Electroencephalography

Electroencephalography (EEG)[1] is a method to record

an electrogram of the spontaneous electrical activity of Electroencephalography
the brain. The biosignals detected by EEG have been
shown to represent the postsynaptic potentials of
pyramidal neurons in the neocortex and allocortex.[2] It is
typically non-invasive, with the EEG electrodes placed
along the scalp (commonly called "scalp EEG") using the
International 10–20 system, or variations of it.
Electrocorticography, involving surgical placement of
electrodes, is sometimes called "intracranial EEG".
Clinical interpretation of EEG recordings is most often
performed by visual inspection of the tracing or
quantitative EEG analysis.

Voltage fluctuations measured by the EEG bioamplifier

and electrodes allow the evaluation of normal brain
activity. As the electrical activity monitored by EEG Epileptic spike and wave discharges monitored
originates in neurons in the underlying brain tissue, the EEG
recordings made by the electrodes on the surface of the
scalp vary in accordance with their orientation and distance to the source of the activity. Furthermore, the
value recorded is distorted by intermediary tissues and bones, which act in a manner akin to resistors and
capacitors in an electrical circuit. This means that not all neurons will contribute equally to an EEG signal,
with an EEG predominately reflecting the activity of cortical neurons near the electrodes on the scalp. Deep
structures within the brain further away from the electrodes will not contribute directly to an EEG; these
include the base of the cortical gyrus, mesial walls of the major lobes, hippocampus, thalamus, and brain
stem.[3]

A healthy human EEG will show certain patterns of activity that correlate with how awake a person is. The
range of frequencies one observes are between 1 and 30 Hz, and amplitudes will vary between 20 and 100
μV. The observed frequencies are subdivided into various groups: alpha (8–13 Hz), beta (13–30 Hz), delta
(0.5–4 Hz), and theta (4–7 Hz). Alpha waves are observed when a person is in a state of relaxed wakefulness
and are mostly prominent over the parietal and occipital sites. During intense mental activity, beta waves are
more prominent in frontal areas as well as other regions. If a relaxed person is told to open their eyes, one
observes alpha activity decreasing and an increase in beta activity. Theta and delta waves are not generally
seen in wakefulness - if they are, it is a sign of brain dysfunction.[3]

EEG can detect abnormal electrical discharges such as sharp waves, spikes, or spike-and-wave complexes,
as observable in people with epilepsy; thus, it is often used to inform medical diagnosis. EEG can detect the
onset and spatio-temporal (location and time) evolution of seizures and the presence of status epilepticus. It
is also used to help diagnose sleep disorders, depth of anesthesia, coma, encephalopathies, cerebral hypoxia
after cardiac arrest, and brain death. EEG used to be a first-line method of diagnosis for tumors, stroke, and
other focal brain disorders,[4][5] but this use has decreased with the advent of high-resolution anatomical
imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT). Despite its
limited spatial resolution, EEG continues to be a valuable tool for research and diagnosis. It is one of the
few mobile techniques available and offers millisecond-range temporal resolution, which is not possible
with CT, PET, or MRI.[6][7]

Derivatives of the EEG technique include evoked potentials (EP), which involves averaging the EEG
activity time-locked to the presentation of a stimulus of some sort (visual, somatosensory, or auditory).
Event-related potentials (ERPs) refer to averaged EEG responses that are time-locked to more complex
processing of stimuli; this technique is used in cognitive science, cognitive psychology, and
psychophysiological research.

Uses

Epilepsy
EEG is the gold standard diagnostic procedure to confirm epilepsy. The
sensitivity of a routine EEG to detect interictal epileptiform discharges at
epilepsy centers has been reported to be in the range of 29–55%.[8] Given the
low to moderate sensitivity, a routine EEG (typically with a duration of 20–
30 minutes) can be normal in people that have epilepsy. When an EEG
shows interictal epileptiform discharges (e.g. sharp waves, spikes, spike-and-
wave, etc.) it is confirmatory of epilepsy in nearly all cases (high specificity),
however up to 3.5% of the general population may have epileptiform
abnormalities in an EEG without ever having had a seizure (low false
positive rate)[8] or with a very low risk of developing epilepsy in the
future.[9]

When a routine EEG is normal and there is a high suspicion or need to An EEG recording setup
confirm epilepsy, it may be repeated or performed with a longer duration in using the 10-10 system of
the epilepsy monitoring unit (EMU) or at home with an ambulatory EEG. In electrode placement.
addition, there are activating maneuvers such as photic stimulation,
hyperventilation and sleep deprivation that can increase the diagnostic yield
of the EEG.[8]

Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (EMU)

At times, a routine EEG is not sufficient to establish the diagnosis or determine the best course of action in
terms of treatment. In this case, attempts may be made to record an EEG while a seizure is occurring. This is
known as an ictal recording, as opposed to an interictal recording, which refers to the EEG recording
between seizures. To obtain an ictal recording, a prolonged EEG is typically performed accompanied by a
time-synchronized video and audio recording. This can be done either as an outpatient (at home) or during a
hospital admission, preferably to an Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (EMU) with nurses and other personnel
trained in the care of patients with seizures. Outpatient ambulatory video EEGs typically last one to three
days. An admission to an Epilepsy Monitoring Unit typically lasts several days but may last for a week or
longer. While in the hospital, seizure medications are usually withdrawn to increase the odds that a seizure
will occur during admission. For reasons of safety, medications are not withdrawn during an EEG outside of
the hospital. Ambulatory video EEGs, therefore, have the advantage of convenience and are less expensive
than a hospital admission, but they also have the disadvantage of a decreased probability of recording a
clinical event.[10]

Epilepsy monitoring is often considered when patients continue having events despite being on anti-seizure
medications or if there is concern that the patient's events have an alternate diagnosis, e.g., psychogenic non-
epileptic seizures, syncope (fainting), sub-cortical movement disorders, migraine variants, stroke, etc. In
cases of epileptic seizures, continuous EEG monitoring helps to characterize seizures and localize/lateralize
the region of the brain from which a seizure originates. This can help identify appropriate non-medication
treatment options.[11] In clinical use, EEG traces are visually analyzed by neurologists to look at various
features. Increasingly, quantitative analysis of EEG is being used in conjunction with visual analysis.
Quantitative analysis displays like power spectrum analysis, alpha-delta ratio, amplitude integrated EEG,
and spike detection can help quickly identify segments of EEG that need close visual analysis or, in some
cases, be used as surrogates for quick identification of seizures in long-term recordings.

Other brain disorders

An EEG might also be helpful for diagnosing or treating the following disorders:[12]

Brain tumor
Brain damage from head injury
Brain dysfunction that can have a variety of causes (encephalopathy)
Inflammation of the brain (encephalitis)
Stroke
Sleep disorders
It can also:

distinguish epileptic seizures from other types of spells, such as psychogenic non-epileptic
seizures, syncope (fainting), sub-cortical movement disorders and migraine variants
differentiate "organic" encephalopathy or delirium from primary psychiatric syndromes such as
catatonia
serve as an adjunct test of brain death in comatose patients
prognosticate in comatose patients (in certain instances) or in newborns with brain injury from
various causes around the time of birth
determine whether to wean anti-epileptic medications.

Intensive Care Unit (ICU)

EEG can also be used in intensive care units for brain function monitoring to monitor for non-convulsive
seizures/non-convulsive status epilepticus, to monitor the effect of sedative/anesthesia in patients in
medically induced coma (for treatment of refractory seizures or increased intracranial pressure), and to
monitor for secondary brain damage in conditions such as subarachnoid hemorrhage (currently a research
method).[13]

In cases where significant brain injury is suspected, e.g., after cardiac arrest, EEG can provide some
prognostic information.
If a patient with epilepsy is being considered for resective surgery to treat epilepsy, it is often necessary to
localize the focus (source) of the epileptic brain activity with a resolution greater than what is provided by
scalp EEG. In these cases, neurosurgeons typically implant strips and grids of electrodes or penetrating
depth electrodes under the dura mater, through either a craniotomy or a burr hole. The recording of these
signals is referred to as electrocorticography (ECoG), subdural EEG (sdEEG), intracranial EEG (icEEG), or
stereotactic EEG (sEEG). The signal recorded from ECoG is on a different scale of activity than the brain
activity recorded from scalp EEG. Low-voltage, high-frequency components that cannot be seen easily (or
at all) in scalp EEG can be seen clearly in ECoG. Further, smaller electrodes (which cover a smaller parcel
of brain surface) allow for better spatial resolution to narrow down the areas critical for seizure onset and
propagation. Some clinical sites record data from penetrating microelectrodes.[14]

Home ambulatory EEG

Sometimes it is more convenient or clinically necessary to perform ambulatory EEG recordings in the home
of the person being tested.[15][16] These studies typically have a duration of 24–72 hours.

Research use
EEG and the related study of ERPs are used extensively in neuroscience, cognitive science, cognitive
psychology, neurolinguistics, and psychophysiological research, as well as to study human functions such as
swallowing.[17][18][19] Any EEG techniques used in research are not sufficiently standardised for clinical
use, and many ERP studies fail to report all of the necessary processing steps for data collection and
reduction,[20] limiting the reproducibility and replicability of many studies. Based on a 2024 systematic
literature review and meta analysis commissioned by the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute
(PCORI), EEG scans cannot be used reliably to assist in making a clinical diagnosis of ADHD.[21] However,
EEG continues to be used in research on mental disabilities, such as auditory processing disorder (APD),
ADD, and ADHD.[21] EEGs have also been studied for their utility in detecting neurophysiological changes
in the brain after concussion,[22] however, at this time there are no advanced imaging techniques that can be
used clinically to diagnose or monitor recovery from concussion.[23][24]

Advantages
Several other methods to study brain function exist, including functional magnetic resonance imaging
(fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), magnetoencephalography (MEG), nuclear magnetic
resonance spectroscopy (NMR or MRS), electrocorticography (ECoG), single-photon emission computed
tomography (SPECT), near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), and event-related optical signal (EROS). Despite
the relatively poor spatial sensitivity of EEG, the "one-dimensional signals from localised peripheral regions
on the head make it attractive for its simplistic fidelity and has allowed high clinical and basic research
throughput".[25] Thus, EEG possesses some advantages over some of those other techniques:

Hardware costs are significantly lower than those of most other techniques[26]
EEG prevents limited availability of technologists to provide immediate care in high traffic
hospitals.[27]
EEG only requires a quiet room and briefcase-size equipment, whereas fMRI, SPECT, PET,
MRS, or MEG require bulky and immobile equipment. For example, MEG requires equipment
consisting of liquid helium-cooled detectors that can be used only in magnetically shielded
rooms, altogether costing upwards of several million dollars;[28] and fMRI requires the use of a
1-ton magnet in, again, a shielded room.
 EEG can readily have a high temporal resolution, (although sub-millisecond resolution
generates less meaningful data), because the two to 32 data streams generated by that
number of electrodes is easily stored and processed, whereas 3D spatial technologies provide
thousands or millions times as many input data streams, and are thus limited by hardware and
software.[29] EEG is commonly recorded at sampling rates between 250 and 2000 Hz in
clinical and research settings.
EEG is relatively tolerant of subject movement, unlike most other neuroimaging techniques.
There even exist methods for minimizing, and even eliminating movement artifacts in EEG
data[30]
EEG is silent, which allows for better study of the responses to auditory stimuli.
EEG does not aggravate claustrophobia, unlike fMRI, PET, MRS, SPECT, and sometimes
MEG[31]
EEG does not involve exposure to high-intensity (>1 Tesla) magnetic fields, as in some of the
other techniques, especially MRI and MRS. These can cause a variety of undesirable issues
with the data, and also prohibit use of these techniques with participants that have metal
implants in their body, such as metal-containing pacemakers[32]
EEG does not involve exposure to radioligands, unlike positron emission tomography.[33]
ERP studies can be conducted with relatively simple paradigms, compared with IE block-
design fMRI studies
Relatively non-invasive, in contrast to electrocorticography, which requires electrodes to be
placed on the actual surface of the brain.
EEG also has some characteristics that compare favorably with behavioral testing:

EEG can detect covert processing (i.e., processing that does not require a response)[34]
EEG can be used in subjects who are incapable of making a motor response[35]
EEG is a method widely used in the study of sport performance, valued for its portability and
lightweight design[36]
Some ERP components can be detected even when the subject is not attending to the stimuli
Unlike other means of studying reaction time, ERPs can elucidate stages of processing (rather
than just the result)[37]
the simplicity of EEG readily provides for tracking of brain changes during different phases of
life. EEG sleep analysis can indicate significant aspects of the timing of brain development,
including evaluating adolescent brain maturation.[38]
In EEG there is a better understanding of what signal is measured as compared to other
research techniques, e.g. the BOLD response in MRI.

Disadvantages
Low spatial resolution on the scalp. fMRI, for example, can directly display areas of the brain
that are active, while EEG requires intense interpretation just to hypothesize what areas are
activated by a particular response.[39]
Depending on the orientation and location of the dipole causing an EEG change, there may be
a false localization due to the inverse problem.[40]
EEG poorly measures neural activity that occurs below the upper layers of the brain (the
cortex).
Unlike PET and MRS, EEG cannot identify specific locations in the brain at which various
neurotransmitters, drugs, etc. can be found.[33]
Often takes a long time to connect a subject to EEG, as it requires precise placement of
dozens of electrodes around the head and the use of various gels, saline solutions, and/or
pastes to maintain good conductivity, and a cap is used to keep them in place. While the
 length of time differs dependent on the specific EEG device used, as a general rule it takes
considerably less time to prepare a subject for MEG, fMRI, MRS, and SPECT.
Signal-to-noise ratio is poor, so sophisticated data analysis and relatively large numbers of
subjects are needed to extract useful information from EEG.[41]
EEGs are not currently very compatible with individuals who have coarser and/or textured hair.
Even protective styles can pose issues during testing. Researchers are currently trying to build
better options for patients and technicians alike[42] Furthermore, researchers are starting to
implement more culturally-informed data collection practices to help reduce racial biases in
EEG research.[43]

With other neuroimaging techniques

Simultaneous EEG recordings and fMRI scans have been obtained successfully,[44][45][46][47] though
recording both at the same time effectively requires that several technical difficulties be overcome, such as
the presence of ballistocardiographic artifact, MRI pulse artifact and the induction of electrical currents in
EEG wires that move within the strong magnetic fields of the MRI. While challenging, these have been
successfully overcome in a number of studies.[48][49]

MRI's produce detailed images created by generating strong magnetic fields that may induce potentially
harmful displacement force and torque. These fields produce potentially harmful radio frequency heating
and create image artifacts rendering images useless. Due to these potential risks, only certain medical
devices can be used in an MR environment.

Similarly, simultaneous recordings with MEG and EEG have also been conducted, which has several
advantages over using either technique alone:

EEG requires accurate information about certain aspects of the skull that can only be
estimated, such as skull radius, and conductivities of various skull locations. MEG does not
have this issue, and a simultaneous analysis allows this to be corrected for.
MEG and EEG both detect activity below the surface of the cortex very poorly, and like EEG,
the level of error increases with the depth below the surface of the cortex one attempts to
examine. However, the errors are very different between the techniques, and combining them
thus allows for correction of some of this noise.
MEG has access to virtually no sources of brain activity below a few centimetres under the
cortex. EEG, on the other hand, can receive signals from greater depth, albeit with a high
degree of noise. Combining the two makes it easier to determine what in the EEG signal
comes from the surface (since MEG is very accurate in examining signals from the surface of
the brain), and what comes from deeper in the brain, thus allowing for analysis of deeper brain
signals than either EEG or MEG on its own.[50]
Recently, a combined EEG/MEG (EMEG) approach has been investigated for the purpose of source
reconstruction in epilepsy diagnosis.[51]

EEG has also been combined with positron emission tomography. This provides the advantage of allowing
researchers to see what EEG signals are associated with different drug actions in the brain.[52]
Recent studies using machine learning techniques such as neural networks with statistical temporal features
extracted from frontal lobe EEG brainwave data has shown high levels of success in classifying mental
states (Relaxed, Neutral, Concentrating),[53] mental emotional states (Negative, Neutral, Positive)[54] and
thalamocortical dysrhythmia.[55]

Mechanisms
The brain's electrical charge is maintained by billions of neurons.[56] Neurons are electrically charged (or
"polarized") by membrane transport proteins that pump ions across their membranes. Neurons are constantly
exchanging ions with the extracellular milieu, for example to maintain resting potential and to propagate
action potentials. Ions of similar charge repel each other, and when many ions are pushed out of many
neurons at the same time, they can push their neighbours, who push their neighbours, and so on, in a wave.
This process is known as volume conduction. When the wave of ions reaches the electrodes on the scalp,
they can push or pull electrons on the metal in the electrodes. Since metal conducts the push and pull of
electrons easily, the difference in push or pull voltages between any two electrodes can be measured by a
voltmeter. Recording these voltages over time gives us the EEG.[57]

The electric potential generated by an individual neuron is far too small to be picked up by EEG or
MEG.[58] EEG activity therefore always reflects the summation of the synchronous activity of thousands or
millions of neurons that have similar spatial orientation. If the cells do not have similar spatial orientation,
their ions do not line up and create waves to be detected. Pyramidal neurons of the cortex are thought to
produce the most EEG signal because they are well-aligned and fire together. Because voltage field
gradients fall off with the square of distance, activity from deep sources is more difficult to detect than
currents near the skull.[59]

Scalp EEG activity shows oscillations at a variety of frequencies. Several of these oscillations have
characteristic frequency ranges, spatial distributions and are associated with different states of brain
functioning (e.g., waking and the various sleep stages). These oscillations represent synchronized activity
over a network of neurons. The neuronal networks underlying some of these oscillations are understood
(e.g., the thalamocortical resonance underlying sleep spindles), while many others are not (e.g., the system
that generates the posterior basic rhythm). Research that measures both EEG and neuron spiking finds the
relationship between the two is complex, with a combination of EEG power in the gamma band and phase
in the delta band relating most strongly to neuron spike activity.[60]

Method
In conventional scalp EEG, the recording is obtained by placing
electrodes on the scalp with a conductive gel or paste, usually after
preparing the scalp area by light abrasion to reduce impedance due to
dead skin cells. Many systems typically use electrodes, each of
which is attached to an individual wire. Some systems use caps or
nets into which electrodes are embedded; this is particularly common
when high-density arrays of electrodes are needed.
Computer electroencephalograph
Neurovisor-BMM 40 produced and
Electrode locations and names are specified by the International 10–
offered in Russia
20 system[61] for most clinical and research applications (except
when high-density arrays are used). This system ensures that the
naming of electrodes is consistent across laboratories. In most clinical applications, 19 recording electrodes
(plus ground and system reference) are used.[62] A smaller number of electrodes are typically used when
recording EEG from neonates. Additional electrodes can be added to the standard set-up when a clinical or
research application demands increased spatial resolution for a particular area of the brain. High-density
arrays (typically via cap or net) can contain up to 256 electrodes more-or-less evenly spaced around the
scalp.

Each electrode is connected to one input of a differential amplifier (one amplifier per pair of electrodes); a
common system reference electrode is connected to the other input of each differential amplifier. These
amplifiers amplify the voltage between the active electrode and the reference (typically 1,000–100,000
times, or 60–100 dB of power gain). In analog EEG, the signal is then filtered (next paragraph), and the
EEG signal is output as the deflection of pens as paper passes underneath. Most EEG systems these days,
however, are digital, and the amplified signal is digitized via an analog-to-digital converter, after being
passed through an anti-aliasing filter. Analog-to-digital sampling typically occurs at 256–512 Hz in clinical
scalp EEG; sampling rates of up to 20 kHz are used in some research applications.

During the recording, a series of activation procedures may be used. These procedures may induce normal
or abnormal EEG activity that might not otherwise be seen. These procedures include hyperventilation,
photic stimulation (with a strobe light), eye closure, mental activity, sleep and sleep deprivation. During
(inpatient) epilepsy monitoring, a patient's typical seizure medications may be withdrawn.

The digital EEG signal is stored electronically and can be filtered for display. Typical settings for the high-
pass filter and a low-pass filter are 0.5–1 Hz and 35–70 Hz respectively. The high-pass filter typically filters
out slow artifact, such as electrogalvanic signals and movement artifact, whereas the low-pass filter filters
out high-frequency artifacts, such as electromyographic signals. An additional notch filter is typically used
to remove artifact caused by electrical power lines (60 Hz in the United States and 50 Hz in many other
countries).[14]

The EEG signals can be captured with opensource hardware such as OpenBCI and the signal can be
processed by freely available EEG software such as EEGLAB or the Neurophysiological Biomarker
Toolbox.

As part of an evaluation for epilepsy surgery, it may be necessary to insert electrodes near the surface of the
brain, under the surface of the dura mater. This is accomplished via burr hole or craniotomy. This is referred
to variously as "electrocorticography (ECoG)", "intracranial EEG (I-EEG)" or "subdural EEG (SD-EEG)".
Depth electrodes may also be placed into brain structures, such as the amygdala or hippocampus, structures,
which are common epileptic foci and may not be "seen" clearly by scalp EEG. The electrocorticographic
signal is processed in the same manner as digital scalp EEG (above), with a couple of caveats. ECoG is
typically recorded at higher sampling rates than scalp EEG because of the requirements of Nyquist theorem
– the subdural signal is composed of a higher predominance of higher frequency components. Also, many of
the artifacts that affect scalp EEG do not impact ECoG, and therefore display filtering is often not needed.

A typical adult human EEG signal is about 10 μV to 100 μV in amplitude when measured from the scalp.[63]

Since an EEG voltage signal represents a difference between the voltages at two electrodes, the display of
the EEG for the reading encephalographer may be set up in one of several ways. The representation of the
EEG channels is referred to as a montage.

Sequential montage
 Each channel (i.e., waveform) represents the difference between two adjacent electrodes.
The entire montage consists of a series of these channels. For example, the channel "Fp1-
F3" represents the difference in voltage between the Fp1 electrode and the F3 electrode.
The next channel in the montage, "F3-C3", represents the voltage difference between F3
and C3, and so on through the entire array of electrodes.

Referential montage
Each channel represents the difference between a certain electrode and a designated
reference electrode. There is no standard position for this reference; it is, however, at a
different position than the "recording" electrodes. Midline positions are often used because
they do not amplify the signal in one hemisphere vs. the other, such as Cz, Oz, Pz etc. as
online reference. The other popular offline references are:

REST reference: which is an offline computational reference at infinity where the potential is
zero. REST (reference electrode standardization technique) takes the equivalent sources
inside the brain of any a set of scalp recordings as springboard to link the actual recordings
with any an online or offline( average, linked ears etc.) non-zero reference to the new
recordings with infinity zero as the standardized reference.[64]
"linked ears": which is a physical or mathematical average of electrodes attached to both
earlobes or mastoids.

Average reference montage

The outputs of all of the amplifiers are summed and averaged, and this averaged signal is
used as the common reference for each channel.

Laplacian montage
Each channel represents the difference between an electrode and a weighted average of the
surrounding electrodes.[65]

When analog (paper) EEGs are used, the technologist switches between montages during the recording in
order to highlight or better characterize certain features of the EEG. With digital EEG, all signals are
typically digitized and stored in a particular (usually referential) montage; since any montage can be
constructed mathematically from any other, the EEG can be viewed by the electroencephalographer in any
display montage that is desired.

The EEG is read by a clinical neurophysiologist or neurologist (depending on local custom and law
regarding medical specialities), optimally one who has specific training in the interpretation of EEGs for
clinical purposes. This is done by visual inspection of the waveforms, called graphoelements. The use of
computer signal processing of the EEG – so-called quantitative electroencephalography – is somewhat
controversial when used for clinical purposes (although there are many research uses).

Dry EEG electrodes

In the early 1990s Babak Taheri, at University of California, Davis demonstrated the first single and also
multichannel dry active electrode arrays using micro-machining. The single channel dry EEG electrode
construction and results were published in 1994.[66] The arrayed electrode was also demonstrated to perform
well compared to silver/silver chloride electrodes. The device consisted of four sites of sensors with
integrated electronics to reduce noise by impedance matching. The advantages of such electrodes are: (1) no
electrolyte used, (2) no skin preparation, (3) significantly reduced sensor size, and (4) compatibility with
EEG monitoring systems. The active electrode array is an integrated system made of an array of capacitive
sensors with local integrated circuitry housed in a package with batteries to power the circuitry. This level of
integration was required to achieve the functional performance obtained by the electrode. The electrode was
tested on an electrical test bench and on human subjects in four modalities of EEG activity, namely: (1)
spontaneous EEG, (2) sensory event-related potentials, (3) brain stem potentials, and (4) cognitive event-
related potentials. The performance of the dry electrode compared favorably with that of the standard wet
electrodes in terms of skin preparation, no gel requirements (dry), and higher signal-to-noise ratio.[67]

In 1999 researchers at Case Western Reserve University, in Cleveland, Ohio, led by Hunter Peckham, used
64-electrode EEG skullcap to return limited hand movements to quadriplegic Jim Jatich. As Jatich
concentrated on simple but opposite concepts like up and down, his beta-rhythm EEG output was analysed
using software to identify patterns in the noise. A basic pattern was identified and used to control a switch:
Above average activity was set to on, below average off. As well as enabling Jatich to control a computer
cursor the signals were also used to drive the nerve controllers embedded in his hands, restoring some
movement.[68]

In 2018, a functional dry electrode composed of a polydimethylsiloxane elastomer filled with conductive
carbon nanofibers was reported. This research was conducted at the U.S. Army Research Laboratory.[69]
EEG technology often involves applying a gel to the scalp which facilitates strong signal-to-noise ratio. This
results in more reproducible and reliable experimental results. Since patients dislike having their hair filled
with gel, and the lengthy setup requires trained staff on hand, utilizing EEG outside the laboratory setting
can be difficult.[70] Additionally, it has been observed that wet electrode sensors' performance reduces after
a span of hours.[69] Therefore, research has been directed to developing dry and semi-dry EEG bioelectronic
interfaces.

Dry electrode signals depend upon mechanical contact. Therefore, it can be difficult getting a usable signal
because of impedance between the skin and the electrode.[70][69] Some EEG systems attempt to circumvent
this issue by applying a saline solution.[71] Others have a semi dry nature and release small amounts of the
gel upon contact with the scalp.[70] Another solution uses spring loaded pin setups. These may be
uncomfortable. They may also be dangerous if they were used in a situation where a patient could bump
their head since they could become lodged after an impact trauma incident.[69]

Currently, headsets are available incorporating dry electrodes with up to 30 channels.[72] Such designs are
able to compensate for some of the signal quality degradation related to high impedances by optimizing pre-
amplification, shielding and supporting mechanics.[73]

Limitations
EEG has several limitations. Most important is its poor spatial resolution.[74] EEG is most sensitive to a
particular set of post-synaptic potentials: those generated in superficial layers of the cortex, on the crests of
gyri directly abutting the skull and radial to the skull. Dendrites which are deeper in the cortex, inside sulci,
in midline or deep structures (such as the cingulate gyrus or hippocampus), or producing currents that are
tangential to the skull, make far less contribution to the EEG signal.

EEG recordings do not directly capture axonal action potentials. An action potential can be accurately
represented as a current quadrupole, meaning that the resulting field decreases more rapidly than the ones
produced by the current dipole of post-synaptic potentials.[28] In addition, since EEGs represent averages of
thousands of neurons, a large population of cells in synchronous activity is necessary to cause a significant
deflection on the recordings. Action potentials are very fast and, as a consequence, the chances of field
summation are slim. However, neural backpropagation, as a typically longer dendritic current dipole, can be
picked up by EEG electrodes and is a reliable indication of the occurrence of neural output.
Not only do EEGs capture dendritic currents almost exclusively as opposed to axonal currents, they also
show a preference for activity on populations of parallel dendrites and transmitting current in the same
direction at the same time. Pyramidal neurons of cortical layers II/III and V extend apical dendrites to layer
I. Currents moving up or down these processes underlie most of the signals produced by
electroencephalography.[75]

EEG thus provides information with a large bias in favor of particular neuron types, locations and
orientations. So it generally should not be used to make claims about global brain activity. The meninges,
cerebrospinal fluid and skull "smear" the EEG signal, obscuring its intracranial source.

It is mathematically impossible to reconstruct a unique intracranial current source for a given EEG
signal,[14] as some currents produce potentials that cancel each other out. This is referred to as the inverse
problem. However, much work has been done to produce remarkably good estimates of, at least, a localized
electric dipole that represents the recorded currents.

EEG vis-à-vis fMRI, fNIRS, fUS and PET

EEG has several strong points as a tool for exploring brain activity. EEGs can detect changes over
milliseconds, which is excellent considering an action potential takes approximately 0.5–130 milliseconds to
propagate across a single neuron, depending on the type of neuron.[76] Other methods of looking at brain
activity, such as PET, fMRI or fUS have time resolution between seconds and minutes. EEG measures the
brain's electrical activity directly, while other methods record changes in blood flow (e.g., SPECT, fMRI,
fUS) or metabolic activity (e.g., PET, NIRS), which are indirect markers of brain electrical activity.

EEG can be used simultaneously with fMRI or fUS so that high-temporal-resolution data can be recorded at
the same time as high-spatial-resolution data, however, since the data derived from each occurs over a
different time course, the data sets do not necessarily represent exactly the same brain activity. There are
technical difficulties associated with combining EEG and fMRI including the need to remove the MRI
gradient artifact present during MRI acquisition. Furthermore, currents can be induced in moving EEG
electrode wires due to the magnetic field of the MRI.

EEG can be used simultaneously with NIRS or fUS without major technical difficulties. There is no
influence of these modalities on each other and a combined measurement can give useful information about
electrical activity as well as hemodynamics at medium spatial resolution.

EEG vis-à-vis MEG

EEG reflects correlated synaptic activity caused by post-synaptic potentials of cortical neurons. The ionic
currents involved in the generation of fast action potentials may not contribute greatly to the averaged field
potentials representing the EEG.[58][77] More specifically, the scalp electrical potentials that produce EEG
are generally thought to be caused by the extracellular ionic currents caused by dendritic electrical activity,
whereas the fields producing magnetoencephalographic signals[28] are associated with intracellular ionic
currents.[78]

Normal activity

Human EEG with prominent resting state Human EEG with in resting state. Left: EEG
activity – alpha-rhythm. Left: EEG traces traces (horizontal – time in seconds; vertical –
(horizontal – time in seconds; vertical – amplitudes, scale 100 μV). Right: power
amplitudes, scale 100 μV). Right: power spectra of shown signals (vertical lines – 10
spectra of shown signals (vertical lines – 10 and 20 Hz, scale is linear). 80–90% of people
and 20 Hz, scale is linear). Alpha-rhythm have prominent sinusoidal-like waves with
consists of sinusoidal-like waves with frequencies in 8–12 Hz range – alpha rhythm.
frequencies in 8–12 Hz range (11 Hz in this Others (like this) lack this type of activity.
case) more prominent in posterior sites. Alpha
range is red at power spectrum graph.

Common artifacts in human EEG. 1:

Electrooculographic artifact caused by the excitation
of eyeball's muscles (related to blinking, for
example). Big-amplitude, slow, positive wave
prominent in frontal electrodes. 2: Electrode's
artifact caused by bad contact (and thus bigger
impedance) between P3 electrode and skin. 3:
Swallowing artifact. 4: Common reference
electrode's artifact caused by bad contact between
reference electrode and skin. Huge wave similar in
all channels.
 One second of EEG signal

The EEG is typically described in terms of (1) rhythmic activity and (2) transients. The rhythmic activity is
divided into bands by frequency. To some degree, these frequency bands are a matter of nomenclature (i.e.,
any rhythmic activity between 8–12 Hz can be described as "alpha"), but these designations arose because
rhythmic activity within a certain frequency range was noted to have a certain distribution over the scalp or
a certain biological significance. Frequency bands are usually extracted using spectral methods (for instance
Welch) as implemented for instance in freely available EEG software such as EEGLAB or the
Neurophysiological Biomarker Toolbox. Computational processing of the EEG is often named quantitative
electroencephalography (qEEG).
Most of the cerebral signal observed in the scalp EEG falls in the range of 1–20 Hz (activity below or above
this range is likely to be artifactual, under standard clinical recording techniques). Waveforms are
subdivided into bandwidths known as alpha, beta, theta, and delta to signify the majority of the EEG used in
clinical practice.[79]

Comparison of EEG bands

Comparison of EEG bands

Frequency
Band Location Normally Pathologically
(Hz)

adult slow-wave sleep subcortical lesions

frontally in adults,
posteriorly in in babies diffuse lesions
Delta <4
children; high- Has been found during metabolic encephalopathy
amplitude waves some continuous- hydrocephalus
attention tasks[80] deep midline lesions

higher in young children

drowsiness in adults and
teens
focal subcortical lesions
idling
Found in locations metabolic encephalopathy
Theta 4–7 not related to task at Associated with inhibition
of elicited responses (has deep midline disorders
hand
been found to spike in some instances of
situations where a person hydrocephalus
is actively trying to
repress a response or
action).[80]

relaxed/reflecting
posterior regions of closing the eyes
head, both sides, Also associated with
higher in amplitude inhibition control,
Alpha 8–12 coma
on dominant side. seemingly with the
Central sites (c3-c4) purpose of timing
at rest inhibitory activity in
different locations across
the brain.

both sides, range span: active calm

symmetrical → intense → stressed →
Beta 13–30 distribution, most benzodiazepines
mild obsessive
evident frontally; low-
active thinking, focus, Dup15q syndrome[81]
amplitude waves
high alert, anxious

Displays during cross-

modal sensory
processing (perception A decrease in gamma-band
that combines two activity may be associated
different senses, such as with cognitive decline,
Somatosensory especially when related to
Gamma > 32 sound and sight)[82][83]
cortex the theta band; however,
Also is shown during this has not been proven for
short-term memory use as a clinical diagnostic
matching of recognized measurement
objects, sounds, or tactile
sensations
 Mu suppression could
indicate that motor mirror
neurons are working.
Mu 8–12 Sensorimotor cortex Shows rest-state motor
Deficits in Mu suppression,
neurons.[84] and thus in mirror neurons,
might play a role in
autism.[85]

The practice of using only whole numbers in the definitions comes from practical considerations in the days
when only whole cycles could be counted on paper records. This leads to gaps in the definitions, as seen
elsewhere on this page. The theoretical definitions have always been more carefully defined to include all
frequencies. Unfortunately there is no agreement in standard reference works on what these ranges should
be – values for the upper end of alpha and lower end of beta include 12, 13, 14 and 15. If the threshold is
taken as 14 Hz, then the slowest beta wave has about the same duration as the longest spike (70 ms), which
makes this the most useful value.

Wave patterns
Delta waves is the frequency range up to 4 Hz. It tends to
be the highest in amplitude and the slowest waves. It is
seen normally in adults in slow-wave sleep. It is also seen
normally in babies. It may occur focally with subcortical Human EEG with prominent alpha-
lesions and in general distribution with diffuse lesions, rhythm
metabolic encephalopathy hydrocephalus or deep midline
lesions. It is usually most
prominent frontally in adults (e.g.
FIRDA – frontal intermittent
rhythmic delta) and posteriorly in
children (e.g. OIRDA – occipital
intermittent rhythmic delta).
Delta waves
Theta is the frequency range
from 4 Hz to 7 Hz. Theta is seen
normally in young children. It may
be seen in drowsiness or arousal
in older children and adults; it can
also be seen in meditation.[86]
Excess theta for age represents
abnormal activity. It can be seen
as a focal disturbance in focal
Theta waves
subcortical lesions; it can be seen
in generalized distribution in
diffuse disorder or metabolic
encephalopathy or deep midline disorders or some instances of hydrocephalus. On the
contrary this range has been associated with reports of relaxed, meditative, and creative
states.

Alpha is the frequency range from 8 Hz to 12 Hz.[87] Hans Berger named the first rhythmic
EEG activity he observed the "alpha wave". This was the "posterior basic rhythm" (also called
the "posterior dominant rhythm" or the "posterior alpha rhythm"), seen in the posterior regions
of the head on both sides, higher in amplitude on the dominant side. It emerges with closing of
the eyes and with relaxation, and attenuates with eye opening or mental exertion. The
 posterior basic rhythm is actually
slower than 8 Hz in young
children (therefore technically in
the theta range).

In addition to the posterior Alpha waves

basic rhythm, there are other
normal alpha rhythms such as
the mu rhythm (alpha activity in
the contralateral sensory and
motor cortical areas) that
emerges when the hands and
arms are idle; and the "third
rhythm" (alpha activity in the Sensorimotor rhythm aka mu rhythm
temporal or frontal lobes). [88][89]
Alpha can be abnormal; for
example, an EEG that has diffuse alpha occurring in coma and is not responsive to external
stimuli is referred to as "alpha coma".

Beta is the frequency range from

13 Hz to about 30 Hz. It is seen
usually on both sides in
symmetrical distribution and is
most evident frontally. Beta
activity is closely linked to motor Beta waves
behavior and is generally
attenuated during active
movements.[90] Low-amplitude beta with multiple and varying frequencies is often associated
with active, busy or anxious thinking and active concentration. Rhythmic beta with a dominant
set of frequencies is associated with various pathologies, such as Dup15q syndrome, and drug
effects, especially benzodiazepines. It may be absent or reduced in areas of cortical damage.
It is the dominant rhythm in patients who are alert or anxious or who have their eyes open.

Gamma is the frequency range

approximately 30–100 Hz.
Gamma rhythms are thought to
represent binding of different
populations of neurons together
Gamma waves
into a network for the purpose of
carrying out a certain cognitive or
motor function.[14]
Mu range is 8–13 Hz and partly overlaps with other frequencies. It reflects the synchronous
firing of motor neurons in rest state. Mu suppression is thought to reflect motor mirror neuron
systems, because when an action is observed, the pattern extinguishes, possibly because the
normal and mirror neuronal systems "go out of sync" and interfere with one other.[85]
"Ultra-slow" or "near-DC" activity is recorded using DC amplifiers in some research contexts. It is not
typically recorded in a clinical context because the signal at these frequencies is susceptible to a number of
artifacts.

Some features of the EEG are transient rather than rhythmic. Spikes and sharp waves may represent seizure
activity or interictal activity in individuals with epilepsy or a predisposition toward epilepsy. Other transient
features are normal: vertex waves and sleep spindles are seen in normal sleep.

There are types of activity that are statistically uncommon, but not associated with dysfunction or disease.
These are often referred to as "normal variants". The mu rhythm is an example of a normal variant.
The normal electroencephalogram (EEG) varies by age. The prenatal EEG and neonatal EEG is quite
different from the adult EEG. Fetuses in the third trimester and newborns display two common brain activity
patterns: "discontinuous" and "trace alternant." "Discontinuous" electrical activity refers to sharp bursts of
electrical activity followed by low frequency waves. "Trace alternant" electrical activity describes sharp
bursts followed by short high amplitude intervals and usually indicates quiet sleep in newborns.[91] The
EEG in childhood generally has slower frequency oscillations than the adult EEG.

The normal EEG also varies depending on state. The EEG is used along with other measurements (EOG,
EMG) to define sleep stages in polysomnography. Stage I sleep (equivalent to drowsiness in some systems)
appears on the EEG as drop-out of the posterior basic rhythm. There can be an increase in theta frequencies.
Santamaria and Chiappa cataloged a number of the variety of patterns associated with drowsiness. Stage II
sleep is characterized by sleep spindles – transient runs of rhythmic activity in the 12–14 Hz range
(sometimes referred to as the "sigma" band) that have a frontal-central maximum. Most of the activity in
Stage II is in the 3–6 Hz range. Stage III and IV sleep are defined by the presence of delta frequencies and
are often referred to collectively as "slow-wave sleep". Stages I–IV comprise non-REM (or "NREM") sleep.
The EEG in REM (rapid eye movement) sleep appears somewhat similar to the awake EEG.

EEG under general anesthesia depends on the type of anesthetic employed. With halogenated anesthetics,
such as halothane or intravenous agents, such as propofol, a rapid (alpha or low beta), nonreactive EEG
pattern is seen over most of the scalp, especially anteriorly; in some older terminology this was known as a
WAR (widespread anterior rapid) pattern, contrasted with a WAIS (widespread slow) pattern associated with
high doses of opiates. Anesthetic effects on EEG signals are beginning to be understood at the level of drug
actions on different kinds of synapses and the circuits that allow synchronized neuronal activity.[92]

Artifacts
EEG is an extremely useful technique for studying brain activity, but
the signal measured is always contaminated by artifacts which can
impact the analysis of the data. An artifact is any measured signal
that does not originate within the brain. Although multiple algorithms
exist for the removal of artifacts, the problem of how to deal with
Main types of artifacts in human
them remains an open question. The source of artifacts can be from
EEG
issues relating to the instrument, such as faulty electrodes, line noise
or high electrode impedance, or they may be from the physiology of
the subject being recorded. This can include, eye blinks and movement, cardiac activity and muscle activity
and these types of artifacts are more complicated to remove. Artifacts may bias the visual interpretation of
EEG data as some may mimic cognitive activity that could affect diagnoses of problems such as Alzheimer's
disease or sleep disorders. As such the removal of such artifacts in EEG data used for practical applications
is of the utmost importance.[93]

Artifact removal
It is important to be able to distinguish artifacts from genuine brain activity in order to prevent incorrect
interpretations of EEG data. General approaches for the removal of artifacts from the data are, prevention,
rejection and cancellation. The goal of any approach is to develop methodology capable of identifying and
removing artifacts without affecting the quality of the EEG signal. As artifact sources are quite different the
majority of researchers focus on developing algorithms that will identify and remove a single type of noise
in the signal. Simple filtering using a notch filter is commonly employed to reject components with a
50/60 Hz frequency. However such simple filters are not an appropriate choice for dealing with all artifacts,
as for some, their frequencies will overlap with the EEG frequencies.

Regression algorithms have a moderate computation cost and are simple. They represented the most popular
correction method up until the mid-1990s when they were replaced by "blind source separation" type
methods. Regression algorithms work on the premise that all artifacts are comprised by one or more
reference channels. Subtracting these reference channels from the other contaminated channels, in either the
time or frequency domain, by estimating the impact of the reference channels on the other channels, would
correct the channels for the artifact. Although the requirement of reference channels ultimately lead to this
class of algorithm being replaced, they still represent the benchmark against which modern algorithms are
evaluated.[94] Blind source separation (BSS) algorithms employed to remove artifacts include principal
component analysis (PCA) and independent component analysis (ICA) and several algorithms in this class
have been successful at tackling most physiological artifacts.[94]

Physiological artifacts

Ocular artifacts
Ocular artifacts affect the EEG signal significantly. This is due to eye movements involving a change in
electric fields surrounding the eyes, distorting the electric field over the scalp, and as EEG is recorded on the
scalp, it therefore distorts the recorded signal. A difference of opinion exists among researchers, with some
arguing ocular artifacts are, or may be reasonably described as a single generator, whilst others argue it is
important to understand the potentially complicated mechanisms. Three potential mechanisms have been
proposed to explain the ocular artifact.

The first is corneal retinal dipole movement which argues that an electric dipole is formed between the
cornea and retina, as the former is positively and the latter negatively charged. When the eye moves, so does
this dipole which impacts the electrical field over the scalp, this is the most standard view. The second
mechanism is retinal dipole movement, which is similar to the first but differing in that it argues there is a
potential difference, hence dipole across the retina with the cornea having little effect. The third mechanism
is eyelid movement. It is known that there is a change in voltage around the eyes when the eyelid moves,
even if the eyeball does not. It is thought that the eyelid can be described as a sliding potential source and
that the impacting of blinking is different to eye movement on the recorded EEG.[95]

Eyelid fluttering artifacts of a characteristic type were previously called Kappa rhythm (or Kappa waves). It
is usually seen in the prefrontal leads, that is, just over the eyes. Sometimes they are seen with mental
activity. They are usually in the Theta (4–7 Hz) or Alpha (7–14 Hz) range. They were named because they
were believed to originate from the brain. Later study revealed they were generated by rapid fluttering of the
eyelids, sometimes so minute that it was difficult to see. They are in fact noise in the EEG reading, and
should not technically be called a rhythm or wave. Therefore, current usage in electroencephalography
refers to the phenomenon as an eyelid fluttering artifact, rather than a Kappa rhythm (or wave).[96]
The propagation of the ocular artifact is impacted by multiple factors including the properties of the
subject's skull, neuronal tissues and skin but the signal may be approximated as being inversely proportional
to the distance from the eyes squared. The electrooculogram (EOG) consists of a series of electrodes
measuring voltage changes close to the eye and is the most common tool for dealing with the eye movement
artifact in the EEG signal.[95]

Muscular artifacts
Another source of artifacts are various muscle movements across the body. This particular class of artifact is
usually recorded by all electrodes on the scalp due to myogenic activity (increase or decrease of blood
pressure). The origin of these artifacts have no single location and arises from functionally independent
muscle groups, meaning the characteristics of the artifact are not constant. The observed patterns due to
muscular artifacts will change depending on subject sex, the particular muscle tissue, and its degree of
contraction. The frequency range for muscular artifacts is wide and overlaps with every classic EEG rhythm.
However most of the power is concentrated in the lower range of the observed frequencies of 20 to 300 Hz
making the gamma band particularly susceptible to muscular artifacts. Some muscle artifacts may have
activity with a frequency as low as 2 Hz, so delta and theta bands may also be affected by muscle activity.
Muscular artifacts may impact sleep studies, as unconscious bruxism (grinding of teeth) movements or
snoring can seriously impact the quality of the recorded EEG. In addition the recordings made of epilepsy
patients may be significantly impacted by the existence of muscular artifacts.[97]

Cardiac artifacts
The potential due to cardiac activity introduces electrocardiograph (ECG) errors in the EEG.[98] Artifacts
arising due to cardiac activity may be removed with the help of an ECG reference signal.[93]

Other physiological artifacts

Glossokinetic artifacts are caused by the potential difference between the base and the tip of the tongue.
Minor tongue movements can contaminate the EEG, especially in parkinsonian and tremor disorders.

Environmental artifacts
In addition to artifacts generated by the body, many artifacts originate from outside the body. Movement by
the patient, or even just settling of the electrodes, may cause electrode pops, spikes originating from a
momentary change in the impedance of a given electrode. Poor grounding of the EEG electrodes can cause
significant 50 or 60 Hz artifact, depending on the local power system's frequency. A third source of possible
interference can be the presence of an IV drip; such devices can cause rhythmic, fast, low-voltage bursts,
which may be confused for spikes.

Abnormal activity
Abnormal activity can broadly be separated into epileptiform and non-epileptiform activity. It can also be
separated into focal or diffuse.

Focal epileptiform discharges represent fast, synchronous potentials in a large number of neurons in a
somewhat discrete area of the brain. These can occur as interictal activity, between seizures, and represent
an area of cortical irritability that may be predisposed to producing epileptic seizures. Interictal discharges
are not wholly reliable for determining whether a patient has epilepsy nor where his/her seizure might
originate. (See focal epilepsy.)

Generalized epileptiform discharges often have an anterior maximum, but these are seen synchronously
throughout the entire brain. They are strongly suggestive of a generalized epilepsy.

Focal non-epileptiform abnormal activity may occur over areas of the brain where there is focal damage of
the cortex or white matter. It often consists of an increase in slow frequency rhythms and/or a loss of normal
higher frequency rhythms. It may also appear as focal or unilateral decrease in amplitude of the EEG signal.

Diffuse non-epileptiform abnormal activity may manifest as diffuse abnormally slow rhythms or bilateral
slowing of normal rhythms, such as the PBR.

Intracortical Encephalogram electrodes and sub-dural electrodes can be used in tandem to discriminate and
discretize artifact from epileptiform and other severe neurological events.

More advanced measures of abnormal EEG signals have also recently received attention as possible
biomarkers for different disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.[99]

Remote communication
Systems for decoding imagined speech from EEG have applications such as in brain–computer
interfaces.[100]

EEG diagnostics
The Department of Defense (DoD) and Veteran's Affairs (VA), and U.S Army Research Laboratory (ARL),
collaborated on EEG diagnostics in order to detect mild to moderate Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) in
combat soldiers.[101] Between 2000 and 2012, 75 percent of U.S. military operations brain injuries were
classified mTBI. In response, the DoD pursued new technologies capable of rapid, accurate, non-invasive,
and field-capable detection of mTBI to address this injury.[101]

Combat personnel often develop PTSD and mTBI in correlation. Both conditions present with altered low-
frequency brain wave oscillations.[102] Altered brain waves from PTSD patients present with decreases in
low-frequency oscillations, whereas, mTBI injuries are linked to increased low-frequency wave oscillations.
Effective EEG diagnostics can help doctors accurately identify conditions and appropriately treat injuries in
order to mitigate long-term effects.[103]

Traditionally, clinical evaluation of EEGs involved visual inspection. Instead of a visual assessment of brain
wave oscillation topography, quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG), computerized algorithmic
methodologies, analyzes a specific region of the brain and transforms the data into a meaningful "power
spectrum" of the area.[101] Accurately differentiating between mTBI and PTSD can significantly increase
positive recovery outcomes for patients especially since long-term changes in neural communication can
persist after an initial mTBI incident.[103]
Another common measurement made from EEG data is that of complexity measures such as Lempel-Ziv
complexity, fractal dimension, and spectral flatness,[25] which are associated with particular pathologies or
pathology stages.

Economics
Inexpensive EEG devices exist for the low-cost research and consumer markets. Recently, a few companies
have miniaturized medical grade EEG technology to create versions accessible to the general public. Some
of these companies have built commercial EEG devices retailing for less than US$100.

In 2004 OpenEEG released its ModularEEG as open source hardware. Compatible open
source software includes a game for balancing a ball.
In 2007 NeuroSky released the first affordable consumer based EEG along with the game
NeuroBoy. This was also the first large scale EEG device to use dry sensor technology.[104]
In 2008 OCZ Technology developed device for use in video games relying primarily on
electromyography.
In 2008 the Final Fantasy developer Square Enix announced that it was partnering with
NeuroSky to create a game, Judecca.[105][106]
In 2009 Mattel partnered with NeuroSky to release the Mindflex, a game that used an EEG to
steer a ball through an obstacle course. By far the best-selling consumer based EEG to
date.[105][107]
In 2009 Uncle Milton Industries partnered with NeuroSky to release the Star Wars Force
Trainer, a game designed to create the illusion of possessing the Force.[105][108]
In 2010, NeuroSky added a blink and electromyography function to the MindSet.[109]
In 2011, NeuroSky released the MindWave, an EEG device designed for educational purposes
and games.[110] The MindWave won the Guinness Book of World Records award for "Heaviest
machine moved using a brain control interface".[111]
In 2012, a Japanese gadget project, neurowear, released Necomimi: a headset with motorized
cat ears. The headset is a NeuroSky MindWave unit with two motors on the headband where a
cat's ears might be. Slipcovers shaped like cat ears sit over the motors so that as the device
registers emotional states the ears move to relate. For example, when relaxed, the ears fall to
the sides and perk up when excited again.
In 2014, OpenBCI released an eponymous open source brain-computer interface after a
successful kickstarter campaign in 2013. The board, later renamed "Cyton", has 8 channels,
expandable to 16 with the Daisy module. It supports EEG, EKG, and EMG. The Cyton Board is
based on the Texas Instruments ADS1299 IC and the Arduino or PIC microcontroller, and
initially costed $399 before increasing in price to $999. It uses standard metal cup electrodes
and conductive paste.
In 2015, Mind Solutions Inc released the smallest consumer BCI to date, the NeuroSync. This
device functions as a dry sensor at a size no larger than a Bluetooth ear piece.[112]
In 2015, A Chinese-based company Macrotellect released BrainLink Pro and BrainLink Lite, a
consumer grade EEG wearable product providing 20 brain fitness enhancement Apps on
Apple and Android App Stores.[113]
In 2021, BioSerenity release the Neuronaute and Icecap a single-use disposable EEG headset
that allows recording with equivalent quality to traditional cup electrodes.[114][115]

Future research
The EEG has been used for many purposes besides the conventional uses of clinical diagnosis and
conventional cognitive neuroscience. An early use was during World War II by the U.S. Army Air Corps to
screen out pilots in danger of having seizures;[116] long-term EEG recordings in epilepsy patients are still
used today for seizure prediction. Neurofeedback remains an important extension, and in its most advanced
form is also attempted as the basis of brain computer interfaces.[117] The EEG is also used quite extensively
in the field of neuromarketing.

The EEG is altered by drugs that affect brain functions, the chemicals that are the basis for
psychopharmacology. Berger's early experiments recorded the effects of drugs on EEG. The science of
pharmaco-electroencephalography has developed methods to identify substances that systematically alter
brain functions for therapeutic and recreational use.

Honda is attempting to develop a system to enable an operator to control its Asimo robot using EEG, a
technology it eventually hopes to incorporate into its automobiles.[118]

EEGs have been used as evidence in criminal trials in the Indian state of Maharashtra.[119][120] Brain
Electrical Oscillation Signature Profiling (BEOS), an EEG technique, was used in the trial of State of
Maharashtra v. Sharma to show Sharma remembered using arsenic to poison her ex-fiancé, although the
reliability and scientific basis of BEOS is disputed.[121]

A lot of research is currently being carried out in order to make EEG devices smaller, more portable and
easier to use. So called "Wearable EEG" is based upon creating low power wireless collection electronics
and 'dry' electrodes which do not require a conductive gel to be used.[122] Wearable EEG aims to provide
small EEG devices which are present only on the head and which can record EEG for days, weeks, or
months at a time, as ear-EEG. Such prolonged and easy-to-use monitoring could make a step change in the
diagnosis of chronic conditions such as epilepsy, and greatly improve the end-user acceptance of BCI
systems.[123] Research is also being carried out on identifying specific solutions to increase the battery
lifetime of Wearable EEG devices through the use of the data reduction approach.

In research, currently EEG is often used in combination with machine learning.[124] EEG data are pre-
processed then passed on to machine learning algorithms. These algorithms are then trained to recognize
different diseases like schizophrenia,[125] epilepsy[126] or dementia.[127] Furthermore, they are increasingly
used to study seizure detection.[128][129][130][131] By using machine learning, the data can be analyzed
automatically. In the long run this research is intended to build algorithms that support physicians in their
clinical practice[132] and to provide further insights into diseases.[133] In this vein, complexity measures of
EEG data are often calculated, such as Lempel-Ziv complexity, fractal dimension, and spectral flatness.[25]
It has been shown that combining or multiplying such measures can reveal previously hidden information in
EEG data.[25]

EEG signals from musical performers were used to create instant compositions and one CD by the
Brainwave Music Project, run at the Computer Music Center at Columbia University by Brad Garton and
Dave Soldier. Similarly, an hour-long recording of the brainwaves of Ann Druyan was included on the
Voyager Golden Record, launched on the Voyager probes in 1977, in case any extraterrestrial intelligence
could decode her thoughts, which included what it was like to fall in love.

History
In 1875, Richard Caton (1842–
1926), a physician practicing in
Liverpool, presented his findings
about electrical phenomena of the The first human EEG recording obtained by Hans Berger in 1924. The
exposed cerebral hemispheres of upper tracing is EEG, and the lower is a 10 Hz timing signal.
rabbits and monkeys in the British
Medical Journal. In 1890, Polish
physiologist Adolf Beck published an investigation of spontaneous
electrical activity of the brain of rabbits and dogs that included
rhythmic oscillations altered by light. Beck started experiments on
the electrical brain activity of animals. Beck placed electrodes
directly on the surface of the brain to test for sensory stimulation. His
observation of fluctuating brain activity led to the conclusion of brain
waves.[134]

In 1912, Ukrainian physiologist Vladimir Vladimirovich Pravdich- Hans Berger

Neminsky published the first animal EEG and the evoked potential
of the mammalian (dog).[135] In 1914, Napoleon Cybulski and
Jelenska-Macieszyna photographed EEG recordings of experimentally induced seizures.

German physiologist and psychiatrist Hans Berger (1873–1941) recorded the first human EEG in 1924.[136]
Expanding on work previously conducted on animals by Richard Caton and others, Berger also invented the
electroencephalograph (giving the device its name), an invention described "as one of the most surprising,
remarkable, and momentous developments in the history of clinical neurology".[137] His discoveries were
first confirmed by British scientists Edgar Douglas Adrian and B. H. C. Matthews in 1934 and developed by
them.

In 1934, Fisher and Lowenbach first demonstrated epileptiform spikes. In 1935, Gibbs, Davis and Lennox
described interictal spike waves and the three cycles/s pattern of clinical absence seizures, which began the
field of clinical electroencephalography.[138] Subsequently, in 1936 Gibbs and Jasper reported the interictal
spike as the focal signature of epilepsy. The same year, the first EEG laboratory opened at Massachusetts
General Hospital.

Franklin Offner (1911–1999), professor of biophysics at Northwestern University developed a prototype of

the EEG that incorporated a piezoelectric inkwriter called a Crystograph (the whole device was typically
known as the Offner Dynograph).

In 1947, The American EEG Society was founded and the first International EEG congress was held. In
1953 Aserinsky and Kleitman described REM sleep.

In the 1950s, William Grey Walter developed an adjunct to EEG called EEG topography, which allowed for
the mapping of electrical activity across the surface of the brain. This enjoyed a brief period of popularity in
the 1980s and seemed especially promising for psychiatry. It was never accepted by neurologists and
remains primarily a research tool.

An electroencephalograph system manufactured by Beckman Instruments was used on at least one of the
Project Gemini manned spaceflights (1965–1966) to monitor the brain waves of astronauts on the flight. It
was one of many Beckman Instruments specialized for and used by NASA.[139]
The first instance of the use of EEG to control a physical object, a robot, was
in 1988. The robot would follow a line or stop depending on the alpha
activity of the subject. If the subject relaxed and closed their eyes therefore
increasing alpha activity, the bot would move. Opening their eyes thus
decreasing alpha activity would cause the robot to stop on the trajectory.[140]

See also
Chuck Kayser with
Amplitude integrated electroencephalography
electroencephalograph
Binaural beats electrodes and a signal
Brainwave synchronization conditioner for use in
Cerebral function monitoring Project Gemini, 1965
Comparison of consumer brain-computer interface devices
Direct brain interfaces
EEG measures during anesthesia
EEG microstates
Electromagnetic pulse
Electroneurogram
Electropalatograph
Emotiv Systems
European data format
FieldTrip
God helmet
Hemoencephalography
Hypersynchronization of electrophysiological activity in epilepsy
Induced activity
Local field potentials
Magnetoencephalography
Mind machine
Neural oscillations
Neural synchrony
Ongoing brain activity
Michael Graham Saunders
Spontaneous potential
EEG analysis

References
1. Compare EEC: Moran A (August 2, 2004). Sport and Exercise Psychology: A Critical
Introduction (https://books.google.com/books?id=8ceEAgAAQBAJ). Hove, East Sussex:
Routledge. p. 104. ISBN 9781134704101. Retrieved July 6, 2024. "[...]
electroencephalographic (EEC) methods [...]. In a typical EEC experiment, an electrode is
attached to a person's scalp in order to detect the electrical activity of neurons in the
underlying brain region. Another electrode is then attached to the person's earlobe, where
there is no electrical activity to detect. Then the EEC is recorded to indicate the difference in
electrical potentials detected by the electrodes [...]. In recent years, a considerable amount of
research has been conducted on EEC activity in athletes [...]."
 2. Amzica F, Lopes da Silva FH (November 2017). Schomer DL, Lopes da Silva FH (eds.).
Cellular Substrates of Brain Rhythms (https://academic.oup.com/book/35515/chapter/3052459
03). Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0002 (https://doi.or
g/10.1093%2Fmed%2F9780190228484.003.0002).
3. Eric R. Kandel, John Koester, Sarah Mack, Steven Siegelbaum (2021). Principles of neural
science (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1199587061) (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill
Companies. p. 1450. ISBN 978-1-259-64223-4. OCLC 1199587061 (https://search.worldcat.or
g/oclc/1199587061).
4. "EEG: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia" (https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003931.htm).
medlineplus.gov. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160705035021/https://www.nlm.nih.
gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003931.htm) from the original on July 5, 2016. Retrieved July 24,
2022.
5. Chernecky CC, Berger BJ (2013). Laboratory tests and diagnostic procedures (6th ed.). St.
Louis, Mo.: Elsevier. ISBN 978-1-4557-0694-5.
6. Deschamps A, Ben Abdallah A, Jacobsohn E, Saha T, Djaiani G, El-Gabalawy R, et al. (July
2024). "Electroencephalography-Guided Anesthesia and Delirium in Older Adults After Cardiac
Surgery: The ENGAGES-Canada Randomized Clinical Trial" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pm
c/articles/PMC11165413). JAMA. 332 (2): 112–123. doi:10.1001/jama.2024.8144 (https://doi.o
rg/10.1001%2Fjama.2024.8144). PMC 11165413 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P
MC11165413). PMID 38857019 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38857019).
7. Hao D, Fritz BA, Saddawi-Konefka D, Palanca BJ (November 2023). "Pro-Con Debate:
Electroencephalography-Guided Anesthesia for Reducing Postoperative Delirium". Anesthesia
and Analgesia. 137 (5): 976–982. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000006399 (https://doi.org/10.121
3%2FANE.0000000000006399). PMID 37862399 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3786239
9).
8. Pillai J, Sperling MR (2006). "Interictal EEG and the diagnosis of epilepsy" (https://pubmed.ncb
i.nlm.nih.gov/17044820). Epilepsia. 47 Suppl 1 (Suppl 1): 14–22. doi:10.1111/j.1528-
1167.2006.00654.x (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1528-1167.2006.00654.x). PMID 17044820
(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17044820). S2CID 8668713 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/
CorpusID:8668713). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221023033520/https://pubmed.n
cbi.nlm.nih.gov/17044820/) from the original on October 23, 2022. Retrieved October 23,
2022.
9. So EL (August 2010). "Interictal epileptiform discharges in persons without a history of
seizures: what do they mean?". Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology. 27 (4): 229–238.
doi:10.1097/WNP.0b013e3181ea42a4 (https://doi.org/10.1097%2FWNP.0b013e3181ea42a4).
PMID 20634716 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20634716).
10. Li C, Amin U, Rivera-Cruz A, Frontera AT, Benbadis SR (October 2023). "The Yield of
Ambulatory Video-EEG - Predictors of Successful Event Capture" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.go
v/pmc/articles/PMC10511269). Neurology Clinical Practice. 13 (5): e200194.
doi:10.1212/CPJ.0000000000200194 (https://doi.org/10.1212%2FCPJ.0000000000200194).
PMC 10511269 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10511269). PMID 37736066
(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37736066).
11. van Rooij LG, Hellström-Westas L, de Vries LS (August 2013). "Treatment of neonatal
seizures". Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. 18 (4): 209–215.
doi:10.1016/j.siny.2013.01.001 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.siny.2013.01.001).
PMID 23402893 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23402893).
12. "EEG (Electroencephalogram) – Mayo Clinic" (https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/ee
g/about/pac-20393875). Mayo Clinic. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190830221430/
https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/eeg/about/pac-20393875) from the original on
August 30, 2019. Retrieved August 30, 2019.
13. Rubinos C, Alkhachroum A, Der-Nigoghossian C, Claassen J (2020). "Electroencephalogram
Monitoring in Critical Care" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7856834).
Seminars in Neurology. 40 (6): 675–680. doi:10.1055/s-0040-1719073 (https://doi.org/10.105
5%2Fs-0040-1719073). ISSN 1098-9021 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1098-9021).
PMC 7856834 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7856834). PMID 33176375 (htt
ps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33176375).
14. Niedermeyer E, da Silva FL (2004). Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical
Applications, and Related Fields. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-5126-1.
15. Lawley A, Evans S, Manfredonia F, Cavanna AE (2015). "The role of outpatient ambulatory
electroencephalography in the diagnosis and management of adults with epilepsy or
nonepileptic attack disorder: A systematic literature review" (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2
6515156). Epilepsy & Behavior. 53: 26–30. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.09.032 (https://doi.org/1
0.1016%2Fj.yebeh.2015.09.032). ISSN 1525-5069 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1525-506
9). PMID 26515156 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26515156).
16. Seneviratne U, D'Souza WJ (2019). "Ambulatory EEG" (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3127
7845). Clinical Neurophysiology: Basis and Technical Aspects. Handbook of Clinical
Neurology. Vol. 160. pp. 161–170. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-64032-1.00010-2 (https://doi.org/1
0.1016%2FB978-0-444-64032-1.00010-2). ISBN 978-0-444-64032-1. ISSN 0072-9752 (http
s://search.worldcat.org/issn/0072-9752). PMID 31277845 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31
277845).
17. Yang H, Ang KK, Wang C, Phua KS, Guan C (2016). "Neural and cortical analysis of
swallowing and detection of motor imagery of swallow for dysphagia rehabilitation—A review".
Brain-Computer Interfaces: Lab Experiments to Real-World Applications. Progress in Brain
Research. Vol. 228. pp. 185–219. doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2016.03.014 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2F
bs.pbr.2016.03.014). ISBN 978-0-12-804216-8. PMID 27590970 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.
gov/27590970).
18. Jestrović I, Coyle JL, Sejdić E (October 2015). "Decoding human swallowing via
electroencephalography: a state-of-the-art review" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/
PMC4596245). Journal of Neural Engineering. 12 (5): 051001.
Bibcode:2015JNEng..12e1001J (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JNEng..12e1001J).
doi:10.1088/1741-2560/12/5/051001 (https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1741-2560%2F12%2F5%2F
051001). PMC 4596245 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4596245).
PMID 26372528 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26372528).
19. Cuellar M, Harkrider AW, Jenson D, Thornton D, Bowers A, Saltuklaroglu T (July 2016). "Time-
frequency analysis of the EEG mu rhythm as a measure of sensorimotor integration in the later
stages of swallowing". Clinical Neurophysiology. 127 (7): 2625–2635.
doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2016.04.027 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.clinph.2016.04.027).
PMID 27291882 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27291882). S2CID 3746307 (https://api.sem
anticscholar.org/CorpusID:3746307).
20. Clayson PE, Carbine KA, Baldwin SA, Larson MJ (November 2019). "Methodological reporting
behavior, sample sizes, and statistical power in studies of event-related potentials: Barriers to
reproducibility and replicability" (https://psyarxiv.com/kgv9z/). Psychophysiology. 56 (11):
e13437. doi:10.1111/psyp.13437 (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fpsyp.13437). PMID 31322285 (h
ttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31322285). S2CID 197665482 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/
CorpusID:197665482). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221007045735/https://psyarxi
v.com/kgv9z/) from the original on October 7, 2022. Retrieved October 7, 2022.
21. Peterson BS, Trampush J, Maglione M, Bolshakova M, Brown M, Rozelle M, et al. (2024).
"ADHD Diagnosis and Treatment in Children and Adolescents" (https://effectivehealthcare.ahr
q.gov/products/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder/research). effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov.
doi:10.23970/ahrqepccer267 (https://doi.org/10.23970%2Fahrqepccer267). PMID 38657097 (h
ttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38657097). Retrieved June 19, 2024.
22. Burma JS, Lapointe AP, Wilson M, Penner LC, Kennedy CM, Newel KT, et al. (2024).
"Adolescent Sport-Related Concussion and the Associated Neurophysiological Changes: A
Systematic Review" (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38006666). Pediatric Neurology. 150:
97–106. doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2023.10.020 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pediatrneurol.2
023.10.020). ISSN 1873-5150 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1873-5150). PMID 38006666
(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38006666).
23. "Living Guideline for Pediatric Concussion" (https://pedsconcussion.com/). Living Guideline for
Pediatric Concussion Care. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
24. "Home | Living Concussion Guidelines" (https://concussionsontario.org/).
concussionsontario.org. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
25. Burns T, Rajan R (2015). "Combining complexity measures of EEG data: multiplying measures
reveal previously hidden information" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC464822
1). F1000Research. 4: 137. doi:10.12688/f1000research.6590.1 (https://doi.org/10.12688%2Ff
1000research.6590.1). PMC 4648221 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC464822
1). PMID 26594331 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26594331).
26. Vespa PM, Nenov V, Nuwer MR (January 1999). "Continuous EEG monitoring in the intensive
care unit: early findings and clinical efficacy". Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology. 16 (1): 1–
13. doi:10.1097/00004691-199901000-00001 (https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00004691-1999010
00-00001). PMID 10082088 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10082088).
27. Schultz TL (March 2012). "Technical tips: MRI compatible EEG electrodes: advantages,
disadvantages, and financial feasibility in a clinical setting". The Neurodiagnostic Journal. 52
(1): 69–81. PMID 22558648 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22558648).
28. Hämäläinen M, Hari R, Ilmoniemi RJ, Knuutila J, Lounasmaa OV (1993).
"Magnetoencephalography-theory, instrumentation, and applications to noninvasive studies of
the working human brain" (https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/handle/123456789/18757). Reviews of
Modern Physics. 65 (2): 413–97. Bibcode:1993RvMP...65..413H (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.ed
u/abs/1993RvMP...65..413H). doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.65.413 (https://doi.org/10.1103%2FR
evModPhys.65.413). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190126001114/https://aaltodoc.
aalto.fi/handle/123456789/18757) from the original on January 26, 2019. Retrieved
September 10, 2018.
29. Montoya-Martínez J, Vanthornhout J, Bertrand A, Francart T (2021). "Effect of number and
placement of EEG electrodes on measurement of neural tracking of speech" (https://www.ncbi.
nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7877609). PLOS ONE. 16 (2): e0246769.
Bibcode:2021PLoSO..1646769M (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021PLoSO..1646769M).
bioRxiv 10.1101/800979 (https://doi.org/10.1101%2F800979).
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0246769 (https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0246769).
PMC 7877609 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7877609). PMID 33571299 (htt
ps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33571299).
30. O'Regan S, Faul S, Marnane W (2010). "Automatic detection of EEG artifacts arising from
head movements". 2010 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine
and Biology. pp. 6353–6. doi:10.1109/IEMBS.2010.5627282 (https://doi.org/10.1109%2FIEMB
S.2010.5627282). ISBN 978-1-4244-4123-5.
31. Murphy KJ, Brunberg JA (1997). "Adult claustrophobia, anxiety and sedation in MRI". Magnetic
Resonance Imaging. 15 (1): 51–54. doi:10.1016/S0730-725X(96)00351-7 (https://doi.org/10.1
016%2FS0730-725X%2896%2900351-7). PMID 9084025 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/90
84025).
32. Schenck JF (June 1996). "The role of magnetic susceptibility in magnetic resonance imaging:
MRI magnetic compatibility of the first and second kinds". Medical Physics. 23 (6): 815–850.
Bibcode:1996MedPh..23..815S (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996MedPh..23..815S).
doi:10.1118/1.597854 (https://doi.org/10.1118%2F1.597854). PMID 8798169 (https://pubmed.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8798169).
33. Yasuno F, Brown AK, Zoghbi SS, Krushinski JH, Chernet E, Tauscher J, et al. (January 2008).
"The PET radioligand [11C]MePPEP binds reversibly and with high specific signal to
cannabinoid CB1 receptors in nonhuman primate brain" (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.npp.130
1402). Neuropsychopharmacology. 33 (2): 259–269. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301402 (https://doi.o
rg/10.1038%2Fsj.npp.1301402). PMID 17392732 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17392732).
34. Mulholland T (2012). "Objective EEG Methods for Studying Covert Shifts of Visual Attention" (h
ttps://books.google.com/books?id=esv8GMVwHwEC&pg=PA109). In McGuigan FJ,
Schoonover RA (eds.). The Psychophysiology of Thinking: Studies of Covert Processes.
Elsevier. pp. 109–51. ISBN 978-0-323-14700-2.
35. Hinterberger T, Kübler A, Kaiser J, Neumann N, Birbaumer N (March 2003). "A brain-computer
interface (BCI) for the locked-in: comparison of different EEG classifications for the thought
translation device". Clinical Neurophysiology. 114 (3): 416–425. doi:10.1016/S1388-
2457(02)00411-X (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1388-2457%2802%2900411-X).
PMID 12705422 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12705422). S2CID 11857440 (https://api.se
manticscholar.org/CorpusID:11857440).
36. Cheng MY, Wang KP, Hung CL, Tu YL, Huang CJ, Koester D, et al. (September 2017). "Higher
power of sensorimotor rhythm is associated with better performance in skilled air-pistol
shooters" (https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1469029216303193). Psychology of
Sport and Exercise. 32: 47–53. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.05.007 (https://doi.org/10.101
6%2Fj.psychsport.2017.05.007). S2CID 33780406 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3
3780406).
37. Sereno SC, Rayner K, Posner MI (July 1998). "Establishing a time-line of word recognition:
evidence from eye movements and event-related potentials". NeuroReport. 9 (10): 2195–2200.
doi:10.1097/00001756-199807130-00009 (https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00001756-199807130-0
0009). PMID 9694199 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9694199). S2CID 19466604 (https://a
pi.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19466604).
38. Feinberg I, Campbell IG (February 2013). "Longitudinal sleep EEG trajectories indicate
complex patterns of adolescent brain maturation" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P
MC3567357). American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative
Physiology. 304 (4): R296 – R303. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00422.2012 (https://doi.org/10.1152%
2Fajpregu.00422.2012). PMC 3567357 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC35673
57). PMID 23193115 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23193115).
Lay summary in: "Sleep study reveals how the adolescent brain makes the transition to
mature thinking" (https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/03/130319102757.htm).
ScienceDaily (Press release). March 19, 2013.
39. Srinivasan R (1999). "Methods to Improve the Spatial Resolution of EEG". International
Journal. 1 (1): 102–11.
40. Grech R, Cassar T, Muscat J, Camilleri KP, Fabri SG, Zervakis M, et al. (November 2008).
"Review on solving the inverse problem in EEG source analysis" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.go
v/pmc/articles/PMC2605581). Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation. 5 (1): 25.
doi:10.1186/1743-0003-5-25 (https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1743-0003-5-25). PMC 2605581 (htt
ps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2605581). PMID 18990257 (https://pubmed.ncbi.n
lm.nih.gov/18990257).
41. Schlögl A, Slater M, Pfurtscheller G (2002). "Presence research and EEG" (http://www-dept.cs.
ucl.ac.uk/research/equator/papers/Documents2002/Mel_presence_2002.pdf) (PDF). Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20170811142535/http://www-dept.cs.ucl.ac.uk/research/equator/
papers/Documents2002/Mel_presence_2002.pdf) (PDF) from the original on August 11, 2017.
Retrieved August 24, 2013.
42. Etienne A, Laroia T, Weigle H, Afelin A, Kelly SK, Krishnan A, et al. (2020). "Novel Electrodes
for Reliable EEG Recordings on Coarse and Curly Hair". 2020 42nd Annual International
Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC). pp. 6151–6154.
bioRxiv 10.1101/2020.02.26.965202 (https://doi.org/10.1101%2F2020.02.26.965202).
doi:10.1109/EMBC44109.2020.9176067 (https://doi.org/10.1109%2FEMBC44109.2020.91760
67). ISBN 978-1-7281-1990-8. PMID 33019375 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33019375).
43. Adams EJ, Scott ME, Amarante M, Ramírez CA, Rowley SJ, Noble KG, et al. (April 2024).
"Fostering inclusion in EEG measures of pediatric brain activity" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
pmc/articles/PMC10987610). npj Science of Learning. 9 (1): 27. Bibcode:2024npjSL...9...27A
(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024npjSL...9...27A). doi:10.1038/s41539-024-00240-y (htt
ps://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41539-024-00240-y). PMC 10987610 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
pmc/articles/PMC10987610). PMID 38565857 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38565857).
44. Huang-Hellinger FR, Breiter HC, McCormack G, Cohen MS, Kwong KK, Sutton JP, et al.
(1995). "Simultaneous Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Electrophysiological
Recording". Human Brain Mapping. 3: 13–23. doi:10.1002/hbm.460030103 (https://doi.org/10.
1002%2Fhbm.460030103). S2CID 145788101 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1457
88101).
45. Goldman RI, Stern JM, Engel J, Cohen MS (November 2000). "Acquiring simultaneous EEG
and functional MRI". Clinical Neurophysiology. 111 (11): 1974–1980. doi:10.1016/s1388-
2457(00)00456-9 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs1388-2457%2800%2900456-9).
PMID 11068232 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11068232). S2CID 11716369 (https://api.se
manticscholar.org/CorpusID:11716369).
46. Horovitz SG, Skudlarski P, Gore JC (May 2002). "Correlations and dissociations between
BOLD signal and P300 amplitude in an auditory oddball task: a parametric approach to
combining fMRI and ERP". Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 20 (4): 319–325.
doi:10.1016/S0730-725X(02)00496-4 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0730-725X%2802%29004
96-4). PMID 12165350 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12165350).
47. Laufs H, Kleinschmidt A, Beyerle A, Eger E, Salek-Haddadi A, Preibisch C, et al. (August
2003). "EEG-correlated fMRI of human alpha activity". NeuroImage. 19 (4): 1463–1476.
CiteSeerX 10.1.1.586.3056 (https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.586.30
56). doi:10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00286-6 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1053-8119%2803%29
00286-6). PMID 12948703 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12948703). S2CID 6272011 (http
s://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6272011).
48. US patent 7286871 (https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US728687
1), Mark S. Cohen, "Method and apparatus for reducing contamination of an electrical signal",
published 2004-05-20
49. Difrancesco MW, Holland SK, Szaflarski JP (October 2008). "Simultaneous EEG/functional
magnetic resonance imaging at 4 Tesla: correlates of brain activity to spontaneous alpha
rhythm during relaxation" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2662486). Journal of
Clinical Neurophysiology. 25 (5): 255–264. doi:10.1097/WNP.0b013e3181879d56 (https://doi.o
rg/10.1097%2FWNP.0b013e3181879d56). PMC 2662486 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/a
rticles/PMC2662486). PMID 18791470 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18791470).
50. Huizenga HM, van Zuijen TL, Heslenfeld DJ, Molenaar PC (July 2001). "Simultaneous MEG
and EEG source analysis". Physics in Medicine and Biology. 46 (7): 1737–1751.
Bibcode:2001PMB....46.1737H (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PMB....46.1737H).
CiteSeerX 10.1.1.4.8384 (https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.4.8384).
doi:10.1088/0031-9155/46/7/301 (https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0031-9155%2F46%2F7%2F30
1). PMID 11474922 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11474922). S2CID 250761006 (https://a
pi.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250761006).
51. Aydin Ü, Vorwerk J, Dümpelmann M, Küpper P, Kugel H, Heers M, et al. (2015). "Combined
EEG/MEG can outperform single modality EEG or MEG source reconstruction in presurgical
epilepsy diagnosis" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4356563). PLOS ONE
(Review). 10 (3): e0118753. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1018753A (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/a
bs/2015PLoSO..1018753A). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118753 (https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjo
urnal.pone.0118753). PMC 4356563 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC435656
3). PMID 25761059 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25761059).
52. Schreckenberger M, Lange-Asschenfeldt C, Lange-Asschenfeld C, Lochmann M, Mann K,
Siessmeier T, et al. (June 2004). "The thalamus as the generator and modulator of EEG alpha
rhythm: a combined PET/EEG study with lorazepam challenge in humans". NeuroImage. 22
(2): 637–644. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.01.047 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuroimag
e.2004.01.047). PMID 15193592 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15193592).
S2CID 31790623 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31790623).
53. Bird J, Manso LJ, Ekart A, Faria DR (September 2018). A Study on Mental State Classification
using EEG-based Brain-Machine Interface (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3286152
52). Madeira Island, Portugal: 9th international Conference on Intelligent Systems 2018.
Retrieved December 3, 2018.
54. Bird JJ, Ekart A, Buckingham CD, Faria DR (2019). Mental Emotional Sentiment Classification
with an EEG-based Brain-Machine Interface (https://www.disp-conference.org/). St Hugh's
College, University of Oxford, United Kingdom: The International Conference on Digital Image
and Signal Processing (DISP'19). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20181203202733/http
s://www.disp-conference.org/) from the original on December 3, 2018. Retrieved December 3,
2018.
55. Vanneste S, Song JJ, De Ridder D (March 2018). "Thalamocortical dysrhythmia detected by
machine learning" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5856824). Nature
Communications. 9 (1): 1103. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.1103V (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/ab
s/2018NatCo...9.1103V). doi:10.1038/s41467-018-02820-0 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs4146
7-018-02820-0). PMC 5856824 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5856824).
PMID 29549239 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29549239).
56. Herculano-Houzel S (2009). "The human brain in numbers: a linearly scaled-up primate brain"
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2776484). Frontiers in Human Neuroscience.
3: 31. doi:10.3389/neuro.09.031.2009 (https://doi.org/10.3389%2Fneuro.09.031.2009).
PMC 2776484 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2776484). PMID 19915731 (htt
ps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19915731).
57. Tatum WO, Husain AM, Benbadis SR (2008). Handbook of EEG Interpretation. Demos
Medical Publishing.
58. Nunez PL, Srinivasan R (1981). Electric fields of the brain: The neurophysics of EEG (https://b
ooks.google.com/books?id=gu5qAAAAMAAJ). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-
502796-9.
59. Klein S, Thorne BM (October 3, 2006). Biological psychology. New York, N.Y.: Worth.
ISBN 978-0-7167-9922-1.
60. Whittingstall K, Logothetis NK (October 2009). "Frequency-band coupling in surface EEG
reflects spiking activity in monkey visual cortex" (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2009.08.
016). Neuron. 64 (2): 281–289. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.08.016 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2F
j.neuron.2009.08.016). PMID 19874794 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19874794).
S2CID 17650488 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17650488).
61. Towle VL, Bolaños J, Suarez D, Tan K, Grzeszczuk R, Levin DN, et al. (January 1993). "The
spatial location of EEG electrodes: locating the best-fitting sphere relative to cortical anatomy".
Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 86 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1016/0013-
4694(93)90061-Y (https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0013-4694%2893%2990061-Y). PMID 7678386
(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7678386).
62. "Guideline seven: a proposal for standard montages to be used in clinical EEG. American
Electroencephalographic Society". Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology. 11 (1): 30–36. January
1994. doi:10.1097/00004691-199401000-00008 (https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00004691-19940
1000-00008). PMID 8195424 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8195424).
63. Aurlien H, Gjerde IO, Aarseth JH, Eldøen G, Karlsen B, Skeidsvoll H, et al. (March 2004).
"EEG background activity described by a large computerized database". Clinical
Neurophysiology. 115 (3): 665–673. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2003.10.019 (https://doi.org/10.101
6%2Fj.clinph.2003.10.019). PMID 15036063 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15036063).
S2CID 25988980 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25988980).
64. Yao D (November 2001). "A method to standardize a reference of scalp EEG recordings to a
point at infinity". Physiological Measurement. 22 (4): 693–711. doi:10.1088/0967-
3334/22/4/305 (https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0967-3334%2F22%2F4%2F305). PMID 11761077
(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11761077). S2CID 250847914 (https://api.semanticscholar.or
g/CorpusID:250847914).
65. Nunez PL, Pilgreen KL (October 1991). "The spline-Laplacian in clinical neurophysiology: a
method to improve EEG spatial resolution". Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology. 8 (4): 397–
413. doi:10.1097/00004691-199110000-00005 (https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00004691-199110
000-00005). PMID 1761706 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1761706). S2CID 38459560 (htt
ps://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38459560).
66. Taheri BA, Knight RT, Smith RL (May 1994). "A dry electrode for EEG recording" (https://zenod
o.org/record/1253862). Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 90 (5): 376–
383. doi:10.1016/0013-4694(94)90053-1 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0013-4694%2894%2990
053-1). PMID 7514984 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7514984). Archived (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20191222051700/https://zenodo.org/record/1253862) from the original on
December 22, 2019. Retrieved December 10, 2019.
67. Alizadeh-Taheri B (1994). Active Micromachined Scalp Electrode Array for Eeg Signal
Recording (PhD thesis). University of California, Davis. p. 82. Bibcode:1994PhDT........82A (htt
ps://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994PhDT........82A).
68. Hockenberry J (August 2001). "The Next Brainiacs" (https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/9.0
8/assist_pr.html). Wired Magazine.
69. Slipher GA, Hairston WD, Bradford JC, Bain ED, Mrozek RA (2018). "Carbon nanofiber-filled
conductive silicone elastomers as soft, dry bioelectronic interfaces" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.g
ov/pmc/articles/PMC5800568). PLOS ONE. 13 (2): e0189415.
Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1389415S (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PLoSO..1389415S).
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189415 (https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0189415).
PMC 5800568 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5800568). PMID 29408942 (htt
ps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29408942).
70. Wang F, Li G, Chen J, Duan Y, Zhang D (August 2016). "Novel semi-dry electrodes for brain-
computer interface applications". Journal of Neural Engineering. 13 (4): 046021.
Bibcode:2016JNEng..13d6021W (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JNEng..13d6021W).
doi:10.1088/1741-2560/13/4/046021 (https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1741-2560%2F13%2F4%2F
046021). PMID 27378253 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27378253). S2CID 26744679 (http
s://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26744679).
71. Fiedler P, Griebel S, Pedrosa P, Fonseca C, Vaz F, Zentner L, et al. (January 1, 2015).
"Multichannel EEG with novel Ti/TiN dry electrodes" (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.sna.2014.10.
010). Sensors and Actuators A: Physical. 221: 139–147. Bibcode:2015SeAcA.221..139F (http
s://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SeAcA.221..139F). doi:10.1016/j.sna.2014.10.010 (https://
doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.sna.2014.10.010). ISSN 0924-4247 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/092
4-4247).
72. "Dry EEG Headsets | Products | CGX" (https://www.cgxsystems.com/products). CGX 2021.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200213022928/https://www.cgxsystems.com/product
s) from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved February 13, 2020.
73. "Dry EEG Technology" (https://www.cgxsystems.com/technology). CGX LLC. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20200213022929/https://www.cgxsystems.com/technology) from the
original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved February 13, 2020.
74. Kondylis ED, Wozny TA, Lipski WJ, Popescu A, DeStefino VJ, Esmaeili B, et al. (2014).
"Detection of high-frequency oscillations by hybrid depth electrodes in standard clinical
intracranial EEG recordings" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4123606).
Frontiers in Neurology. 5: 149. doi:10.3389/fneur.2014.00149 (https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffneu
r.2014.00149). PMC 4123606 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4123606).
PMID 25147541 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25147541).
75. Murakami S, Okada Y (September 2006). "Contributions of principal neocortical neurons to
magnetoencephalography and electroencephalography signals" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
pmc/articles/PMC1995687). The Journal of Physiology. 575 (Pt 3): 925–936.
doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2006.105379 (https://doi.org/10.1113%2Fjphysiol.2006.105379).
PMC 1995687 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1995687). PMID 16613883 (htt
ps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16613883).
76. Anderson J (October 22, 2004). Cognitive Psychology and Its Implications (Hardcover)
(6th ed.). New York, NY: Worth. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-7167-0110-1.
77. Creutzfeldt OD, Watanabe S, Lux HD (January 1966). "Relations between EEG phenomena
and potentials of single cortical cells. I. Evoked responses after thalamic and erpicortical
stimulation". Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 20 (1): 1–18.
doi:10.1016/0013-4694(66)90136-2 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0013-4694%2866%2990136-
2). PMID 4161317 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4161317).
78. Buzsaki G (2006). Rhythms of the brain. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530106-9.
79. Tatum WO (March 2014). "Ellen R. Grass Lecture: extraordinary EEG". The Neurodiagnostic
Journal. 54 (1): 3–21. PMID 24783746 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24783746).
80. Kirmizi-Alsan E, Bayraktaroglu Z, Gurvit H, Keskin YH, Emre M, Demiralp T (August 2006).
"Comparative analysis of event-related potentials during Go/NoGo and CPT: decomposition of
electrophysiological markers of response inhibition and sustained attention". Brain Research.
1104 (1): 114–128. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2006.03.010 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.brainres.2
006.03.010). PMID 16824492 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16824492). S2CID 18850757
(https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18850757).
81. Frohlich J, Senturk D, Saravanapandian V, Golshani P, Reiter LT, Sankar R, et al. (December
2016). "A Quantitative Electrophysiological Biomarker of Duplication 15q11.2-q13.1 Syndrome"
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5157977). PLOS ONE. 11 (12): e0167179.
Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1167179F (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PLoSO..1167179F).
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0167179 (https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0167179).
PMC 5157977 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5157977). PMID 27977700 (htt
ps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27977700).
82. Kisley MA, Cornwell ZM (November 2006). "Gamma and beta neural activity evoked during a
sensory gating paradigm: effects of auditory, somatosensory and cross-modal stimulation" (htt
ps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1773003). Clinical Neurophysiology. 117 (11):
2549–2563. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2006.08.003 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.clinph.2006.08.00
3). PMC 1773003 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1773003). PMID 17008125
(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17008125).
83. Kanayama N, Sato A, Ohira H (May 2007). "Crossmodal effect with rubber hand illusion and
gamma-band activity". Psychophysiology. 44 (3): 392–402. doi:10.1111/j.1469-
8986.2007.00511.x (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8986.2007.00511.x). PMID 17371495
(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17371495).
84. Gastaut H (1952). "[Electrocorticographic study of the reactivity of rolandic rhythm]". Revue
Neurologique. 87 (2): 176–182. PMID 13014777 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13014777).
85. Oberman LM, Hubbard EM, McCleery JP, Altschuler EL, Ramachandran VS, Pineda JA (July
2005). "EEG evidence for mirror neuron dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders". Brain
Research. Cognitive Brain Research. 24 (2): 190–198. doi:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.01.014
(https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cogbrainres.2005.01.014). PMID 15993757 (https://pubmed.ncbi.
nlm.nih.gov/15993757).
86. Cahn BR, Polich J (March 2006). "Meditation states and traits: EEG, ERP, and neuroimaging
studies". Psychological Bulletin. 132 (2): 180–211. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.2.180 (https://d
oi.org/10.1037%2F0033-2909.132.2.180). PMID 16536641 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1
6536641). S2CID 2151810 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2151810).
87. Gerrard P, Malcolm R (June 2007). "Mechanisms of modafinil: A review of current research" (ht
tps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2654794). Neuropsychiatric Disease and
Treatment. 3 (3): 349–364. PMC 2654794 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC265
4794). PMID 19300566 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19300566).
88. Niedermeyer E (June 1997). "Alpha rhythms as physiological and abnormal phenomena" (http
s://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0167-8760%2897%2900754-X). International Journal of
Psychophysiology. 26 (1–3): 31–49. doi:10.1016/S0167-8760(97)00754-X (https://doi.org/10.1
016%2FS0167-8760%2897%2900754-X). PMID 9202993 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/92
02993).
89. Feshchenko VA, Reinsel RA, Veselis RA (July 2001). "Multiplicity of the alpha rhythm in normal
humans". Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology. 18 (4): 331–344. doi:10.1097/00004691-
200107000-00005 (https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00004691-200107000-00005). PMID 11673699
(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11673699).
90. Pfurtscheller G, Lopes da Silva FH (November 1999). "Event-related EEG/MEG
synchronization and desynchronization: basic principles". Clinical Neurophysiology. 110 (11):
1842–1857. doi:10.1016/S1388-2457(99)00141-8 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1388-2457%2
899%2900141-8). PMID 10576479 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10576479).
S2CID 24756702 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24756702).
91. Anderson AL, Thomason ME (November 2013). "Functional plasticity before the cradle: a
review of neural functional imaging in the human fetus". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral
Reviews. 37 (9 Pt B): 2220–2232. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.03.013 (https://doi.org/10.101
6%2Fj.neubiorev.2013.03.013). PMID 23542738 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23542738).
S2CID 45733681 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45733681).
92. "The MacIver Lab" (http://www.stanford.edu/group/maciverlab/). Stanford University. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20081123211653/http://www.stanford.edu/group/maciverlab/)
from the original on November 23, 2008. Retrieved December 16, 2006.
93. Jiang X, Bian GB, Tian Z (February 2019). "Removal of Artifacts from EEG Signals: A Review"
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6427454). Sensors. 19 (5): 987.
Bibcode:2019Senso..19..987J (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Senso..19..987J).
doi:10.3390/s19050987 (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fs19050987). PMC 6427454 (https://www.n
cbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6427454). PMID 30813520 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
30813520).
94. Alsuradi H, Park W, Eid M (2020). "EEG-Based Neurohaptics Research: A Literature Review"
(https://doi.org/10.1109%2FACCESS.2020.2979855). IEEE Access. 8: 49313–49328.
Bibcode:2020IEEEA...849313A (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020IEEEA...849313A).
doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2979855 (https://doi.org/10.1109%2FACCESS.2020.2979855).
ISSN 2169-3536 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2169-3536). S2CID 214596892 (https://api.s
emanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214596892).
95. Croft RJ, Barry RJ (February 2000). "Removal of ocular artifact from the EEG: a review".
Clinical Neurophysiology. 30 (1): 5–19. doi:10.1016/S0987-7053(00)00055-1 (https://doi.org/1
0.1016%2FS0987-7053%2800%2900055-1). PMID 10740792 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go
v/10740792). S2CID 13738373 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13738373).
96. Epstein CM (1983). Introduction to EEG and evoked potentials. J. B. Lippincott Co. ISBN 978-
0-397-50598-2.
97. Chen X, Xu X, Liu A, Lee S, Chen X, Zhang X, et al. (July 15, 2019). "Removal of Muscle
Artifacts From the EEG: A Review and Recommendations" (https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/docume
nt/8672623/;jsessionid=As8tSBB9oaPfg094BVG92B-t9gaUdCy8m_HKmEdHJLX-Z_Ch3boQ!-
508844548). IEEE Sensors Journal. 19 (14): 5353–5368. Bibcode:2019ISenJ..19.5353C (http
s://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019ISenJ..19.5353C). doi:10.1109/JSEN.2019.2906572 (http
s://doi.org/10.1109%2FJSEN.2019.2906572). ISSN 1558-1748 (https://search.worldcat.org/iss
n/1558-1748). S2CID 116693954 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:116693954).
98. Kaya I (May 18, 2022), "A Brief Summary of EEG Artifact Handling" (https://www.intechopen.co
m/chapters/77731), in Asadpour V (ed.), Brain-Computer Interface, Artificial Intelligence, vol. 9,
IntechOpen, arXiv:2001.00693 (https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.00693),
doi:10.5772/intechopen.99127 (https://doi.org/10.5772%2Fintechopen.99127), ISBN 978-1-
83962-522-0, S2CID 209832569 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:209832569),
archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221220022603/https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/
77731) from the original on December 20, 2022, retrieved December 20, 2022
 99. Montez T, Poil SS, Jones BF, Manshanden I, Verbunt JP, van Dijk BW, et al. (February 2009).
"Altered temporal correlations in parietal alpha and prefrontal theta oscillations in early-stage
Alzheimer disease" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2635782). Proceedings of
the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (5): 1614–1619.
Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.1614M (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PNAS..106.1614M).
doi:10.1073/pnas.0811699106 (https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0811699106). PMC 2635782
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2635782). PMID 19164579 (https://pubmed.nc
bi.nlm.nih.gov/19164579).
100. Panachakel JT, Ramakrishnan AG (2021). "Decoding Covert Speech From EEG-A
Comprehensive Review" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8116487). Frontiers
in Neuroscience. 15: 642251. doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.642251 (https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffnin
s.2021.642251). PMC 8116487 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8116487).
PMID 33994922 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33994922).
101. Rapp PE, Keyser DO, Albano A, Hernandez R, Gibson DB, Zambon RA, et al. (2015).
"Traumatic brain injury detection using electrophysiological methods" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.ni
h.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4316720). Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 9: 11.
doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00011 (https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffnhum.2015.00011).
PMC 4316720 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4316720). PMID 25698950 (htt
ps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25698950).
102. Franke LM, Walker WC, Hoke KW, Wares JR (August 2016). "Distinction in EEG slow
oscillations between chronic mild traumatic brain injury and PTSD". International Journal of
Psychophysiology. 106: 21–29. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.05.010 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2
Fj.ijpsycho.2016.05.010). PMID 27238074 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27238074).
103. "Study: EEG can help tell apart PTSD, mild traumatic brain injury" (https://www.research.va.go
v/currents/1116-2.cfm). www.research.va.gov. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2019100
9195224/https://www.research.va.gov/currents/1116-2.cfm) from the original on October 9,
2019. Retrieved October 9, 2019.
104. "Mind Games" (http://www.economist.com/science/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8847846). The
Economist. March 23, 2007. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20091212220903/http://ww
w.economist.com/science/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8847846) from the original on December
12, 2009. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
105. Li S (August 8, 2010). "Mind reading is on the market" (https://archive.today/20130104065206/
http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-mind-reader-20100808,0,6235181,full.story). Los
Angeles Times. Archived from the original (https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-mind-reader
-20100808,0,6235181,full.story) on January 4, 2013.
106. Fruhlinger J (October 9, 2008). "Brains-on with NeuroSky and Square Enix's Judecca mind-
control game" (https://www.engadget.com/2008/10/09/brains-on-with-neurosky-and-squareeni
xs-judecca-mind-control-ga/). Engadget. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201010300148
28/http://www.engadget.com/2008/10/09/brains-on-with-neurosky-and-squareenixs-judecca-mi
nd-control-ga/) from the original on October 30, 2010. Retrieved December 2, 2010.
107. "New games powered by brain waves" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110606080916/http://w
ww.physorg.com/news150781868.html). Physorg.com. Archived from the original (http://www.p
hysorg.com/news150781868.html) on June 6, 2011. Retrieved December 2, 2010.
108. Snider M (January 7, 2009). "Toy trains 'Star Wars' fans to use The Force" (https://www.usatod
ay.com/life/lifestyle/2009-01-06-force-trainer-toy_N.htm). USA Today. Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20121023104506/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/lifestyle/2009-01-06-force
-trainer-toy_N.htm) from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
109. "News – NeuroSky Upgrades SDK, Allows For Eye Blink, Brainwave-Powered Games" (http://
www.gamasutra.com/view/news/29190/NeuroSky_Upgrades_SDK_Allows_For_Eye_Blink_Br
ainwavePowered_Games.php). Gamasutra. June 30, 2010. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20170222053401/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/29190/NeuroSky_Upgrades_SD
K_Allows_For_Eye_Blink_BrainwavePowered_Games.php) from the original on February 22,
2017. Retrieved December 2, 2010.
110. Fiolet E. "NeuroSky MindWave Brings Brain-Computer Interface to Education" (http://www.ube
rgizmo.com/2011/03/neurosky-mindwave/). www.ubergizmo.com. Ubergizmo. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20171212142303/http://www.ubergizmo.com/2011/03/neurosky-mind
wave/) from the original on December 12, 2017. Retrieved May 18, 2015.
111. "NeuroSky MindWave Sets Guinness World Record for "Largest Object Moved Using a Brain-
Computer Interface" " (https://web.archive.org/web/20131015064018/http://neurogadget.com/2
011/04/12/neurosky-mindwave-sets-guinness-world-record-for-%E2%80%9Clargest-object-mo
ved-using-a-brain-computer-interface%E2%80%9D/1820). NeuroGadget.com. NeuroGadget.
Archived from the original (http://neurogadget.com/2011/04/12/neurosky-mindwave-sets-guinn
ess-world-record-for-%E2%80%9Clargest-object-moved-using-a-brain-computer-interface%E
2%80%9D/1820) on October 15, 2013. Retrieved June 2, 2011.
112. "Product Launch! Neurosync – The World's Smallest Brain-Computer-Interface" (http://www.pr
newswire.com/news-releases/product-launch-neurosync---the-worlds-smallest-brain-computer
-interface-300113433.html). www.prnewswire.com. July 15, 2015. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20181209221332/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/product-launch-neuro
sync---the-worlds-smallest-brain-computer-interface-300113433.html) from the original on
December 9, 2018. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
113. "APP – Macrotellect" (http://o.macrotellect.com/app.html). o.macrotellect.com. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20170123204243/http://o.macrotellect.com/app.html) from the original
on January 23, 2017. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
114. "510(k) Premarket Notification" (https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfpmn/pm
n.cfm?ID=K202334). www.accessdata.fda.gov. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2021111
2211158/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfpmn/pmn.cfm?ID=K202334)
from the original on November 12, 2021. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
115. Bell J, ed. (January 8, 2021). "BioSerenity receives FDA clearance for EEG wearable device
system" (https://neuronewsinternational.com/bioserenity-receives-fda-clearance-for-eeg-weara
ble-device-system/). NeuroNews International. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2021111
2211156/https://neuronewsinternational.com/bioserenity-receives-fda-clearance-for-eeg-weara
ble-device-system/) from the original on November 12, 2021. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
116. Keiper A (2006). "The age of neuroelectronics" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160212222927/
http://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/the-age-of-neuroelectronics). New Atlantis. 11. The
New Atlantis: 4–41. PMID 16789311 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16789311). Archived
from the original (http://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/the-age-of-neuroelectronics) on
February 12, 2016.
117. Wan F, da Cruz JN, Nan W, Wong CM, Vai MI, Rosa A (June 2016). "Alpha neurofeedback
training improves SSVEP-based BCI performance". Journal of Neural Engineering. 13 (3):
036019. Bibcode:2016JNEng..13c6019W (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JNEng..13c
6019W). doi:10.1088/1741-2560/13/3/036019 (https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1741-2560%2F13%
2F3%2F036019). PMID 27152666 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27152666).
S2CID 206099640 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206099640).
118. "Mind over matter: Brain waves control Asimo" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090403021412/
http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nb20090401a2.html). Japan Times. April 1, 2009.
Archived from the original (http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nb20090401a2.html) on April
3, 2009.
119. Natu N (July 21, 2008). "This brain test maps the truth" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/cit
y/mumbai/This-brain-test-maps-the-truth/articleshow/3257032.cms). The Times of India.
Archived (https://archive.today/20120718100522/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/20
08-07-21/mumbai/27890043_1_sessions-court-murder-rukmani-krishnamurthy) from the
original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
120. Puranik DA, Joseph SK, Daundkar BB, Garad MV (November 2009). Brain Signature Profiling
In India: Its Status As An Aid In Investigation And As Corroborative Evidence-As Seen From
Judgments (https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223045/http://forensic-centre.com/wp-conte
nt/uploads/2013/07/BEOS-IN-INDIA-IT_222S-STATUS-AS-AN-AID-IN-INVESTIGATION-AND-
AS-CORROBORATIVE-EVIDENCE-AS-SEEN-FROM-JUDGMENTS_.pdf) (PDF).
Proceedings of XX All India Forensic Science Conference. pp. 815–822. Archived from the
original (http://forensic-centre.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/BEOS-IN-INDIA-IT_222S-STA
TUS-AS-AN-AID-IN-INVESTIGATION-AND-AS-CORROBORATIVE-EVIDENCE-AS-SEEN-FR
OM-JUDGMENTS_.pdf) (PDF) on March 3, 2016.
121. Gaudet LM (2011). "Brain Fingerprinting, Scientific Evidence, and "Daubert": A Cautionary
Lesson from India" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/41307131). Jurimetrics. 51 (3): 293–318.
ISSN 0897-1277 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0897-1277). JSTOR 41307131 (https://www.
jstor.org/stable/41307131). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210416072703/https://ww
w.jstor.org/stable/41307131) from the original on April 16, 2021. Retrieved March 20, 2019.
122. Casson A, Yates D, Smith S, Duncan J, Rodriguez-Villegas E (2010). "Wearable
electroencephalography. What is it, why is it needed, and what does it entail?". IEEE
Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine. 29 (3): 44–56.
doi:10.1109/MEMB.2010.936545 (https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMEMB.2010.936545).
hdl:10044/1/5910 (https://hdl.handle.net/10044%2F1%2F5910). PMID 20659857 (https://pubm
ed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20659857). S2CID 1891995 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18
91995).
123. Looney D, Kidmose P, Park C, Ungstrup M, Rank M, Rosenkranz K, et al. (November 1, 2012).
"The in-the-ear recording concept: user-centered and wearable brain monitoring". IEEE Pulse.
3 (6): 32–42. doi:10.1109/MPUL.2012.2216717 (https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMPUL.2012.22167
17). PMID 23247157 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23247157). S2CID 14103460 (https://a
pi.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14103460).
124. Lotte F, Bougrain L, Cichocki A, Clerc M, Congedo M, Rakotomamonjy A, et al. (June 2018).
"A review of classification algorithms for EEG-based brain-computer interfaces: a 10 year
update" (https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1741-2552%2Faab2f2). Journal of Neural Engineering. 15
(3): 031005. Bibcode:2018JNEng..15c1005L (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JNEng..1
5c1005L). doi:10.1088/1741-2552/aab2f2 (https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1741-2552%2Faab2f2).
PMID 29488902 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29488902).
125. Shim M, Hwang HJ, Kim DW, Lee SH, Im CH (October 2016). "Machine-learning-based
diagnosis of schizophrenia using combined sensor-level and source-level EEG features".
Schizophrenia Research. 176 (2–3): 314–319. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.05.007 (https://doi.or
g/10.1016%2Fj.schres.2016.05.007). PMID 27427557 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27427
557). S2CID 44504680 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44504680).
126. Buettner R, Frick J, Rieg T (November 12, 2019). "High-performance detection of epilepsy in
seizure-free EEG recordings: A novel machine learning approach using very specific epileptic
EEG sub-bands" (https://aisel.aisnet.org/icis2019/is_health/is_health/16). ICIS 2019
Proceedings. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210121014450/https://aisel.aisnet.org/ic
is2019/is_health/is_health/16/) from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved January 13,
2021.
127. Ieracitano C, Mammone N, Hussain A, Morabito FC (March 2020). "A novel multi-modal
machine learning based approach for automatic classification of EEG recordings in dementia".
Neural Networks. 123: 176–190. doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2019.12.006 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2
Fj.neunet.2019.12.006). PMID 31884180 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31884180).
S2CID 209510497 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:209510497).
128. Bhattacharyya A, Pachori RB (September 2017). "A Multivariate Approach for Patient-Specific
EEG Seizure Detection Using Empirical Wavelet Transform". IEEE Transactions on Bio-
Medical Engineering. 64 (9): 2003–2015. doi:10.1109/TBME.2017.2650259 (https://doi.org/10.
1109%2FTBME.2017.2650259). PMID 28092514 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2809251
4). S2CID 3522546 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3522546).
129. Saab K, Dunnmon J, Ré C, Rubin D, Lee-Messer C (April 20, 2020). "Weak supervision as an
efficient approach for automated seizure detection in electroencephalography" (https://www.nc
bi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7170880). npj Digital Medicine. 3 (1): 59. doi:10.1038/s41746-
020-0264-0 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41746-020-0264-0). PMC 7170880 (https://www.ncbi.
nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7170880). PMID 32352037 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32
352037).
130. Bomela W, Wang S, Chou CA, Li JS (May 2020). "Real-time Inference and Detection of
Disruptive EEG Networks for Epileptic Seizures" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P
MC7251100). Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 8653. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.8653B (https://ui.adsa
bs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatSR..10.8653B). doi:10.1038/s41598-020-65401-6 (https://doi.org/
10.1038%2Fs41598-020-65401-6). PMC 7251100 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/
PMC7251100). PMID 32457378 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32457378).
131. Paesschen WV (March 2018). "The future of seizure detection". The Lancet. Neurology. 17
(3): 200–202. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30034-6 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1474-4422%
2818%2930034-6). PMID 29452676 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29452676).
S2CID 3376296 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3376296).
132. Chen PC, Liu Y, Peng L (May 2019). "How to develop machine learning models for
healthcare". Nature Materials. 18 (5): 410–414. Bibcode:2019NatMa..18..410C (https://ui.adsa
bs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatMa..18..410C). doi:10.1038/s41563-019-0345-0 (https://doi.org/1
0.1038%2Fs41563-019-0345-0). PMID 31000806 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3100080
6). S2CID 122563425 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122563425).
133. Rudin C (May 2019). "Stop Explaining Black Box Machine Learning Models for High Stakes
Decisions and Use Interpretable Models Instead" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P
MC9122117). Nature Machine Intelligence. 1 (5): 206–215. arXiv:1811.10154 (https://arxiv.org/
abs/1811.10154). doi:10.1038/s42256-019-0048-x (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs42256-019-00
48-x). PMC 9122117 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9122117).
PMID 35603010 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35603010).
134. Coenen A, Fine E, Zayachkivska O (2014). "Adolf Beck: a forgotten pioneer in
electroencephalography". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 23 (3): 276–286.
doi:10.1080/0964704x.2013.867600 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0964704x.2013.867600).
PMID 24735457 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24735457). S2CID 205664545 (https://api.s
emanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205664545).
135. Pravdich-Neminsky VV (1913). "Ein Versuch der Registrierung der elektrischen
Gehirnerscheinungen". Zentralblatt für Physiologie. 27: 951–60.
136. Haas LF (January 2003). "Hans Berger (1873–1941), Richard Caton (1842–1926), and
electroencephalography" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1738204). Journal of
Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 74 (1): 9. doi:10.1136/jnnp.74.1.9 (https://doi.org/10.
1136%2Fjnnp.74.1.9). PMC 1738204 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC173820
4). PMID 12486257 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12486257).
137. Millet D (June 2002). The origins of EEG (https://web.archive.org/web/20200908035306/http://
www.bri.ucla.edu/nha/ishn/ab24-2002.htm). 7th Annual Meeting of the International Society for
the History of the Neurosciences (ISHN). Archived from the original (http://www.bri.ucla.edu/nh
a/ishn/ab24-2002.htm) on September 8, 2020. Retrieved November 27, 2010.
138. Gibbs FA, Davis H, Lennox WG (December 1935). "The Electro-Encephalogram in Epilepsy
and in Conditions of Impaired Consciousness". Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry. 34 (6):
1133. doi:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1935.02250240002001 (https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchneur
psyc.1935.02250240002001).
139. "Beckman Instruments Supplying Medical Flight Monitoring Equipment" (https://historycollectio
n.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/roundups/issues/65-03-03.pdf) (PDF). Space News
Roundup. March 3, 1965. pp. 4–5. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190807120214/htt
ps://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/roundups/issues/65-03-03.pdf)
(PDF) from the original on August 7, 2019. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
140. Bozinovski S (2013). "Controlling Robots Using EEG Signals, Since 1988". In Markovski S,
Gusev M (eds.). ICT Innovations 2012. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing.
Vol. 207. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 1–11. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-37169-1_1 (https://doi.
org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-37169-1_1). ISBN 978-3-642-37169-1.

Further reading
Nunez PL, Srinivasan R (2007). "PDF" (https://doi.org/10.4249%2Fscholarpedia.1348).
Scholarpedia. 2 (2): 1348. Bibcode:2007SchpJ...2.1348N (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2
007SchpJ...2.1348N). doi:10.4249/scholarpedia.1348 (https://doi.org/10.4249%2Fscholarpedi
a.1348).
Arns M, Sterman MB (2019). Neurofeedback: How it all started. Nijmegen, The Netherlands:
Brainclinics Insights. ISBN 978-90-830013-0-2.

External links
"A tutorial on simulating and estimating EEG sources in Matlab" (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0160307142410/http://www.nbtwiki.net/doku.php?id=tutorial:tutorial_dipoles). Archived from
the original (https://www.nbtwiki.net/doku.php?id=tutorial:tutorial_dipoles) on March 7, 2016.
"A tutorial on analysis of ongoing, evoked, and induced neuronal activity: Power spectra,
wavelet analysis, and coherence" (https://web.archive.org/web/20181107003142/https://www.n
btwiki.net/doku.php?id=tutorial:power_spectra_wavelet_analysis_and_coherence). Archived
from the original (https://www.nbtwiki.net/doku.php?id=tutorial:power_spectra_wavelet_analysi
s_and_coherence) on November 7, 2018.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electroencephalography&oldid=1272833795"