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Introduction to Computers and Java
Introduction to Object Technology
Objects, or more precisely, the classes objects are essentially
reusable software components.
There are date objects, time objects, audio objects, video objects,
automobile objects, people objects, etc.
Almost any noun can be reasonably represented as a software
object in terms of attributes (e.g., name, color and size) and
behaviors (e.g., calculating, moving and communicating).
➢ The Automobile as an Object
Let’s begin with a simple analogy.
Suppose you want to drive a car and make it go faster by pressing
its accelerator pedal.
Before you can drive a car, someone has to design it.
A car typically begins as engineering drawings, similar to the
blueprints that describe the design of a house.
Drawings include the design for an accelerator pedal.
Pedal hides from the driver the complex mechanisms that
actually make the car go faster, just as the brake pedal hides the
mechanisms that slow the car, and the steering wheel “hides” the
mechanisms that turn the car.
Enables people with little or no knowledge of
how engines, braking and steering mechanisms
work to drive a car easily.
Before you can drive a car, it must be built
from the engineering drawings that describe it.
A completed car has an actual accelerator
pedal to make the car go faster, but even that’s
not enough—the car won’t accelerate on its
own (hopefully!), so the driver must press the
pedal to accelerate the car.
➢Methods and Classes
Performing a task in a program requires a
method.
The method houses the program statements that
actually perform its tasks.
Hides these statements from its user, just as the
accelerator pedal of a car hides from the driver
the mechanisms of making the car go faster.
In Java, we create a program unit called a class
to house the set of methods that perform the
class’s tasks.
Cont..
For example, a class that represents a bank
account might contain one method to deposit
money to an account, another to withdraw money
from an account and a third to inquire what the
account’s current balance is. A
class is similar in concept to a car’s engineering
drawings, which house the design of an
accelerator pedal, steering wheel, and so on.
➢Instantiation
Just as someone has to build a car from its
engineering drawings before you can actually
drive a car, you must build an object of a class
before a program can perform the tasks that
the class’s methods define.
An object is then referred to as an instance of
its class.
➢Reuse
Just as a car’s engineering drawings can be reused many
times to build many cars, you can reuse a class many times
to build many objects.
Reuse of existing classes when building new classes and
programs saves time and effort.
Reuse also helps you build more reliable and effective
systems, because existing classes and components often have
gone through extensive testing, debugging and performance
tuning.
➢Messages and Methods Calls
When you drive a car, pressing its gas
pedal sends a message to the car to
perform a task—that is, to go faster.
Similarly, you send messages to an object.
Each message is implemented as a method
call that tells a method of the object to
perform its task.
➢A ttributes
A car has attributes
Color, its number of doors, the amount of gas
in its tank, its current speed and its record of
total miles driven.
The car’s attributes are represented as part of
its design in its engineering diagrams.
Every car maintains its own attributes.
Cont..
An object, similarly, has attributes that it carries along as it’s
used in a program. These attributes are specified as part of
the object’s class. For example, a bank account object has a
balance attribute that represents the amount of money in the
account.
Each bank account object knows the balance in the account
it represents, but not the balances of the other accounts in the
bank. Attributes are specified by the class’s instance
variables.
➢Encapsulation
Classes encapsulate (i.e., wrap) attributes and
methods into objects.
Objects may communicate with one another, but
they’re normally not allowed to know how other
objects are implemented—implementation details
are hidden within the objects themselves.
Information hiding, as we’ll see, is crucial to good
software engineering.
➢Inheritance
A new class of objects can be created
quickly and conveniently by inheritance—
the new class absorbs the characteristics of
an existing class, possibly customizing
them and adding unique characteristics of
its own.
Operating Systems
Software systems that make using computers more convenient.
Provide services that allow each application to execute safely,
efficiently and concurrently (i.e., in parallel) with other
applications.
The software that contains the core components of the operating
system is called the kernel.
Popular desktop operating systems include Linux, Windows and
Mac OS X.
Popular mobile operating systems used in smartphones and
tablets include Google’s Android, BlackBerry OS and Apple’s iOS
(for its iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch devices).
Examples
Windows—A Proprietary Operating System
Linux—An Open-Source Operating System
Android
Java and a Typical Java Development
Environment
Sun Microsystems in 1991 funded an internal corporate research
project led by James Gosling, which resulted in a C++-based
object-oriented programming language Sun called Java.
Key goal of Java is to be able to write programs that will run on a
great variety of computer systems and computer-control devices.
This is sometimes called “write once, run anywhere.”
➢ In 1993
The web exploded in popularity
Sun saw the potential of using Java to add dynamic content to
web pages.
Java is used to develop large-scale enterprise applications, to
enhance the functionality of web servers, to provide applications
for consumer devices and for many other purposes.
➢ Java Class Libraries
Rich collections of existing classes and methods
Also known as the Java APIs (Application Programming
Interfaces).
➢ Java programs normally go through five phases
edit
compile
load
verify
execute.
➢ Phase 1: Creating a Program
Type a Java program (source code) using the editor.
Make any necessary corrections.
Save the program.
A file name ending with the .java extension indicates that the file
contains Java source code.
➢Phase 2: Compiling a Java Program into Bytecodes
Java compiler translates Java source code into
bytecodes that represent the tasks to execute.
Bytecodes are executed by the Java Virtual Machine
(JVM)—a part of the JDK and the foundation of the
Java platform.
Virtual machine (VM)—a software application that
simulates a computer
Hides the underlying operating system and hardware
from the programs that interact with it
Cont..
To compile java code use the command:
javacWelcome.java.
If the program compiles, the compiler
produces a .class file called Welcome.class that
contains the compiled version of the program
If the same VM is implemented on many computer
platforms, applications that it executes can be used
on all those platforms
Bytecodes are platform independent
They do not depend on a particular hardware
platform.
Bytecodes are portable
The same bytecodes can execute on any platform
containing a JVM that understands the version of
Java in which the bytecodes were compiled.
➢Phase 3: Loading a Program into Memory
The JVM places the program in memory to execute
it—this is known as loading.
Class loader takes the bytecode transfers them to
primary memory.
Also loads any of the bytecodes provided by Java that
your program uses.
The bytecodes can be loaded from a disk on your
system or over a network.
➢ Phase 4: BytecodeVerification
As the classes are loaded, the bytecode verifier
examines their bytecodes
Ensures that they’re valid and do not violate Java’s
security restrictions.
Java enforces strong security to make sure that Java
programs arriving over the network do not damage
your files or your system (as computer viruses and
worms might).
➢Phase 5: Execution
The JVM executes the program’s bytecodes.
JVMs typically execute bytecodes using a
combination of interpretation and so-called just-in-
time (JIT) compilation.
A just-in-time (JIT)compiler—known as the Java
HotSpot compiler—translates the bytecodes into the
underlying computer’s machine language.
