Concept of S a f e t y and Risk ManaGement

Subject :Fundamental of Nursing (FON)

Department : BS Nursing Presenters :

Institute : INS Sarhad University Peshawar
Abdul Ahad 001
Teacher : Maam Kainat Sadiq & Uzma Akhtar Abdul Hakeem 002
Abdul Khaliq 003
Aiman Gul Khattak 004
Aysha Khan 005
 Objectives

Define Safety
➙
Describe the characteristics of safety
➙
➙ Identify physical and microbial hazards in environment

➙ Discuss various ways to minimize hazards

➙ Discuss the assessment for environmental safety

➙ · Identify physical and microbial hazards in the hospital

which interfere with patients‟ safety
environment,
 Conti...
➙ Explain general preventive measures for safe environment for health
team members and patient.

➙ Using assessment, identify people at risk for safety dysfunction

 DEFINITIONS

➙ Safety may be define as freedom from Psychological and Physical injury. It is a

basic human which must be met.
(Potter and Perry, 2007)

➙ Risk is the probability/chance of exposure to danger, harm, or loss.

 RISK

Risk can be Acute, Intermediate, and Chronic.

➙ Acute: Leads quickly to a health crises like fall, electric current, radiations.

Intermediate: Cause a problem not too fast or slow. Like elevated lipid,
➙ blood pressure, and obesity.

➙ Chronic: Behavioral risk like tobacco use, unhealthy diet use and physical
inactivity.
 SAFETY

➙ Safety refers to the condition of being protected from or unlikely to cause

danger, risk, injury.

➙ It encompasses measures taken to prevent accident and harm, ensuring that individual
can operate in environment whether at work, home or in public
without facing unnecessary risks.

➙It encompasses various aspects including physical, emotional, psychological,

and social well being.

➙ Safety involves various practices, regulations, and awareness to reduce

hazards and promote well-being.
 CONT......

➙ It is an essential resource for everyday life, needed by individuals and

communities to realize their aspirations.

➙ Safety in nursing is a commitment to providing the best care to patients and

caregivers while also keeping the health care environment.

➙ Essentially, it’s about creating a secure environment where people can feel confident
and protected from potential threats.
 Types Of Safety

There are various types of safety in health associated places.

Patient Safety: Measures to

prevent harm, injury, or
adverse outcomes to
patients such as
medication errors, hospital
acquired infections, and
surgical complications.
 Conti.....

Occupational Safety:
Measures to protect
healthcare workers from
workplace hazards, such as
needle stick injuries,
chemical exposures, and
physical violence.
 Conti...

Laboratory Safety:
Measures to prevent
accidents, injuries, and
exposure to hazardous
materials in laboratory
settings.
 Characteristics of safety

➙ Safety is an important concept with several key characteristics .

➙ Protection from harm: The primary characteristic of safety is the protection of

individuals from physical, emotional, and psychological harm. This includes
preventing accidents, injuries, and exposure to hazardous situations.

➙ Risk Management: Safety involves identifying potential risks and

implementing measures to mitigate or eliminate them. This includes assessing
hazards in various
environments, such as workplaces, homes, and public spaces.
 Conti....

➙ Emergency preparedness: Safety includes being prepared for emergencies.

This involves having plans in place for various scenarios (like fires, natural
disaster, or medical emergency) and ensuring access to necessary
resources.

➙ Continuous Improvement: Safety is not a one-time effort but an

ongoing process. Organizations and individuals must continuously
evaluate and improve safety practices based on new information,
technologies, and
feedback.
 HAZARDS

➙ A hazard is a situation, condition, or object that has the potential to cause

harm, injury, or adverse affects to the patients.

➙ Hazards can be physical, chemical, biological, or psychological in nature .

 Physical Hazards

➙ Extreme Temperature: High or low temperatures that can cause heat stress,
hypothermia, or frostbite.

➙ Noise Pollution: Loud noises that can cause hearing loss, tinnitus, or other
auditory problems.

➙ Vibrations: Vibrations from machinery or equipment that can cause hand-arm

vibration syndrome or other musculoskeletal disorders.
Physical Hazards
 Microbial Hazards

➙ Bacteria: Pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli (E.coli), Salmonella, or

Campylobacter that can cause food poisoning, infections, or diseases.

➙ Viruses: Viruses such as influenza, norovirus, or rotavirus that can cause

respiratory, gastrointestinal, or other illnesses.
Microbial Hazards
 Various Ways to minimize Hazards

➙ Hand Hygiene: Encourage frequent hand washing with soap and water,
and provide sanitizer for situations where handwashing is not
possible.

➙ Proper Cleaning and Disinfection: Regularly clean and disinfect high-

touch surfaces, equipment, and environments to reduce the
spread of
microorganisms.

➙ Sterilization: Sterilize equipment and supplies that come into contact with
patients or contaminated materials >
 Minimizing Microbial Hazards

➙ Personal Protective Equipment's (PPE): Provide and ensure proper

use of PPE, such as gloves, masks, and gowns, to prevent
exposure to
microorganisms.

➙ Proper Waste Disposal: Ensure proper disposal of infections

waste, including sharps and biohazardous materials.

➙ Vaccination and Immunization: Encourage Vaccination and

Immunization against infections diseases such as Influenza
and Hepatitis.
 Assessment For Environmental Safety

➙ Environmental safety assessment is a critical process to identify, evaluate,

and mitigate environmental hazards that can impact human health,
ecosystems, and
the environment.

Steps in Environmental Safety Assessment

➙ Identify potential hazards: Conduct a thorough walk- through the units to

identify
potential environmental hazards.

➙ Assess the risk: Evaluate the likelihood and potential impact of each
identified
hazards.
 Steps In Environmental Safety Assessment

Develop a plan: Create a plan to mitigate or eliminate each identified

➙ hazard.

➙ Implement the plan: Put the plan into action, and ensure that all
staff members are aware of their roles and
responsibilities.

➙ Monitor and Evaluate: Regularly monitor and evaluate the

effectiveness of the plan, and make adjustments as
needed.
 Identify physical and microbial hazards in the hospital environment,
which interfere with patients‟ safety
Physical Hazards

➙ Slip, Trip, and Fall Hazards: Wet floors, uneven surfaces, and obstacles
can
cause slips, trips, and falls.

➙ Equipment-Related Hazards: Malfunctioning or poorly maintained

equipment, such as beds, wheelchairs, and infusion pumps can cause
injuries.

➙ Fire Hazards: Electrical equipment, open flames, and flammable materials

can
ignite fires.
 Microbial Hazards

➙ Waterborne Pathogens: Legionella, Pseudomonas, and other bacteria

can contaminate water and cause diseases.

➙ Foodborne Pathogens: Salmonella, E.coli, and other can contaminate

food
and cause illness.

➙ Vector-borne Pathogens: Mosquitoes, ticks, and other vectors

can transmit diseases like Malaria, Dengue fever, and Lyme
disease.

➙ Fungal Contamination: Aspergillus, Candida, and other fungi

can contaminate surfaces, equipment and supplies.
 Preventive Measures For Health Team Members

Immunization
➙•Ensure health team members are up-to-date on
recommended immunizations, including Influenza and
Hepatitis B,
•Provide education on immunization benefits and risks.

➙ Occupational Health Service

•Provide occupational health services, including medical surveillance
and counseling.

•Ensure health team members are aware of available services.

 Conti.....

➙ . Give orientation to the client about unit .

➙ • Ensure the provision of basic needs (oxygen, Nutrition, Temperature) .

➙ • Place a call bell within reach of the patient and teach how and when to
use it..

➙ • Have proper lighting in the room.

➙ • keep the bed locked and in low position.

 Preventive Measures For Patients

Infection Control
•Implement infection control measures, such as proper hand hygiene, PPE, and
cleaning and disinfection.
•Ensure patients are educated on infection control practices.

Fall Prevention
•Assess patient for fall risk and implement fall prevention measures, such as bed
alarms and non-slip mats.
•Ensure patients are educated on fall prevention practices.
 People which are at risk because of safety dysfunction

➙ High Risk Patients :

Pediatric Patients: Children are vulnerable to safety risks due to their

curiosity, lack of awareness, and developing cognitive abilities.

Geriatric Patients: Older adults are at high risk due to age related cognitive
and physical decline, polypharmacy, and chronic health conditions.
 Conti...

➙ Cognitively Impaired Patients: Individuals with dementia, Alzheimer’s disease,

or other cognitive impairments are at high risk due to their decreased ability
to
recognize and respond to safety hazards.

Patients with Sensory Impairments: Individuals with visual,

➙ hearing, or other sensory impairments may be at high risk due to
their decreased
ability to perceive and respond to safety hazards.
 SUMMARY

➙ Hospital safety is a vital aspect of healthcare that involves the safety

of patients, staff, and visitors. Hospital safety can be improved by
implementing
safety protocols, training staff, and fostering a culture of safety.

Safety is essential
Hospital safety is essential for providing high-quality care and meeting
regulatory requirements.

Safety involves everyone

Hospital safety is a team effort that requires everyone in the hospital to work
together.
 Conti....

Safety is proactive
Hospitals should take a proactive approach to safety by identifying
and mitigating common risks.

Safety is a culture
Hospitals should foster a culture of safety that emphasizes collaboration
and communication.

Safety is ongoing
Hospitals should continuously improve their safety practices to ensure the
best possible outcomes for patients, staff, and visitors.
 REFRENCES

➙ Roger Pressman, Osoftware Engineering: A PractitionerOs

Approacho, McGraw-Hill, (5thed), ISBN: 0-07-709677-0 (Chapter 6).
Retrieved from

➙ Faculty & Staff safety hand book, The Aga Khan University.

JCIA International patient safety goals

➙ ´Craven, R.F., & Hirnle, C. J. (2003). Fundamental of Nursing Human Health

and Function. (4thed). New York: Lippincott.

➙ Potter, P.A & Perry, A.G (2007). Basic Nursing: Essential for Practice. (6thed).
St
Louis Mosby
THAN
HANK
Y OU
VER
VERY
M U CH !