1. Fig. 1.1 shows a map of the route taken by a car as it travels from town A to town B.
E town B
Scale:
The side of one
square is 5km.
town A
5 km
Fig. 1.1
The journey involves a distance and a displacement.
(a) (i) Using the scale on Fig. 1.1, determine the displacement in travelling from A to B.
size of displacement = ...............................................................
direction of displacement = ...............................................................
[3]
(ii) State how distance differs from displacement.
...............................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
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..............................................................................................................................[1]
(b) The mass of the car and driver is 1200 kg. Just before the brakes are applied, the speed of the
car is 30 m / s.
(i) Calculate the kinetic energy of the car and driver just before the brakes are applied.
kinetic energy = ......................................................... [2]
(ii) The braking force that stops the car is 1800 N.
Calculate the deceleration of the car.
deceleration = ......................................................... [2]
(iii) Explain why the temperature of the brakes increases during braking.
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
[TOTAL: 9]
2. Fig. 2.1 shows a waterskier pulled horizontally across the water surface.
Fig. 2.1
The mass of the waterskier is 60 kg. The gravitational field strength g is 10 N / kg.
(a) Calculate the weight of the waterskier.
weight = ......................................................... [1]
(b) Mass and weight have different units.
State two other differences between mass and weight.
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...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) A boat pulls the waterskier to the right with a horizontal force of 50 N. The waterskier travels at a
constant speed.
(i) Explain, in terms of the horizontal forces acting, why the speed is constant.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) The horizontal force acting to the right increases from 50 N to 70 N. The sizes of any
other forces are unchanged.
Calculate the acceleration of the waterskier.
acceleration = ......................................................... [3]
[Total: 8]
3. Fig. 3.1 shows a long cardboard tube, sealed at both ends, which contains many small pieces of
metal.
small
meta tube
l
pieces
Fig. 3.1
The tube is turned vertically so that the pieces of metal fall from one end to the other.
The temperature of the pieces increases as a result of the fall.
During the fall, the gravitational potential energy of the metal pieces is transferred to
other forms of energy.
(a) State two forms of energy to which the gravitational potential energy is transferred.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) The pieces fall an average distance of 1.2 m during one turn. The total mass of the metal pieces
is 150 g.
(i) Calculate the loss in the gravitational potential energy of the pieces as they fall once.
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The gravitational field strength g is 10 N / kg.
loss in gravitational potential energy = ......................................................... [2]
(ii) A student turns the tube quickly. After the small metal pieces have fallen from one end to
the other 80 times, their temperature has increased by 7.0 °C.
Determine the specific heat capacity of the metal.
specific heat capacity = ......................................................... [2]
[Total: 6]
4. A star emits electromagnetic radiation over a range of wavelengths.
Fig. 4.1 shows the brightness of the radiation from the star at different wavelengths.
brightness
0
0 1.0 10–6 2.0 10–6 3.0 10–6 4.0 10–6 wavelength / m
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Fig. 4.1
Radiation from the star is brightest at one wavelength.
(a) Determine the wavelength where the radiation is brightest.
wavelength = ......................................................... [1]
(b) Visible light has a wavelength between 4.0 × 10−7 m and 7.0 × 10−7 m.
The radiation in (a) lies just outside the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
State the name of the region of the spectrum that contains the radiation in (a).
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) Determine the frequency of the radiation in (a).
The speed of light is 3.0 × 108 m / s.
frequency = ......................................................... [3]
[Total: 5]
5. A garden pond contains a small fountain. An electric pump in the water causes the water to rise
above the surface of the pond, as shown in Fig. 5.1.
Fig. 5.1
(a) The pressure of the water in the pond increases with depth.
(i) Explain what is meant by pressure.
.................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
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(ii) Explain why the pressure below the surface of the water increases with depth.
.................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) A volume of 0.78 m3 of water passes through the pump in one hour. The density of water is 1000
kg / m3.
(i) Calculate the mass of water that passes through the pump in one hour.
mass = .......................................................... [2]
(ii) The water rises 1.5 m. The gravitational field strength g is 10 N / kg.
Calculate the useful work done in one hour raising the water to the top of the fountain.
work done = .......................................................... [2]
(iii) Calculate the minimum power output of the pump.
power = .......................................................... [2]
[TOTAL: 8]
6. A transformer and a diode are used to charge a battery.
Fig. 6.1 shows the transformer, which contains a soft-iron core and two coils.
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soft-iron core secondary coil diode
primary coil
battery
240 V
being
a.c.
charged
22990
Fig. 8.1
The primary coil is connected to the 240 V a.c. mains supply. The secondary coil is connected in
series with the diode and the battery.
(a) Explain why an electromotive force (e.m.f.) is induced in the secondary coil.
................................................................................................................................................... ............
.......................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) The e.m.f. induced in the secondary coil is less than 240 V.
Suggest why.
........................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Suggest why steel is not used as the core of a transformer.
......................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................[1]
(d) Describe the action of the diode.
........................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................[1]
[TOTAL: 5]
7. Fig. 7.1 shows the colour-coded bands on a resistor. The table in Fig. 7.2 shows the colour code.
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bands 123
Fig. 7.1
digit or colour
multiplier
0 black
1 brown
2 red
3 orange
4 yellow
5 green
6 blue
7 violet
8 grey
9 white
Fig. 7.1
(a) State the colours on the first three bands of a 4700Ω resistor.
Colour of band 1 ........................................ colour of
band 2 ........................................
Colour of band 3 ........................................
[3]
b. Fig. 7.3 shows a 4700Ω resistor connected in series with a variable resistor. The variable resistor
can have any value between 0 and 4700Ω.
0 to 4700 Ω
6V
4700 Ω V
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22991
Fig. 7.3
As the resistance of the variable resistor is altered, determine
(i) the largest reading on the voltmeter, ........................................................................
(ii) the smallest reading on the voltmeter. ...................................................................... [2]
[TOTAL: 5]
8. One method of painting a metal panel uses electrostatic charges. A paint spray produces paint
droplets, all of which are given a positive charge. The metal panel is given a negative charge, as
shown in Fig. 8.1.
Fig 8.1
(a) (i) Explain why the droplets spread out as they leave the nozzle in Fig. 8.1.
...................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Explain why it is important that the metal panel has a negative charge.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) State one advantage of using electrostatics in this way to paint the metal panel.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[1]
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[TOTAL: 4]
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Section B
9. (a) Fig. 10.1 shows the basic structure of a cathode-ray oscilloscope (c.r.o.).
A cathode B C screen
D E F
22992
Fig. 10.1
Electrons strike the middle of the screen and a bright spot is produced.
(i) On Fig. 10.1, write the names of parts B, D, E and F in the spaces provided. [2]
(ii) State the purpose of part B, [1]
(iii) State the useful energy change that occurs as electrons hit the screen of the c.r.o. [1]
(iv) Describe what happens inside the c.r.o. to turn the spot into a horizontal line. [2]
b. A microphone is connected to a c.r.o. to display a sound wave.
Fig. 10.2 shows the trace on the c.r.o.
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1 division
1 division
Fig. 10.2
The settings on the c.r.o. are: Y-gain 0.5 V / division; time base 2.0 ms / division.
(i) Determine
1. the maximum voltage, [1]
2. the time for one oscillation, [2]
3. the frequency of the sound wave.
[1]
10. (a) Define the term half-life.
b. A radioactive substance has a mass of 160g. Its half-life is 40 years.
How much of this substance will remain after 200 years.
c. The following were obtained from the reading of a counter connected to a Geiger-Muller
tube placed in front of radioactive source. Given that the corrected counts of background
radiation recorded by the Geiger-Muller tube was 15.
Time(s) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
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(ii) Plot the graph of the count-rate against time and deduce the half-life of radioactive.
11. Figure 10.1 shows a latched fire alarm system in a milling factory. When the temperature of the
surroundings exceed a certain upper limit, the alarm sounds.
(a) Copy and complete the truth table for the circuit in figure 3.1. [2]
S Corrected
R Qcounts Q
−¿ ¿ 135 89 53 45 35 27 23 20
0 0
0 1
(i)1 0
Draw another table showing the actual corrected counts taking into account of the
1 1
background.
(b) (i) Name component X. [1]
(ii) State one property of component X. [1]
(c) A fire broke up in the milling factory and the alarm sounded. What are the corresponding values of S
and R when the alarm is on? [1]
(d) The alarm continued to sound even when the fire was extinguished and the temperature lowered.
State the action that should be taken in order to stop the alarm sounding. [1]
(e) Three locks are used to unlock a safe in a bank. The bank manager can unlock alone, or his assistant
managers together or all of them. Figure 3.2 shows the circuit which is used.
Copy and complete the truth table below which shows the operation of the locks.
Use 0 for lock closed and 1 for lock opened. [2]
INPUT 0UTPUT
A B C P Q
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0 0 0
0 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 0
(ii) Briefly describe what should happen for the safe to open. [2]
12. (a) The average input power to a freezer is 80 W. The cost of 1 kW h is K0.25.
(i) Explain what is meant by the kilowatt-hour (kW h). [2]
(ii) Calculate the cost of running the freezer for one week. [3]
(b) A large jug containing 1.5 kg of water is placed in the freezer.
(i) The water cools from 25 °C to 0 °C in a time of 60 minutes. The specific
heat capacity of water is 4.2 J / (g °C).
Calculate the thermal energy (heat) removed from the water as it cools
from 25 °C to 0 °C. [2]
(ii) After the water has reached 0 °C, thermal energy is removed from the
water at the same rate as in (i).
The specific latent heat of fusion of water is 3.3 × 105 J / kg.
Calculate the mass of water at 0 °C that becomes ice in 60 minutes. [2]
(iv) Ice at 0 °C becomes water at 0 °C.
State what, if anything, happens to the kinetic energy and the potential energy of the
molecules as this happens.
kinetic
energy: ..........................................................................................................
potential
energy: .......................................................................................................
[1]
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