. = : X RVAn, x 1000x608 94 Wi +x We (nl, Case III: The maximum efficiency (n,,.) at given pf Note the following two points : (Generally for calculating the efficiency, the load is always specified e.g. fall load, 75% load ete but for calculating Thaw the load is never specified, This is because we can easily calculate the load corresponding to maximum efficiency as W, (VAD = ( Won ) x1, (3.6.1) (ii) Also for Thay the corresponding copper loss Weipa, = Wi (3.6.2) SAYA pa (KW) aa, X 1000 X cos 0 x 100 [%Noaslygrenpt. = (kVA) qx X 1000 cos 6+ 2W, «Fig. 3.6.1 represents the graph of 1) v/s % load. Note that as p.f. of the load increases, 7| also increases. tL Here, W,= Weue Corresponding t0 imax (102nFig. 3.6.1 : Efficiency v/s toad graph (ew Syllabus w.e.f Academic Year 24-25) (M1-03) %® 3.6.1 Condition for Maximum Efficiency jG. Derive conahion lor maximum | transformer. Also derive ‘maximum efficiency, Let us consider efficiency as referred to the secondary side, ‘output in watts Output in watts + losses Vel; 605 03 Vz1, 608 6 + Wi + Ty as V, €08 O, ie, load pf, W, and Ry, are fixed and only T, variable depending on the load.

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