Klein bottle

In mathematics, the Klein bottle (/ˈklaɪn/) is an example of a non-

orientable surface; that is, informally, a one-sided surface which, if
traveled upon, could be followed back to the point of origin while flipping
the traveler upside down. More formally, the Klein bottle is a two-
dimensional manifold on which one cannot define a normal vector at each
point that varies continuously over the whole manifold. Other related non-
orientable surfaces include the Möbius strip and the real projective plane.
While a Möbius strip is a surface with a boundary, a Klein bottle has no
boundary. For comparison, a sphere is an orientable surface with no
boundary.

The Klein bottle was first described in 1882 by the mathematician Felix
Klein.[1]

Construction
A two-dimensional
The following square is a fundamental polygon of the Klein bottle. The representation of the Klein
idea is to 'glue' together the corresponding red and blue edges with the bottle immersed in three-
arrows matching, as in the diagrams below. Note that this is an "abstract" dimensional space
gluing in the sense that trying to realize this in three dimensions results in
a self-intersecting Klein bottle.[2]

To construct the Klein bottle, glue the red arrows of the square together (left and right sides), resulting in
a cylinder. To glue the ends of the cylinder together so that the arrows on the circles match, one would
pass one end through the side of the cylinder. This creates a curve of self-intersection; this is thus an
immersion of the Klein bottle in the three-dimensional space.
This immersion is useful for visualizing many properties of the Klein bottle. For example, the Klein
bottle has no boundary, where the surface stops abruptly, and it is non-orientable, as reflected in the one-
sidedness of the immersion.

The common physical model of a Klein bottle is a similar construction. The

Science Museum in London has a collection of hand-blown glass Klein
bottles on display, exhibiting many variations on this topological theme. The
bottles date from 1995 and were made for the museum by Alan Bennett.[3]

The Klein bottle, proper, does not self-intersect. Nonetheless, there is a way
to visualize the Klein bottle as being contained in four dimensions. By adding
a fourth dimension to the three-dimensional space, the self-intersection can
be eliminated. Gently push a piece of the tube containing the intersection
along the fourth dimension, out of the original three-dimensional space. A
useful analogy is to consider a self-intersecting curve on the plane; self- Immersed Klein bottles
intersections can be eliminated by lifting one strand off the plane.[4] in the Science Museum
in London
Suppose for clarification that we adopt time as that fourth dimension.
Consider how the figure could be constructed in xyzt-space. The
accompanying illustration ("Time evolution...") shows one useful evolution of the figure. At t = 0 the wall
sprouts from a bud somewhere near the "intersection" point. After the figure has grown for a while, the
earliest section of the wall begins to recede, disappearing like the Cheshire Cat but leaving its ever-
expanding smile behind. By the time the growth front gets to where the bud had been, there is nothing
there to intersect and the growth completes without piercing existing structure. The 4-figure as defined
cannot exist in 3-space but is easily understood in 4-space.[4]
More formally, the Klein bottle is the quotient space described as the square
[0,1] × [0,1] with sides identified by the relations (0, y) ~ (1, y) for 0 ≤ y ≤ 1
and (x, 0) ~ (1 − x, 1) for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1.

Properties
Like the Möbius strip, the Klein bottle is a two-dimensional manifold which
is not orientable. Unlike the Möbius strip, it is a closed manifold, meaning it
is a compact manifold without boundary. While the Möbius strip can be
embedded in three-dimensional Euclidean space R3, the Klein bottle cannot. A hand-blown Klein
It can be embedded in R4, however.[4] Bottle

Continuing this sequence, for example creating a 3-manifold

which cannot be embedded in R4 but can be in R5, is possible; in
this case, connecting two ends of a spherinder to each other in the
same manner as the two ends of a cylinder for a Klein bottle,
creates a figure, referred to as a "spherinder Klein bottle", that
cannot fully be embedded in R4.[5]
Time evolution of a Klein figure in
The Klein bottle can be seen as a fiber bundle over the circle S1,
xyzt-space
with fibre S1, as follows: one takes the square (modulo the edge
identifying equivalence relation) from above to be E, the total
space, while the base space B is given by the unit interval in y, modulo 1~0. The projection π:E→B is
then given by π([x, y]) = [y].

The Klein bottle can be constructed (in a four dimensional space, because in three dimensional space it
cannot be done without allowing the surface to intersect itself) by joining the edges of two Möbius strips,
as described in the following limerick by Leo Moser:[6]

A mathematician named Klein

Thought the Möbius band was divine.
Said he: "If you glue
The edges of two,
You'll get a weird bottle like mine."

The initial construction of the Klein bottle by identifying opposite edges of a square shows that the Klein
bottle can be given a CW complex structure with one 0-cell P, two 1-cells C1, C2 and one 2-cell D. Its
Euler characteristic is therefore 1 − 2 + 1 = 0. The boundary homomorphism is given by ∂D = 2C1 and
∂C1 = ∂C2 = 0, yielding the homology groups of the Klein bottle K to be H0(K, Z) = Z,
H1(K, Z) = Z×(Z/2Z) and Hn(K, Z) = 0 for n > 1.

There is a 2-1 covering map from the torus to the Klein bottle, because two copies of the fundamental
region of the Klein bottle, one being placed next to the mirror image of the other, yield a fundamental
region of the torus. The universal cover of both the torus and the Klein bottle is the plane R2.
The fundamental group of the Klein bottle can be determined as the group of deck transformations of the
universal cover and has the presentation ⟨a, b | ab = b−1a⟩. It follows that it is isomorphic to , the
only nontrivial semidirect product of the additive group of integers with itself.

Six colors suffice to color any map on the surface of a Klein bottle; this is
the only exception to the Heawood conjecture, a generalization of the four
color theorem, which would require seven.

A Klein bottle is homeomorphic to the connected sum of two projective

planes.[7] It is also homeomorphic to a sphere plus two cross-caps.

When embedded in Euclidean space, the Klein bottle is one-sided.

However, there are other topological 3-spaces, and in some of the non-
orientable examples a Klein bottle can be embedded such that it is two-
sided, though due to the nature of the space it remains non-orientable.[2]

A 6-colored Klein bottle, the

only exception to the
Dissection Heawood conjecture

Dissecting a Klein bottle into halves along its plane of symmetry results in
two mirror image Möbius strips, i.e. one with a left-handed half-twist and the
other with a right-handed half-twist (one of these is pictured on the right).
Remember that the intersection pictured is not really there.[8]

Simple-closed curves
One description of the types of simple-closed curves that may appear on the
surface of the Klein bottle is given by the use of the first homology group of
the Klein bottle calculated with integer coefficients. This group is isomorphic
to Z×Z2. Up to reversal of orientation, the only homology classes which
contain simple-closed curves are as follows: (0,0), (1,0), (1,1), (2,0), (0,1).
Up to reversal of the orientation of a simple closed curve, if it lies within one
of the two cross-caps that make up the Klein bottle, then it is in homology
class (1,0) or (1,1); if it cuts the Klein bottle into two Möbius strips, then it is
in homology class (2,0); if it cuts the Klein bottle into an annulus, then it is in
Dissecting the Klein
homology class (0,1); and if bounds a disk, then it is in homology class bottle results in two
(0,0).[4] Möbius strips.

Parametrization

The figure 8 immersion

To make the "figure 8" or "bagel" immersion of the Klein bottle, one can start with a Möbius strip and
curl it to bring the edge to the midline; since there is only one edge, it will meet itself there, passing
through the midline. It has a particularly simple parametrization as a "figure-8" torus with a half-twist:[4]
 for 0 ≤ θ < 2π, 0 ≤ v < 2π and r > 2.

The "figure 8" immersion of the In this immersion, the self-intersection circle (where sin(v) is zero)
Klein bottle. is a geometric circle in the xy plane. The positive constant r is the
radius of this circle. The parameter θ gives the angle in the xy
plane as well as the rotation of the figure 8, and v specifies the
position around the 8-shaped cross section. With the above
parametrization the cross section is a 2:1 Lissajous curve.

4-D non-intersecting
A non-intersecting 4-D parametrization can be modeled after that
of the flat torus:

Klein bagel cross section, showing a

figure eight curve (the lemniscate of
Gerono).

where R and P are constants that determine aspect ratio, θ and v are similar to as defined above. v
determines the position around the figure-8 as well as the position in the x-y plane. θ determines the
rotational angle of the figure-8 as well and the position around the z-w plane. ε is any small constant and
ε sinv is a small v dependent bump in z-w space to avoid self intersection. The v bump causes the self
intersecting 2-D/planar figure-8 to spread out into a 3-D stylized "potato chip" or saddle shape in the x-y-
w and x-y-z space viewed edge on. When ε=0 the self intersection is a circle in the z-w plane <0, 0, cosθ,
sinθ>.[4]

3D pinched torus / 4D Möbius tube

The pinched torus is perhaps the simplest parametrization of the klein bottle in both three and four
dimensions. It's a torus that, in three dimensions, flattens and passes through itself on one side.
Unfortunately, in three dimensions this parametrization has two pinch points, which makes it undesirable
for some applications. In four dimensions the z amplitude rotates into the w amplitude and there are no
self intersections or pinch points.[4]
 One can view this as a tube or cylinder that wraps around, as in a
torus, but its circular cross section flips over in four dimensions,
presenting its "backside" as it reconnects, just as a Möbius strip
cross section rotates before it reconnects. The 3D orthogonal
The pinched torus immersion of the projection of this is the pinched torus shown above. Just as a
Klein bottle. Möbius strip is a subset of a solid torus, the Möbius tube is a
subset of a toroidally closed spherinder (solid spheritorus).

Bottle shape
The parametrization of the 3-dimensional immersion of the bottle itself is much more complicated.

Klein Bottle with slight transparency

for 0 ≤ u < π and 0 ≤ v < 2π.[4]

Homotopy classes
Regular 3D immersions of the Klein bottle fall into three regular homotopy classes.[9] The three are
represented by:

the "traditional" Klein bottle;

 the left-handed figure-8 Klein bottle;
the right-handed figure-8 Klein bottle.
The traditional Klein bottle immersion is achiral. The figure-8 immersion is chiral. (The pinched torus
immersion above is not regular, as it has pinch points, so it is not relevant to this section.)

If the traditional Klein bottle is cut in its plane of symmetry it breaks into two Möbius strips of opposite
chirality. A figure-8 Klein bottle can be cut into two Möbius strips of the same chirality, and cannot be
regularly deformed into its mirror image.[4]

Generalizations
The generalization of the Klein bottle to higher genus is given in the article on the fundamental
polygon.[10]

In another order of ideas, constructing 3-manifolds, it is known that a solid Klein bottle is homeomorphic
to the Cartesian product of a Möbius strip and a closed interval. The solid Klein bottle is the non-
orientable version of the solid torus, equivalent to

Klein surface
A Klein surface is, as for Riemann surfaces, a surface with an atlas allowing the transition maps to be
composed using complex conjugation. One can obtain the so-called dianalytic structure of the space, and
it has only one side.[11]

See also
Algebraic topology
Alice universe
Bavard's Klein bottle systolic inequality
Boy's surface

References

Citations
1. Stillwell 1993, p. 65, 1.2.3 The Klein Bottle.
2. Weeks, Jeffrey (2020). The Shape of Space, 3rd Edn (https://www.crcpress.com/The-Shape
-of-Space/Weeks/p/book/9781138061217). CRC Press. ISBN 978-1138061217.
3. "Strange Surfaces: New Ideas" (https://web.archive.org/web/20061128155852/http://www.sc
iencemuseum.org.uk/on-line/surfaces/new.asp). Science Museum London. Archived from
the original (http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/on-line/surfaces/new.asp) on 2006-11-28.
4. Alling & Greenleaf 1969.
5. Marc ten Bosch - https://marctenbosch.com/news/2021/12/4d-toys-version-1-7-klein-bottles/
 6. David Darling (11 August 2004). The Universal Book of Mathematics: From Abracadabra to
Zeno's Paradoxes (https://books.google.com/books?id=nnpChqstvg0C&q=get+a+weird+bott
le+like+mine&pg=PA176). John Wiley & Sons. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-471-27047-8.
7. Shick, Paul (2007). Topology: Point-Set and Geometric. Wiley-Interscience. pp. 191–192.
ISBN 9780470096055.
8. Cutting a Klein Bottle in Half – Numberphile on YouTube (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=I3ZlhxaT_Ko)
9. Séquin, Carlo H (1 June 2013). "On the number of Klein bottle types". Journal of
Mathematics and the Arts. 7 (2): 51–63. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.637.4811 (https://citeseerx.ist.ps
u.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.637.4811). doi:10.1080/17513472.2013.795883 (http
s://doi.org/10.1080%2F17513472.2013.795883). S2CID 16444067 (https://api.semanticscho
lar.org/CorpusID:16444067).
10. Day, Adam (17 February 2014). "Quantum gravity on a Klein bottle" (https://cqgplus.com/20
14/02/17/quantum-gravity-on-a-klein-bottle/). CQG+.
11. Bitetto, Dr Marco (2020-02-14). Hyperspatial Dynamics (https://books.google.com/books?id
=K4DQDwAAQBAJ&dq=A+Klein+surface+is%2C+as+for+Riemann+surfaces%2C+a+surfac
e+with+an+atlas+allowing+the+transition+maps+to+be+composed+using+complex+conjuga
tion.+One+can+obtain+the+so-called+dianalytic+structure+of+the+space&pg=PA222). Dr.
Marco A. V. Bitetto.

Sources
This article incorporates material from Klein bottle on PlanetMath, which is licensed under
the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
Weisstein, Eric W. "Klein Bottle" (https://mathworld.wolfram.com/KleinBottle.html).
MathWorld.
Alling, Norman; Greenleaf, Newcomb (1969). "Klein surfaces and real algebraic function
fields" (https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0002-9904-1969-12332-3). Bulletin of the American
Mathematical Society. 75 (4): 627–888. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1969-12332-3 (https://doi.
org/10.1090%2FS0002-9904-1969-12332-3). MR 0251213 (https://mathscinet.ams.org/mat
hscinet-getitem?mr=0251213). PE euclid.bams/1183530665 (http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.j
dg/euclid.bams/1183530665). (A classical on the theory of Klein surfaces)
Stillwell, John (1993). Classical Topology and Combinatorial Group Theory (2nd ed.).
Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-97970-0.

External links
Imaging Maths - The Klein Bottle (https://plus.maths.org/content/os/issue26/features/mathar
t/index)
The biggest Klein bottle in all the world (http://www.kleinbottle.com/meter_tall_klein_bottle.ht
ml)
Klein Bottle animation: produced for a topology seminar at the Leibniz University Hannover.
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E8rifKlq5hc)
Klein Bottle animation from 2010 including a car ride through the bottle and the original
description by Felix Klein: produced at the Free University Berlin. (https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=sRTKSzAOBr4&fmt=22)
Klein Bottle (https://archive.today/20130713133627/https://github.com/danfuzz/xscreensave
r/blob/master/hacks/glx/klein.man), XScreenSaver "hack". A screensaver for X 11 and OS X
featuring an animated Klein Bottle.
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