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Fundamental Concepts
Organic reactions involve the breaking and making of covalent bonds. Chemists
e
are not only interested in what happens in a chemical reaction but also in how it
El
happens.
Chemical transformations involve the redistribution of valence electrons of the
reactant molecules (lone pair electrons and those of chemical bonds), and how
this happens is a major aspect of what is called the reaction mechanism .
formatch
age A
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Bonds between atoms with small EN difference
oof
night
Itralenc lmoD
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Bonds between atoms with large EN difference
valenceshell n 2
eg Nat
valence shell EI
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gay
smallenergy
Toform
Y
a stronger covalent bond
Emptyorbital
interacting EMu should have
comparable energies of Alls
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iffy
Breaking of Bonds
I
Hope Heterolysis
AIB AFEToree.in
Egg tBfon eg
Ite ai R
OHH 12 8 Ht
7kt d tie
Jefe I I
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Breaking of Bonds
Arrow
always starts from higher e density
and ends at lower é density
Fishhook anew
for movement ofsingle e wtf
for movement pair
ofan e
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Reaction Intermediates
Reactants Products singlestep or elementary rn
Reactants A B Products Multistep or complex
Fintrmedata eg carbocations
de carbanions
very unstable free radicals
reactive carbene
very
short Mitene
very lifespan
Benzyne
ele
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Electronic Displacement Effects
d
Permanent
temporary
Inductive effect Most Electomeric effect
less important
Mesomeric effect
Potent Inductomeric eject
for us
Hyperconjugation
Use Code PTCHEM to get 10% Discount
Inductive Effect
2 is more EN than C
gm Z is é
withdrawing group
ENG
Its partial permanentdisplacementfdensity in the molecule due to
polarity of one bond group
888 88 y't Y is less EN than C
Y is EDA
é
é donating group
treaty
Inductiveeffect is distancedependent becomes negligible after 4 carbons
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Fundamental Concepts
+I Effect -I Effect
The group which release The group which attract
electron cloud is known electron cloud is known
as + I group and effect is + as - I group and effect is -
I effect. I effect.
1
Deuterium
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Inductive Effect
ÉÉÉo ceca o yet
GGGC NO GGGOH K 7110211
Goanna
G Gay gets
E
AHH NAH
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Application of Inductive Effect
t
2 Acidity basicity
3 Reactive sites delocalisation
of charge brings
stability
g HEH
Ep's
CH ftp.alasssheet
carbocation
Effigy
spa
Morestable
IIT
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Application of Inductive Effect
EDG stabilise carbocations Ewa M acidity
EWG stabilise carbanion EDA 9
Basicity
É E
HIM at Moats
lessstable Morestable
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Nucleophiles & Electrophiles
E
Nucleus loving Thing
loving O loving Muc
Thspecies é
mots d
Nu A Et
eg ÉhBH
Mud Et must have an
Yhashtpty empty orbital
paid to accept e pair from nuc
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Nucleophiles & Electrophiles
i Fitted yo ni et
Ci Bi Mi SH Chi
Coo etc
Mental
120 in RIH 1173 2h42 feels BB PB
Haj Rap RIH 5092
f X is
SO
coz elegant
not an
electrophile
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t
IIIpotyrbital
Mu filled orbital
a good overlap b w E Mu
gotfor a better overlap we require
higher Homo Na and
lowenergy LUMO E
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Nucleophiles & Electrophiles
IT
1
stabilization Lyft
Mug
Poor
Betterorested
overt
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Resonance
Goc structural Isomerism stereoisomerism
Haloalkanes Alkanes y
Hydrocarbons
d
Alcohol tether
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Which
of the following species behave as Mu Et both
None
as Ce 0 g Brt 20
b m
120 h pest Gue 9
C Ht n
is City
d AlBr silly 20
1 NOI 20 0
e Up at cuz
agoH
f Bell 20
K
H Et 0
I
e
ay EN
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